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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Babatunde Abidoye (United Nations Development Programme); Sahan T. M. Dissanayake (Portland State University); Sarah Jacobson (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | We introduce an interactive game exploring ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change, with a focus on technology adoption and uncertainty. The game is useful in academic classes and trainings for policymakers and stakeholders. Participants play the role of small-scale farmers in a developing country where their farming practices cause erosion that pollutes waterways, while at the same time climate change is making farmers more vulnerable to natural threats like flooding. The game gives participants a series of opportunities to adopt ecosystem-based adaptation practices: for example, a riparian buffer strip, low-till farming, and agroforestry. The practices differ in the uncertainty surrounding their effects on yields. The game deploys three policies to encourage adoption: a flat payment, a conservation auction, and a flat payment with a pilot bonus for early adoption. Players observe each other’s choices and outcomes, which allows for social learning. Participants get a hands-on understanding of climate change impact and adaptation, ecosystem services, payment for ecosystem service programs, choice under uncertainty, social learning, adoption of new technology, learning spillovers, cost-effective conservation, and conservation auctions. We provide all materials necessary to run the game, plus suggested readings and suggestions for discussions and assignments. |
| Keywords: | classroom game, climate change adaptation, ecosystem-based adaptation, learning, payment for environmental services, technology adoption, uncertainty |
| JEL: | A20 D80 Q16 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2020-08&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Bonvillain (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Claudine Foucherot (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This study was carried out in the context of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the period 2021-2027: one of the key elements of this reform is the shift towards an obligation of results for some subsidies. Supported by specific cases, we first show that the distinction between the obligation of means and the obligation of results is overly simplistic. The pure obligation of results in the environmental field never truly exists, and practical examples fall on a continuum of estimates of results with varying degrees of accuracy. An estimation of the costs of six instruments found on this continuum (Green Payments (GPs), Agri-Environment- Climate Measures (AECMs), organic conversion support, High Environmental Value certification (HEV), and two carbon certification systems) enables us to draw several conclusions. First, the obligation of results is not necessarily more costly than the obligation of means: AECMs for example, which are generally considered as obligations of means, are more expensive to administer than carbon certification systems, which are typically considered as obligations of results. The genericity of the instrument plays a key role, making it possible to spread the design and monitoring costs across a large number of farmers. Next, as regards the effectiveness of the instrument in terms of environmental impact, working towards an obligation of results does not appear to be decisive per se. Two factors are, however: the ambition of the instrument and the level of additionality required, for example by making subsidies conditional upon demonstrating an improvement over an initial state. Finally, the specific advantage of shifting towards an obligation of results seems to be that it facilitates the environmental assessment of the CAP, which would make it possible to redirect support where necessary according to this impact data, which is currently unavailable. The reform of the CAP opens up the possibility of introducing new types of payment in the context of the eco-schemes under the first pillar, and especially the carbon certification systems. Indeed, these systems give a good deal of attention to the issue of additionality. Since they are neither more costly to implement nor less effective than an AECM type instrument, they could begin to emerge within the CAP. Moreover, the example of support for organic agriculture shows that basing CAP subsidies on external labels is not without precedent. |
| Keywords: | Common agricultural policy CAP,Greenhouse gas GHG,obligation of results,certification,agri-environment-climate measures,High Environmental Value certification (HEV),Green Payments (GPs),organic farming,label bas carbone,Carbon offsetting |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02894104&r=all |
| By: | Sahan T. M. Dissanayake (Portland State University); Sarah Jacobson (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | Payments for ecosystem services programs use a market-based approach to pursue environmental goals. While they are common policy tools, key concepts that can determine their efficacy are nuanced and hard to grasp. We present a new interactive game that explores the functioning and implications of payments for ecosystem services programs. Participants play the role of rural households in a developing country. They decide individually or as groups whether to enter into contracts to receive payment from the United Nations REDD+ program to refrain from harvesting from a local forest. The game explores topics including: payments for ecosystem services programs; climate change; tropical deforestation; cost-effectiveness; additionality; contract fraud and enforcement; and community resource management. We provide customizable materials, a detailed reading list, and prompts for discussion. |
| Keywords: | classroom game, payments for ecosystem services, REDD+, market-based regulation |
| JEL: | A22 Q23 Q54 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2020-06&r=all |
| By: | Sterenn Lucas (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Louis-Georges Soler (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Xavier Irz (Luke, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki,Finland); Didier Gascuel (ESE - Écologie et santé des écosystèmes - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Joel Aubin (SAS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35000, Rennes, France) |
| Abstract: | In the context of climate change, the diet is a key driver of environmental impacts. Previous research emphasized the environmental benefit to increase fisheries and aquaculture products (FAPs) consumption in European diets. However, increasing the share of FAPs could lead to a transfer of environmental damage from earth to sea. It is thus important to evaluate the environmental impacts of FAPs considering marine eco-systems and global scale. We constructed an original database to map the origin of FAPs, and we matched it with environmental indicators. The exploration of the database investigates the environmental impact of FAPs in regards of French consumption. We found some heterogeneity across species, meaning that the pattern of consumption across the FAPs does influence the environmental footprint. Furthermore, the choice of methods of production largely affects the global impact. Thus, relevant public policy could decrease the environmental impact of FAPs despite a standstill level of consumption. |
| Abstract: | Dans le contexte du changement climatique, l'impact environnemental de l'alimentation joue un rôle central. Les avantages environnementaux lié à l'augmentation de la consommation de produits de la pêche et de l'aquaculture (FAP) dans les régimes alimentaires européens ont été mis en avant dans de précédents travaux. Néanmoins, augmenter la part des FAP dans le régime alimentaire pourrait entraîner un transfert des dommages environnementaux de la terre à la mer. Il est donc important d'évaluer, en complémentarité des impacts environnementaux globaux, les impacts environnementaux spécifiques des FAP liés aux écosystèmes aquatiques. Nous avons construit une base de données originale pour cartographier l'origine des FAP, et nous l'avons couplée à des indicateurs environnementaux. Cela nous permet d'évaluer l'impact environnemental de la consommation de FAP en France au regard de plusieurs indicateurs environnementaux. Nous avons trouvé une certaine hétérogénéité entre les espèces, ce qui signifie que la structure de la consommation de FAP, c'est–à–dire la répartition de la consommation entre espèces, influence l'empreinte environnementale. En outre, le choix des méthodes de production affecte largement l'impact mondial. Ainsi, les politiques publiques pertinentes pourraient réduire l'impact environnemental des FAP tout en maintenant le niveau de consommation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental impact,Climate change,LCA,Seafood consumption,Impact environnemental,Changement climatique,ACV,Consommation des produits de la pêche et de l’aquaculture |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02920048&r=all |
| By: | Inge van den Bijgaart; Mauricio Rodriguez |
| Abstract: | Despite ambitious climate goals and already substantial stocks of developed fossil energy reserves, development of new fossil energy reserves continues to be high. This raises concerns, as it reinforces the fossil industry’s opportunities and incentives to continue extraction, and may necessitate abandonment of developed fossil reserves to meet climate targets. In this paper, we analyze the energy transition, considering fossil exploration and development activities. We provide conditions for when the fossil industry will abandon reserves, and establish that continued exploration of fossil resources is not incompatible with abandoning developed reserves. The first-best implementation of a carbon budget always involves reserve abandonment, and thus exploration that pushes developed reserves in excess of the remaining budget. A quantitative assessment reveals that a volume equal to 9-19% of current oil and gas reserves are optimally abandoned, and that, even under a 1.5oC warming target, positive exploration of new reserves is justified for another decade. |
| Keywords: | carbon budget, energy transition, fossil exploration, non-renewable resources, renewable energy, stranded assets |
| JEL: | Q21 Q31 Q35 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8453&r=all |
| By: | Gilbert E. Metcalf; James H. Stock |
| Abstract: | Policy makers often express concern about the impact of carbon taxes on employment and GDP. Focusing on European countries that have implemented carbon taxes over the past 30 years, we estimate the macroeconomic impacts of these taxes on GDP and employment growth rates for various specifications and samples. Our point estimates suggest a zero to modest positive impact on GDP and total employment growth rates. More importantly, we find no robust evidence of a negative effect of the tax on employment or GDP growth. We examine evidence on whether the positive effects might stem from countries that used the carbon tax revenues to reduce other taxes; while the evidence is consistent with this view, it is inconclusive. We also consider the impact of the taxes on emission reductions and find a cumulative reduction on the order of 4 to 6 percent for a $40/ton CO2 tax covering 30% of emissions. We argue that reductions would likely be greater for a broad-based U.S. carbon tax since European carbon taxes do not include in the tax base those sectors with the lowest marginal costs of carbon pollution abatement. |
| JEL: | E62 H23 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27488&r=all |
| By: | Jordi Roca Jusmet (Department of Economic theory, Universidad de Barcelona, 08034, Barcelona, Spain); Emilio Padilla Rosa (Department of Applied Economics, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Most statistics, analyses and policies on environmental pressures take a territorial perspective. According to this, environmental pressures are assigned to the country (region or city) in which they are generated. However, the global economy is characterised by massive flows of goods between different territories. Therefore, it is important to analyse the environmental pressures caused by domestic demands of a country, regardless of where they take place. This perspective is known as the “consumption-based” perspective and relates to the concept of environmental footprint. This article looks at some examples of this dual perspective, both in a case of a global problem, such as greenhouse gas emissions, and in other environmental indicators o more local or regional problems. The important differences between the indicators obtained with both perspectives reinforce the need to take into account the “consumption-based” perspective in order to have better information on the different responsibilities in the different environmental problems. |
| Keywords: | Consumption-based accounting; ecological problems; carbon footprint; material footprint; environmental load displacement. |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2007&r=all |
| By: | Zuleta J., Luis Alberto |
| Abstract: | Este documento identifica acciones de coordinación y sinergia entre los bancos de desarrollo, la banca multilateral y la banca regional de América Latina y el Caribe, así como instrumentos para aumentar el flujo de recursos hacia proyectos verdes ligados a un gran impulso ambiental. Por otra parte, analiza y propone de qué manera las entidades de financiamiento para el desarrollo regional y nacional pueden explorar la articulación de acciones conjuntas o coordinadas examinando y formulando propuestas de instrumentos financieros para orientar recursos financieros hacia inversiones en proyectos vinculados a un gran impulso ambiental. El documento concluye que para que los bancos de desarrollo nacionales puedan dar un salto en el financiamiento verde deben ajustarse a una serie de requerimientos que van de certificaciones a procesos especializados de gestión, control, elaboración de informes y evaluaciones, tanto para los productos de captación de recursos, incluidos los bonos verdes, como para su colocación en proyectos verdes especializados. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIAMIENTO AMBIENTAL, ECONOMIA AMBIENTAL, BANCOS DE DESARROLLO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIA VERDE, FINANCIACION DE PROYECTOS, INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL FINANCING, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT BANKS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, GREEN ECONOMY, PROJECT FINANCE, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS |
| Date: | 2020–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45930&r=all |
| By: | Dietrich Earnhart (University of Kansas); Sarah Jacobson (Williams College); Yusuke Kuwayama (Resources for the Future); Richard T. Woodward (Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University) |
| Abstract: | We model firm and regulator behavior to examine theoretically the use and consequences of discretionary exemptions (also known as variances, waivers, or exceptions) in environmental regulation. Many laws, such as the Clean Water Act, impose limits on harmful activities yet include ``safety valve'' provisions giving the regulator discretion to grant full or partial exemptions that provide permanent or temporary relief. This discretion begets flexibility over the law’s de facto stringency. Our model places a profit-maximizing pollution discharger under the purview of a fully informed regulator who imposes discharge limits. We show that when a regulation is otherwise inflexible, an exemption that relaxes the limit for high cost firms can improve social welfare by reducing the costs of achieving a level of environmental quality. We further demonstrate that if abatement technology improves in effectiveness over time, a temporary exemption can increase social welfare by adjusting abatement in response to dynamic conditions. We also show that if the labor market is sticky, exemptions can ``create jobs.'' If a regulator is driven by an unequally weighted social welfare function, she can use exemptions to meet redistributive ends. However, these beneficial impacts of exemptions rely on a fully informed and benevolent regulator; otherwise, the discretionary nature of exemptions leaves them open to abuse. A regulator who is captured by industry, focused only on her jurisdiction, or answerable to a set of elites can abuse exemptions in ways that reduce social welfare, such as allowing inefficiently high pollution or inducing a cost-ineffective pattern of abatement. |
| Keywords: | Variance, exemption, regulation, flexibility, discretion, welfare |
| JEL: | D21 D62 K32 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2020-04&r=all |
| By: | Guillermo Maya Muñoz |
| Keywords: | cambio climático; CO2; emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero; países desarrollados; crecimiento económico. Keeywords: climate change; CO2; Emissions of greenhouse gases; developed countries; economic growth. |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000418:018304&r=all |
| By: | Camilo Bohorquez-Penuela; Andrea Otero-Cortes |
| Abstract: | Episodes of excessive or low rainfall have not only become more frequent, but also more severe. These events can affect agricultural production and local labor markets. By combining social security records, that allow us to measure formal employment, with administrative data from weather stations, we estimate the effects of municipality-level precipitation shocks on formal rural employment in Colombia, as well as country-wide events like El Niño and La Niña phenomena. Fixed effects estimates show that episodes of excessive rainfall—measured as those that are above the 80th percentile of historical mean precipitation in the last 30 years for each municipality—have a negative impact on formal employment in rural areas for both the agricultural and non-agricultural sector, ranging from -2.2 percent to -3 percent, respectively. Likewise, we find that both El Niño and La Niña phenomena have a negative impact on total formal employment in rural areas. Additionally, we explore if the effect of rain shocks varies depending on the access to irrigation and drainage technologies, finding that municipalities with high prevalence of irrigation systems are less affected by episodes of low rainfall. **** RESUMEN: Los episodios de excesiva o poca precipitación no solo se han vuelto más frecuentes sino que cada vez son más severos. Estos eventos pueden afectar la producción agrícola y las dinámicas de los mercados laborales locales. Combinando registros de seguridad social, que nos permiten identificar empleo formal, con datos administrativos de las estaciones meteorológicas, estimamos los efectos de los choques de lluvia a nivel municipal sobre el empleo formal rural en Colombia, al igual que el impacto de los fenómenos de El Niño y La Niña. Los estimadores de efectos fijos muestran que los episodios de excesiva precipitación, medidos como aquellos que se ubican por encima del percentil 80 de la distribución histórica para cada municipio, tienen un impacto negativo sobre el empleo formal rural tanto para el sector agrícola como para el no agrícola, ubicándose entre -2.2 y -3 por ciento, respectivamente. De igual forma, encontramos que los fenómenos de El Niño y La Niña tienen un impacto negativo sobre el empleo formal rural. Adicionalmente, exploramos si el efecto de los choques de lluvia depende del acceso a sistemas de riego, encontrando que municipios con alta incidencia de estos mecanismos de irrigación son menos propensos a verse afectados por episodios de poca precipitación. |
| Keywords: | Formal labor market, employment, weather shocks, agriculture, Colombia, Mercado laboral formal, empleo, choques climáticos, agricultura, Colombia |
| JEL: | J20 J30 J43 J46 Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2020–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:018404&r=all |
| By: | Camilo Bohorquez-Penuela (Banco de la República de Colombia); Andrea Otero-Cortes (Banco de la República de Colombia) |
| Abstract: | Episodes of excessive or low rainfall have not only become more frequent, but also more severe. These events can affect agricultural production and local labor markets. By combining social security records, that allow us to measure formal employment, with administrative data from weather stations, we estimate the effects of municipality-level precipitation shocks on formal rural employment in Colombia, as well as country-wide events like El Niño and La Niña phenomena. Fixed effects estimates show that episodes of excessive rainfall—measured as those that are above the 80th percentile of historical mean precipitation in the last 30 years for each municipality—have a negative impact on formal employment in rural areas for both the agricultural and non-agricultural sector, ranging from -2.2 percent to -3 percent, respectively. Likewise, we find that both El Niño and La Niña phenomena have a negative impact on total formal employment in rural areas. Additionally, we explore if the effect of rain shocks varies depending on the access to irrigation and drainage technologies, finding that municipalities with high prevalence of irrigation systems are less affected by episodes of low rainfall. **** RESUMEN: Los episodios de excesiva o poca precipitación no solo se han vuelto más frecuentes sino que cada vez son más severos. Estos eventos pueden afectar la producción agrícola y las dinámicas de los mercados laborales locales. Combinando registros de seguridad social, que nos permiten identificar empleo formal, con datos administrativos de las estaciones meteorológicas, estimamos los efectos de los choques de lluvia a nivel municipal sobre el empleo formal rural en Colombia, al igual que el impacto de los fenómenos de El Niño y La Niña. Los estimadores de efectos fijos muestran que los episodios de excesiva precipitación, medidos como aquellos que se ubican por encima del percentil 80 de la distribución histórica para cada municipio, tienen un impacto negativo sobre el empleo formal rural tanto para el sector agrícola como para el no agrícola, ubicándose entre -2.2 y -3 por ciento, respectivamente. De igual forma, encontramos que los fenómenos de El Niño y La Niña tienen un impacto negativo sobre el empleo formal rural. Adicionalmente, exploramos si el efecto de los choques de lluvia depende del acceso a sistemas de riego, encontrando que municipios con alta incidencia de estos mecanismos de irrigación son menos propensos a verse afectados por episodios de poca precipitación. |
| Keywords: | Formal labor market, employment, weather shocks, agriculture, Colombia, Mercado laboral formal, empleo, choques climáticos, agricultura, Colombia |
| JEL: | J20 J30 J43 J46 Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:292&r=all |
| By: | Th\'eo Roncalli; Th\'eo Le Guenedal; Fr\'ed\'eric Lepetit; Thierry Roncalli; Takaya Sekine |
| Abstract: | This article studies the impact of carbon risk on stock pricing. To address this, we consider the seminal approach of G\"orgen \textsl{et al.} (2019), who proposed estimating the carbon financial risk of equities by their carbon beta. To achieve this, the primary task is to develop a brown-minus-green (or BMG) risk factor, similar to Fama and French (1992). Secondly, we must estimate the carbon beta using a multi-factor model. While G\"orgen \textsl{et al.} (2019) considered that the carbon beta is constant, we propose a time-varying estimation model to assess the dynamics of the carbon risk. Moreover, we test several specifications of the BMG factor to understand which climate change-related dimensions are priced in by the stock market. In the second part of the article, we focus on the carbon risk management of investment portfolios. First, we analyze how carbon risk impacts the construction of a minimum variance portfolio. As the goal of this portfolio is to reduce unrewarded financial risks of an investment, incorporating the carbon risk into this approach fulfils this objective. Second, we propose a new framework for building enhanced index portfolios with a lower exposure to carbon risk than capitalization-weighted stock indices. Finally, we explore how carbon sensitivities can improve the robustness of factor investing portfolios. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2008.13198&r=all |
| By: | Ureta, Julie Carl; Motallebi, Marzieh; Vassalos, Michael; Ureta, Joan |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304442&r=all |
| By: | Oluwasola Emmanuel Omoju; Lulit Mitik Beyene; Emily Edoisa Ikhide; Stephen Kelechi Dimwobi; Augustina Ehimare |
| Abstract: | In 2015, Nigeria formulated its Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) to promote the development of renewable-energy systems in line with the Paris Climate Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals. With that as inspiration, we examined the effectiveness and macroeconomic impacts of Nigeria’s renewable-energy policy using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We calibrated the PEP-1-1 CGE model on Nigeria’s updated social accounting matrix (SAM) and ascertained the effects on key energy, economic, and environmental variables. We found that a production subsidy was effective in developing the renewable-electricity sector and encouraging the use of renewable electricity, regardless of how the subsidy was financed. The fiscal incentive for the renewable electricity sector had positive impacts on such key macroeconomic and welfare variables as employment, real GDP, household income, and welfare if the subsidy was financed by government deficit. Macroeconomic impacts were unfavourable, however, if the subsidy was financed by adjustments in government expenditures. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy, Energy Policy and the Macroeconomy, CGE models, Nigeria |
| JEL: | Q42 Q43 L94 C68 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lvl:mpiacr:2020-01&r=all |
| By: | Celani de Macedo, Alessandra; Cantore, Nicola; Barbier, Laura; Matteini, Marco; Pasqualetto, Giorgia |
| Abstract: | Inclusive and sustainable industrial development implies environmental friendly industrial growth with positive implications for social targets such as employment generation. One of the most important options available to policymakers for reducing CO2 emissions is industrial energy efficiency, which is particularly relevant for the discussion on green industrialization. Despite this intuitive concept, the economics measurement toolkit still lacks a methodological framework to analyse the extent to which energy efficiency interventions can generate simultaneous economic, environmental and employment-related improvements to boost inclusive and sustainable industrial development. This study fills this gap by introducing an original approach based on input-output tables to estimate the impact of improvements in industrial energy efficiency on value added, employment and energy savings among industries in the Republic of North Macedonia. The results show that triple dividends are possible in terms of inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Whereas a positive impact on employment is found in every scenario, a positive outcome in terms of value added essentially depends on the country’s capacity to produce goods that accommodate firms’ increasing demand from their use of energy cost savings. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemff:305185&r=all |
| By: | Noemi Florea (The New School, Department of Economics, New York, NY, USA) |
| Abstract: | Contemporary challenges regarding climate change, global wealth disparity, and resource depletion are in many ways emblematic of systemic flaws borne out of anthropocentric philosophy. As an introduction to The Public’s Guide to Climate Change Mitigation, this article reviews the features of the modern economic system which have contributed to contemporary challenges, and seeks to demonstrate that mitigation in itself will not be enough to resolve a global crisis that demands holistic change. Key points include instrumentalist ideologies evolving from Enlightenment thinking, the inherent limitations of the growth system and the corporate and administrative inabilities to adapt within sustainable boundaries, and the effects of neoliberalism on ecological and socio-cultural challenges. By reviewing each subsystem’s influence on the global economic, social, and ecological systems, deeper understandings of contemporary ideologies can be achieved; this can then lead to recognizing current societal inabilities to address systemic flaws, and serve to begin reimagining the system as a whole to be more in line with demands for sustainability. |
| Keywords: | administrative capabilities, anthropocene, climate change, ecology, economic growth, enlightenment, global crises, holistic change, instrumentalism, mitigation, modern ideologies, neoliberalism, resource depletion, systems, wealth disparity |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:spaper:028nf&r=all |
| By: | Roman Stöllinger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | In December 2019 the incoming European Commission announced the European Green Deal (EGD), which aims to turn the EU into a climate-neutral, circular economy. Although it is as yet not very specific in many areas, the EU’s Green Deal sends the right signal and contains several promising elements. One of these is the introduction of a carbon border adjustment (CBA) mechanism mentioned as an option in the EGD. Apart from supporting the ecological objectives of the EGD, a carbon border tax can help to counter carbon leakage in EU industries that results from the EU’s internal carbon pricing system. This way, distortions of competition in energy-intensive industries due to asymmetric domestic carbon pricing policies can be partially remedied. Another positive side effect of a carbon border tax is that it would add a new source of income to the EU budget that is independent of Member States’ direct contributions. To reap this “triple dividend”, the CBA needs to be carefully designed both economically and legally. In particular, a European CBA mechanism needs to be compatible with the EU’s WTO obligations under the GATT. While this is challenging, it is perfectly feasible. Therefore the EU should introduce a carbon border tax as soon as possible, even though this is a high-risk strategy that is likely to increase existing tensions in the international trading system and will probably require an adjustment of its current trade policy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon border tax, externalities, ecological transformation, WTO, EU budget |
| JEL: | E01 O11 O40 O47 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:39&r=all |
| By: | Savastano, Sara; Arslan, Aslihan; Balint, Tim; Rui Benfica, Rui; Cavatassi, Romina; Garbero, Alessandra; Mabiso, Athur; Paolantonio, Adriana; Songsermsawas, Tisorn; Winters, Paul |
| Abstract: | As stated in its Strategic Framework 2016-2025, the overarching goal for the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is to invest in rural people to enable them to overcome poverty and achieve food security through remunerative, sustainable, and resilient livelihoods. IFAD pursues this goal through three closely interlinked and mutually reinforcing strategic objectives: (i) increasing rural people’s productive capacities; (ii) increasing rural people’s benefits from market participation; and (iii) strengthening the environmental sustainability and climate resilience of rural people’s economic activities. To hold itself accountable on progress made in achieving this goal and these three strategic objectives, IFAD has adopted a unique approach to reporting impact at the corporate level, building on rigorous project-level evaluations. This report provides the results of these efforts to assess the corporate impact of IFAD investments for the Tenth Replenishment of IFAD’s Resources (IFAD10) period of 2016-2018. Corporate impact is founded on the impact of individual IFAD-funded interventions. This report provides an overview of corporate impact estimates, which determine whether IFAD met its IFAD10 targets, as well as project-level results including lessons learned from the project-level analysis. The report includes the main results of the impact assessment of individual projects. Out of a total portfolio of 104 projects completed during the 2016-20181 replenishment period, 19 have been evaluated through 17 studies, spanning the five IFAD regions. Overall, the 17 impact assessments completed as part of IFAD10 show significant impacts on the lives of project beneficiaries relative to the corporate goal of greater economic mobility and its three supporting strategic objectives. In line with these findings, the results of the corporate impact assessment show that IFAD10 has exceeded its targets for its overall goal of fostering economic mobility and for two of the three strategic objectives. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2019–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadia:305187&r=all |
| By: | Laura Cavalli (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Giulia Lizzi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | Adapting traditional business models to be more cost-effective, and socially and environmentally sustainable – the triple bottom line of sustainable development – is becoming increasingly important. This applies to all industries, diverse and multidimensional sectors and activities, of which ports are a key example. This can be achieved by implementing sustainable port growth policies, through new or re-designed operational planning. As part of this, introducing new technologies into port processes and ecosystems that factor in the environment, but have wider-reaching benefits, will enable a move towards the port of the future. Although the expected consequences of a changed climate are one of the reasons behind actions in coastal protection and port management, issues such as scarcity of prime building locations, use of resources, environmental impact and the lives of neighboring communities also affect business decisions. 5G networks and digital technologies are crucial to addressing these challenges and transforming port operations to generate sustainable development. Different methods can be used to measure the impact of technological advancements on competitiveness, efficiency and growth of the sector. In this report, however, we identify the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their corresponding measurable key port performance indicators that can be used to monitor sustainability performance and help make business decisions for port master plans. Launched in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the 17 SDGs and their 169 associated targets represent an authoritative global guideline to achieving sustainability across different sectors. The agenda has many targets that can be directly or indirectly linked to port operations. These include the protection and management of ecosystems, as well as goals related to infrastructure and the circular economy, sustainable cities and communities, principles of good corporate governance, and data transmissibility and partnership relations management. With a timeline stretching to 2030, port authorities have time and capacity to contribute to the accomplishment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Achieving the SDGs also requires public and private sector partnerships. In such a setup, port community actors are engines for change. They not only facilitate the reduction of emissions, to enable energy transition and stimulate the circular economy, but are also points of dialogue with urban stakeholders and port cities. |
| Keywords: | 5G, Sustainability, Port, SDGs |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2020.07&r=all |
| By: | Alessandra Celani de Macedo (UNIDO); Nicola Cantore (UNIDO); Laura Barbier (UNIDO); Marco Matteini (UNIDO); Giorgia Pasqualetto (UNIDO) |
| Abstract: | Inclusive and sustainable industrial development implies environmental friendly industrial growth with positive implications for social targets such as employment generation. One of the most important options available to policymakers for reducing CO2 emissions is industrial energy efficiency, which is particularly relevant for the discussion on green industrialization. Despite this intuitive concept, the economics measurement toolkit still lacks a methodological framework to analyse the extent to which energy efficiency interventions can generate simultaneous economic, environmental and employment-related improvements to boost inclusive and sustainable industrial development. This study fills this gap by introducing an original approach based on input-output tables to estimate the impact of improvements in industrial energy efficiency on value added, employment and energy savings among industries in the Republic of North Macedonia. The results show that triple dividends are possible in terms of inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Whereas a positive impact on employment is found in every scenario, a positive outcome in terms of value added essentially depends on the country’s capacity to produce goods that accommodate firms’ increasing demand from their use of energy cost savings. |
| Keywords: | Economics, Input-output Analysis, Employment Creation, Energy Efficiency |
| JEL: | Q40 Q49 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2020.01&r=all |
| By: | Charles Fang Chin Cheng (Department of Policy Research and Statistics, UNIDO); Nicola Cantore (Department of Policy Research and Statistics, UNIDO) |
| Abstract: | Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (ISID) calls for full engagement of policymakers in industrializing countries by minimizing environmental footprint and enhancing social inclusiveness. This study investigates the progress of 118 countries towards ISID (2005-2015) through an input-oriented CCR (Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes) slack-based (Data Envelopment Analysis) DEA model. The efficiency analyses have been carried out with two approaches: i) the ISID approach represents the aspiration of countries to promote industrialization and consequently sustain economic growth by reducing the adverse environmental and social effects which manifest in the overall economy; ii) ISIDsdg9 approach considers the same aspects of ISID but only focuses on indicators related to the industrial sector. An analytical tool is developed to measure ISID with the two different approaches. This study finds that (i) Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland are at the top of the ranking with the ISID approach, and the Czech Republic and Switzerland are at the top of the ranking with the ISIDsdg9 approach. Throughout 2005-2013, there is no sign of catching up between developed and developing countries in progress towards ISID and ISIDsdg9. |
| Keywords: | Slack-Based Model (SBM), Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development (ISID), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2020.05&r=all |
| By: | Yao, Guolin; Zhang, Xin; Vishwakarma, Srishti; Dalin, Carole; Komarek, Adam; Kanter, David R.; Davis, Kyle Frankel; Pfeifer, Kimberly; Zhao, Jing; Zou, Tan; D' Odorico, Paolo; Folberth, Christian; Galeana, Fernando; Fanzo, Jessica; Rosa, Lorenzo; Dennison, William; Davidson, Eric |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304643&r=all |
| By: | Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamic relationship between financial development, income inequality and CO2 emissions in a step-wise fashion, using data from 39 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries during the period 2004-2014. The study uses three income inequality indicators: the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio, to examine these linkages. The study employs the generalised method of moments (GMM) as the estimation technique. The empirical findings show that financial development unconditionally reduces CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) in SSA countries. The findings also show that there are threshold levels of income inequality that should not be exceeded in order for the negative impact of financial development on CO2 emissions to be sustained. Specifically, the study finds that the negative impact of financial development on CO2 emissions is likely to change to positive if the following inequality levels are exceeded: 0.591, 0.663 and 5.454 respectively for the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio. The findings of this study have far-reaching policy implications, not only for SSA countries, but also for developing countries as a whole. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Sub-Saharan Africa; Financial Development; CO2 Emissions; Income Inequality, GMM |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:26645&r=all |
| By: | Stefan Ambec; Philippe De Donder |
| Abstract: | Is green consumerism beneficial to the environment and the economy? To shed light on this question, we study the political economy of environmental regulations in a model with neutral and green consumers where the latter derive some warm glow from buying a good of higher environmental quality produced by a profit-maximizing monopoly, while the good bought by neutral consumers is provided by a competitive fringe. Consumers unanimously vote for a standard set at a lower than first-best level, or for a tax delivering the first-best environmental protection level. Despite its under-provision of environmental protection, the standard dominates the tax from a welfare perspective due to its higher productive efficiency, i.e., a smaller gap between the environmental qualities of the two goods supplied. In stark contrast, voters unanimously prefer a tax to a standard when the willingness to pay for greener goods is small enough. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation, corporate social responsibility, green consumerism, product differentiation, tax, standard, green label, political economy |
| JEL: | D24 D62 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8457&r=all |
| By: | Bakhtmina Zia; Dr Muhammad Rafiq PhD Research Scholar; Institute of Management Sciences; Peshawar; Pakistan; Associate Professor; Institute of Management Sciences; Peshawar; Pakistan |
| Abstract: | The paper is a collection of knowledge regarding the phenomenon of climate change, competitiveness, and literature linking the two phenomena to agricultural market competitiveness. The objective is to investigate the peer reviewed and grey literature on the subject to explore the link between climate change and agricultural market competitiveness and also explore an appropriate technique to validate the presumed relationship empirically. The paper concludes by identifying implications for developing an agricultural competitiveness index while incorporating the climate change impacts, to enhance the potential of agricultural markets for optimizing the agricultural sectors competitiveness. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2008.13726&r=all |
| By: | Morales, Ana Luisa |
| Abstract: | En este documento, se analiza la experiencia de Chile relacionada con la ley núm. 20.551 que Regula el Cierre de Faenas e Instalaciones Mineras. Hasta 2011, el cierre de faenas era una de las etapas del proceso minero que no disponía de una regulación integral en el país. Asimismo, no existía una garantía financiera que proporcionara una certeza legal y técnica a los inversionistas y a los organismos reguladores del efectivo cumplimiento de la implementación de medidas de cierre adecuadas a lo largo del tiempo. Con la entrada en vigor de la Ley, en 2012, se reconoce que la etapa de cierre es parte del ciclo de la vida útil de cualquier proyecto minero, y que el cierre de la faena minera se debe planificar e implementar de forma progresiva, a lo largo de la etapa de operación y durante toda la vida útil de la faena. Además, de esta manera se garantiza el debido resguardo de la vida, salud y seguridad de las personas y del medio ambiente, asegurando la estabilidad física y química de las diferentes instalaciones mineras remanentes y evitando la generación de nuevos pasivos ambientales mineros. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, CIERRE DE MINAS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DERECHO AMBIENTAL, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, INSTRUMENTOS FINANCIEROS, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, MINE CLOSURES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS |
| Date: | 2020–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:45931&r=all |
| By: | Coker Eric (College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida); Cavalli Laura (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Fabrizi Enrico (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Guastella Gianni (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Lippo Enrico (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Parisi Maria Laura (Department of Economics and Management, Università degli studi di Brescia); Pontarollo Nicola (Department of Economics and Management, Università degli studi di Brescia); Rizzati Massimiliano (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Varacca Alessandro (Department of Agricultural Economics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Vergalli Sergio (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics and Management, Università degli studi di Brescia) |
| Abstract: | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutant concentrations is known to cause chronic lung inflammation, a condition that may promote increased severity of COVID-19 syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In this paper, we empirically investigate the ecologic association between long-term concentrations of area-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and excess deaths in the first quarter of 2020 in municipalities of Northern Italy. The study accounts for potentially spatial confounding factors related to urbanization that may have influenced the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 and related COVID-19 mortality. Our epidemiological analysis uses geographical information (e.g., municipalities) and negative binomial regression to assess whether both ambient PM2.5 concentration and excess mortality have a similar spatial distribution. Our analysis suggests a positive association of ambient PM2.5 concentration on excess mortality in Northern Italy related to the COVID-19 epidemic. Our estimates suggest that a one-unit increase in PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3) is associated with a 9% (95% confidence interval: 6% - 12%) increase in COVID-19 related mortality. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Mortality, Pollution, Italy, Municipalities |
| JEL: | Q53 I18 J11 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2020.06&r=all |
| By: | Majeed, Fahd; Khanna, Madhu; Miao, Ruiqing; Blanc, Elena; Hudiburg, Tara; DeLucia, Evan |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304394&r=all |
| By: | Chassagneux Jean-Francois; Chotai Hinesh; Crisan Dan |
| Abstract: | We introduce a model for the evolution of emissions and the price of emissions allowances in a carbon market such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The model accounts for multiple trading periods, or phases, with multiple times at which compliance can occur. At the end of each trading period, the participating firms must surrender allowances for their emissions made during that period, and additional allowances can be used for compliance in the following periods. We show that the multi-period allowance pricing problem is well-posed for various mechanisms (such as banking, borrowing and withdrawal of allowances) linking the trading periods. The results are based on the analysis of a forward-backward stochastic differential equation with coupled forward and backward components, a discontinuous terminal condition and a forward component that is degenerate. We also introduce an infinite period model, for a carbon market with a sequence of compliance times and with no end date. We show that, under appropriate conditions, the value function for the multi-period pricing problem converges, as the number of periods increases, to a value function for this infinite period model, and that such functions are unique. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2008.09044&r=all |
| By: | Yuen Tsang (Tarleton State University,) |
| Abstract: | As more “green†cities are emerging in the 21st century, human recognition of urban buildings can be obstructed by increasing amount of vegetation in urban areas. While the architectural designs of urban buildings are more complicated than before, architects often seek the maximum exposure of the design to public. If vegetation obstructs significant portions of an innovative design of a building, the visual value and attractiveness of the building can diminish greatly. People may not able to retain much visual and spatial memories about a building or even a city because their views are obstructed. This paper begins with a thorough review of current and past literature about the relationship between buildings, street trees, and visibility in urban environments. The purpose of this research is to identify factors that influence visual recognizability of buildings in an urban environment. First, a method called green ratio is proposed to quantify the amount of greenery that people can see on the ground. The result can be beneficial to urban planners, architects, city planners, urban geographers, and city tourism board for better integrating vegetation and buildings in a cityscape. The goal of understanding people’s visual recognition of urban objects is to raise inhabitant’s satisfaction, capture their attention, and make strong impressions towards the city. |
| Keywords: | urban geography, environmental planning, environmental perception, human-environment geography, urban planning, urban design, urban morphology, and demographics |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:spaper:024yt&r=all |
| By: | Adalja, Aaron A.; Weller, Daniel; Baur, Patrick; Wiedmann, Martin |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304589&r=all |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Trinh, Trong-Anh |
| Abstract: | Little evidence currently exists on the effects of COVID-19 on air quality in poorer countries, where most air pollution-linked deaths occur. We offer the first study that examines the pandemic’s impacts on improving air quality in Vietnam, a lower-middle income country with worsening air pollution. Employing the Regression Discontinuity Design method to analyze a rich database that we compile from satellite air pollution data and data from various other sources, we find the concentration of NO2 to decrease by 24 to 32 percent two weeks after the COVID-19 lockdown. While this finding is robust to different measures of air quality and model specifications, the positive effects of the lockdown appear to dissipate after ten weeks. We also find that mobility restrictions are a potential channel for improved air quality. Finally, our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that two weeks after the lockdown, the economic gains from better air quality are roughly $0.6 billion US dollars. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19,air pollution,mobility restriction,RDD,Vietnam |
| JEL: | D00 H00 O13 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:647&r=all |
| By: | Zhao, Xin; Calvin, Katherine; Patel, Pralit; Wise, Marshall; Waldhoff, Stephanie; Hejazi, Mohamad; Edmonds, James |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304203&r=all |
| By: | Yao, Guolin; Zhang, Xin; Davidson, Eric; Taheripour, Farzad; Tyner, Wallace E. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304646&r=all |
| By: | Soumendra N. Banerjee; Jayjit Roy; Mahmut Yasar |
| Abstract: | The relevance of analyzing whether exporting firms engage in greater pollution abatement cannot be overemphasized. For instance, the question relates to the possibility of export promotion policies being environmentally beneficial. In fact, the issue is especially relevant for developing countries typically characterized by ineffective environmental regulation. However, despite the significance of the topic, the extant literature examining the environmental consequences of firm-level trade is skewed toward developed countries. Moreover, the existing contributions rarely attend to concerns over non-random selection into exporting. Accordingly, we employ cross-sectional data across Indonesian firms as well as a number of novel identification strategies to assess the causal effect of exporting on abatement behavior. Two of the approaches are proposed by Millimet and Tchernis (2013), and entail either minimizing or correcting for endogeneity bias. The remaining methods, attributable to Lewbel (2012) and Klein and Vella (2009), rely on higher moments of the data to obtain exclusion restrictions. While we largely find exporting to encourage pollution abatement, the estimated impacts are more pronounced after accounting for selection into exporting. |
| Keywords: | Treatment Effect; Pollution Abatement; Instrumental Variables; Environment; Exporting |
| JEL: | C26 F18 F23 Q41 |
| Date: | 2020–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddgw:88637&r=all |
| By: | Duke, Joshua M.; Liu, Zhongyuan; Johnston, Robert J.; Shober, Amy |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304393&r=all |
| By: | Elsasser, Peter; Altenbrunn, Kerstin; Köthke, Margret; Lorenz, Martin; Meyerhoff, Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Ziel der Arbeit ist, den ökonomischen Nutzen wesentlicher Ökosystemleistungen des Waldes in Deutschland in seiner jeweiligen regionalen Verteilung aus Nachfragesicht zu ermitteln und regionale Leistungsschwerpunkte zu identifizieren. Diese Informationen werden zu einem konsistenten Modell zusammengeführt (ReWaLe-Modell), um Szenarien alternativer Waldbehandlungen untersuchen zu können. Im Einzelnen werden die Leistungen für die Rohholzproduktion monetär bewertet, für den globalen Klimaschutz (über die Sequestrierung von Kohlenstoff), für die Erholung der Bevölkerung im Alltag, sowie Leistungen für Naturschutz und Landespflege, welche im Zuge der regulären Waldbewirtschaftung wie auch durch die Einrichtung separater Schutzgebiete aus Sicht der Bevölkerung entstehen. Zu diesem Zweck werden mit Hilfe vorliegender Bewertungsdaten, zusätzlicher regionalstatistischer Informationen sowie einer ergänzenden Primärerhebung regionalspezifische Bestimmungsgründe des monetären Nutzens der Ökosystemleistungen ermittelt und in verallgemeinerbare Bewertungsfunktionen für jede der Leistungen übersetzt. Diese Bewertungsfunktionen werden, im Sinne eines Nutzen-Transfers, mit einem Geographischen Informationssystem auf die Gegebenheiten in den regionalen Einheiten (i. d. R. Gemeinden) angewendet; die Ergebnisse werden auf Kreisebene aggregiert und kartiert. Durch Variation der Eingangsdaten werden schließlich Auswirkungen veränderter regionaler Ausgangsbedingungen (z. B. veränderte Waldbehandlung) auf die Werte der Ökosystemleistungen sowie ihre Relationen simuliert. [...] |
| Keywords: | Wald-Ökosystemleistungen,ökonomische Bewertung,Nutzentransfer,Simulationsmodell,GIS,forest ecosystem services,economic valuation,benefit function transfer,simulation model |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:79&r=all |
| By: | Gunnar Gutsche (University of Kassel); Heike Wetzel (University of Kassel); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | This paper employs a new empirical approach for eliciting preferences for and determinants of sustainable investments at the individual investor level. We examine data from an incentivized framed field experiment that was part of a representative survey among financial decision makers in German households. The analysis reveals strong preferences for sustainable funds. These preferences are especially driven by non-pecuniary factors such as financial literacy, environmental values, and social norms. Interestingly, economic preferences or the Big Five personality traits are only of minor relevance. Our results provide useful implications for the discussion on how to mobilize individual investors for sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable investments; individual investors; determinants; revealed preferences; framed field experiment |
| JEL: | G11 Q56 G02 A12 A13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202033&r=all |
| By: | Barda, Kelly |
| Abstract: | This study aims to compare the financial performance of several green stock market indices with their conventional counterparts. Several time periods are analyzed, and several financial indicators are considered. It appears that the StoxxGlobal ESG Environnemental Leader outperforms its conventional benchmark. By contrast, we find that the Russell 1000 Green Revenues USA, the Dow Jones Sustainability USA and the FTSE4Good USA underperform their traditional counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Financial performance, Green stock market indices, Sharpe ratio, Volatility |
| JEL: | G0 G1 G2 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:102537&r=all |
| By: | Christian A. Vossler; Stéphane Bergeron; Maurice Doyon; Daniel Rondeau |
| Abstract: | Comparisons of willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) compensation measures have raised concerns over the validity of stated preference methods, and have motivated researchers to predominantly elicit WTP measures even when existing property rights or entitlements would make WTA measures more appropriate. Extending the insight of Plott and Zeiler (2005) to the case of public goods, we argue that past results may in part be driven by experimental design choices, including the use of non-incentive compatible elicitation methods. Using the conservation of wetlands in northern Quebec (Canada) as a case study, we find that WTA/WTP ratios are poorly identified unless estimation procedures control for the beliefs of respondents regarding the consequentiality of their responses. Beliefs over consequentiality are directly tied to sufficiency conditions for the incentive compatibility of stated preference surveys. We find that when respondents express at least “moderate” beliefs over the consequentiality of the survey, resulting WTA/WTP ratios are close to unity. |
| Keywords: | Stated Preferences,Incentive Compatibility,Willingness-to-Pay,Willingness-to-Accept,Consequentiality, |
| JEL: | C93 D6 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2020s-48&r=all |
| By: | Liu, Wen; Larson, James A.; English, Burton C.; Boyer, Christopher M.; Clark, Christopher D.; Cho, Seong-Hoon |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304510&r=all |
| By: | Laurent Barillé (MMS - Mer, molécules et santé EA 2160 - UM - Le Mans Université - Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques - UN - Université de Nantes); Anthony Le Bris (LETG - Nantes - Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UBO - Université de Brest - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes); Philippe Goulletquer (IFREMER Nantes - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes); Yoann Thomas (LEMAR - Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Philippe Glize (SMIDAP - Syndicat Mixte pour le Développement de l'Aquaculture et de la Pêche en Pays de la Loire); Frank Kane (Marine Institute [Ireland]); Lynne Falconer (University of Stirling); Patrice Guillotreau (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Brice Trouillet (LETG - Nantes - Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UBO - Université de Brest - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement - UN - Université de Nantes); Stéphanie Palmer (MMS - Mer, molécules et santé EA 2160 - UM - Le Mans Université - Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques - UN - Université de Nantes); Pierre Gernez (MMS - Mer, molécules et santé EA 2160 - UM - Le Mans Université - Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | Oyster production has historically taken place in intertidal zones, and shellfish farms already occupy large extents of the French intertidal space. The expansion of French shellfish aquaculture within intertidal areas is therefore spatially limited, and moving production to the subtidal offshore environment is considered to be a possible solution to this problem. Finding new sites along the French Atlantic coast was studied here from the perspective of small oyster companies run by young farmers, who are interested in offshore bivalve aquaculture expansion compatible with their investment capacity. In assessing the feasibility of such offshore production, we considered three main issues: (1) bivalve growth potential and (2) technical feasibility and conflicting uses, both within a spatial framework, as well as (3) the steps and barriers of the administrative licensing process. Oyster spat in an experimental offshore cage showed significantly faster growth, in terms of both weight and length, compared to those in an intertidal cage, mainly due to lower turbidity and full-time feeding capacity (i.e., constant immersion in the water). A combination of Earth Observation data and bivalve ecophysiological modelling was then used to obtain spatial distribution maps of growth potential, which confirmed that offshore sites have better potential for oyster growth than the traditionally oyster-farmed intertidal sites overall, but that this is highly spatially variable. Small-scale producers indicated two technical factors constraining where farms could be located: bathymetry must be between 5 and 20 m and the distance from a harbor no more than five nautical miles. These were included along with maps of various environmental and socioeconomic constraints in a Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). Touristic traffic and bottom trawling by fisherman were found to be the two other most restrictive variables. The GIS-based SMCE developed in this study showed that there is almost 400 km 2 of highly-to very highly-suitable area within which to develop offshore aquaculture using simple, low-cost bottom-cage techniques, and can be used to assist the shellfish industry in the Marine Spatial Planning decision-making process, still in progress in this coastal area. However, the complexity of the administrative processes necessary to obtain an offshore license is perceived as a stronger barrier by farmers owning small companies than site selection, technical feasibility, and required investments, and will be crucial to address in order to realistically proceed to offshore cultivation. The process demonstrated here, and the results are relevant to other coastal and offshore locations throughout the world and can be adapted for other species. |
| Keywords: | Pacific oyster,Site selection,Off-shore aquaculture,Remote sensing,Dynamic energy budget (DEB) model |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02514120&r=all |
| By: | Ahasan, Rakibul (Texas A&M University) |
| Abstract: | Generation of solid waste (SW) is a major problem in urban areas, thus its management is one of the important obligatory functions to not only urban local authority but also for the inhabitants. The citizens expressed their concerns about the waste management system in KCC and associated problems that they are encountering. Waste generation in Khulna City Corporation is around 455 tons of municipal solid waste/day and generation rate is now 0.75 Kg/capita/day on an average. Existing public utility services and facilities are not adequate to meet the demand of disposing these massive amounts of wastes and that’s why several problems are arising. There are some deterrents in the KCC’s solid waste Management system, arising from both the city corporation authority and the citizen of different levels. With a view to address the problem from through community participation, this paper intends to evaluate the potential of community based solid waste management approach in context of Khulna city. |
| Date: | 2020–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:qfshp&r=all |
| By: | Sophie Martins; Stéphanie Montmasson; Fabien Rogeon (CEREGE - CEntre de REcherche en GEstion - EA 1722 - IAE Poitiers - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - ULR - Université de La Rochelle) |
| Abstract: | Souvent considéré comme exemplaire de par son comportement à l'égard de l'environnement, le consommateur responsable est, lui aussi, amené à agir consciemment en désaccord avec ses normes personnelles. Cette présente recherche apporte une compréhension des raisons et circonstances qui incitent les consommateurs responsables à transgresser leurs normes personnelles et propose un éclairage sur la façon dont ces consommateurs gèrent leurs comportements déviants de leurs convictions environnementales grâce aux stratégies de coping. Au terme d'une exploration empirique s'appuyant sur la technique des incidents critiques, cette recherche met à jour l'influence de facteurs émotionnels, sociaux et situationnels dans l'apparition de comportements allant à l'encontre de leurs normes personnelles. Puis sont abordées les différentes stratégies de coping mises en place par le consommateur responsable. Celles-ci sont en ligne avec les stratégies identifiées par la recherche en management et en marketing à la différence que la culpabilité demeure peu évoquée par les répondants. Abstract : Mostly considered as an example because of their pro-environmental behaviour, responsible consumers are also called upon to act consciously in disagreement with their perso nal norms. This research provides an understanding of the reasons and circumstances that lead responsible consumers to transgress their personal norms and sheds light on how these consumers manage their behaviour that deviates from their environmental beliefs through coping strategies. After an empirical exploration based on the critical incident technique, this research reveals the influence of emotional, social and situational factors in the development of behaviours that run counter to their personal norms. The various coping strategies implemented by the responsible consumer are then discussed. These are in line with the strategies management and marketing research has pointed out, with the difference that respondents rarely mention guilt. |
| Keywords: | personal norm,Sustainable consumer,Critical Incidents Technique,Coping,Transgression,Technique des incidents critiques,coping,transgression,Consommateur responsable,Norme personnelle |
| Date: | 2020–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02490178&r=all |
| By: | Soma, Chakrabarti |
| Abstract: | The Land Tenure Security Advantage presents an overview of IFAD’s engagement in securing land tenure for the rural poor, specifically through the lens of its mainstreaming priorities for inclusive and sustainable rural transformation: gender equality and women’s empowerment, youth employment, indigenous peoples, and climate change and the environment. The report first presents the importance of land tenure for global commitments relevant to IFAD’s mandate, together with some important challenges. It then explains how IFAD is tackling those challenges. Five case studies from each of IFAD’s regions of intervention illustrate IFAD’s support for land tenure security in practice. Lastly, the final section looks ahead to new initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2020–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadas:304751&r=all |
| By: | Huang, Yu-Kai; Piriyathanasak, Phatchaya; Attavanich, Witsanu; Han, Doo Bong; Jithitikulchai, Theepakorn; McCarl, Bruce A. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304384&r=all |
| By: | Renske Stans |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses how a family's economic environment influences parental investments in children's development. Worsening economic conditions can incentivize parental investments by raising the importance of human capital accumulation in ensuring later-life success. Using a large representative German survey, in a regional and time- fixed e ffects setting, I estimate the causal impact of the local unemployment rate on parental investment measures. I find that a rise in the unemployment rate increases measures of maternal support, academic interest and homework assistance. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis suggests that the responsiveness of parenting behavior on economic incentives di ffers by parental and child background characteristics such as parental locus of control and secondary school track. |
| Keywords: | parenting, human capital, regional labor market |
| JEL: | J13 J24 R23 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2020_205&r=all |
| By: | Bizet, Romain; Bonev, Petyo; Leveque, Francois |
| Abstract: | WWe estimate the effect of local monitoring and information disclosure on safety and compliance with self-reporting standards in the French nuclear sector. We use a novel dataset on deviations from safety, radiological and environmental standards recorded in the French nuclear fleet since 1978. We find that while local monitoring and information increases significantly compliance, it has little or no direct effect on safety. |
| Keywords: | Monitoring, compliance, safety regulation, reporting, cuclear safety |
| JEL: | D22 L51 M42 Q42 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2020:14&r=all |
| By: | Julien Benomar; Pauline Lenesley (NIMEC - Normandie Innovation Marché Entreprise Consommation - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02889203&r=all |
| By: | Carr, Constance (University of Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | With stunning green landscapes, exemplary public transport, and picturesque walkable cities, Switzerland often occupies the public imaginary of a place that has tackled sustainable development. This research, however, looks under the hood and finds that this development path supports not only modes of capital accumulation, but also certain less sustainable patterns of development and governance. This paper examines this apparent paradox by looking at the role of sustainable development as a master-signifier in Swiss urban development processes. Empirical observations were made in the Glatt Valley of Switzerland, where governing officials of small municipalities are confronted with coordinating urban development under growth pressure within cantonal and federal policy frameworks that claim sustainable development. It can be seen that sustainable development is an empty master-signifier that policy makers engage to justify the quilting of a certain hegemonic discourses of power that reflect in further uneven urban development. By reproducing business as usual market-led urban growth, fragmentation is maintained as are social spatial disparities are entrenched. |
| Date: | 2020–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jvbue&r=all |
| By: | Fan, Yubing; Wang, Tong; DeLaune, Paul B.; Mubvumba, Partson; Park, Seong C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Agribusiness, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304664&r=all |
| By: | H. Spencer Banzhaf; V. Kerry Smith |
| Abstract: | The National Park Service and other agencies have argued that our recreation lands face a crisis of deferred maintenance. This paper evaluates two proposals for funding public lands, increasing gate fees and taxing recreational gear. It analyzes the joint welfare effects of such taxes and the services supported by the revenue. It shows that when the taxed goods and the public service are "weak complements," there is a simple sufficient statistic determining whether the joint effect increases welfare both for consumers and sellers: Namely, the demand for the taxed good increases. The paper illustrates these results with data for recreational services. |
| JEL: | H2 H4 Q2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27541&r=all |
| By: | Atallah, Shadi S.; Huang, Ju-Chin; Leahy, Jessica; Bennett, Karen |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304623&r=all |
| By: | Ramaswamy, Karthik; Vitale, Jeffrey D.; Warren, Jason; Taghvaeian, Saleh |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304612&r=all |
| By: | Döhler, Niklas; Wellenreuther, Claudia; Wolf, André |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the future market perspectives for biodegradable bio-based plastics at the global and the European level. Relevant determinants of demand are identified, categorized and used as a basis for own projections. By implementing a system dynamics approach, the evolution of global production capacities is modelled on an annual basis for the period until 2030. To capture the inherent uncertainty in such a long-term projection, different scenarios are defined and applied to the model, reflecting different developments in GDP growth, oil and bioplastic feedstock prices. In this way, our results document the sensitivity of the bioplastics market towards changes in the macroeconomic environment. The simulations are complemented by a discussion of the relevant regulatory framework at the European level and its potential repercussions on market growth. The results indicate a significant growth potential, which however turns out to be very sensitive towards both economic and political impact factors. |
| Keywords: | Bioplastics,System Dynamics,European Plastic Policies,Bioeconomy |
| JEL: | Q57 L65 Q21 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwirp:193&r=all |
| By: | Perloff, Jeffrey M.; Schlenker, Wolfram; Sears, Molly; Wu, Ximing |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304540&r=all |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh (World Bank); Trinh, Trong-Anh (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Despite a growing literature on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, scant evidence currently exists on its impacts on air quality. We offer the first study that provides cross-national evidence on the causal impacts of COVID-19 on air pollution. We assemble a rich database consisting of daily, sub-national level data of air quality for 178 countries before and after the COVID-19 lockdowns, and investigate their impacts on air quality using a Regression Discontinuity Design approach. We find the lockdowns to result in significant decreases in global air pollution. These results are consistent across measures of air quality and data sources and robust to various model specifications. Some limited evidence emerges that countries with a higher share of trade and manufacturing in the economy or with an initially lower level of air pollution witness more reduced air pollution after the lockdowns; but the opposite result holds for countries near the equator. We also find that mobility restrictions following the lockdowns are a possible explanation for improved air quality. |
| Keywords: | regression discontinuity design, COVID-19, air pollution, mobility restriction |
| JEL: | D00 H00 O13 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13480&r=all |
| By: | Aglasan, Serkan; Goodwin, Barry K.; Rejesus, Roderick |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:305181&r=all |
| By: | Ivana Marinovic Matovic (Addiko Bank AD Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia) |
| Abstract: | A business plan is made with the aim of analyzing the position, the possibility of improving the existing product range, or introducing a new product, assessing the profitability of a completely new production program, and in recent years mostly to obtain funding from banks, funds, investors or business partners. Today's business plan is not a set of formal documents, but the first step in planning, part of a process that includes regular review. The great social responsibility of a modern organization in terms of sustainable development, preservation and protection of the environment, requires proper and strategic planning and development of business idea. The best framework for formulating such an idea is in a sustainable business plan. This paper aims to analyze the content of a sustainable business plan, its strategic approach, and confirm its importance for the quality support of sustainable business organization. |
| Keywords: | business plan, organization, sustainable business plan, entrepreneurship, small business |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:spaper:008im&r=all |
| By: | Van Asselt, Joanna; Nian, Yefan; Soh, Moonwon; Gao, Zhifeng; Morgan, Stephen N |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304503&r=all |
| By: | Lobo, Gustavo D.; De Souza Almeida, Felipe M.; Danelon, André F.; Rocha, Adauto B.; Almeida, Alexandre N. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304593&r=all |
| By: | Yvon Pesqueux (EESD - Equipe en émergence sécurité défense - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM]) |
| Date: | 2020–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02922262&r=all |
| By: | Herrington, Caitlin L.; Taleon, Victor; Sarkar, Abdur Rouf; Rahaman, Shajedur; Birol, Ekin; Maredia, Mywish K.; Ortega, David L. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, International Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304316&r=all |
| By: | Wu, Yu; Jagger, Pamela; Entwisle, Barbara; Brandt, Kate; Han, Daniel |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304389&r=all |
| By: | Nicholas Ryan; Anant Sudarshan |
| Abstract: | Common resources may be managed with inefficient policies for the sake of equity. We study how rationing the commons shapes the efficiency and equity of resource use, in the context of agricultural groundwater use in Rajasthan, India. We find that rationing binds on input use, such that farmers, despite trivial prices for water extraction, use roughly the socially optimal amount of water on average. The rationing regime is still grossly inefficient, because it misallocates water across farmers, lowering productivity. Pigouvian reform would increase agricultural surplus by 12% of household income, yet fall well short of a Pareto improvement over rationing. |
| JEL: | D24 O13 Q15 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27473&r=all |
| By: | He, Fei; Lee, Dogil; Borisova, Tatiana; Graham, Wendy D.; Hochmuth, Robert; Barrett, Charles; Athearn, Kevin R.; Dukes, Michael D.; Merrick, Ronald J. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304383&r=all |
| By: | Wei, Xiaohan; Chen, Xuqi; Gao, Zhifeng; Jensen, Kimberly L.; Yu, Tun-Hsiang; DeLong, Karen L. |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea20:304573&r=all |