|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒07‒13
fifty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Antonio Bento; Noah S. Miller; Mehreen Mookerjee; Edson R. Severnini |
| Abstract: | We develop a unifying approach to estimating climate impacts and adaptation, and apply it to study the impact of climate change on local air pollution. Economic agents are usually constrained when responding to daily weather shocks, but may adjust to long-run climatic changes. By exploiting simultaneously variation in weather and climatic changes, we identify both the short- and long-run impacts on economic outcomes, and measure adaptation directly as the difference between those responses. As a result, we identify adaptation without making extrapolations of weather responses over time or space, and overcome prior studies' biases in the estimates of climate adaptation. |
| JEL: | C51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27247&r=all |
| By: | Adrien LAGARDE; Luc Doyen; Joachim CLAUDET; Olivier THEBAUD |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the ecological-economic resilience of coral reef ecosystems under fishing and environmental pressures. To achieve this, a dynamic, spatially explicit, multi-species, multi-fleet model is developed. Stochastic environmental shocks are also assumed to alter coral cover and consequently the entire coral reef socio-ecosystem. The model is calibrated using available ecological, economic and environmental data for Moorea (French Polynesia). Four exploratory fishing strategies and a goal-seeking strategy entitled SMMSY (Stochastic Multi-Species Maximum Sustainable Yield) are compared in terms of ecological-economic outcomes and resilience. The SMMSY turns out to promote ecological-economic resilience. It is first characterized by a global increase in fishing effort pointing out the relative current under-exploitation of the fishery. Secondly, SMMSY balances the trophic level of catches after natural shocks occurencies and sustains the fundamental herbivores grazing process. Fishing SMMSY strategies are also more diversified in terms of temporality, gears, location and targets. In a context of high food dependency, multi-criteria strategies pursuing socio-economic objectives along with ecosystem approach seem really relevant for complex insular socio-ecosystems. |
| Keywords: | ecological-economics; biodiversity; ecosystems; scenarios; small-scale fisheries, sustainability, resilience, French Polynesia |
| JEL: | Q22 C53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2020-11&r=all |
| By: | Sandrine Brèteau-Amores; Mathieu Fortin; Pablo Andrés-Domenech; Nathalie Bréda |
| Abstract: | Extreme or recurrent drought event is the principal source of stress impairing forest health and it causes financial losses for forest owners and amenity losses for society. The major part of the forested area in the Grand-Est region (France) is dominated by beech, which is projected to decline in the future due to repeated drought events driven by climate change. Beech forests need to adapt and diversification is a management option to reduce drought-induced risk of dieback. For this purpose, we studied two types of diversification that we analysed separately and jointly: mixture of beech species with oak species and mixture of different tree diameter classes (i.e. uneven-aged forest), which is rarely considered as an adaptation strategy. We also considered two types of loss (financial, and in terms of carbon sequestration) under different recurrences of drought events, that are a consequence of climate change. We combined a forest growth simulator (MATHILDE) with a traditional forest economic approach through land expectation value (LEV). The maximisation of the LEV criteria made it possible to identify the best adaptation strategies in economic terms. We also developed the carbon approach considering three accounting methods (i.e. market value, shadow price and social cost of carbon). The results shows that diversification reduces the loss of total volume of wood due to drought-induced risk and increases LEV, but reduces carbon storage. The trade-offs between the financial balance and the carbon balance, and the underlying question of the additivity (or not) of the two adaptation strategies are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Drought; Adaptation; Climate change; Mixed forest; Economics; Carbon. |
| JEL: | D01 Q23 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-27&r=all |
| By: | Merrill, Nathaniel; Piscopo, Amy; Balogh, Stephen; Furey, Ryan; Mulvaney, Kate K. |
| Abstract: | Policies and regulations designed to address nutrient pollution in coastal waters are often complicated by delays in environmental and social systems. For example, social and political inertia may delay implementation of cleanup projects, and even after the best nutrient pollution management practices are developed and implemented, long groundwater travel times may delay the impact of inland or upstream interventions. These delays and the varying costs of nutrient removal alternatives used to meet water quality goals combine to create a complex dynamic decision problem with trade-offs about when, where, and how to intervene in the system. We use multi-objective optimization to quantify the trade-offs between costs and minimizing the time to meet in-bay nutrient reduction goals, represented as a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). We calculate the impact of using in-bay (in-situ) nutrient removal through shellfish aquaculture. We apply these methods to the Three Bays Watershed in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The avoided costs equate to an average value of 37¢ (2035 target date) and 11¢ (2060 target date) per animal harvested over the plan implementation period, depending on the year target for TMDL achievement. Our results encourage the consideration of alternative and in-situ approaches to tackle coastal pollution while traditional source control is implemented and its effects realized over time. |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rb8wq&r=all |
| By: | Klotz, Richard (Department of Economics, Colgate University); Berazneva, Julia (Department of Economics, Colgate University) |
| Abstract: | We examine how behavioral adjustments by regulated vessels affect welfare outcomes of a local fuel sulfur standard targeting particulate matter pollution from maritime transport. Our analysis combines one-minute scale data of vessel locations with location-specific marginal damages to obtain voyage-level measures of welfare outcomes. Exploiting the introduction of California's Ocean-Going Vessel Fuel Rule, we find sharp reductions in fuel consumption in the regulated area and a considerable emission spillover in unregulated waters. Despite these adjustments, the rule generates net benefits of close to $1 billion over 29 months because the emission spillovers occur in low marginal damage areas. |
| Keywords: | local environmental policy, behavioral adjustments, local air pollution, emission control areas |
| JEL: | D62 L51 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q58 R41 |
| Date: | 2020–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgt:wpaper:2020-02&r=all |
| By: | Palea, Vera; Drogo, Federico (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | Over time, investors have become increasingly aware of the risks associated with a transition to a low-carbon economy. This study investigates the association between carbon emissions and the cost of debt financing for a sample of firms from the Eurozone in the period 2010 – 2018. Results provide evidence that the risk premium required by lenders increases with carbon emissions. However, while the most polluting sectors were already charged before the Paris Agreement, and not further penalized in the subsequent period, our results indicate that the less polluting sectors started being charged a higher spread for their emissions only in the period after the Agreement. The Paris Agreement appears to be a turning point around which lenders have become aware of the strong commitment taken by policymaker in fighting climate change. Our findings also suggest that increased levels of disclosure on climate-related issues can mitigate corporate carbon risk. On the other hand, results are not compelling when we consider the effect of control mechanisms, such as external verification for emissions, board oversight of carbon risk and the presence of emission reduction targets, on the cost of debt. |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:202002&r=all |
| By: | Florian Böser (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Chiara Colesanti Senni (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | We use a dynamic general equilibrium model to study a climate-oriented monetary policy in the form of emission-based interest rates set by the central bank. Liquidity costs of banks increase with the emission intensity of their asset portfolio, leading banks to favor low-carbon assets and to improve the financing conditions for clean sectors. We show that such a monetary policy supports the decarbonization of the economy and reduces climate damage, as more resources are channeled to low-carbon sectors and incentives to adopt cleaner technologies increase across all sectors. We illustrate these effects by calibrating our model to data for the Euro Area. |
| Keywords: | climate change, monetary policy, banks, innovation, financial stability |
| JEL: | E42 E52 E58 O44 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:20-337&r=all |
| By: | Paola D'Orazio; Lilit Popoyan |
| Abstract: | The awareness about climate-related financial risks is gaining momentum both in the policy and academic debates. The role of countriesù institutional dimension and central bank governance structures in the adoption of green prudential regulation is, however, overlooked in the current discussion. The paper fills this gap by proposing an analysis of the state-of-the-art, challenges and perspectives, of ''green'' central banking. The study complements existing research that usually points to an ''extended'' monetary policy mandate, including, for example, sustainability objectives or green growth, as the primary motivation for a central bank to engage in ''green'' financial policymaking. According to our research, the decision to implement green regulations is not exclusively related to the mandate per se, but on the central bank's independence and on how the interaction between the monetary and prudential policy is structured. Moreover, the higher exposure to climate-related adverse events also plays a crucial role in the adoption of green prudential regulations. To avoid potential conflicts between monetary policy and green prudential regulation caused by existing intertwined transmission mechanisms, on the one hand, our analysis emphasizes the importance of having a central bank that hosts the green prudential regulation under its governance roof. On the other hand, when the ''green'' governance models studied in the paper are in place, the Tinbergen principle is safeguarded. |
| Keywords: | Central banking; Policy mandate; Macroprudential policy; Central bank governance; Climate change. |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2020/19&r=all |
| By: | Parantap Basu (Durham University Business School, Durham University); Tooraj Jamasb (Copenhagen Business School) |
| Keywords: | Green growth, sustainability, carbon tax, clean growth, resource substitution |
| JEL: | E1 O3 O4 Q2 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2011&r=all |
| By: | Jamie Mullins (Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst); Corey White (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University) |
| Abstract: | Differential access to health care is commonly cited as a source of heterogeneity in environmental health damages, yet little causal evidence exists to support such claims. We address this deficit in two settings by testing whether the negative impacts of ambient temperature exposure on mortality were mitigated by (1) access to primary care through the Community Health Center program, and (2) access to hospital care through the desegregation of Southern hospitals. The results demonstrate that increased access to health care can drive heterogeneity in environmental damages when the mode of care is sufficiently relevant to the damages suffered. |
| Keywords: | Health Care, Access, Climate, Temperature, Environment |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 Q50 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpl:wpaper:1905&r=all |
| By: | Duchoslav, Jan; Kenamu, Edwin; Gilbert, Rachel; Baulch, Bob; Palloni, Giordano; Gilligan, Daniel O. |
| Abstract: | Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change (BRACC) is a five year program whose main objective is to strengthen the resilience of poor and vulnerable households to withstand current and future weather and climate-related shocks and stresses in four districts in Southern Malawi: Balaka, Chikwawa, Mangochi and Phalombe. Resilience is operationalized as the ability of households to smooth consumption in response to shocks and stresses. This baseline report introduces the evaluation context and describes the BRACC program, details the evaluation design, summarizes main findings from the baseline household survey, and tests whether the randomizations successfully balanced baseline observable characteristics across the treatment arms. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, SOUTHERN AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, resilience, climate change, climate-smart agriculture, data collection, surveys, households, food security, insurance, agricultural production, nutrition, poverty, quantitative analysis, weather index insurance, Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change (BRACC), impact evaluation, economic welfare, quantitative evaluation |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masspr:133763&r=all |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED); Emmanuel Combet (ADEME); Jean-Michel Cayla (EDF); Simona de Lauretis (CIRED); Franck Nadaud (CIRED) |
| Abstract: | This article provides an overview of the inequalities in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between French households. It presents in a detailed and critical manner the methodological conventions used to compute "household emissions", and the related assumptions. The most common principle of attribution, the carbon footprint, which assigns to households the emissions of the products they consume, conveys implicit conceptions of responsibility. It focuses attention on the contributions of individuals, on their choices, and may obscure the role of non-individual actors as well as the collective component of GHG emissions, and neglect the dimensions of responsibility not related to consumption choices. We estimate the distribution of household carbon footprints based on data from the 2011 French Expenditure Survey. Household emissions tend to increase with income, but they also show a strong variability linked to geographical and technical factors that force to use fossil fuels. Based on sectoral surveys (ENTD 2008; PHEBUS 2013), we also reconstruct household CO2 emissions linked to housing and transport energy. For transport, emissions are proportional to the distances travelled due to the predominant use of private cars. Urban settlement patterns constraint both the length of daily commuting and access to less carbon-intensive modes of transport. For housing, while house size increases with income and distance from urban centres, the first factor to account for variability of emissions is the heating system. It has little to do with income but more to do with settlement patterns, which constrain access to the various energy carriers. Finally, we discuss the difficulties, both technical and conceptual, involved in estimating emissions from the super-rich (the top 1 percent). |
| Keywords: | greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint, emissions inequality, household expenditure distribution, responsibility |
| JEL: | D12 D30 Q56 R20 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:ppaper:2020.02&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Raghutla, Chandrashekar; Chittedi, Krishna Reddy; Jiao, Zhilun; Vo, Xuan Vinh |
| Abstract: | The use of non-renewable resources emits a high quantity of CO2 into environment, leading to a greenhouse effect, to reduce CO2 emissions all countries have shifted to use renewable energy sources. Therefore, this study re-examines the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth across 38 renewable-energy-consuming countries from 1990 to 2018. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and heterogeneous non-causality approaches are applied. The empirical analysis confirms the presence of a long-run relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Further, we noted that renewable energy, non-renewable energy, capital and labor have positive impact on economic growth, particularly, renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth for 58% of the sample countries. The empirical results suggest that international cooperation agencies, energy organizers, governments, and associated bodies must act together in increasing renewable energy investment for low carbon growth in most of these economies. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy, Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101168&r=all |
| By: | Anelí Bongers (Departamento de Teoría e Historia Económica, University of Málaga) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between the energy mix and the environment using a theoretical framework in which two alternative energy sources are considered: fossil fuels (dirty energy) and renewable energy (clean energy). We find that a positive aggregate productivity shock increases energy consumption and emissions but reduces energy intensity and emissions per unit of output as renewable energy consumption increases, that is, carbon emissions are procyclical but emissions per unit of output are countercyclical. Second, an energy efficiency improvement provokes a ``rebound effect'' above $100\%$ (the backfire effect), resulting in a rise of pollutant emissions by increasing energy use. Third, a technological improvement in emissions leads to a reduction in emissions per unit of fossil fuel but also implies a slow-down in the adoption of renewable energy sources. Finally, we also study the effects of a price shock to the pollutant energy, resulting in a substitution of the ``dirty'' by the ``clean'' energy, leading to a decline in energy consumption and emissions but at the cost of decreasing output. |
| Keywords: | Energy mix; Emissions; Fossil fuels; Renewable energy; Technological change |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q43 Q52 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mal:wpaper:2020-5&r=all |
| By: | Guo, B., Newbery, D.; Newbery, D. |
| Abstract: | This paper replaces CWPE1951. An additional carbon tax in one market can distort electricity trade with external markets. We show how to estimate the deadweight cost of the distortion and possible external global benefits from reduced emissions, and investigate econometrically the impact of the British Carbon Price Support (CPS, an extra carbon tax) on GB’s cross-border electricity trade with France and The Netherlands. Over 2015-2018 the CPS raised GB day-ahead electricity price by about €11/MWh, after allowing for replacement by cheaper imports. It raised French wholesale price by 3.5% and Dutch wholesale price by 2.8%. The CPS increased GB imports by 12 TWh/yr, thereby reducing carbon tax revenue by €100 m/yr. Congestion income increased by €150 m/yr, half transferred to foreign interconnector owners. The unilateral CPS created €80 m/yr deadweight loss, about 32% of the initial social value created by the interconnector, or 4% of the global emissions benefit of the CPS at €2 bn/yr. About 0.9% of the CO2 emission reduction is undone by France and The Netherlands, the monetary loss of which is about €18 m/yr. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax, Bilateral Trading, Electricity Market, Cost-benefit analysis |
| JEL: | Q48 F14 D61 C13 |
| Date: | 2020–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2014&r=all |
| By: | Luisa Corrado (Tor Vergata University, Italy); Andrea Fazio (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy); Alessandra Pelloni (Department of Economics and Finance, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | We investigate some motivations of recycling, using Italian survey data. We find that people declaring an interest in environmental issues or belonging to an environmental association are more likely to recycle. This suggests that the motivations for behaving pro-environmentally have an expressive and non-instrumental motivation. However, we also find that if people perceive to live in a deteriorated environment, they are less likely to recycle. We discuss possible explanations for this finding. |
| Keywords: | Pro-Environmental Behavior, Intrinsic Motivation, Recycling, Environmental Degradation |
| JEL: | Q57 Q53 R11 D91 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:20-21&r=all |
| By: | Channing Arndt; Chris Loewald; Konstantin Makrelov |
| Abstract: | Climate change mitigation and adaptation will prove to be sources of significant structural change. The impacts will be far-reaching and often irreversible, with particularly large effects on emerging and developing economies. This paper assesses the implications of these changes for central banks in developing countries. They can best support adaptation and mitigation efforts by maintaining macroeconomic stability, lowering the cost of borrowing to support green investment, facilitating the development of green assets, and improving the sharing of information in the financial system, especially with respect to risks. Yet, emerging market central banks currently have limited capacity to assess climate risks and their effects on financial stability, growth, and inflation. As such, the paper also provides options for central banks to develop analytical frameworks useful for that purpose. |
| Date: | 2020–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rbz:wpaper:10001&r=all |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Aude Pommeret (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Fabien Prieur (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques, UM1 - Université Montpellier 1) |
| Keywords: | ecological irreversibility,Environmental Kuznets Curve,Multi-stage optimal control,Courbes de Kuznets,Technology adoption |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02804858&r=all |
| By: | Matthew T. Cole (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University); Jacqueline Doremus (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University); Stephen Hamilton (Department of Economics, California Polytechnic State University) |
| Abstract: | Eco-certification standards are increasingly used by industrial countries to impose import restrictions on goods produced by foreign suppliers. Import restrictions on eco-certified goods that prevent the trade of goods derived from unsustainable practices serve to segment global markets served by foreign producers into a conventional market and a certified market, altering market structure and equilibrium prices in a manner that potentially works against sustainability goals. In this paper, we examine the effect of forest certification on tropical timber production in Central Africa. Using panel data of timber production in Cameroon from 2003 to 2009, we show that conventional timber producers substantially increase harvest rates in response to eco-certification standards, and that this effect is strongest in less competitive timber markets. Moreover, we find eco-certification shifts production to forests with higher extraction costs and potentially higher marginal damages from timber extraction, exacerbating economic inefficiency. |
| Keywords: | forestry, trade, product differentiation, eco-label |
| JEL: | Q23 O13 L31 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpl:wpaper:1902&r=all |
| By: | Sabrina Auci (University of Palermo, Department of Political Science and International Relations); Andrea Pronti (University of Ferrara, Department of Economics and Management) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyse how the farmer’s choice on adopting innovative and sustainable irrigation systems such as water conservation and saving technologies (WCSTs), induced also by the climatic variability, would shape the economic resilience of the Italian agricultural farms by improving land productivity. A proper water management would increase efficiency in the agricultural activities by improving the use of water endowments and rising agricultural economic performances to address a sustainable development. We used an endogenous switching regression model considering two sources of endogeneity: the selection indicator and a continuous endogenous explanatory variable. By applying the control function method, a correlated random effects probit model for the selection equation and a correlated random effects model for the outcome equation are estimated in a panel data context based on a detailed micro-level dataset of all the Italian farms. Our results confirm that adopting WCSTs increases land productivity of adopters significantly. |
| Keywords: | Water scarcity, Innovation, Micro irrigation, Sustainable agriculture, Italian farms |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1220&r=all |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Folmer, Henk |
| Abstract: | Our objective in this special issue is twofold. First, we emphasize the importance of comprehending that the global impacts of climate change notwithstanding, there are salient region-specific impacts that vary across space. Second, given this observation, we show how rigorous modeling of the connections between climate change and (i) land use changes, (ii) forestry, (iii) infrastructure, and (iv) local labor markets sheds light on a variety of climate change induced spatial economic effects. Following this introductory paper, there are seven additional papers in this special issue. Each of these papers discusses a particular research question at the interface of what we call “climate change and space.” |
| Keywords: | Forestry, Infrastructure, Land Use, Local Labor Market, Space |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2020–03–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:101072&r=all |
| By: | Stuart Evans (London School of Economics); Michael A Mehling (CEEPR, Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Robert A Ritz (EPRG, University of Cambridge); Paul Sammon (London School of Economics) |
| Keywords: | Border carbon adjustment, carbon pricing, competitiveness, international trade |
| JEL: | H23 K33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2007&r=all |
| By: | Bård Harstad |
| Abstract: | Every government that controls an exhaustible resource must decide whether to exploit it or to conserve and thereby let the subsequent government decide whether to exploit or conserve. This paper develops a theory of this situation and shows when a small probability that some future government will exploit a resource leads to a domino effect with rapid exploitation. This effect leads to a multiplier that measures how a small change in parameters can have large effects. The multiplier is especially large if the government is powerful now but unlikely to be in power later. The multiplier also permits dramatic returns on lobby contributions contingent on exploitation -- or on compensations contingent on conservation -- when these offers are expected to continue. To best take advantage of the multiplier, I show how and when compensations should be offered to the president, the party in power, the general public, or to the lobby group. |
| Keywords: | dynamic games, exhaustible resources, deforestation, political economy, lobbying, conservation, PES, REDD+. |
| JEL: | D72 C73 Q57 O13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8283&r=all |
| By: | Torben K. Mideksa |
| Abstract: | I examine a policy-making game among countries that must choose both a policy instrument (e.g., a tax or a quota) and its intensity (i.e., the tax rate or the quota level) to price pollution. When countries price pollution non-cooperatively, they not only set the intensity inefficiently, they are also likely to adopt Pigouvian fees, despite quotas being better from a welfare perspective. Adopting a Pigouvian fee to address a multi-country externality generates a risk externality, and non-cooperatively chosen quotas can generate higher social welfare than maximum social welfare Pigouvian fees can deliver. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, global pollution, international relations |
| JEL: | C72 D81 F50 H21 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8269&r=all |
| By: | Maïmouna Yokessa (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech); Stephan Marette (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | In many countries, various eco-labels have emerged for informing consumers about the environmental impact of the offered products. Using recent advances in the empirical and theoretical literature, this review questions the efficiency of eco-labeling. We combine a literature review with discussions of empirical examples. We underline the limitations of eco-labels for signaling credible information to consumers. In particular, both the complexity and the proliferation of eco-labels are likely to hamper their efficiency in guiding consumers. From a regulatory perspective, several studies show that eco-labels are useful, but they cannot be considered a panacea for improving environmental quality. Indeed, it is often socially optimal to combine eco-labels with other regulatory tools such as standards banning polluting products and tax/subsidy mechanisms depending on the environmental quality. The conclusion suggests research priorities for tackling unanswered questions |
| Abstract: | Cet article s'intéresse à l'efficacité et aux limites des écolabels, en se basant sur des études empiriques et théoriques. Du point de vue de la régulation, les écolabels sont utiles, mais ne suffisent pas à limiter l'impact environnemental des biens et services. Il est souvent plus optimal socialement de combiner les écolabels avec d'autres instruments régulatoires comme les normes, les taxes ou les subventions. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02628579&r=all |
| By: | Gumiero, Rafael Gonçalves |
| Abstract: | A Amazônia é composta por heterogeneidades territoriais, propaladas principalmente pela formação dos polos de desenvolvimento. As políticas de desenvolvimento do Estado do Brasil no período desenvolvimentista não conseguiram superar a problemática das desigualdades regionais, ampliando essas assimetrias territoriais. A Amazônia abrange grande faixa de fronteira do Brasil que é considerada estratégica para a integração regional da América do Sul. O objeto desse artigo é a sub-região Oiapoque, denominada pelo Plano de Desenvolvimento da Faixa de Fronteira (PDFF), formada pela fronteira dos estados do Pará, Amapá, Roraima e Amazonas do Brasil com os países Guiana, Suriname e Guiana Francesa. A Agenda 2030 é apresentada como instrumental metodológico para o planejamento destes territórios com ênfase em três dimensões, a econômica, a social e a ambiental e pode comportar formas de integração regional dos países e territórios que estão localizados no entorno da Amazônia. O objetivo desse artigo é compreender quais foram as medidas formuladas pelo Fundo da Amazônia, gestada pelo Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) do Brasil para alinhamento às metas da Agenda 2030. Posteriormente, compreender se as ações do Fundo da Amazônia reduziram os indicadores de desmatamento e desigualdades sociais na sub-região Oiapoque da Amazônia. A metodologia foi aplicada em dois movimentos: 1) análise dos relatórios da Agenda 2030 e os do Fundo da Amazônia, nos anos 2015 a 2017; 2) dados sobre a preservação ambiental e desmatamento subjacente aos indicadores sociais da sub-região do Oiapoque. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2019–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45621&r=all |
| By: | Helena Fornwagner; Oliver P. Hauser |
| Abstract: | Would parents do anything to enable a better future for their children - or only when they are seen to do so? Here we study voluntary climate action (VCA), which are costly to today's decision makers but essential to enable sustainable living for future generations. We hypothesise that parents will be most likely to invest in VCA when their own offspring observes their decision, whereas when adults or genetically unrelated children observe them, the effect will be smaller. In a large lab-in-the-field experiment, we observe a remarkable magnitude of VCA across conditions: parents invest 82% of their Euro 69 endowment into VCA, resulting in almost 14,000 real trees being planted. Parents' VCA varies across conditions, with larger treatment effects occurring when a parent's own child is the observer. In subgroup analyses, we find that larger treatment effects occur among higher educated parents. Our findings have implications for researchers and policy-makers interested in understanding voluntary climate action and designing programmes to encourage it. |
| Keywords: | voluntary climate action, intergenerational cooperation, parents, children, observability, lab-in-the-field experiment |
| JEL: | C99 Q51 Q54 H49 D19 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inn:wpaper:2020-23&r=all |
| By: | Selene Perazzini |
| Abstract: | Natural hazards can considerably impact the overall society of a country. As some degree of public sector involvement is always necessary to deal with the consequences of natural disasters, central governments have increasingly invested in proactive risk management planning. In order to empower and involve the whole society, some countries have established public-private partnerships, mainly with the insurance industry, with satisfactorily outcomes. Although they have proven necessary and most often effective, the public-private initiatives have often incurred high debts or have failed to achieved the desired risk reduction objectives. We review the role of these partnerships in the management of natural risks, with particular attention to the insurance sector. Among other country-specific issues, poor risk knowledge and weak governance have widely challenged the initiatives during the recent years, while the future is threatened by the uncertainty of climate change and unsustainable development. In order to strengthen the country's resilience, a greater involvement of all segments of the community, especially the weakest layers, is needed and the management of natural risks should be included in a sustainable development plan. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2006.05845&r=all |
| By: | Simshauser, P. |
| Abstract: | Merchant renewables are a new asset class. With historically high cost structures and low wholesale prices associated with merit order effects, continuity of entry has been reliant on Renewable Portfolio Standards or other policy initiatives such as government-initiated Contracts-for-Differences. But in Australia’s National Electricity Market, sharply falling costs of renewables and volatile wholesale market conditions from coal plant exits has led to a surprising number of merchant intermittent renewable investments. Adding to the merchant renewable fleet are older wind plants whose inaugural long-dated PPAs recently matured. Rolling over PPAs is possible, but not necessarily optimal. In this article, a merchant gas turbine, merchant wind, and an integrated portfolio comprising both plants are valued in the NEM’s South Australian region. Asset valuations reveal surprising results. The modelling sequence shows stand-alone gas turbine valuation metrics suffer from modest levels of missing money, that merchant wind can commit to some level of forward (fixed volume) swap contracts in-spite of intermittent production, but the combined portfolio tightens overall valuation metrics significantly. Above all, the combined portfolio is financially tractable, overcoming the missing money for a gas turbine plant undertaking peaking duties. In a NEM region where intermittent renewable market share exceeds 50%, this suggests the energy-only, real-time gross pool design may yet be deemed suitable vis-à-vis meeting environmental objectives and Resource Adequacy. |
| Keywords: | Merchant renewables, peaking plant, power plant valuations |
| JEL: | D61 L94 L11 Q40 |
| Date: | 2020–01–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2002&r=all |
| By: | Erich Muehlegger; David S. Rapson |
| Abstract: | The true net environmental benefit of an electric vehicle (EV) is measured relative to the vehicle that an EV buyer would have bought and driven had they not opted for an EV. This “counterfactual” vehicle cannot be observed, but its fuel economy can be estimated. We use quasi-experimental variation in a generous California EV subsidy program to show that buyers of EVs would have, on average, purchased relative fuel-efficient gasoline-powered cars had they not gone electric. The true incremental pollution abatement arising from the EV is thus substantially smaller when compared to this appropriate reference vehicle, as opposed to, say, the average new passenger car. |
| JEL: | Q48 Q52 Q58 R4 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27197&r=all |
| By: | Schiavo, Ester; Travela, Juan Carlos |
| Abstract: | En América Latina y el Caribe se observan notables contraposiciones entre las posturas sostenidas sobre el desarrollo territorial en las agendas globales, particularmente en la Agenda 2030 y en Hábitat III, y los estilos de desarrollo dominantes o realmente existentes. A partir de la década del 90 Naciones Unidas comenzó a tratar de forma ampliada la cuestión del desarrollo, incluyendo no solo dimensiones económicas sino también sociales y ambientales. Así, se fueron incorporando temas tales como infancia, población, género, educación, sostenibilidad y financiamiento para el desarrollo, entre otros; lo que implicó que tal década se denominara “la década normativa del desarrollo”. Sin embargo, no se incorporaron en igual medida las problemáticas que hacen a la dimensión política del desarrollo. Al mismo tiempo se profundizaba en el mundo un sistema político y económico desregulado, en particular en lo atinente al mundo financiero. El denominado neoliberalismo prioriza la liberalización comercial, sin tomar en cuenta los problemas específicos de competitividad, equilibrio externo y deterioro ambiental que afectaban a las economías en desarrollo. Además, dicho estilo de desarrollo, dominante en la región, se basa en una estructura productiva cuya competitividad depende de la abundancia y la explotación de los recursos naturales, lo que sesga las inversiones, la innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico, y a su vez, fomenta el uso intensivo de energía y predatorio de esos recursos. Dado que la región es una de las más urbanizadas del mundo, cuya población urbana ronda el 80% del total de sus habitantes, se propone focalizar el análisis de las disparidades territoriales de los estilos de desarrollo realmente existentes en las ciudades, entendiendo a la ciudad y el territorio como un único ecosistema a ser protegido y conservado. A tal fin, se consideran críticamente las políticas dominantes de producción del territorio a escala local, encuadradas particularmente en el urbanismo de mercado, lo cual permite reconocer los efectos de dichas iniciativas sobre las disparidades territoriales, donde los principales ausentes son los ciudadanos, sus necesidades y requerimientos. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO URBANO, DESIGUALDADES REGIONALES, DESARROLLO LOCAL, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2019–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45628&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Querou (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We consider a setting where agents are subject to two types of collective action problems, any group user's individual extraction inducing an externality on others in the same group (intra-group problem), while aggregate extraction in one group induces an externality on each agent in other groups (intergroup problem). One illustrative example of such a setting corresponds to a case where a common-pool resource is jointly extracted in local areas, which are managed by separate groups of individuals extracting the resource in their respective location. The interplay between both types of externality is shown to affect the results obtained in classical models of common-pool resources. We show how the fundamentals affect the individual strategies and welfare compared to the benchmark commons problems. Finally, different initiatives (local cooperation, inter-area agreements) are analyzed to assess whether they may alleviate the problems, and to understand the conditions under which they do so. |
| Keywords: | common-pool resource,collective action,externalities |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02790606&r=all |
| By: | Patrick A. McLaughlin; Casey B. Mulligan |
| Abstract: | Despite evidence to the contrary, three common myths persist about federal regulations. The first myth is that many regulations concern the environment, but in fact only a small minority of regulations are environmental. The second myth is that most regulations contain quantitative estimates of costs or benefits. However, these quantitative estimates appear rarely in published rules, contradicting the impression given by executive orders and Office of Management and Budget guidance, which require cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and clearly articulate sound economic principles for conducting CBA. Environmental rules have relatively higher-quality CBAs, at least by the low standards of other federal rules. The third myth, which is particularly relevant to the historic regulations promulgated during the COVID-19 pandemic, is the misperception that regulatory costs are primarily clerical, rather than opportunity or resource costs. If technocrats have triumphed in the regulatory arena, their victory has not been earned by the merits of their analysis. |
| JEL: | K23 L51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27233&r=all |
| By: | Li-Qiu Liu (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University); Zhong-Ling Yin (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University); Bai-Chen Xie (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University); Wei Zhou (EPRG, CJBS, Univrsity of Cambridge) |
| Keywords: | Happiness, Willingness to pay, Air pollution, China |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2009&r=all |
| By: | Ilaria Brunetti (MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle); Mabel Tidball (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Denis Couvet (MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. In this work we model the interdependent relationship between biodiversity and agriculture on a farmed land, supposing that, while agriculture has a negative impact on biodiversity, the latter can increase agricultural production. Farmers act as myopic agents, who maximize their instantaneous profit without considering the negative effects of their practice on the evolution of biodiversity. We find that a tax on inputs can have a positive effect on yield since it can be considered as a social signal helping farmers to avoid myopic behavior in regards to the positive effect of biodiversity on yield. We also prove that, by increasing biodiversity productivity the level of biodiversity at equilibrium decreases, since when biodiversity is more productive farmers can maintain lower biodiversity to get the same yield |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02791015&r=all |
| By: | Stephan Marette (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Anne-Célia Disdier (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); John Beghin (Yeutter Institute of International Trade and Finance, University of Nebraska [Lincoln] - University of Nebraska System) |
| Abstract: | We compare consumers' attitude towards and willingness to pay (WTP) for gene-edited (GE) apples in Europe and the US. Using virtual choices in a lab and different technology messages, we estimate WTP of 162 French and 166 US consumers for new apples, which do not brown upon being sliced or cut. Messages center on (i) the social and private benefits of having the new apples, and (ii) possible technologies leading to this new benefit (conventional hybrids, GE, and genetically modified (GMO)). French consumers do not value the innovation and actually discount it when it is generated via biotechnology. US consumers do value the innovation as long as it is not generated by biotechnology. In both countries, the steepest discount is for GMO apples, followed by GE apples. Furthermore, the discounting occurs through "boycott" consumers who dislike biotechnology. However, the discounting is weaker for US consumers compared to French consumers. Favorable attitudes towards sciences and new technology totally offset the discounting of GE apples. |
| Keywords: | Gene editing,genetically modified organisms,hybrids,consumer information,experimental economics,willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02872222&r=all |
| By: | W. Walker Hanlon; Casper Worm Hansen; Jake W. Kantor |
| Abstract: | Using weekly mortality data for London spanning 1866-1965, we analyze the changing relationship between temperature and mortality as the city developed. Our results show that both warm and cold weeks were associated with elevated mortality in the late 19th-century, but heat effects, due mainly to infant deaths from digestive diseases, largely disappeared after WWI. The resulting change in the temperature-mortality relationship meant that thousands of heat-related deaths–equal to 0.8-1.3 percent of all deaths–were averted. Our findings also indicate that a series of hot years in the 1890s substantially changed the timing of the infant mortality decline in London. |
| JEL: | I15 N3 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27333&r=all |
| By: | Amjadi, Golnaz (CERE - the Center for Environmental and Resource Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to investigate whether the claimed conflict regarding "jobs versus the environment" exists in the Swedish manufacturing industry. The impact of environmental management costs on employment is studied using a detailed firm-level panel data for the Swedish manufacturing industry over the period 2001–2008. The results show that the sign and magnitude of such costs on employment ultimately depends on the aggregate sector-level output demand elasticity. If the output demand is inelastic, environmental management costs induce small positive net changes in employment, while a more elastic output demand could offset the positive effect and result in negative, but in most sectors relatively small, net effects on employment. Hence, the results do not generally indicate any substantial trade-off between jobs and the environment. However, in the absence of empirically estimated demand effects, the policy implication from this study still generally advocates a careful attitude regarding national environmental initiatives for sectors exposed to world market price competition. |
| Keywords: | Environmental management costs; Output demand elasticity |
| JEL: | C33 D22 J23 K32 |
| Date: | 2020–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2020_013&r=all |
| By: | Tatsuyoshi Saijo (Research Institute for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | "Future Design," a new movement among Japanese researchers and stakeholders, asks the following question: what types of social systems are necessary if we are to leave future generations sustainable environments and societies? After reviewing the human activity impact on the global environment and society, I ask why we live in a society producing a series of future failures that will cost future generations so much. I then argue that liberalism could be the source of such a society and that market and democracy derived from it will not be able to avoid these future failures. Therefore, one must design social systems to activate a human nature called futurability when he/she experiences an increase in happiness as a result of deciding and acting toward foregoing current benefits to enrich future generations. One method to study those is using "imaginary future generations." Here, I present an overview of the theoretical background of this method, the results of relevant laboratory and field experiments, and the nature of some relevant practical applications implemented in cooperation with several local governments. |
| Keywords: | Future design, imaginary future generation, futurability, intergenerational sustainability dilemma, time inconsistency problem |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2020-5&r=all |
| By: | Olivier Damette (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane Goutte (Cemotev - Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines); Qing Pei (EdUHK - The Education University of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with climate change and nomadic migration relationships at a long term and wide geographical scale using a statistical approach in the vein of Bai and Kung (2011). More precisely, it presents a reassessment of these relationships in a nonlinear world using threshold regressions, time varying-copula and nonlinear causality tests. The large amount of historical records in China enables us to re-interpret the link between climate and historical social dynamics (Hsiang et al., 2013) through different regimes of temperatures and precipitations. |
| Keywords: | Copula,Cau,Non linearity,Threshold Regression,Historical China,Conflicts,Nomadic migration,Climate change |
| Date: | 2020–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02726466&r=all |
| By: | Alex Armand; Ivan Kim Taveras |
| Keywords: | Child, mortality, neonatal, health, climate change, ocean, acidification, nutrition |
| JEL: | I15 H51 Q54 Q2 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:novafr:wp2006&r=all |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Poorer, hotter countries are more vulnerable to climate change and will experience more negative impacts. The pattern of vulnerability between countries is used to downscale impact estimates to income deciles within countries, to administrative regions, and to grid cells. Almost three-quarters of people will face worse impacts than their country average. Between-country variation is larger than within-country variation for income deciles and regions, and about as large for grid cells. |
| Keywords: | impact of climate change, vulnerability, downscaling |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:1220&r=all |
| By: | Julien Jacob; Caroline Orset |
| Abstract: | Recent environmental policies favour the ’pollutant-payer’ Principle. This principle points out the pollutant financial liability for potential incidents induced by its activities. Investing in technological innovations generates uncertainty on the future returns, as well as on the damages that such innovations could involve and on the cost to reimburse in the event that of troubles. To reduce this uncertainty, the firm has the opportunity to acquire information, for example through research activities, on its project’s potential consequences on human health and the environment. Nevertheless, in their efforts to achieve and/or to maintain a marketing authorisation with the agency, firms may develop specific strategies to exploit scientific uncertainty. They may produce favourable scientific findings. In case of accident, the firm utilising this type of behaviour can be legally charged. We then analyse whether liability rules and tort law incentive the firm both to invest in research and development to reduce the uncertainty and to decrease miscommunication on the results. |
| Keywords: | health and environmental risks, industrial risks, information acquisition, innovation, liability rules, lobby. |
| JEL: | D01 D72 K32 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-25&r=all |
| By: | Díaz-Sotelo, Oscar David |
| Abstract: | El Programa Creciendo Juntos es una estrategia piloto de desarrollo implementada por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) en Colombia y financiada por la Embajada de Canadá, enfocada en mejorar los medios de vida de jóvenes mujeres y hombres entre 15 y 26 años afectados por el conflicto armado y el narcotráfico en las subregiones de cordillera y costa Pacífica del departamento de Nariño, brindándoles opciones económicas lícitas y sostenibles y promoviendo sus derechos. A partir del Programa se plantea un modelo de intervención replicable, dirigido a la población juvenil en zonas rurales bajo los enfoques territorial, de derechos, diferencial y de género, orientado a la consolidación de emprendimientos, la creación de liderazgo comunitario con capacidades para la incidencia política y el fortalecimiento institucional, con acompañamiento psicosocial y formación técnica, que aporte a la construcción de paz, la transformación social y el desarrollo territorial sostenible. |
| Keywords: | JUVENTUD, ZONAS RURALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, LIDERAZGO, YOUTH, RURAL AREAS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LEADERSHIP |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45650&r=all |
| By: | David Newbery (Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge) |
| Keywords: | Cost of CO2, Nuclear power, RAB, WACC, Cost Benefit Analysis |
| JEL: | D61 H23 L94 C54 E43 H54 L94 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2013&r=all |
| By: | Abhishek Gupta (Montreal AI Ethics Institute; Microsoft); Camylle Lanteigne (Montreal AI Ethics Institute; McGill University); Sara Kingsley (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | In a world increasingly dominated by AI applications, an understudied aspect is the carbon and social footprint of these power-hungry algorithms that require copious computation and a trove of data for training and prediction. While profitable in the short-term, these practices are unsustainable and socially extractive from both a data-use and energy-use perspective. This work proposes an ESG-inspired framework combining socio-technical measures to build eco-socially responsible AI systems. The framework has four pillars: compute-efficient machine learning, federated learning, data sovereignty, and a LEEDesque certificate. Compute-efficient machine learning is the use of compressed network architectures that show marginal decreases in accuracy. Federated learning augments the first pillar's impact through the use of techniques that distribute computational loads across idle capacity on devices. This is paired with the third pillar of data sovereignty to ensure the privacy of user data via techniques like use-based privacy and differential privacy. The final pillar ties all these factors together and certifies products and services in a standardized manner on their environmental and social impacts, allowing consumers to align their purchase with their values. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2006.06217&r=all |
| By: | Carmen Camacho (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - La plante et son environnement - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Cornet (UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | There exists a pressing need to analyze the impact of agriculture on soil fertility. This paper develops a spatial growth model for an agricultural economy, in which pollution diffuses across space. In order to produce, the economy needs fertile soil, naturally bounded by the amount of available land. When regions have not yet reached their maximal soil fertility, they can locally invest in abatement in order to reduce soil pollution. Once a location reaches this maximum of fertile land, the economy is split in two: a fertile region and a polluted region. We analytically show how the polluted region can either stagnate at low levels of fertility, or catch up with the fertile region. Our results are numerically illustrated, including the resiliency of the economy to recover from pollution shocks. |
| Keywords: | Spatial dynamics,Ramsey model,Soil Pollution,Partial differential equations,Dynamic programming,Optimal Control |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02652191&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Michel Salles |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02804092&r=all |
| By: | Bowei Guo (Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge); David Newbery (Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge) |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax, Bilateral Trading, Electricity Market, Cost-benefit analysis |
| JEL: | Q48 F14 D61 C13 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2005&r=all |
| By: | Jayasooriya, Sujith |
| Abstract: | The economic growth depends on changes in the demographic profile of a country. However, the demographic change over economic growth has positive and negative relationships in the literature. Further, testing a Kuznets model of economic growth is not adequately estimated in the field of demographic and structural transformation in South Asia. The study uses panel data model for understanding the structural change over the demographic changes of the South Asian economies. A panel unit root test and GMM dynamic panel data model will be evaluated with the use of Kuznets curve approach. The results of GMM dynamic panel data estimation show a strong relationship among CO2 emission, demographic profile and economic growth. It revealed that 1% increase in GDP increases 3.033% of the CO2 emission. However, increase of 1% demographic profile of the South Asia decreases CO2 emission by 0.058%. Thereby, the changes of demographic profile with respect to the changes of economic growth can reduce the environmental degradation and promote sustainability in development policies. |
| Keywords: | Panel Data, GMM, Kuznets Curve, Demographic Profile, Economic Growth |
| JEL: | C5 C51 E6 J1 O4 O44 |
| Date: | 2020–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100831&r=all |
| By: | Tancrède Voituriez (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Date: | 2020–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02567919&r=all |
| By: | Nathan Delacrétaz; Bruno Lanz; Jeremy van Dijk |
| Abstract: | We document non-linear stock effects in the relationship linking emerging technology adoption and network infrastructure increments. We exploit 2010-2017 data covering nascent to mature electric vehicle (EV) markets across 422 Norwegian municipalities together with two complementary identification strategies: control function regressions of EV sales on flexible polynomials in the stock of charging stations and charging points, and synthetic control methods to quantify the impact of initial infrastructure provision in municipalities that previously had none. Our results are consistent with indirect network effects and the behavioral bias called "range anxiety", and support policies targeting early infrastructure provision to incentivize EV adoption. |
| Keywords: | Technology adoption; network externality; electric vehicles; charging infrastructure; two-sided markets; behavioral bias; range anxiety; environmental policy. |
| JEL: | L14 D62 L91 O33 Q48 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:20-08&r=all |
| By: | Henri Gravot (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ESA d'Angers - Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers) |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the Mintel's Global New Product Database. This database makes an inventory of the new dairy products launched from 2016 to 2018 in 62 countries. The database gathers information on the launched products, such as the kind of claims written on the packaging. In a first part, the database and the context of the study are presented (dairy industry around the world, consummers' demand, definition of the positioning claims). Then, the data is extracted, organised and submitted to correspondence analysis. The study aims, in a first place, to highlight differences in the supply of new dairy products, especially the positioning claims of these products, between markets on a global scale and on an european scale. Secondly, the French products are analysed and compaired to the previous results. In a second step, French products are analysed and compared with previous results, to answer the following question : are dairy products manufactured in France and present on international markets positioned indifferently from the supply trends of the target market, or do they aim to be in line with the characteristic positioning of the target market's supply ? The data extraction allows the construction of contingency tables that count the number of positioning claims identified regarding the different modalities of the variable « geographic area » and « type of positioning claim ». Data are analysed using the correspondence analysis. This type of statistical method highlights the links existing between different modalities. The positioning claims are gathered in ten categories, related to different concepts (based on the Mintel's pre-categorization), mainly : naturality, convenience, ethical and environmental-friendly claims, compatibility with special food diet such as halal or kosher. The analysis pictures the importance of the allegations that communicate on the low content of chemical compounds (such as additives or preservatives), on every market. Each area has a special kind of positioning : ethic and environmental for Europe, health-relative in Asia with the importance of functional food, « Free From » in North and South America, halal and kosher in Middle-East/Africa. Within Europe, the ethic and environmental positioning is due to the French and North-European demand, whereas the English demand distinguishes itself with the importance of the vegetarian and vegan suitable products. Finally, we can see to a certain extent that French companies are adapting their offer in certain markets to take advantage of these consumer trends. |
| Abstract: | L'étude s'appuie sur l'analyse de la base de données Global New Product Database de Mintel. Cette base recense les informations relatives aux nouveaux produits mis sur le marché, dont les allégations visibles sur l'emballage des produits. Après la présentation de cette base et des données analysées, des éléments de contexte sont expliqués (marché des produits laitiers mondial et européen ; définition des positionnements étudiés, lien avec la demande des consommateurs). Enfin, les données sont extraites, organisées et soumises à des analyses factorielles des correspondances. Dans un premier temps, le but de l'étude est de mettre en valeur les différences de l'offre entre les marchés, au niveau mondial, puis européen, pour identifier les types d'allégations les plus répandues sur les nouveaux produits laitiers lancés entre 2016 et 2018 sur chaque marché. Dans un second temps, les produits français sont analysés et comparés aux résultats précédents, dans le but de répondre à la question suivante : les produits laitiers manufacturés en France et présents sur les marchés internationaux sont-ils positionnés indifféremment des tendances de l'offre du marché cible, ou bien visent-ils à être en adéquation avec les positionnements caractéristiques de l'offre du marché cible ? L'extraction des données permet la création de tableaux de contingence qui comptabilisent les nombres d'allégations identifiées selon les modalités des variables « zone géographique » et « type de positionnement ». Les données ainsi compilées sont analysées par analyse factorielle des correspondances. Ce type d'analyse permet de visualiser les liens importants entre certaines des modalités. Les dix positionnements étudiés correspondent au regroupement des allégations en classes cohérentes. Ils sont liés à différents concepts : la naturalité, la praticité, le respect de l'environnent ou de valeurs éthiques, la compatibilité avec des régimes particuliers. Une analyse s'est également intéressée à la variable « type de produit » par rapport à la variable « type de positionnement ». Les analyses permettent de visualiser l'importance générale des allégations communiquant sur la teneur réduite de certains composés précis, toutes zones confondues. Elles permettent de relever pour chaque zone des types d'allégations particulièrement présentes (éthiques et environnementales en Europe, « santé » en Asie avec les produits enrichis en molécules actives, compatibles halal et casher au Moyen-Orient/Afrique et « sans » aux Amériques (Nord et Sud). Au niveau européen, c'est surtout l'importance des allégations éthiques et environnementales qui caractérisent l'offre des marchés français et nord-européens, et les produits compatibles aux régimes végétariens et végans en Angleterre. Enfin, on voit dans une certaine mesure que les entreprises françaises adaptent leur offre sur certains marchés pour profiter de ces tendances de consommation. |
| Keywords: | innovation-produit,positionnement de l'offre |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02790651&r=all |
| By: | Kelvin Balcombe; Dylan Bradley; Iain Fraser |
| Abstract: | We report the findings from a hypothetical discrete choice experiment (DCE) examining UK consumer attitudes for food produced using agricultural production methods currently prohibited in the UK i.e., hormone implants in beef; Ractopamine in pig feed; chlorine washed chicken; and Atrazine pesticide. Our results reveal that on average the public have very negative values for these forms of agricultural production methods. We also find that respondents highly value food products that observe EU food safety standards. Our willingness to pay estimates show that the positive values for food safety are frequently greater than negative values placed on the food production methods examined. Similarly, UK country of origin was highly valued but organic production was not valued as highly. These results clearly indicate that the only attribute that is negatively valued across all DCE are the production methods that are currently not allowed within the EU or UK. |
| Keywords: | Discrete Choice Experiment; Willingness to Pay |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ukc:ukcedp:2004&r=all |
| By: | Vidal-Koppmann, Sonia |
| Abstract: | El dinámico crecimiento con límites difusos de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires, es un ejemplo de la “tercera revolución urbana” , descripta por F. Ascher (2004), sustentada en la movilidad y las comunicaciones. En esta estructura metropolitana se destaca una tríada indisoluble: autopistas-urbanizaciones privadasnuevas centralidades; y es sobre esta morfología espacial en la que focalizamos nuestra investigación. Basándonos en el estudio de uno de los corredores metropolitanos de mayor dinamismo proponemos repensar la relación entre planificación de la movilidad y nuevos patrones de usos del suelo, por considerarla un elemento básico del ordenamiento territorial. Para ello, abordaremos los siguientes ejes: a) Los procesos de desarrollo urbano desigual, producto de la mercantilización del suelo. b) La fragmentación territorial y su correlato con la movilidad selectiva. c) La contraposición entre centralidades tradicionales y centralidades emergentes, donde la relación movilidad-usos del suelo juega un rol clave. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO URBANO, ZONAS METROPOLITANAS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, AISLAMIENTO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, CIUDADES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, METROPOLITAN AREAS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL ASPECTS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, CITIES |
| Date: | 2019–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:45633&r=all |
| By: | David Popp; Francesco Vona; Giovanni Marin; Ziqiao Chen |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the employment effect of the green part of the largest fiscal stimulus in recent history, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). Each $1 million of green ARRA created 15 new jobs that emerged especially in the post-ARRA period (2013-2017). We find little evidence of significant short-run employment gains. Green ARRA creates more jobs in commuting zones with a greater prevalence of pre-existing green skills. Nearly half of the jobs created by green ARRA investments were in construction or waste management. Nearly all new jobs created are manual labor positions. Nonetheless, manual labor wages did not increase. |
| JEL: | E24 E62 H54 H72 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27321&r=all |
| By: | Vollebergh, Herman (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Brink, Corjan |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:797919bb-6d56-4268-90b7-db5f52ab9b15&r=all |
| By: | Bastien Dufau |
| Abstract: | Difficulties to adopt an international price of carbon has highlighted one of the most important objectives of countries: preserve their industries’ competitiveness. This article follows this idea and aims to evaluate the multisectoral and international impact of an energy shock. More precisely, the focus is made on a carbon tax and its impact on unit cost of production. In this article, the focus is made on a way to go through the limits of the input-output analysis by endogenizing technical coefficients. Using a flexible cost function permits to remove the non-substitution hypothesis and allows all sectors to optimize their demand of inputs. We use a Generalized Leontief (LG) implicit cost function in our input-output model. We show that this implicit cost function matches with the price input-output model in physical data. Finally, we study the impact of a carbon tax (40€/tCO2 or 80€/tCO2) at a European level. A cost competitiveness analysis shows that Poland would be mainly impacted by the tax, unlike the other European countries that maintain their competitiveness at the international level at the lower rate of tax. A strong heterogeneity among countries and industries stresses the necessity to focus negotiations on the recycling of the product of the tax. Then we compare the impact of the tax in France and in Germany and find a little impact on France’s competitiveness contrary to Germany. Nevertheless, if the tax is adopted at the European level, the French Manufacturing sector would be more impacted by the indirect effect of the tax through intermediate consumption. |
| Keywords: | Input-Output analysis, Competitiveness, Carbon tax, Multisectoral analysis, Energy, Flexibles functional forms |
| JEL: | D24 D57 F20 H23 L00 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cec:wpaper:2005&r=all |
| By: | Florence Jacquet (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Nathalie Delame (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Jesus Lozano Vita (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques); Xavier Reboud (Agroécologie [Dijon] - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UB - Université de Bourgogne - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Christian Huyghe (Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Nouvelle-Aquitaine-Poitiers - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | La viticulture est un secteur fortement utilisateur de glyphosate. Le rapport INRAE de 2017 (Reboud et al. 2017) a permis une première identification des utilisations du glyphosate en viticulture et des alternatives possibles. Il estime que la quantité de glyphosate en viticulture varie de 400 à 1000 g/ha. Ce chiffre peut être rapproché de celui obtenu dans les données de vente (Base nationale de Données des ventes de pesticides). Ainsi la carte des quantités à l'hectare établie par Commissariat général au développement durable, à partir de ces données, montre que les zones les plus consommatrices de glyphosates (plus de 1kg/ha) correspondent largement aux zones viticoles. (voir annexe 1 de ce rapport). En 2020, l'Anses doit se prononcer sur le renouvellement des autorisations de mise en marché (AMM) des produits contenant du glyphosate. L'analyse des AMM se fait selon le règlement 1107/2009, qui mentionne à l'article 50, que le retrait peut se faire s'il existe des alternatives d'usage courant, sans impact environnemental et sans impact économique majeur. Dans ce cadre, INRAE a identifié et analysé les alternatives à l'usage du glyphosate en viticulture, basées sur des méthodes non chimiques, en évaluant, sur la base de données publiques ou publiées, si elles sont d'usage courant (mises en œuvre dans différents contextes par des agriculteurs). Les impacts économiques ont été documentés afin d'évaluer les coûts. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02790508&r=all |