|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒01‒20
fifty-five papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Donatella, Baiardi; Claudio, Morana |
| Abstract: | In this paper we assess public attitudes on climate change in Europe over the last decade. Based on aggregate …gures from the Special Eurobarometer surveys on Climate Change, we …nd that climate change attitudes have evolved according to the "S-shaped" ”information dissemination model, conditional to various socioeconomic and climatological factors. In particular, we fi…nd that environmental awareness is directly related to per capita income, social trust, secondary education, the physical distress associated with hot weather and damages caused by extreme weather episodes. It is also inversely related to greenhouse gas emissions and tertiary education. Moreover, consistent with our epidemics narrative, we find a negative impact for Donald Trump’s denial campaigns, yet a positive, larger effect for Greta Thunberg’s environmental activism. In terms of policy implications, this paper calls on the EU to take the vacant leadership in the climate change fight and to make a declaration of climate emergency. It also calls on teachers to introduce their students to climate change, leading journals of communication of science-related topics to grant the largest possible access to any climate change article they publish and public institutions to protect climate change evidence from politicization. This paper finally calls for a strict coordination of monetary and fiscal policies, to allow the green bonds market to rapidly growth to the size required for the implementation of effective climate change mitigation policies. |
| Keywords: | climate change, environmental attitude, green bonds, mitigation policy, EU |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:426&r=all |
| By: | Jochen Markard (Department of Management, Technology and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich); Daniel Rosenbloom (Department of Political Science, University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | Many view carbon pricing as the single best policy approach to address climate change. Such optimism, however, tends to neglect the politics and struggles that surround climate policy and the necessity to accelerate the ongoing low-carbon energy transition. To unveil the multiple facets of political struggles around climate and energy policy, we analyze the responses of key actors to climate-energy consultations in 2015-16 surrounding the EU emissions trading system (ETS) and the EU renewable energy directive. Among other positions, we identify a prominent policy position that contends that climate policy should focus on the ETS given its purported efficiency. Some actors who share this position use the ETS like a Trojan Horse to fend off strict climate action as well as complementary renewable energy policies. Such political strategies do not just undermine carbon pricing but confront the energy transition at large. However, we also find energy industry incumbents that want a much stronger ETS and more effective climate policy. Therefore, it seems that the ‘Trojan Horse strategy’ may fail and the low-carbon transition might gain increasing support from a broad range of constituents. Even so, we argue that any singular climate policy approach risks political capture and that a broad range of policies will be necessary to accelerate the ongoing transition. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20200116&r=all |
| By: | Francesco Lamperti (Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris 1 (UP1)); Mauro Napoletano (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques); Andrea Roventini (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | The paper compares the effects of market-based (M-B) and command-and-control (C&C) climate policies on the direction of technical change and the prevention of environmental disasters. Drawing on a model of endogenous growth and directed technical change, we show that M-B policies (carbon taxes and subsidies toward clean sectors) suffer from path dependence and exhibit bounded window of opportunities: delays in their implementation make them ineffective both in redirecting technical change, (i.e. triggering a transition toward clean energy) and in avoiding environmental catastrophes. On the contrary, we find that C&C interventions are favored by path dependence and guarantee policy effectiveness irrespectively of the timing of their introduction. As the hypothesis of path dependence in technological change has received vast empirical support and it is a key feature of many models of growth, we argue that C&C policies should be seen as a valuable and non-equivalent alternative to M-B interventions. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/14g286e42n8bl9is6h16b18kes&r=all |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold (University of Pennsylvania); Glenn D. Rudebusch (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) |
| Abstract: | The downward trend in Arctic sea ice is a key factor determining the pace and intensity of future global climate change; moreover, declines in sea ice can have a wide range of additional environmental and economic consequences. Based on several decades of satellite data, we provide statistical forecasts of Arctic sea ice extent during the rest of this century. The best ?tting statistical model indicates that sea ice is diminishing at an increasing rate. By contrast, average projections from the CMIP5 global climate models foresee a gradual slowing of sea ice loss even in high carbon emissions scenarios. Our long-range statistical projections also deliver probability assessments of the timing of an ice-free Arctic. This analysis indicates almost a 60 percent chance of an e?ectively ice-free Arctic Ocean in the 2030s – much earlier than the average projection from global climate models. |
| Keywords: | Sea ice extent; climate models; climate change; climate trends; climate predi-tion; cryospheric science |
| JEL: | Q54 C22 C53 |
| Date: | 2019–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:20-001&r=all |
| By: | Sharif, Arshian; Mishra, Shekhar; Sinha, Avik; Jiao, Zhilun; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Afshan, Sahar |
| Abstract: | This empirical examination explored the link between renewable energy utilization and environmental degradation in top-10 polluted countries by using monthly data from 1990-2017. The Quantile-on-Quantile regression (QQ) proposed by Sim and Zhou (2015) and Granger causality in quantiles developed by Troster (2018) are applied. In particular, we examine in what manners, quantiles of renewable energy consumption affect the quantiles of environmental degradation. Our empirical findings unfold overall dependence between renewable energy consumption and ecological deterioration. The findings recommend the presence of a significant negative association between renewable energy consumption and environmental degradation in China, USA, Japan, Canada, Brazil, South Korea and Germany, predominantly in high and low tails but results are totally contrasting in the case of India, Russia and Indonesia. Furthermore, the outcomes of Granger-causality in quantiles conclude a bidirectional causal link between renewable energy consumption and environmental degradation. The empirical findings suggest that governments should need to subsidize green energy in declining ecological degradation. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy; CO2 Emissions; Quantile-on-Quantile (QQ) Approach; Granger-Causality in Quantiles |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97908&r=all |
| By: | Dubrie, Artie; Thorne, Elizabeth; Fontes de Meira, Luciana; Bello, Omar; Phillips, Willard |
| Abstract: | The Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway (hereafter referred to as the SAMOA Pathway) was adopted in 2014 at the United Nations Third International Conference on SIDS. The SAMOA Pathway builds on the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for SIDS (BPOA) and the 2005 Mauritius Strategy of Implementation (MSI) for the Further Implementation of the BPOA. This document is a synthesis on the Caribbean Region- SAMOA Pathway Midterm Review Report prepared by ECLAC and in support of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 72/217. |
| Keywords: | PAISES INSULARES EN DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, INDICADORES DEL DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, GESTION DE LOS RIESGOS, DESASTRES NATURALES, RECURSOS NATURALES, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, ENERGIA SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, SERVICIOS DE SANEAMIENTO, ADMINISTRACION DE DESPERDICIOS, TRANSPORTE, SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA, NUTRICION, SALUD, ENFERMEDADES NO TRANSMISIBLES, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, SEGURIDAD INTERNA, RECURSOS HUMANOS, DEVELOPING ISLAND COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, RISK MANAGEMENT, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, WATER RESOURCES, SANITATION SERVICES, WASTE MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORT, FOOD SECURITY, NUTRITION, HEALTH, NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, GENDER EQUALITY, INTERNAL SECURITY, HUMAN RESOURCES |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:45066&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Raghutla, Chandrashekar; Song, Malin; Zameer, Hashim; Jiao, Zhilun |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationship between ‘public-private partnerships investment in energy sector and carbon emissions’ considering the vital role of technological innovations in carbon emissions function for China. In doing so, we apply bootstrapping autoregressive distributed lag modeling (BARDL) for examining the cointegration between carbon emissions and its determinants. The empirical results reveal that public-private partnerships investment in energy impedes environmental quality by increasing carbon emissions. On contrary, technological innovations have negative effect on carbon emissions. The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions is inverted-U shaped i.e. environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Exports are positively linked with carbon emissions. Foreign direct investment impedes environmental quality by stimulating CO2 emissions. The empirical findings provide new insights for policy makers to direct public-private partnerships investment in energy for the betterment of environmental quality in China. |
| Keywords: | Public-Private Partnerships Investment, Energy, CO2 Emissions, Technological Innovation, China |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97909&r=all |
| By: | Murshed, Muntasir |
| Abstract: | Consumption of fossil fuels has triggered worldwide awareness to attain sustainability with respect to ensuring adequate energy access and mitigating environmental adversities, globally. Against this background, this paper aimed at investigating the impacts of enhancing ICT-trade openness on the transition from non-renewable to renewable energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of six South Asian economies. The overall results from the econometric analyses confirm that greater openness to ICT-trade leads to greater consumption of renewable energy, reduces the intensity of energy-use and enhances the access to clean fuel and technology for cooking. However, although ICT trade is found to foster renewable energy consumption across South Asia, it fails to ensure renewable energy transition completely since greater openness to ICT-trade curbs the share of renewables in the aggregate energy consumption figures. Moreover, trade of ICT goods is found to reduce the levels of carbon emissions as well. Thus, these results impose key policy implications for the governments with respect to ensuring energy security alongside environmental sustainability across South Asia. |
| Keywords: | ICT; renewable energy; non-renewable energy; carbon emissions; cross-sectional dependence |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97944&r=all |
| By: | Kumagai, Junya; Managi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | Promoting pro-environmental travel modes is an important strategy for sustainable transportation. Previous studies have shown a positive relationship between environmental awareness and environmentally friendly travel modes, but very few studies have considered pro-environmental behaviour and choice of travel mode, particularly in the context of non-Western countries. This study examines the impact of pro-environmental behaviour on the choice of commuting mode in Tokyo, Beijing, Shanghai and Singapore using original survey data. We use the Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause model to construct latent variables of environmentally friendly behaviours. The multinomial logistic regression results indicate that 1) pro-environmental activities and commuting mode choice are unrelated in Tokyo and Singapore, 2) recycling and energy-savings activities are positively related to commuting by bicycle/on foot in Beijing, and 3) participants in organized pro-environmental activities are less likely to use pro-environmental commuting modes in Beijing and Shanghai. The results provide supporting evidence of the habit discontinuity hypothesis and suggest a possible substitution effect between environmentally friendly travel mode choice and other environmental activities. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable transportation; environmental behaviour; travel demand; commuting; Asian cities |
| JEL: | R41 |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97493&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses whether improving governance standards affects environmental quality in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments. Bundled and unbundled governance dynamics are used notably: (i) political governance (consisting of political stability and “voice & accountability†); (ii) economic governance (entailing government effectiveness and regulation quality), (iii) institutional governance (represented by the rule of law and corruption-control) and (iv) general governance (encompassing political, economic and institutional governance dynamics). The following hypotheses are tested: (i) Hypothesis 1 (Improving political governance is negatively related to CO2 emissions); (ii) Hypothesis 2 (Increasing economic governance is negatively related to CO2 emissions) and (iii) Hypothesis 3 (Enhancing institutional governance is negatively related to CO2 emissions. Results of the tested hypotheses show that: the validity of Hypothesis 3 cannot be determined based on the results; Hypothesis 2 is not valid while Hypothesis 1 is partially not valid. The main policy implication is that governance standards need to be further improved in order for government quality to generate the expected unfavorable effects on CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Governance; Economic development; Sustainable development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:19/090&r=all |
| By: | Fix, Blair (York University) |
| Abstract: | Dematerialization through services is a popular proposal for reducing environmental impact. The idea is that by shifting from the production of goods to the provision of services, a society can reduce its material demands. But do societies with a larger service sector actually dematerialize? I test the `dematerialization through services' hypothesis with a focus on fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions --- the primary drivers of climate change. I find no evidence that a service transition leads to carbon dematerialization. Instead, a larger service sector is associated with greater use of fossil fuels and greater carbon emissions per person. This suggests that `dematerialization through services' is not a valid sustainability policy. |
| Date: | 2019–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bw5gm&r=all |
| By: | Raul Caruso (European Center of Peace Science, Integration and Cooperation CESPIC; Catholic University 'Our Lady of Good Counsel'); Antonella Biscione (European Center of Peace Science, Integration and Cooperation CESPIC; Catholic University 'Our Lady of Good Counsel'); Annunziata de Felice (Department of Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the demand-pull, technology-push and regulation factors influencing the environmental innovation strategies. We focus on a subset of manufacturing firms of a group of European Transition Countries. The data available to investigate the driving factors that lead to eco-innovate are taken from the Community Innovation Survey data (CIS 2014). The data is a cross-section covering the three-year period between 2012 and 2014. We employ a multivariate probit model to observe the effect of several drivers on eco-innovation, captured by means of different measures. Empirical findings highlight that: (i) some drivers are common to some types of eco-innovation; (ii) regulation does have a positive impact on all drivers. The latter provides a clear-cut implication for policy-making. Broadly speaking, in transition economies public policies and invectives appear to trigger environmental innovation much more than demand-pull factors. |
| Keywords: | environmental innovation, European Transition countries, demand-pull, technology-push, regulation |
| JEL: | Q55 Q58 L6 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pea:wpaper:1005&r=all |
| By: | Alonso, Victoria; Ayala, Mariana; Chamas, Paula |
| Abstract: | Esta publicación ilustra el potencial de las compensaciones en biodiversidad usando como caso de estudio el sector minero en la región Andina. Para ello, se revisó el estado actual de la diversidad biológica y el marco normativo en Argentina, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), Chile, Colombia y Perú. De los países de estudio, Colombia, Perú y Chile contienen provisiones para la compensación de biodiversidad, mientras que Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) y Argentina se encuentran en estados iniciales de implementar normativa al respecto. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS NATURALES, DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, RECURSOS MINEROS, INDUSTRIA MINERA, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA, INDEMNIZACION, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, REGION ANDINA, NATURAL RESOURCES, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, MINERAL RESOURCES, MINING INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NATURE CONSERVATION, COMPENSATION, CASE STUDIES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ANDEAN REGION |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:45067&r=all |
| By: | Chappuis, Maria |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este documento es identificar, caracterizar y evaluar los Pasivos Ambientales Mineros en el Perú de modo que se permita su priorización y remediación. A su vez, se plantean algunas recomendaciones para llevar a cabo una adecuada gestión sostenible de los recursos mineros, que prevenga la generación de nuevos PAMs, tomando en cuenta la realidad legal, institucional y financiera del Perú. |
| Keywords: | INDUSTRIA MINERA, MEDIO AMBIENTE, RECURSOS MINEROS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, RECOMENDACIONES, MINING INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:45068&r=all |
| By: | Sam, Aflaki; Syed Abul, Basher; Andrea, Masini |
| Abstract: | Sustainability rankings are receiving increasing attention by the academic and the policy making communities because of their potential to influence environmental legislation and reshape competitive landscapes. Unfortunately, most of the indicators used to produce these rankings do not take into account economic development and tend to be biased in favor of richer countries. To circumvent this limitation we develop a novel, rigorous and simple metric that ranks countries by their potential environmental performance relative to their wealth; in other words, by the degree of sustainability that a country should achieve, given its level of affluence. We apply our approach to measure the sustainability level of 15 developed economies with respect to the share of renewable energy sources in their electricity generating portfolios. The resulting ranking produces changes in the perceived greenness of certain countries. If adopted, it would allow these countries to increase their bargaining power in international negotiations. It would also alter the pressure faced by their governments to implement or discontinue environmental policies such as feed-in tariffs. Although we applied it at the country level and in the context of renewable energy, the method has far-reaching implications and it can also be used to compare corporate sustainability levels. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability indicators; renewable energy; environmental rankings; panel data |
| JEL: | C23 Q20 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97081&r=all |
| By: | Clément Bonnet (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gondia Sokhna Seck (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Marine Simoen (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Samuel Carcanague (IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques) |
| Abstract: | Intellectual property is a central issue in climate negotiations. On the one hand, it shapes and encourages innovation in low-carbon technologies. On the other hand, it can reduce access to these technologies by giving patent holders market power. We analyse the interactions between climate negotiations and the acquisition of renewable energy technology patents. First, we present the history of climate negotiations, emphasizing the role of technologies. Second, we conduct an empirical analysis aimed at determining which countries could be considered leaders in renewable energy technologies (RETs). Major changes were observed in the geographical distribution of low-carbon innovation during the 2000s, foreshadowing a reorganization of the geopolitical balances of innovation in renewable energies. |
| Keywords: | Patent data,International relations,energy transition,renewable energy technology,innovation,international relations JEL Classification: Q42,Q55,O31,O38 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02417569&r=all |
| By: | Rick Van der Ploeg; Armon Rezai |
| Abstract: | Assets in the fossil fuel industries are at risk of losing market value due to anticipated breakthroughs in renewable technology and governments stepping up climate policies in the light of the Paris commitments to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius. Stranded assets arise due to uncertainty about the future timing of these two types of events and substantial intertemporal and intersectoral investment adjustment costs. Stranding of assets mostly affects the 20 biggest oil, gas and coal companies who have been responsible for at least a third of global warming since 1965, but also carbon-intensive industries such as steel, aluminium, cement, plastics and greenhouse horticulture. A disorderly transition to the carbon-free economy will lead to stranded assets and legal claims. Institutional investors should be aware of these financial risks. A broader definition of stranded assets also includes countries reliant on fossil fuel exports and workers with technology-specific skills. |
| Keywords: | de-carbonisation, policy tipping, technology, stranded assets |
| JEL: | E62 F41 G11 O33 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:894&r=all |
| By: | Ropars-Collet, Carole; Le Goffe, Philippe |
| Abstract: | Catch-and-release (C&R) could be an interesting management tool in recreational fisheries as long as mortality remains low and the anglers’ well-being does not drop. We used a choice experiment to examine the potential of C&R angling as a monitoring tool for the salmon recreational fishery in Brittany (France). Anglers were asked to choose between hypothetical fishing day trips differing in terms of their combination of relevant attributes and levels. From the analysis of respondents’ trade-offs between the fishing trip’s attributes, willingness-to-pay were estimated for each level of attribute. Our results show that anglers prefer unrestrictive regulations. All in all, the majority of the anglers nonetheless hold a positive valuation of a C&R fishing day, which could therefore be used to generate economic returns for the river once the TAC is reached. Lastly, the fishing season, and especially the level of river use, impact more on the value of fishing than C&R. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:300911&r=all |
| By: | L Maaya; M Meulders; N Surmont; Martina Vandebroek |
| Abstract: | Sustainability labels on food products provide information to consumers that the product has been produced in an ethical way. We explore the knowledge and purchasing behaviour of the organic label and fair trade label. Secondly, we investigate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for food products bearing organic and fair trade labels. Thirdly, we evaluate the correlation in WTP for organic and fair trade. Lastly, we examine the effect of environmental and altruistic attitudes on WTP for both sustainability labels. We draw our conclusions by analyzing a stated choice experiment on consumers coffee buying behaviour in Flanders, Belgium. Our results suggest that knowledge for the fair trade label is higher than that of the organic label. The importance of the organic and fair trade labels on coffee purchase decisions and their WTP estimates were similar. We found a high correlation in WTP for both labels. Our results indicate significant effects of environmental and altruistic attitudes in WTP for both organic and fair trade labels. |
| Keywords: | Coffee, Organic, Fair trade, Willingness-to-pay, Attitudes |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:kbiper:627923&r=all |
| By: | Hertwich, Edgar (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Complex global value chains are those involving more than two countries and imply that a country imports products as capital goods or intermediate inputs to the production of its exports. When tracing the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of traded products, for example for border carbon adjustments, such emissions are counted at each border crossing. The prevalence and dynamics of this phenomenon have been poorly understood. This paper shows that GHG emissions associated with the production of imports used for producing exports have risen rapidly from 1995, peaking in 2012 and declining slightly to 2016. They now constitute a total of 4.4 PgCO2equ. or 10% of global emissions. The most important exported products in terms of emissions associated with imported inputs are chemicals, vehicles, machinery, and information and communications technology (ICT). Crude petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, and ICT components are the imported products being used for this export production. A driver analysis indicates that in industrialized countries, the declining domestic value added in exports and increasing share of exports in GDP have contributed most to this development, while in emerging economies, the growth of GDP itself has been an important driving factor, while declines in the energy intensity of export production have provided a weak counterbalance. The importance of transiting carbon raises questions of how climate policies affect industrial competitiveness and how border tax adjustment would account for such emissions. |
| Date: | 2018–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zb3rh&r=all |
| By: | Guojun He (Division of Social Science, Division of Environment and Sustainability, Department of Economics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.); Tony Liu (Division of Social Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.); Maigeng Zhou (National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.) |
| Abstract: | This study uses satellite data to detect agricultural straw burnings and estimates its impact on air pollution and health in China. We find that straw burning increases particulate matter pollution and causes people to die from cardio-respiratory diseases. Middle-aged and old people in rural areas are particularly sensitive to straw burning pollution. We estimate that a 10μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 will increase mortality by 3.25%. Subsidizing the recycling of straw brings significant health benefits and is estimated to avert 21,400 pre-mature deaths annually. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hku:wpaper:201966&r=all |
| By: | Roy, Tirthankar (London School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | This article says that climate shaped the long-term pattern of economic change in India and that the climatically conditioned economic change generated a distinct set of environmental consequences in the region. From the nineteenth century, political and economic processes that made scarce and controlled water resources more accessible to more people, enhanced welfare, enabled more food production and sustained urbanization. The same processes also raised water stress. These propositions carry lessons for comparative economic history and the conduct of discourses on sustainability in the present times. |
| Keywords: | JEL Classification: |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:445&r=all |
| By: | Jereme, Innocent A.; Siwar, Chamhuri; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | The issue of sustainable waste management has become an important priority for policymakers and other relevant stakeholders of Malaysia as the country prepares to project itself as a developed nation. Despite several attempts by the government, such as enactment of new laws and pursuing privatisation, Malaysia is still lagging behind significantly in sustainable waste management practices, particularly in the area of recycling. Based on studies conducted in the Selangor state of Malaysia, this paper attempts to analyse the current waste management practices of Malaysia along with their problems and prospects, and examine the steps taken by the government and other stakeholders for attaining sustaining waste management practices. The paper will help the policy makers, waste management strategists, local administrators and researchers in the field to formulate sustainable policies and identify further areas of study in the relevant field. |
| Date: | 2019–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xgf8k&r=all |
| By: | Simon Dietz; Bruno Lanz |
| Abstract: | We study the capacity to meet food demand under conditions of climate change, economic and population growth. We take a novel approach to quantifying climate impacts, based on a model of the global economy structurally estimated on the period 1960 to 2015. The model integrates several features necessary to study the problem, including an explicit agriculture sector, endogenous fertility, directed technical change and fossil/renewable energy. We estimate the world economy is more than one trillion dollars smaller, and world population more than 80 million smaller, than would have been the case without climate change. This is despite substantial adaptation having taken place in general equilibrium through R&D and agricultural land expansion. Policy experiments with the model suggest that optimal GHG taxes are high and future temperatures held well below 2°C. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, agricultural productivity, climate change, directed technical change, energy, food security, economic growth, population growth, structural estimation |
| JEL: | C51 O13 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7986&r=all |
| By: | Chakraborty, Lekha (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | The paper analyses the macroeconomic policy coherence required for sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the context of Asia Pacific region. Specifically, the paper analyses the monetary, fiscal and structural policy reforms and suggest specific policy tools to integrate SDGs in macroeconomic policies. The analysis reveals that the transition of macroeconomic framework from `discretion' to `controlled discretion' and `rules' acts as a constraint to integrate SDGs into the policy framework. In the region, the monetary policy is increasingly focusing on inflation targeting, while the fiscal policy is based on the threshold rules of fiscal deficit-GDP ratio. Within these constraints of the macroeconomic framework, a few countries in the region have identified specific policy tools to integrate SDGs within a `beyond GDP paradigm'- in particular using the tools of accountability like gender budgeting, the climate responsive budgeting and the strategies for financial inclusion. |
| Keywords: | SDG ; Macroeconomic policy coherence ; Asia Pacific |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:20/292&r=all |
| By: | Carole Ropars-Collet; Philippe Le Goffe |
| Abstract: | Catch-and-release (C&R) could be an interesting management tool in recreational fisheries as long as mortality remains low and the anglers’ well-being does not drop. We used a choice experiment to examine the potential of C&R angling as a monitoring tool for the salmon recreational fishery in Brittany (France). Anglers were asked to choose between hypothetical fishing day trips differing in terms of their combination of relevant attributes and levels. From the analysis of respondents’ trade-offs between the fishing trip’s attributes, willingness-to-pay were estimated for each level of attribute. Our results show that anglers prefer unrestrictive regulations. All in all, the majority of the anglers nonetheless hold a positive valuation of a C&R fishing day, which could therefore be used to generate economic returns for the river once the TAC is reached. Lastly, the fishing season, and especially the level of river use, impact more on the value of fishing than C&R. |
| Keywords: | recreational activity, salmon fishing, catch and release, choice experiment |
| JEL: | C25 C9 Q26 Q22 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202002&r=all |
| By: | Llewellyn Leonard (University of South Africa) |
| Abstract: | South African tourism geography studies have largely ignored how issues of industrial pollution and development such as for mining have affected nature tourism and conservation sites. It is argued in this chapter that South Africa?s transition to democracy has not necessarily resulted in improved governance and protection of nature tourism destinations from industrial developments, with the government approving mining licenses in these sites. Historical and new mining operations in South Africa are affecting nature tourism sites and sustainable tourism development. This chapter explores selected cases to examine how mining is affecting and/or has the potential to impact on nature tourism sites. It also examines civil society response to address mining development impacts in such areas. Results indicate that despite government apathy to protect nature tourism sites and enforce regulations, civil society has the potential to halt mining development and protect nature tourism resources. However, inter and intraracial/class conflict in local communities over mining development versus tourism needs to be addressed, in addition to the lack of tourism employment opportunities for local communities. Education about sustainable tourism development is essential to ensure long-term sustainable tourism and local development over mining |
| Keywords: | Nature tourism, Civil society, Conservation, Sustainable tourism development |
| JEL: | D63 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9911399&r=all |
| By: | Coskun, Huseyin |
| Abstract: | This article develops a new mathematical method for holistic analysis of nonlinear dynamic compartmental systems in the context of ecology. The method is based on the novel dynamic system and subsystem partitioning methodologies through which compartmental systems are decomposed to the utmost level. The dynamic system and subsystem partitioning enable tracking the evolution of the initial stocks, environmental inputs, and intercompartmental system flows, as well as the associated storages derived from these stocks, inputs, and flows individually and separately within the system. Moreover, the transient and the dynamic direct, indirect, acyclic, cycling, and transfer (diact) flows and associated storages transmitted along a given flow path or from one compartment, directly or indirectly, to any other are analytically characterized, systematically classified, and mathematically formulated. Further, the article develops a dynamic technique based on the diact transactions for the quantitative classification of interspecific interactions and the determination of their strength within food webs. Major concepts and quantities of the current static network analyses are also extended to nonlinear dynamic settings and integrated with the proposed dynamic measures and indices within the proposed unifying mathematical framework. Therefore, the proposed methodology enables a holistic view and analysis of ecological systems. We consider that this methodology brings a novel complex system theory to the service of urgent and challenging environmental problems of the day and has the potential to lead the way to a more formalistic ecological science. |
| Date: | 2018–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:35xkb&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; Jaafar, Abdul Hamid; Talib, Basri Abdul |
| Abstract: | Sustainable food security at household level is one of the emerging issues for all nations. There are several factors such as social, economic, political, demographic, natural, and livelihood strategies that causes to the vulnerability of the status of household food security. Therefore examining the vulnerability of these factors is essential to identify the reason and recognize the most vulnerable communities. This study is an attempt to study on the vulnerability of the factors of household food availability and its linkage with climatic changes in Malaysia. The study is based on primary data collected in the months of July – October, 2012 through a questionnaire survey on 460 low income households from East Coast Economic Region (ECER) in Malaysia. The samples were selected from E-Kasih poor household database, based on cluster random sampling technique. The study found that the vulnerability of the factors of household food availability has decreased statistically significantly over the last five years period in Malaysia for the factors of effectiveness of food distribution process, road and transportation facility for food distribution process, availability of expected food in the local market, sufficiency of expected food in the local market, and stability of food supply in market. The mean values of the current status of the factors of household food availability differ significantly at 1% significance level from the scenario of 5 years ago. However, most of the cases climatic issues were found less responsible for the changes of these factors. Though Malaysia is adversely affected by climatic change, the factors of food availability are not affected yet remarkably. This study suggests that the food security programs need to be integrated with climatic change adaptation programs to ensure more effective and sustainable household food security in future, especially among the poor and low income group. Moreover, a proper monitoring agency is required to ensure consistent supply of food in the rural and remote areas, especially at the time of natural calamity or off season. |
| Date: | 2019–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:649we&r=all |
| By: | Jereme, Innocent A.; Siwar, Chamhuri; Begum, Rawshan Ara; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | Malaysia has seen a high rate of economic growth in past couple of decades hand in hand with an ever increasing size of population. Consequently, the issue of sustainable waste management has become an important priority for policymakers and other stakeholders of the society. Although the respective local administrations are responsible for collection and disposal of household and industrial wastes, privatization of the entire process has been heavily promoted and pursued by the federal government of the country. A significant number of waste dealers – both formal and informal – are currently involved in the field level. Through analysing the inputs acquired from semi-structured interviews with these waste dealers operating at Kuala Langat and Sepang districts in the Selangor state, this paper attempts to identify the roles they are playing in the overall waste management cycle, the challenges they are facing, and the untapped opportunities from their operations. This paper will help the policy makers, waste management strategists, local administrators and researchers in the field to formulate sustainable policies, and identify further areas of study in the relevant field. |
| Date: | 2019–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:thz68&r=all |
| By: | Jereme, Innocent A.; Begum, Rawshan Ara; Talib, Basri Abdul; Siwar, Chamhuri; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | Malaysia has seen a high rate of economic growth in past couple of decades hand in hand with an ever increasing size of population. As a consequence, the issue of sustainable waste management has become an important priority for policymakers and other stakeholders of the society. Although there are potentials to recycle up to 80 per cent of the total dry wastes collected, currently most of them are deposited into various landfill sites. Waste treatment facilities are also insufficient in the country. The government has introduced SWM Act 2007 along with other initiatives to improve the waste management scenario, but more needs to be done to be able to recycle and treat a major portion of the wastes. Based on studies on the state of Selangor in Malaysia, this paper this paper attempts to analyse the waste management scenario of Malaysia and the problems and prospects of waste recycling there. The paper will help the policy makers, waste management strategists, local administrators and researchers in the field to formulate sustainable policies and identify further areas of study in the relevant field. |
| Date: | 2019–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2csqj&r=all |
| By: | Russell Pittman (U.S. Department of Justice); Monika Jandová (Masaryk University); Marcin Król (Warsaw School of Economics); Larysa Nekrasenko (Poltava State Agrarian Academy); Tomáš Paleta (Masaryk University) |
| Abstract: | The European Commission years ago adopted a policy of encouraging the substitution of motor carrier haulage of freight with rail and water carrier haulage, as part of its “green” agenda of reducing fuel consumption, emission of pollutants, carbon intensity, and road congestion. Regarding railway freight in particular, one policy tool that the Commission has emphasized for this purpose is the restructuring of the rail sectors of member countries through the creation of competition for the incumbents by new train-operating companies (TOC’s) – on its face a less obvious policy choice than alternatives such as Pigouvian pricing measures or infrastructure subsidies. This paper focuses on one important commodity group – grain – in three EC member states and one non-member state – Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine – to examine the degree to which increased rail competition has been associated with increases in rail’s modal share, and more broadly to learn what appear to be the binding constraints to increases in rail’s share. Such constraints seem more closely related to shortages in infrastructure capacity than to a lack of competition among TOC’s. This suggests that other “models” of railway restructuring may be more effective in easing this constraint. |
| JEL: | L92 Q58 R11 R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:doj:eagpap:201902&r=all |
| By: | Molina, Chai; Akcay, Erol (University of Pennsylvania); Dieckmann, Ulf; Levin, Simon; Rovenskaya, Elena A. |
| Abstract: | Countries generally agree that global greenhouse gas emissions are too high, but prefer other countries reduce emissions rather than reducing their own. The Paris Agreement is intended to solve this collective action problem, but is likely insufficient. One proposed solution is a matching-commitment agreement, through which countries can change each other’s incentives by committing to conditional emissions reductions, before countries decide on their unconditional reductions. Here, we study matching-commitment agreements between two heterogeneous countries. We find that such agreements (1) incentivize both countries to make matching commitments that in turn incentivize efficient emissions reductions, (2) reduce emissions from those expected without an agreement, and (3) increase both countries’ welfare. Matching-commitment agreements are attractive because they do not require a central enforcing authority and only require countries to fulfil their promises; countries are left to choose their conditional and unconditional emissions reductions according to their own interests. |
| Date: | 2018–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7yc3g&r=all |
| By: | Qarizada, Deana; Mohammadian, Erfan; Alias, Azil Bahari; Rahimi, Humapar Azhar |
| Abstract: | Distillation is an essential thermo chemical process; it mainly depends on temperature which affects mostly the product yield and composition. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of temperature on the characterization of bio-oil liquid fraction derived from palm kernel shell (PKS) bio-oil. The temperatures were 100 °C and 140°C. The higher heating value (HHV) obtained were 28.6MJ/Kg and 31.5MJ/Kg for bio-oil fraction 100°C and 140°C respectively. The GC- MS analysis determined that phenol is the dominant product in bio-oil fractions. |
| Keywords: | Fast pyrolysis, thermal distillation, palm kernel shell, biomass, bio-fuel |
| JEL: | Z00 |
| Date: | 2018–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97687&r=all |
| By: | Fix, Blair (York University) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the dimension problem in economic aggregation, as it relates to ecological and biophysical economics. The dimension problem consists of a simple dilemma: when we aggregate, the observer must choose the dimension of analysis. The dilemma is that this choice affects the resulting measurement. This means that aggregate measurements are dependent on one's goals, and on underlying theory. I explore the consequences of this predicament for ecological and biophysical economics. I discuss the many problems of using 'real' monetary value as the dimension of analysis. And I highlight how the dimension problem undermines the practice of seeking 'optimal' policy. Although there are no solutions, I discuss ways that ecological and biophysical economists can deal with the dimension problem. |
| Date: | 2019–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:tfwju&r=all |
| By: | Persichina, Marco |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effects of myopic and present-biased preferences on the welfare of a naive agent when she is engaged in an intertemporal harvesting activity from a stock of renewable resources. The analysis is conducted by taking into account also the nature of present-biased behaviors as phenomena that is derived from a dual system of discounting and of response to short and long-term stimuli. In the task of harvesting from a stock of renewable resources, the present biased preferences of a naive agent create a conflict between the long run benefit of the agent and the short run desire. Thus, this paper demonstrates and argues that in the decision-making, which involves intertemporal choices in renewable resources management, the prevalence of naive behavior, strongly influenced by the emotional-affective system, can lead to a reduction in the overall utility enjoyed by the individual due to the present bias. |
| Keywords: | Present bias, naive agent, intertemporal choice, harvesting, dual system discounting, agent’s welfare, instant utility. |
| JEL: | D03 D90 Q20 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97986&r=all |
| By: | Houle, David (Governmental sector) |
| Abstract: | Dans le contexte canadien, les gouvernements provinciaux jouent un rôle important dans l’élaboration des politiques de lutte aux changements climatiques, notamment par leurs efforts de mise en œuvre de mécanismes de tarification du carbone. Cet ensemble diversifié d’instruments de politiques publiques vise à imposer un prix sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) avec l’objectif d’inciter les consommateurs et les entreprises à tenir compte de l’impact de leurs décisions sur le climat. L’intérêt des gouvernements provinciaux en matière de protection du climat n’est pas nouveau. Les premiers plans d’action provinciaux dans ce domaine datent de 1995. À l’époque, après avoir considéré l’adoption d’une taxe carbone dans les années 1990s (Macdonald et coll., 2011), le gouvernement fédéral libéral avait annoncé un ensemble d’actions en changements climatiques afin de mettre en œuvre le Protocole de Kyoto, ratifié par le Premier Ministre Jean Chrétien en décembre 2002 (Harrison, 2007). Durant cette période, les actions fédérales en matière de protection du climat culminèrent par la publication, le 16 juillet 2005, de l’Avis d’intention pour réglementer les émissions des gaz à effet de serre qui sont produites par les grands émetteurs finaux, une réglementation visant les grandes entreprises et qui incluait plusieurs mécanismes de tarification du carbone . L’élection d’un gouvernement fédéral conservateur en 2006 changea la donne de manière fondamentale. Pour plusieurs observateurs et dirigeants provinciaux, il semblait maintenant peu probable que le gouvernement fédéral s’engage sur la voie de la tarification du carbone. L’approche privilégiée par le nouveau gouvernement fédéral était celle d’une réglementation sectorielle, basée sur des normes réglementaires traditionnelles (une approche parfois d’écrite comme ‘command-and-control’) consistant essentiellement à fixer des cibles d’émission que les industries devaient respecter sans que des mécanismes de flexibilité (par exemple, des permis échangeables) soit disponibles. Bien que des négociations aient été entamées avec de nombreux secteurs industriels (Munroe, 2016), seulement deux secteurs ont été réglementés, celui des transports et des centrales au charbon (Commissaire à l’environnement, 2012). C’est dans ce contexte que les provinces, de plus en plus au fait des impacts des changements climatiques sur leur territoire et des opportunités économiques créées par la croissance des industries vertes, devinrent plus actives en matière de changements climatiques. Elles craignaient moins, comme cela était le cas sous les précédents gouvernements fédéraux de Jean Chrétien et Paul Martin, un possible dédoublement de leurs efforts avec ceux du fédéral (Houle et coll., 2014, Houle, 2015). Certains gouvernements provinciaux incluant le Québec, l’Ontario, la Colombie-Britannique, le Manitoba, et l’Alberta adoptèrent des approches innovatrices en matière de changements climatiques. Simultanément, ces provinces firent preuve d’une préférence en faveur de la tarification du carbone, qui constitua un élément central de leur politique climatique, via l’adoption de taxes sur le carbone ainsi que de systèmes d’échange de droits d’émission (Houle, 2015). De manière inattendue, l’adoption de ces instruments peut être observée autant dans les provinces où une majorité de la population supporte la tarification du carbone que dans celles où seulement une minorité d’électeurs s’expriment en sa faveur. Doit-on en conclure que les décideurs publics ne tiennent pas compte de l’opinion publique sur la question de la tarification du carbone? Ce chapitre va explorer cette question tout d’abord en définissant la tarification du carbone et montrant le momentum à l’échelle international en faveur de son adoption. Par la suite, pour comprendre le lien entre l’opinion publique et l’émergence de la tarification du carbone dans le contexte canadien nous examinons tout d’abord l’évolution de l’opinion publique à ce sujet et, en particulière, les différences interprovinciales. La dernière section de ce chapitre propose des études de cas, en commençant par celui de la Colombie-Britannique où la taxe carbone instaurée dans cette province fit l’objet d’une intense controverse, surtout pendant les élections provinciales de 2009. Nous comparons ensuite cette campagne électorale avec d’autres élections provinciales de cette période, notamment celles de l’Ontario de 2011 et du Québec en 2012. Ces comparaisons nous permettent de constater, lorsqu’elles sont associées aux observations des données d’opinion publique, que le manque de support initial pour la tarification du carbone n’a, règle générale, empêcher les gouvernements provinciaux de s’engager dans cette voie. |
| Date: | 2019–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:atkz8&r=all |
| By: | Turchin, Peter; Currie, Thomas E.; Collins, Christina; Levine, Jill; Oyebamiji, Oluwole; Edwards, Neil R.; Holden, Philip.B.; Hoyer, Daniel (Evolution Institute); Feeney, Kevin; Francois, Pieter |
| Abstract: | This article reports the results of a collaborative research project that aims to estimate agricultural productivities of the past societies in the Seshat World Sample-30. We focus on 30 Natural Geographic Areas (NGAs) distributed over 10 major world regions (Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Eurasia, North America, South America, and Oceania). The conceptual framework that we use to obtain these estimates combines the influences of the production technologies (and how they change with time), climate change, and effects of artificial selection into a Relative Yield Coefficient, indicating how agricultural productivity changed over time in each NGA between the Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions. We then use estimates of historical yield in an NGA to translate the Relative Yield Coefficient into an Estimated Yield (tons per hectare per year) trajectory. We tested the proposed methodology in two ways. For eight NGAs, in which we had more than one historical yield estimate, we used the earliest estimate to anchor the trajectory and compared the ensuing trajectory to the remaining estimates. We also compared the end points of the estimated NGA trajectories to the earliest (the 1960s decade) FAO data on crop productivities in the modern countries encompassing Seshat NGAs. |
| Date: | 2019–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jerza&r=all |
| By: | Stéphane Gonzalez (Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, GATE UMR 5824, F-42023 Saint- Etienne); Fatma Zahra Rostom (Université Paris 1, Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne, Chaire Energie et Prospérité) |
| Abstract: | The article explores the implications of natural resource scarcity in terms of global cooperation and trade. We investigate whether there exist stable international long-term agreements that take into account the disparities between countries in terms of geological endowments and productive capacity, while caring about future generations. For that purpose, we build an original cooperative game framework, where countries can form coalitions in order to optimize their discounted consumption stream in the long-run, within the limits of their stock of natural resources. We use the concept of the recursive core that satisfies both coalitional stability and time consistency. We show that this set is nonempty, stating that an international long-term agreement along the optimal path will be self-enforcing. The presented model can be viewed as a tool to refresh the common look at the North-South opposition and sets the conceptual framework for the exploration of a fair sharing of the fruits of global economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Non-renewable natural resources, Cooperative games, Recursive core |
| JEL: | C71 C61 F42 Q20 Q32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:1937&r=all |
| By: | Yogyakarta, Perpustakaan STIPRAM; Fatmawati, Dedeh |
| Abstract: | Puncak Becici is an ecotourism area that utilizes nature conservation as a tourist attraction located in Bantul, Yogyakarta. Puncak becici is one of the right place to enjoy the city of Yogyakarta in addition to enjoy the expanse of green panoramaic and enjoy the coolness, Puncak becici also offers beautiful panoramic views of Mount Merapi and Prambanan Temple from the height and beauty of enjoying the view at sunset. |
| Date: | 2019–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:b9kfm&r=all |
| By: | Shaha, Biplab Kumar; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Islam, H. M. Rakibul; Alam, Lubna; Ahmed, Khan Kamal Uddin; Mokhtar, Mazlin |
| Date: | 2019–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7u2k8&r=all |
| By: | Bleeker, Amelia |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the role that information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge management (KM) are playing in supporting sustainable development across islands in these countries. Focusing on the areas of health, education and governance, the study uses the multi-island countries of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands as case studies to explore inter-island differences in ICT and KM capacity and the scope for strengthening this capacity. It concludes with a series of recommendations for governments of Caribbean multi-island countries working to strengthen ICT and KM capacity across islands as well as areas for further analysis and investigation. |
| Keywords: | GESTION DEL CONOCIMIENTO, TECNOLOGIA DE LA INFORMACION, TECNOLOGIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, PAISES INSULARES EN DESARROLLO, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO DE CAPACIDAD, POBLACION, GOBERNABILIDAD, SALUD, EDUCACION, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, GOBIERNO ELECTRONICO, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, DEVELOPING ISLAND COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION, GOVERNANCE, HEALTH, EDUCATION, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, E-GOVERNMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:45064&r=all |
| By: | Dhillon, Amrita (Kings College, London); Krishnan, Pramila (University of Oxford); Patnam, Manasa (CREST-ENSAE); Perroni, Carlo (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | We look at the formation of new Indian states in 2001 to uncover the effects of political secession on the comparative economic performance of natural resource rich and natural resource poor areas. Resource rich constituencies fared comparatively worse within new states that inherited a relatively larger proportion of natural resources. We argue that these patterns reflect how political reorganisation affected the quality of state governance of natural resources. We describe a model of collusion between state politicians and resource rent recipients that can account for the relationships we see in the data between natural resource abundance and post-breakup local outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources and Economic Performance, Political Secession, Fiscal Federalism JEL Classification: D72, H77, O13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:453&r=all |
| By: | Vu, Trung V. |
| Abstract: | It has been commonly observed that tropical countries typically suffer from intense corruption and underdevelopment. I offer an explanation for this long-standing disparity across the world based on variation in the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (UV-R). The central idea of this paper holds that UV-R is positively associated with the (historical) prevalence of eye diseases, which significantly shortens work-life expectancy as a skilled worker. This arguably shapes the global pattern of corrupt practices. Interestingly, this finding appears to be strong and insensitive to accounting for different theories explaining differences in corruption levels across the globe. Further analyses using individual-level data taken from the World Values Survey and provincial level data for China lend strong credence to the cross-country evidence. |
| Keywords: | corruption, climate, diseases, ultraviolet radiation, comparative prosperity. |
| JEL: | O11 O43 O57 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97915&r=all |
| By: | Coskun, Huseyin |
| Abstract: | In this article, a new mathematical method for static analysis of compartmental systems is developed in the context of ecology. The method is based on the novel system and subsystem partitioning methodologies through which compartmental systems are decomposed to the utmost level. That is, the distribution of environmental inputs and intercompartmental system flows, as well as the organization of the associated storages generated by these flows within the system is determined individually and separately. Moreover, the transient and the static direct, indirect, acyclic, cycling, and transfer (diact) flows and associated storages transmitted along a given flow path or from one compartment, directly or indirectly, to any other are analytically characterized, systematically classified, and mathematically formulated. A quantitative technique for the categorization of interspecific interactions and the determination of their strength within food webs is also developed based on the diact transactions. The proposed methodology allows for both input- and output-oriented analyses of static ecological networks. The input- and output-oriented analyses are introduced within the proposed mathematical framework and their duality is demonstrated. Major flow- and stock-related concepts and quantities of the current static network analyses are also integrated with the proposed measures and indices within this unifying framework. This comprehensive methodology enables a holistic view and analysis of ecological systems. |
| Date: | 2018–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zqxc5&r=all |
| By: | Agga Destya Arlingga (Master of Applied Economics, Padjadjaran University) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to explore communities’ contribution toward and identify the factors affecting the availability of sanitation facilities. Sanitation has an important role in human life because it correlates with the fulfillment of basic human needs such as wastewater and solid waste management. This research employed two models as follows: First, the hedonic price model was used to estimate the willingness to pay for improved sanitation facilities. Second, it also utilizes the logistic model to understand the correlation between socio-economic characteristics and availability of improved sanitation facilities. Using the fifth wave of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data, the results show that the availability of toilet with septic tank influences the value of the property in urban areas. Hence, people living in urban areas are willing to pay more for facilities. Moreover, the awareness of people in urban and rural areas affect their willingness to pay (WTP) for appropriate garbage handling. However, drainage facilities do not significantly influence the value of the property in urban and rural areas. Related with the presence of improved sanitation facilities, socio-economic characteristics such as education level and residential area influence in Indonesia compared to other characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Sanitation, Toilet with Septic Tank, Solid Waste, Drainage, Willingness to Pay, Socio-economic |
| JEL: | I0 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unp:wpaper:202002&r=all |
| By: | Hossain, Istiaque; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; Bin Mokhtar, Mazlin |
| Abstract: | Water scarcity is becoming a central issue in agricultural activities around the world. As agriculture is one of the major consumers of freshwater, more yield or output using same or less amount of water has become the global interest. Therefore water productivity (WP) is also considered as an indicator of agricultural productivity. Several research works have been conducted on WP values of different yields, tools and technologies to improve WP. Most of the studies on water productivity considered the crop productivity using limited water resource and searched for better technologies for improving crop water productivity. Researchers also concentrated on improving irrigation efficiency or water use efficiency at field level for irrigation through water management and for yielding more crops. But there is a research gap in assessing values of water productivity in aquatic ecosystems especially floodplain areas. A floodplain area remains dry and flooded in two different seasons. Thus, a combined valuation of aquatic resources and rice production in two different seasons are very important to measure the efficient usages of the lands. So, this study deals with how to measure annual aggregate water productivity for dry season and flood season in a floodplain beel area. |
| Date: | 2019–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:q3ayc&r=all |
| By: | Dahlke, Steven |
| Abstract: | This chapter reviews important policies and market trends shaping the global development of clean energy technologies. Stimulus policies in the form of feed-in tariffs, tax relief, and renewable portfolio standards along with substantial research & development enabled clean energy projects to overcome early commercialization barriers. As a result, clean energy project costs are now competitive with or lower than conventional fossil fuels in most markets around the world. Policymakers and energy consumers are responding by increasing clean energy targets to high levels approaching 100% in a growing number of jurisdictions. Business models are adapting to this new environment and energy market structures are evolving to enable successful operations of high renewable energy systems. Markets structures, policies, and technologies that enhance system flexibility for efficient renewable energy integration represent the most promising future area of research in this field. |
| Date: | 2019–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hsbry&r=all |
| By: | Coskun, Huseyin |
| Abstract: | A new mathematical method for the dynamic analysis of nonlinear compartmental systems in the context of ecology has recently been developed by the author and was presented in a separate article. Based on this methodology, multiple new dynamic ecological system measures and indices of matrix, vector, and scalar types are systematically introduced in the present paper. These mathematical system analysis tools are quantitative ecological indicators that monitor the flow distribution and storage organization, quantify the direct, indirect, acyclic, cycling, and transfer (diact) effect and utility of one compartment directly or indirectly on another, identify the system efficiency and stress, measure the compartmental exposure to system flows, determine the residence time and compartmental activity levels, and ascertain the restoration time and resilience in the case of disturbances. The proposed dynamic system measures and indices, thus, extract detailed information about ecosystems' characteristics, as well as their functions, properties, behaviors, and various other system attributes that are potentially hidden in and even obscured by data. A dynamic technique for the quantitative characterization and classification of main interspecific interactions and the determination of their strength within food webs is also developed based on the diact effect and utility indices. Moreover, major concepts and quantities in the current static network analyses are also extended to nonlinear dynamic settings and integrated with the proposed dynamic measures and indices in this unifying mathematical framework. Therefore, the proposed methodology enables a holistic view and analysis of ecological systems. We consider that the proposed methodology brings a novel complex system theory to the service of urgent and challenging environmental problems of the day and has the potential to lead the way to a more formalistic ecological science. |
| Date: | 2018–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j2pd3&r=all |
| By: | Griffin, Greg Phillip (Texas A&M Transportation Institute) |
| Abstract: | Big changes in technology create big opportunities for sustainability. Decreasing the number of cars on the road through carpooling can mitigate many problems related to transportation, including traffic congestion, emissions, and safety. Mobile information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide communicative and financial capabilities, termed affordances; to make carpooling much more convenient. However, research has yet to distinguish the role of affordances in reaching a critical mass of drivers. This chapter showcases empirical results from an in-depth study of a carpooling app, coupled with an innovative policy pilot to provide toll road discounts for carpool trips registered with the program. Results from the pilot countered with a for-profit model suggest drivers require sufficient reimbursement for travel costs and coordination time, to reach a critical mass needed to support a competitive travel option. However, recruitment tactics such as paid and organic media coverage, face-to-face events and incentives, and driver-focused outreach support growth of the carpool system registration, and use. Additional studies are needed to evaluate different combinations of ridesharing affordances and transportation policies to determine whether communities can realize the benefits of a critical mass of ICT-supported carpooling. |
| Date: | 2018–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xqmhr&r=all |
| By: | Lacaze, María Victoria; Melo Contreras, Oscar |
| Abstract: | En las últimas décadas, se ha producido una significativa disminución de las medidas arancelarias al comercio de alimentos, junto con la expansión de diversos estándares de calidad que, para el caso de la pesca, son certificaciones ambientales establecidas mediante esquemas de eco-etiquetado, que señalizan la procedencia de las capturas. La información provista consolida mercados de productos diferenciados, cuya demanda puede contribuir a mejorar la gestión de la actividad. A su vez, el eco-etiquetado puede impactar en el comercio, pero, hasta el momento, no se disponía de análisis econométricos que brindaran evidencia al respecto. Este trabajo constituye la primera contribución econométrica a favor del eco-etiquetado como catalizador del comercio global de alimentos pesqueros. El panel de datos comprende los flujos mensuales bilaterales de exportaciones pesqueras de UN-Comtrade, a la que se incorporaron diferencias por calidad mediante la fusión de una base de datos auxiliar, elaborada a los fines del estudio. El período de análisis son 60 meses (ene-2010 a dic-2014). El trabajo estima un modelo gravitacional estructural, que permite analizar el comercio como resultado de la conjunción de factores de atracción y de fricción entre los países. Se incorpora el eco-etiquetado en dicho conjunto de factores, para estimar si el mismo favorece u obstaculiza el intercambio comercial. Los resultados indican que el comercio responde positivamente a la existencia de productos eco-etiquetados y que se ve estimulado cuanto mayor resulta la participación relativa de los flujos eco-etiquetados en el total de exportaciones. |
| Keywords: | Comercio Mundial; Productos Pesqueros; Modelo Gravitacional; |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3281&r=all |
| By: | Powdthavee, Nattavudh (University of Warwick); Oswald, Andrew J. (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | It is known that people feel less happy in areas with higher levels of nitrogen dioxide NO2 (MacKerron and Mourato, 2009). What else might air pollution do to human wellbeing? This paper uses data on a standardized word-recall test that was done in the year 2011 by 34,000 randomly sampled English citizens across 318 geographical areas. We find that human memory is worse in areas where NO2 and PM10 levels are greater. The paper provides both (i) OLS results and (ii) instrumental-variable estimates that exploit the direction of the prevailing westerly wind and levels of population density. Although caution is always advisable on causal interpretation, these results are concerning and are consistent with laboratory studies of rats and other non-human animals. Our estimates suggest that the difference in memory quality between England’s cleanest and most-polluted areas is equivalent to the loss of memory from 10 extra years of ageing. |
| Keywords: | Memory, air, pollution, particulates JEL Classification: NO2, PM10, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:441&r=all |
| By: | Patnaik, Ila (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy); Sane, Renuka (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy); Shah, Ajay (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of one flood on economic outcomes of households located in the region (Chennai, India). We measure the impact of the flood on income and consumption of households, and explore heterogeneity in impact by prosperity and financial constraints. We exploit a novel panel dataset (the CMIE CPHS) which covers 170,000 households in India, three times a year. We find that immediately after the floods, there was a sharp increase in consumption, which is reversed over a year. Expenditures are financed by not saving, or postponing asset purchases. The expenditure increase for the more vulnerable, or the financially constrained households, is smaller. This may be consistent with greater hardship for them. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:19/285&r=all |
| By: | Dahlke, Steven; Prorok, Matt |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates consumer savings, CO2 emissions reductions, and price effects from increasing demand response (DR) dispatch in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) electricity market. To quantify market effects, we develop a dynamic supply and demand model to explore a range of DR deployment scenarios. The study is motivated by the existence of regulatory and market rule barriers to market-based deployment of DR resources in the MISO region. We show annual consumer savings from increased market-based DR can vary from $1.3 million to $17.6 million under typical peak operating conditions, depending on the amount of DR resources available for market dispatch and the frequency of deployment. Consumer savings and other market effects increase exponentially during atypical periods with tight supply and high prices. Additionally, we find that DR deployment often reduces CO2 emissions, but the magnitude of emissions reductions varies depending on the emissions content of marginal generation at the time and location of deployment. The results of this study suggest regulators and other stakeholders should focus policy efforts to reducing regulatory barriers to DR deployment in wholesale markets, particularly in locations that experience high price spikes, to improve market efficiency and achieve cost savings for consumers. |
| Date: | 2018–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:d83bu&r=all |
| By: | Noemí Girbal-Blacha |
| Abstract: | A brief historical run from the formation of Argentine State (1880) to mid-twentieth century can contribute some knowledge to understand the main aspects of the northeast marginalization of the country in the long run, especially calling not only for the study of the forestry exploitation, its characteristics, its actors and interests but also for its features and effects of poor protective legislation of natural resources and its regional economies. The emphasis of this work is on the expression of an absent State or devoid of inclusive and protective public policies, at least on average 30 years and get to the late Forestry Regime of 1948 encouraged by Peronism from the national government. Characterising and interpreting these legislative aspects of the state action in marginal and bordering territories, beyond the interventionism, the planning and the popular nationalism, turn out the main objectives of this research about the power, the territory and the forestry exploitation. |
| Keywords: | territory, public policies, Argentina, forestry regime |
| JEL: | Q23 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:seh:wpaper:1906&r=all |