|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒01‒13
sixty-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Mukherjee, Sacchidandanda (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | Improving economic viability of Indian agriculture is contingent upon agrienvironmental sustainability (AES). For agriculture, environment acts as a sink of pollution load as well as inputs for production. Objective assessment of environmental impacts of Indian agriculture and impacts of polluted environment on agriculture are crucial for AES. The costs of polluted environment on agriculture will be borne by farmers in terms of loss of productivity and quality of farm produces. Comprehensive assessment of economic costs of environment on Indian agriculture is lacking. On the other hand, unless internalize environmental impacts of agriculture will be borne by the society - in terms of depletion and degradation of water resources, land degradation and emissions of GHGs. Environmental impact of agriculture will be largely borne by vulnerable sections of the society who cannot afford to adopt pollution aversion practices (or technologies) to avoid health hazards. Moreover, marginal and small farmers may also not be able to mitigate the impact of polluted environment on their farmland by adopting various coping mechanism (pollution averting behavior). Therefore agri-envirionmental sustainability of Indian agriculture is important for wellbeing of Indian farmers. In the absence of system of integrated environment and economic accounting (SEEA) in India, present paper builds a comprehensive agri-environmental sustainability index (AESI) based on 40 indicators to assess the potential (possible) impact of agriculture on environment. The study captures both spatial and temporal aspects of AES by covering 17 general category states for the period 1990-91 to 2013-14. The study comes out policy suggestions which could be useful to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. |
| Keywords: | agro-ecosystem environment ; agri-environmental sustainability ; agrienvironmental indicator ; sustainable agriculture ; environmental sustainability ; Indian states. |
| JEL: | Q56 Q15 C00 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:20/290&r=all |
| By: | Zineb Moumen (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah); Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi (USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah); Manuela Tvaronavičienė (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University); Abderrahim Lahrach |
| Abstract: | In the realms of Climate change impact, economic and population growth, and pollution, Water security, and sustainable development are paramount, for addressing the food-water-energy nexus and mitigating the impact of the cited drawbacks. The presented paper in the first part, emphasizes water security and sustainable development notions. In 2015 s the 2030 agenda were approved by 193 members of the United Nation, it consists of 17 goals (SDG) for environmental sustainability, social inclusion, economic development, peace, justice, good governance, and partnership. The 6th target of SDG is dedicated to clean water and sanitation since it is considered as one of the central focuses of Sustainable Development Goals. The second part is focused on Moroccan's water management plans. This latter elaborate a legal framework for water use, the law n° 36-15 that comprises the protection of human health through the regulation of exploitation, and provision of sanction. The green Morocco Plan (PMV) which aims first to develop modern agriculture aligned with the world global market requirement, and second to eliminate poverty by helping smallholder farming. The 140 dam's that Morocco counts provide strong support to economic growth. However, under the actual uncontrollable changing rate, Morocco is still threatened by low "water security", the access of drinkable water and sanitation services are improved but not totally covered, Moreover, the climate change |
| Keywords: | water security,sustainable development,Green Morocco Plan,SDG6,Moroccan Dam's policy |
| Date: | 2019–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02342701&r=all |
| By: | Francesco Lamperti; Mariana Mazzucato; Andrea Roventini; Gregor Semieniuk |
| Abstract: | While investments into renewable energy technologies are growing almost everywhere, the chances to meet ambitious emission and climate targets, as those envisaged in the Paris Agreement, are scant. To speed up the transition, policy makers need to design and implement a policy mix that could affect not just the quantity of green finance, but its quality as well. In this paper, we argue that a mission-oriented approach to the transition from an economy with high, to one with low greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with the state taking on the role of an entrepreneurial state, could provide an effective win-win strategy to address climate change concerns (embodied in emissions reduction and adaptation boosting) and build the basis for the next phase of growth and technological progress. In practice, this amounts to (i) abandoning the view that cost-internalization of environmental externalities would suffice to induce an effective transition (ii) developing a multi-level and cross-sectoral governance of the transition, with a clear direction in terms of the technological trajectory to favour, and (iii) designing a policy mix encompassing: fiscal instruments, targets and standards; public-private co-funding schemes; financial regulation; and disclosure practices. Social scientists should support such ambitious policy-design processes through adequate model development, where a combination of policies, and a directive role of the state, can be accommodated and examined in detail. |
| Keywords: | market-shaping; mission-oriented; green finance; renewable energies; transition; entrepreneurial state. |
| Date: | 2019–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2019/41&r=all |
| By: | Azam, Muhammad; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Hafeez, Muhammad Haroon |
| Abstract: | The central aim of this study is to contribute to the encroachment of knowledge on impact of tourism on environmental pollution by CO2 emissions ASEAN-3 namely Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore during 1990-2014. The FMOLS results reveal that the impact of tourism variable on environmental pollution is significantly positive, while for Thailand and Singapore, it is found negative and statistically significant. Empirical findings suggest that sustainable economic development should be ensured by implementing prudent public policy, where tourism industry needs to be expanded further but fulfilment of its responsibility towards maintaining green and sustainable environment must be top most priority. |
| Date: | 2019–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:6ze5m&r=all |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold (University of Pennsylvania); Glenn D. Rudebusch (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) |
| Abstract: | The downward trend in Arctic sea ice is a key factor determining the pace and intensity of future global climate change; moreover, declines in sea ice can have a wide range of additional environmental and economic consequences. Based on several decades of satellite data, we provide statistical forecasts of Arctic sea ice extent during the rest of this century. The best ?tting statistical model indicates that sea ice is diminishing at an increasing rate. By contrast, average projections from the CMIP5 global climate models foresee a gradual slowing of sea ice loss even in high carbon emissions scenarios. Our long-range statistical projections also deliver probability assessments of the timing of an ice-free Arctic. This analysis indicates almost a 60 percent chance of an e?ectively ice-free Arctic Ocean in the 2030s – much earlier than the average projection from global climate models. |
| Keywords: | Sea ice extent; climate models; climate change; climate trends; climate predi-tion; cryospheric science |
| JEL: | Q54 C22 C53 |
| Date: | 2019–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:19-021&r=all |
| By: | Mohammad Mehdi Rezaei Mahmoudi (Konkuk University); Juyeon Kim (Konkuk University) |
| Abstract: | Due to the rapid development of urban areas, citizens are facing several difficulties that are specific to the new era of urbanization. From the environmental perspective, most of the urban areas are dealing with limited natural resources and green spaces and causing environmental degradation. Since these can lead to a negative effect on the mental and health welfare, also the satisfaction of citizens, many metropolitan cities such as Seoul has recognized the necessity of green spaces. Green roofs has been strongly recommended as it can be an efficient method to increase the green space in a metropolitan area; hence Green roofs can be considered as an effective solution to address the citizens' needs and can fulfil the requirements of the infrastructure sustainability in metropolitan cities. However, still, there is a lack of information on the ideal Green Roofs that are consistent with the environmental standards and citizens? preferences. In order to address this shortage, this study aimed to review the main trends, types, functions, and the benefits of Green Roofs in the contemporary situation of Seoul city. Accordingly, this research is providing helpful insight in the planning scale about the impacts of pattern and function of green roofs in mega citifies. Practical implications will assist the managers to get familiar with the ideal shape and type of Green roofs, which will lead to environmentally friendly design, and sustainability of infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Green roof, Metropolitan cities, Sustainability, Mental welfare, Citizens? satisfaction |
| JEL: | O21 I31 O29 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912241&r=all |
| By: | Ilu, Ahmad Ibraheem |
| Abstract: | This Paper inquiries into analysis of the nexus between environmental quality and economic growth for the period 1990-2018. In an attempt to realize the major objectives of the study various researcher’s’ works on relevant studies were exhaustively reviewed. The study utilizes annual time series data for its analysis and data on Carbon emissions metric tons per capita, GDP, Energy use and Access to electricity as a percentage of total population were collected for the period under review. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model approach was applied to estimate long run and short run relationship among the aforementioned variables. Both the short run and long run levels result fairly distinct with each other that GDP is positively and insignificantly related to carbon emissions both in the short run and long run which implies that Kuznet’s Curve was not found in Nigeria, access to electricity was found to be negatively and significantly related to carbon emissions in the short run, ite in the short run. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emissions, GDP, Environmental Kuznet Curve, IPAT, ARDL |
| JEL: | Q47 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97369&r=all |
| By: | P. Perera (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London); Risa Morimoto (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London) |
| Abstract: | Mangrove forests are critical to protecting our environment against the damaging impacts of climate change. While a third of global mangrove species are found in Sri Lanka, considerable mangrove deforestation has occurred over the last few decades, primarily due to the expansion of shrimp farming. This has degraded the mangrove ecosystem and led to the depletion of fish population, in turn affecting the livelihoods of local communities who depend predominantly on fishing for their survival. This study quantitatively analyses household survey data collected from local communities in and around the Puttalam lagoon, northwest Sri Lanka, to explore the institutions that are used for fishing commons governance (using Elinor Ostrom’s (1990) design principles as a theoretical underpinning) and their relation to poverty and environmental (and commons) degradation. The analysis finds that mangrove conservation is considered important regardless of poverty level and that poverty is related to greater institutional adherence. While adherence to the design principles leads to greater sustenance of the fishing commons, certain design principles are found to be more important than others. In this study, we found monitoring is the most important design principle. |
| Keywords: | fishing commons, mangrove deforestation, Sri Lanka |
| JEL: | Q22 Q57 Q13 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soa:wpaper:229&r=all |
| By: | N. Kunesch (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London); Risa Morimoto (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London) |
| Abstract: | Characteristics of “wicked†problems have been applied to guide policymakers address complex, multi-faceted dimensions of social-environmental challenges, such as climate change and ecosystem management. Waste management exhibits many of these characteristics, however, literature which frames waste as a “wicked†problem is absent. Addressing this gap, this paper explores the extent to which institutional and legislative frameworks reduce waste generation, and highlights various challenges policymakers face when addressing waste management. Building a case around frameworks in the Philippines, this paper first provides a review of current waste management challenges before applying textual analysis to investigate how residual waste is addressed by existing legislation, and through ongoing legislative amendments and creation by the Philippine Congress. This research reveals discourse exists within the narrative of waste management policy. There are those policymakers with preference for greater command and control style policy and those with greater preference for reduced policy interventions. The former supports waste mitigation through encouraging and incentivising behavioural changes, while the latter emphasises increased reliance upon market-based solutions and technological innovation to reduce waste quantities. This paper ascertains debates surrounding waste management policy, such as those ongoing within Philippine congress, demonstrate that waste management can be considered as a “wicked†problem. This paper concludes successful waste management policies should be measured by reduction in waste quantities, waste volumes and the persistence of waste toxicity, in addition to decreased detrimental impacts to human and environmental health. Parameters such as these may guide policymakers navigate the “wickedness†of waste management. |
| Keywords: | wicked problems, waste management, waste pollution, plastic waste, the Philippines, government policy |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soa:wpaper:231&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuelle Reynaud (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); François Fulconis (CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, LBNC - Laboratoire Biens, Normes, Contrats - AU - Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Gilles Paché (CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | Agro-ecology is now considered as an alternative model to the industrial agricultural model. Faced with the limitations of conventional production models, agro-ecology is emerging today as a possible response to the challenges of the 21st century: food security, circularity, respect for the environment, and development of employment. More generally, the adoption of circular principles aims to decouple environmental pressure from agricultural productivism. Agro-ecology is a relevant research topic because it aims to ensure sustainable and resilient agricultural production, to empower local farmers, to protect the environment and to fight again climate change. This article focuses on the French Oasis projects, as part of the "Hummingbird movement" initiated by Pierre Rabhi, and which represent a successful agro-ecological experience, in economic, social and environmental terms. Different data were collected by compiling information available on the website of 76 Oasis projects across France: people living in the community; lodging possibilities; presence of a school; and direct relationship with local farmers. Then, a social factorial correspondence analysis and an environmental factorial correspondence analysis was realized to evaluate the impacts of environmental Oasis projects. The results show that profitable organizations seem to conduct more social and environmental actions in an agro-ecology context, and they put in place more actions than those who have no profitable aims. |
| Keywords: | Agro-ecology,environmental strategy,farming,Hummingbird movement,Pierre Rabhi |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02395815&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; , Abu N.M. Wahid |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Sustainable food security at the household level is one of the emerging issues for all nations. It is expected that the patterns of household resilience factors and adaptation practices have a strong linkage with household food security. The aim of this study was to seek an effective technique of adaptation for food security and the required types of support for adaptation to food insecurity among the poor and low income households in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: This study was based on primary data that were collected in Jul-Oct 2012 through a questionnaire survey among 460 poor and low income households from the Pahang, Kelantan, and Terengganu states of Malaysia. The samples were selected from E-Kasih poor household database based on a two-stage cluster random sampling technique. The study considered household food security as household food availability and food accessibility, and ran ordinal regressions to find out the linkages of household food security with household resilience factors, adaptation practices, and expected support for adaptation to food security. Findings: The study concludes that several resilience factors and adaptation practices were statistically significant to household food security, and several external supports were statistically and significantly needed to ensure household food security. Therefore, to ensure sustainable household food security in Malaysia, the food security programs needs to be integrated with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climatic changes adaptation programs, and the involvement of relevant stakeholders are crucial. Originality/value: This study is a pioneer work based on primary data that empirically measured the linkages of household food security with household resilience factors, adaptation practices, and expected support for adaptation to food security in Malaysia. This study also discussed some issues related to the climate change linkage, which would help future climate change research. The findings of the study will be beneficial for all the stakeholders, including policy makers related to the food security and climate change adaptation. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hkbwn&r=all |
| By: | Carl Gaigné (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Vincent Hovelaque (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Y. Mechouar (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Recent studies on facility location highlight that increasing the carbon price can ensure meaningful reductions in transport-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). In this paper, we propose to revisit the Production-Location Problem considering transport-related carbon emission mitigation due to carbon taxation and production technologies that allow complementarity or substitution among input quantities. We first show that cost-minimizing location may differ from carbon emission minimizing location, regardless of the production technology type. We also find that gradual changes in carbon tax affect the relative delivered prices of inputs such that the firm has an incentive to relocate its facility and substitute among input quantities, leading to new shipping patterns that do not necessarily cause a lower pollution. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability,Production technology,Location,Transport-related carbon emissions,Carbon tax |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02385726&r=all |
| By: | Waldemar Marz |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how income inequality can affect the polarization of heterogeneous party platforms on climate policy (here: carbon tax). The implied consequences for the uncertainty of climate policy can be relevant for risk-averse investors in "green" technologies. Households are heterogeneous with respect to income and preferences for environmentalism and preferred redistribution. A static gametheoretic model of two-dimensional political competition on a carbon tax (with distributional implications) and an income tax is combined with a model of a carbonintensive economy. For a higher inequality of pre-tax income and/or a higher salience of the issue of redistribution, polarization of the parties’ carbon tax proposals in the equilibrium can increase - even if the income tax is used to counteract the increase in income inequality. This result does not depend on the progressivity of the carbon-tax revenue recycling mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, inequality, political economy, multidimensional political competition |
| JEL: | H23 P16 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_319&r=all |
| By: | Rudik, Ivan (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are economists’ primary tool for analyzing the optimal carbon tax. Damage functions, which link temperature to economic impacts, have come under fire because of their assumptions that may be incorrect in significant, but a priori unknowable ways. Here I develop recursive IAM frameworks to model uncertainty, learning, and concern for misspecification about damages. I decompose the carbon tax into channels capturing state uncertainty, insurance motives, and precautionary saving. Damage learning improves ex ante welfare by $750 billion. If damage functions are misspecified and omit the potential for catastrophic damages, robust control may be beneficial ex post. |
| Date: | 2019–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nc43k&r=all |
| By: | Gramkow, Camila; Simoes, Pedro Brandao da Silva; Kreimerman, Roberto |
| Abstract: | O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o caso da Política Energética 2005-2030 (PE2005-2030) do Uruguai, no marco da abordagem “Big Push para a Sustentabilidade”, desenvolvida pela CEPAL. Caracterizada por diretrizes estratégicas, metas (de curto, médio e longo prazos) e linhas de ação, a PE2005-2030 forneceu um arcabouço para medidas que levaram à transformação da matriz energética do país. Em pouco mais de uma década, a participação de fontes renováveis no abastecimento energético uruguaio duplicou (passando de menos de 30% em 2006 para mais de 60% em 2017). |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, POLITICA ENERGETICA, INVERSIONES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY POLICY, INVESTMENTS, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2020–01–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col029:45057&r=all |
| By: | Dromi, Shai M.; Shani, Liron |
| Abstract: | Although there is burgeoning research on environmental activism, few studies have examined the interrelationship between nationalism and nature protection in detail. This article examines how groups manage the tension between national commitment and caring for the environment. It focuses on two opposing Israeli activist groups: a settler movement that aims to establish new communities in the fast‐dwindling Israeli open expanses and a “green” movement intent on preserving open spaces. Our observations, interviews, and textual analysis show that both groups believe themselves to be committed to the protection of nature, and that both groups see environmental responsibility as an integral aspect of their Zionist identity. However, the Israeli green movement sees abstaining from interventions in nature and adhering to sustainable development as Zionist because it preserves Israel for future generations. Conversely, the settler movement sees active intervention in nature—by building new communities, planting trees, and hiking—as the proper way to protect Israeli natural expanses and to maintain the livelihood of Israeli society. Our case study demonstrates that, although environmental movements often aspire to universalism, local movements also interlace environmentalism and nationalism in ways that generate multiple (and even contradictory) interpretations of the appropriate way to care for nature. |
| Date: | 2019–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cykxf&r=all |
| By: | Mathilde Maurel (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne; https://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr); Thomas Pernet (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne; https://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr); Zhao Ruili (Shangai University of International Business and Economics - Chine) |
| Abstract: | We study how a bank's involvement in a firm's financing may be in line with environmental policies pursued by the Chinese central government. Specifically, we evaluate the effectiveness of credit reallocation away from polluting projects when the government imposes stringent environmental policies. We combine the industries' financial dependencies with time, including cross-cities variation in policy intensity to identify the causal effect on the sulfur dioxide (SO2)emission. We find that SO2 emissions are lower in industries with high reliance on credits and stricter environmental regulations. Furthermore, our results suggest that locations with strong environmental policies lead firms to seek funding in less regulated areas, which confirms the pollution haven hypothesis |
| Keywords: | Banks; Financial Dependency; Environmental regulation; China |
| JEL: | F36 G20 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:19029&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Mary Oluwatoyin Agboola (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Andrew Adewale Alola (Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey); Festus Victor Bekun (Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | While most African economies are primarily sandwiched with the seemingly unsurmountable task of attaining consistent economic growth and unhindered energy supply, the enormous threat posed by environmental degradation has further complicated the economic and environmental sustainability drive. In this context, the present study examines the effect of economic growth, urbanization, electricity consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, and total natural resources rent on pollutant emissions in Africa over the period 1980-2014. By employing selected African countries, the current study relies on the Kao and Pedroni cointegration tests to cointegration analysis, the Pesaran’s Panel Pooled Mean Group-Autoregressive distributive lag methodology (ARDL-PMG) for long run regression while Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) is employed for the detection of causality direction among the outlined variables. The study traces long run equilibrium relationships b-etween examined indicators. The ARDL-PMG results suggest a statistical positive relationship between pollutant emissions and urbanization, electricity consumption and non-renewable energy consumption. Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) Granger causality test lends support to the long-run regression results. Bi-directional causality is observed between pollutant emissions, electricity consumption, economic growth and pollutant emissions while a unidirectional causality is apparent between total natural resources rent and pollutant emissions. Based on these results, several policy implications for the African continent were suggested. (a) The need for a paradigm shift from fossil fuel sources to renewables is encouraged in the region (b) The need to embrace carbon storage and capturing techniques to decouple pollutant emissions from economic growth on the continent’s growth trajectory. Further policy insights are elucidated. |
| Keywords: | non- renewable energy consumption; electricity consumption; economic growth; panel econometrics; Africa |
| JEL: | C32 Q40 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:19/093&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Murad, Wahid; Noman, Abu Hanifa Md.; Ozturk, Ilhan |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impacts of income, energy consumption and population growth on CO2 emissions by employing an annual time series data for the period 1970-2012 for India, Indonesia, China, and Brazil. The study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach considering both the linear and non-linear assumptions for related time series data for the top CO2 emitter emerging countries in both the short run and long run. The results show that CO2 emissions have increased statistically significantly with increases in income and energy consumption in all four countries. While the relationship between CO2 emissions and population growth was found to be statistically significant for India and Brazil, it has been statistically insignificant for China and Indonesia in both the short run and long run. Also, empirical observations from the testing of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis imply that in the cases of Brazil, China and Indonesia, CO2 emissions will decrease over the time when income increases. So based on the EKC findings, it can be argued that these three countries should not take any actions or policies, which might have conservative impacts on income, in order to reduce their CO2 emissions. But in the case of India, where CO2 emissions and income were found to have a positive relationship, an increase in income over the time will not reduce CO2 emissions in the country. |
| Date: | 2019–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8hq6z&r=all |
| By: | Tauzer, Erica; Borbor-Cordova, Mercy J.; Mendoza, Jhoyzett; de la Cuadra, Telmo; Cunalata, Jorge; Ibarra, Anna Stewart |
| Abstract: | Background: Populations in coastal cities are exposed to increasing risk of flooding, resulting in rising damages to health and assets. Local adaptation measures, such as early warning systems for floods (EWSFs), are urgently needed to reduce the risk and impact of flood events. The aim of this study was to assess community perceptions and self-reported actions in response to flooding in a tropical coastal city to inform flood risk reduction policies and programs. Methods: This qualitative case study was conducted in flood-prone areas in Machala, Ecuador, a coastal city exposed to seasonal floods and extreme floods during El Niño events. Adult community members from three periurban sites were invited to participate. Focus groups discussions (11 focus groups in total) were held with community members (n=65 people) from September to November 2014 to assess perceptions of flood exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and current alert systems. Focus groups discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded by topic; participatory maps were field validated, georeferenced, and digitized using GIS software. Results: Community members identified the presence of annual flooding during the rainy season, as well as greater than normal flood events (depths ranging from 0.5 to 3 meters), which recurred every 3-4 years in some communities. The deepest floods occurred during the 1982 and 1997/1998 El Niño events. Community members perceived that exposure to flooding depended on the rainfall coinciding with high ocean tides, and geographic proximity to blocked drainage areas, canals, and low local elevation. Participants reported that children were the most sensitive group due to increased susceptibility to skin infections and mosquito borne diseases (i.e., dengue fever). Other sensitive groups included the elderly, physically handicapped people, low-income families, and recent migrants. They identified persistent social-ecological vulnerabilities that increased flood risk and exposure in the urban periphery, such as inadequate access to garbage collection, homes settled in precarious low-lying geographies, economic barriers, lack of political access, and lack of social mobilization. In addition, communities expressed a lack of social capital (e.g. political voice), despite the existence of formalized community councils. Key neighborhood resources with respect to flooding included green areas, schools, nurseries, fire stations, health clinics, police stations, a retention wall (berm), and an emergency meeting place. Challenges for adaptive capacity existed primarily in actions related to the preparation and recovery stages of flooding. Despite the presence of an official flood warning system, community member relied on informal communication channels via social media. Conclusions: The flood vulnerability assessment framework and participatory research process utilized here can potentially inform studies in other flood-prone regions to guide the development of EWSFs and other climate change adaptation policies and actions. |
| Date: | 2019–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ygh92&r=all |
| By: | Murad, Wahid; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Islam, Mazharul |
| Abstract: | While CO2 emissions from the residential and commercial sectors of Japan have increased significantly since 1990 the country‟s industrial emissions make up the largest share of those emissions. The historical CO2 emission performance data also indicate that the iron and steel, chemical, paper and pulp and cement were the top four largest industrial emitters, and these top four emitting industries contributed nearly two-third of the industrial sector‟s total CO2 emission amount during 1990-2015. Evidently, any appropriate efforts or strategies guided by an empirical investigation like this are expected to help Japan‟s industrial emitters move toward a more tolerable and less polluted carbon footprint, which is well-matched with the country‟s commitment to Kyoto Protocol. This study is thus an effort to empirically investigate the causality and long-run trend/relationship between Japan‟s industrial production and CO2 emissions and to propose some corporate environmental strategies using the econometric techniques of Vector Error Correction (VEC) and Granger causality. It found that there exists no Granger causality between Japan‟s industrial production and CO2 emissions in any direction. But the VEC estimation reveals that an increase in Japan‟s industrial production by 1% is associated with a 0.08% increase in the country‟s CO2 emissions. It also reveals that any disequilibrium between Japan‟s industrial production and CO2 emissions could take about 0.7 quarters for half of the error to be corrected for. The adjustment rate for Japan‟s industrial production is found to be positive but quite slow at the rate of 0.08% per year. Since Japan‟s CO2 emissions vis-à-vis its industrial production is found to have reached above the long-run equilibrium level, its industrial sector is expected to encounter with stricter government regulations requiring reduction of CO2 emissions to the targeted/equilibrium level in the future. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zb2dv&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Talib, Basri; Siwar, Chamhuri; , Abu N.M. Wahid |
| Abstract: | This research aims at examining the direct and indirect impacts of climatic changes as well as the effects of non-climatic factors on household food security in Malaysia. The study is based on primary data collected in the months of July – October, 2012 through a questionnaire survey on 460 low income households from East Coast Economic Region (ECER) of the country. The samples were selected from E-Kasih poor household database, based on cluster random sampling technique. The statistical estimation was done through two-stage formative path measurement model by using nonparametric bootstrap procedure under Smart PLS. This study finds that household food insecurity ECER – Malaysia is not only related to social and economic factors, but also statistically significantly linked to the direct and indirect impacts of climatic factors. The policy implications of the study suggest that design of food security programs must be integrated with climatic change adaptation programs. The government and other relevant agencies should jointly develop appropriate policies for poverty alleviation, household level food security, and adaptation with climatic changes in Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:sfd3c&r=all |
| By: | Muryanti, Muryanti (Islamic State University Sunan Kalijaga); , Rokhiman |
| Abstract: | The massive scale of forest fire by big companies in Kapuas Hulu have caused smog disaster that affect surrounding areas suh as Kalimantan Island and Malaysia.These companies cleared land without considering season calendaras indigenous peopleof Dayak did. As a result, forest fire is uncontrollable that cause serious haze disaster. In contrast, the Dayak people have local wisdom called bambi‘ari to prevent forest fire. According to bambi ‘ari, Dayak people clear small scale land and use season calendar before fire the forest.This research concern swith bambi ‘ari’s implementation to prevent forest fire haze by using qualitative method to collect primary data. This research argues that as a local wisdom, bambi ‘ari was built upon collaboration among the Dayak people to develop social solidarity. Since the Dayak people rely heavily on natural resources, they set a system to help natural resources management, such as forest. This set of system called tembawang, applies season calendar to determine planting in the field and land clearing. Forest fire as a tool of land clearing, conducted in natural ways and in particular time to avoid haze disaster. Collaboration among the Dayak people occurred when they fire forest by monitoring hot spots and supplying water to prevent uncontrolled forest fire.This research concludes that the implementation of bambi‘ari as a long term natural resources management by the Dayak people enable haze disaster prevention |
| Date: | 2017–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wxtav&r=all |
| By: | Hassan Benchekroun (McGill University); Gerard van der Meijden (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Cees Withagen (IPAG Business School (Paris)) |
| Abstract: | We show that OPEC’s market power contributes to climate change by enabling producers of relatively expensive and dirty oil to start producing before OPEC reserves are depleted. We examine the importance of this extraction sequence effect by calibrating and simulating a cartel-fringe model of the global oil market. While welfare net of climate damage under the cartel-fringe equilibrium can be significantly lower than under a first-best outcome, almost the entire welfare loss is due to the sequence effect of OPEC’s market power. In our benchmark calibration, the cost of the sequence effect amounts to 15 trillion US$, which corresponds to 97 percent of the welfare loss. Moreover, we find that an increase in non-OPEC oil reserves decreases global welfare. In a counterfactual world without non-OPEC oil, global welfare would be 13 trillion US$ higher, 10 trillion US$ of which is due to lower climate damages. |
| Keywords: | cartel-fringe, climate policy, non-renewable resource, Her?ndahl rule |
| JEL: | Q31 Q42 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20200001&r=all |
| By: | Shapiro, Joseph |
| Abstract: | In the half century since the founding of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, public and private U.S. sources have spent nearly $5 trillion ($2017) to provide clean rivers, lakes, and drinking water, or annual spending of 0.8 percent of U.S. GDP in most years. Yet over half of rivers and substantial shares of drinking water systems violate standards, and polls for decades have listed water pollution as Americans’ number one environmental concern. We assess the history, effectiveness, and efficiency of the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act, and obtain four main conclusions. First, water pollution has fallen since these laws, in part due to their interventions. Second, investments made under these laws could be more cost-effective. Third, most recent studies estimate benefits of cleaning up pollution in rivers and lakes which are less than their costs, though these studies may under-count several potentially important types of benefits. Analysis finds more positive net benefits of drinking water quality investments. Fourth, economic research and teaching on water pollution is relatively uncommon, as measured by samples of publications, conference presentations, and textbooks. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, environmental regulation, water pollution, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act |
| Date: | 2019–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt0wf626w9&r=all |
| By: | Shunta Yamaguchi (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Many regional trade agreements (RTAs) contain chapters and articles that are environmentally specific. However, Parties can elect to more broadly incorporate environmental objectives in their RTAs to address their environmental concerns in such agreements. This report investigates in what ways RTAs could incorporate environmental objectives in chapters and articles related to subsidies for energy and environmental goods. It highlights the current state of play in incorporating provisions related to environmentally related subsidies in RTAs, and also illustrates possible ways to incorporate environmental objectives in RTAs based on existing practice and information. Regional disciplines on subsidies could be considered in RTAs with respect to the Parties’ environmental objectives in several ways, such as ensuring non-discriminatory measures, agreeing on a set of non-actionable subsidies, committing to phase-out certain subsidies, and securing greater transparency. |
| Keywords: | agreements, environment policy, environmental provisions, free trade agreements, regional trade agreements, subsidies, trade and environment, trade policy |
| JEL: | H23 F13 F18 R11 N50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2020/01-en&r=all |
| By: | Edward Wheatcroft; Henry Wynn; Kristina Lygnerud; Giorgio Bonvicini |
| Abstract: | Urban waste heat recovery, in which low temperature heat from urban sources is recovered for use in a district heat network, has a great deal of potential in helping to achieve 2050 climate goals. For example, heat from data centres, metro systems, public sector buildings and waste water treatment plants could be used to supply ten percent of Europe's heat demand. Despite this, at present, urban waste heat recovery is not widespread and is an immature technology. To help achieve greater uptake, three policy recommendations are made. First, policy raising awareness of waste heat recovery and creating a legal framework is suggested. Second, it is recommended that pilot projects are promoted to help demonstrate technical and economic feasibility. Finally, a pilot credit facility is proposed aimed at bridging the gap between potential investors and heat recovery projects. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1912.06558&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; Talib, Basri; , Abu N.M. Wahid |
| Abstract: | Sustainable food security at household level is one of the emerging issues for all nations. There are several factors such as social, economic, political, demographic, natural, and livelihood strategies that causes to the vulnerability of the status of household food security. Therefore examining the vulnerability of these factors is essential to identify the reason and recognize the most vulnerable communities. This study is an attempt to study on the vulnerability of the factors of household food utilization and its linkage with climatic changes in Malaysia. The study is based on primary data collected in the months of July – October, 2012 through a questionnaire survey on 460 low income households from East Coast Economic Region (ECER) in Malaysia. The samples were selected from E-Kasih poor household database, based on cluster random sampling technique. The study found that the vulnerability of the factors of household food utilization has increased statistically significantly over the last five years period due to difference between rural and city food quality, occurrences of natural disasters, incidences of mosquitoes, insects, pest, etc., and diseases like dengue, malaria, heat stretch, cold, skin disease, etc. This study suggests that the food security programs need to be integrated with climatic change adaptation programs to ensure more effective and sustainable household food security in future, especially among the poor and low income group. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:b5mnr&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; , Abu N.M. Wahid |
| Abstract: | Sustainable food security at household level is a national concern in many countries. The reasons for household food insecurity include social, economic, political, and personal factors as well as climatic changes and its outcomes. This research aims at finding out the linkage of the factors of climatic changes, non-climatic factors and household resiliencies with the level of household food security among the poor and low income households in Malaysia. This study is based on primary data that were collected in Jul-Oct 2012 through a questionnaire survey on 460 poor and low income households from the Pahang, Kelantan, and Terengganu States of Malaysia. The sample was selected from E-Kasih poor household database based on cluster random sampling technique. Initially the study measures household food security according to the USAID-HFIA model, and ran ordinal regressions under the logit and probit models. This study finds that household food insecurity is not only linked with social and economic factors, but also significantly linked with the climatic factors. Therefore, the food security programs need to be integrated with the adaption programs for climatic change. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xdpks&r=all |
| By: | Lubos Pastor; Robert F. Stambaugh; Lucian A. Taylor |
| Abstract: | We present a model of investing based on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. In equilibrium, green assets have negative alphas, whereas brown assets have positive alphas. The ESG investment industry is at its largest, and the alphas of ESG-motivated investors are at their lowest, when there is large dispersion in investors' ESG preferences. When this dispersion shrinks, so does the ESG industry, even if all investors' ESG preferences are strong. Greener assets are more exposed to an ESG risk factor, which captures shifts in customers' tastes for green products or investors' tastes for green holdings. Under plausible conditions, the latter tastes produce positive social impact. |
| JEL: | G11 G12 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26549&r=all |
| By: | Hertwich, Edgar (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | The production of materials is widely recognized to be an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a range of policy processes now aim at enhancing material efficiency and the circular flow of materials, but our understanding of the dynamics and drivers of material-related greenhouse gas emissions is limited. Current analyses do not cover all materials or all sources of emissions, and neither address the use of the materials in the economy nor their contribution to final consumption. Here I use hypothetical extraction to quantify the GHG emissions from material production in a newly constructed time-series multiregional input-output description of the global economy, and trace the carbon footprint of materials from production through manufacturing to final consumption. GHG emission from material production increased by 120% in the period 1995-2015 to 11 Gt CO2e; rising from 15% to 23% of global emissions. China accounted for 75% of the absolute increase. Two fifths of materials in terms of GHGs are used in construction, and two fifths are used in the manufacturing of machinery, vehicles and other durable products. Policies affecting the rapidly growing capital stocks in emerging economies hence offer the highest potential emission reductions from material efficiency. |
| Date: | 2019–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:n9ecw&r=all |
| By: | Shuyao Wu; Jiao Huang; Shuangcheng Li |
| Abstract: | To completely understand the effects of urban ecosystems, the effects of ecosystem disservices should be considered along with the ecosystem services and require more research attention. In this study, we tried to better understand its formation through the use of cascade flowchart and classification systems and compare their effects with ecosystem services. It is vitally important to differentiate final and intermediate ecosystem disservices for understanding the negative effects of the ecosystem on human well-being. The proposed functional classification of EDS (i.e. provisioning, regulating and cultural EDS) should also help better bridging EDS and ES studies. In addition, we used Beijing as a case study area to value the EDS caused by urban ecosystems and compare the findings with ES values. The results suggested that although EDS caused great financial loss the potential economic gain from ecosystem services still significantly outweigh the loss. Our study only sheds light on valuating the net effects of urban ecosystems. In the future, we believe that EDS valuation should be at least equally considered in ecosystem valuation studies to create more comprehensive and sustainable development policies, land use proposals and management plans. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2001.01605&r=all |
| By: | Xu, Ankai; Kouwoaye, Amèvi Rocard |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first in the literature to examine the impact of natural disasters on trade in services. We measure the magnitude of natural disasters using two distinct sets of variables and quantify the effect of natural disasters on trade in services using a structural gravity model. We find that, overall, natural disasters lead to a decline of services exports of the affected country but have ambiguous effects on its services imports. On average, a large natural disaster can reduce services exports by 2% to 3%. Capital-intensive service sectors such as transport and communications are most affected by a large natural disaster, with the negative impact on communications exports lasting for up to five years after a disaster. We also find consistently across all estimations that the negative impact of natural disasters on services trade is larger than that on merchandise trade. |
| Keywords: | international trade,gravity model,services,natural disasters,climate change |
| JEL: | F14 P48 L80 C23 Q54 H84 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd201912&r=all |
| By: | Goel, Shreya. |
| Abstract: | This working paper presents an overview of the challenges and opportunities of advancing decent work in the management of e-waste in Nigeria. It captures the complexity of the e-waste value chain and its impacts, and outlines several policy solutions for addressing decent work deficits and seizing opportunities for sustainable enterprises and green jobs creation in the management of e-waste in Nigeria. Alongside two complementary papers on decent work challenges and opportunities in the management of e-waste in Argentina and India, this paper is intended to enable policy makers and stakeholders to better understand the complexity of the e-waste challenge at the national level in different countries across the globe and to develop a knowledge base for making more informed decisions and taking action to advance decent work in the management of e-waste. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995050793302676&r=all |
| By: | Perina, Bianca.; Ratyński, Michał. |
| Abstract: | As a major generator of and destination for e-waste, India has been addressing the challenge of e-waste in its legislation since 2011. Many businesses, workers’ and civil society groups have been prompted to take further action to make recycling processes more sustainable. However, much remains to be done to protect the environment and human health and to advance decent work in the sector. This working paper presents an overview of the challenges and opportunities for addressing decent work deficits and promoting sustainable enterprises and green jobs creation in the management of e-waste in India. Alongside two complementary papers on decent work challenges and opportunities in the management of e-waste in Argentina and Nigeria, this paper is intended to enable better understanding by policy makers and stakeholders of the complexity of the e-waste challenge at the national level in different countries across the globe, and to develop a knowledge base for more informed decision-making and for taking action to advance decent work in the management of e-waste. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995052492102676&r=all |
| By: | Costa Synodinos (North-West University) |
| Abstract: | Preserving the natural environment has rapidly become a pressing matter amongst the youth in South Africa. This may result from the youth or Generation Y individuals being inundated with information pertaining to the deteriorating state of the natural environment. This tech-savvy cohort has grown up with environmental issues constantly being placed in the spotlight both towards them and on a worldwide scale. Consequently, heightened environmental awareness and environmental concern have kick-started green consumerism in South Africa and organisations have begun to notice. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a popular tool used in business practices to gain a competitive advantage targeted at environmentally conscious consumers. However, studies show that CSR does not always guarantee green purchase behaviour, especially when targeting the ambivalent Generation Y cohort. The focus of this study was to determine the effect environmental knowledge, attitude and subjective norm have towards African Generation Y students? green purchase behaviour in the South African context. The 332 data points were collected from full-time students currently enrolled in four South African higher education institutions in the Gauteng province. Statistical methods used to analyse the data included internal-consistency reliability and validity measures, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that African Generation Y students consider themselves to be knowledgeable over environmental issues, possess positive environmental attitudes and subjective norms. Additionally, these aspects positively predict African Generation Y students environmental purchase behaviour. The implications of this study will aid both practitioners and business organisations who are aiming to target the lucrative Generation Y cohort and gain a competitive advantage by implementing environmental practices. |
| Keywords: | environmental knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, green purchase behaviour, Generation Y students, South Africa |
| JEL: | M31 Q59 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912363&r=all |
| By: | Henri-Ukoha, A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295879&r=all |
| By: | JUNGHEE LEE (Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environment) |
| Abstract: | The standard method for the enumeration of environmental Legionella has several drawbacks including long incubation and poor sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to compare the result of culture and real-time PCR on detecting Legionella and to evaluate the usefulness of real-time PCR alongside traditional culture for enumeration of Legionella from water samples. The real-time PCR assays conducted to quantify Legionella spp. (16S rRNA gene) and L. pneumophila (mip gene). Each real-time PCR assay had 100% specificity and excellent sensitivity (5 GU/reaction). Legionella was enumerated in 200 environmental water samples. In the culture, 36 samples were positive and 164 samples were negative. Based on the culture, real-time PCR was a high negative predictive value of 99%, 35 samples were true positive, 105 samples were true negative, 59 samples were false positive and 1 samples were false negative. Quantitative analysis of the two methods showed a weak linear correlation (r2=0.29, r2=0.61, respectively). Real-time PCR analysis showed weak linear correlation (r2=0.29, r2=0.61) with the culture-based results. Although it is difficult to directly apply quantitative analysis results of real-time PCR in the enumeration of environmental Legionella, it can be used as a complementary means of standard methods to rapidly screen negative samples and to more accurately diagnose. |
| Keywords: | environment, Legionella, real-time PCR, culture |
| JEL: | I19 L65 O39 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9711393&r=all |
| By: | Tomasz Żylicz (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | I look at the urban greenery management as a principal-agent (PA) problem. In the case analysed in this paper the city mayor (the higher level) wants to maximize the pollution-mitigation capacity of trees planted, while the greenery manager (the lower level) wants to maximize the municipal budget devoted to planting trees subject to some constraints on the outcome of this activity. While the higher level wants certain services to be delivered in the future actually, the lower level is interested in potential benefits provided by the most attractive tree species, even though they will be delivered only partially and probably not in the long run. As a result, the theoretical "residual claimancy" condition required for so-called incentive compatibility does not hold, and the species composition of trees planted is different from what it would have been if the PA model implemented was incentive compatible. |
| Keywords: | Principal-agent models, urban trees |
| JEL: | H49 Q53 Q57 R59 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2019-21&r=all |
| By: | Fromm, Hansjörg; Ewald, Lukas; Frankenhauser, Dominik; Ensslen, Axel; Jochem, Patrick |
| Abstract: | Free-floating carsharing, i.e., carsharing that allows pick-up and return of a car anywhere within a specified area in a city, has now been available in European cities for more than 10 years. As an important example of the sharing economy, carsharing strives for a more efficient use of resources with positive economic, social, and environmental impacts. After a decade of operation and user experience, an evaluation seems appropriate. car2go and DriveNow, who merged into SHARE NOW in 2019, are the largest carsharing operators in the world. They commissioned this study to identify the impact of carsharing on vehicle holdings, modal shift, vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), and greenhouse gas emissions. The study was conducted in 2018 and 2019. It is based on a survey among car2go and DriveNow customers in 11 European cities. A previous study was performed by the University of California, Berkeley, for 5 North American cities in 2016 [7]. [...] |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:36&r=all |
| By: | Virginie Arantes; Can Zou; Yue Che |
| Abstract: | Complex environmental issues are leading local governments to collaborate with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the urban environmental governance sphere. While previous studies have emphasized how the Chinese government engages NGOs in service contracting to meet rising service demands, they have not provided empirical evidence of the outcomes of these collaborations at a local level. Based on a mixed methods research design developed from May 2016 to February 2017 in Shanghai, the impact of Aifen, an environmental NGO, is assessed in the context of municipal solid waste management. A total of 400 questionnaires were completed. 200 questionnaires in 10 communities where Aifen developed its activities and 200 questionnaires in 10 communities where no environmental NGO activities were accomplished. The results show that a local government-NGO collaborative governance approach enhances public participation and respond to state decentralization and rising environmental issues in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | Collaborative governance; NGO; Public participation; Service contracting; Shanghai; Survey questionnaire; Waste management |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/298771&r=all |
| By: | Nathalie Lazaric (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabrice Le Guel (UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11); Jean Belin (UB - Université de Bordeaux); Vanessa Oltra (UB - Université de Bordeaux); Sébastien Lavaud (UB - Université de Bordeaux); Ali Douai (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur , GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02387961&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Taufique, Khan Md. Raziuddin; Sayal, Azizullah |
| Abstract: | Changes in climatic factors have different impacts on different social groups. But the farmers are considered to be the most vulnerable group because of their direct and indirect dependency on climatic factors. This study aims to understand the nature of socioeconomic impacts of climatic changes on the farmers in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of 198 paddy farmers in the Integrated Agricultural Development Area at North-West Selangor of Malaysia in 2009. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ordinal scale and percentile. The study reveals that climatic changes have adverse impacts on agricultural productivity, profitability, income equality, employment, farmer’s health, and government subsidy policy. The Kuznets ratio and Gini coefficient indicate that there is highly unequal distribution of income. Climatic changes are contributing to the widening of this income gap, because poor farmers are affected more by the adverse effects of climatic changes. The current government subsidy policy is not found appropriate and adequate to support and encourage the farmers to adequately adapt to the climatic changes and to reduce the inequality among the farming community. The paper ends up with recommending some policy guidelines to counter adverse effects of climate change on income of paddy farmers in Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4uvdj&r=all |
| By: | Burgess, Robin; Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Olken, Ben |
| Abstract: | We use high-resolution satellite data to determine how Amazonian deforestation changes discretely at the Brazilian international border. We document two dramatic reversals. In 2000, Brazilian pixels were 37 percent more likely to be deforested, and between 2001 and 2005 annual Brazilian deforestation was more than three times the rate observed across the border. In 2006, just after Brazil introduced policies to reduce deforestation, these differences disappear. However, from 2014, amid a period of economic crisis and deteriorating commitment to environmental regulation, Brazilian deforestation rates jump back up to near pre-reform levels. These results demonstrate the power of the state to affect whether wilderness ecosystems are conserved or exploited. |
| Date: | 2019–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:67xg5&r=all |
| By: | Shapiro, Joseph S. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2020–01–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt8ph2590d&r=all |
| By: | Hollingsworth, Alex; Rudik, Ivan (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | Leaded gasoline is still widely used in the United States for aviation and automotive racing. Exploiting regulatory exemptions and a novel quasi-experiment, we find that leaded gasoline increases ambient lead concentrations, elevated blood lead rates, and elderly mortality. The estimated effects indicate the social cost of a gram of lead added to gasoline is over $1,100. Our results are the first causal estimates linking adult mortality to leaded gasoline, highlight the historic value of banning on-road leaded gasoline, demonstrate the costs of continued regulatory exemptions, and provide policy-relevant cost estimates of lead emissions at the lowest ambient levels to date. |
| Date: | 2019–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rdy6g&r=all |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Siwar, Chamhuri; Talib, Basri; , Abu N.M. Wahid |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Sustainable food security at the household level is one of the emerging issues for all nations. Several factors such as social, economic, political, demographic, natural, and livelihood strategies cause vulnerability in the status of household food security. This study is an attempt to examine the vulnerability of the factors of household food accessibility and its linkage with the climatic changes in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on primary data collected in the months of July – October, 2012 through a questionnaire survey on 460 low-income households from the East Coast Economic Region (ECER) in Malaysia. The samples were selected from E-Kasih poor household database, based on the cluster random sampling technique. The questionnaire uses a five-point Likert scale, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA F statistics for Chi-Square Two Sample Test. Findings: The study finds that the vulnerability of the factors of household food accessibility has increased statistically and significantly over the last five years in Malaysia, whereas the contributions of climatic factors are low on these changes. This study suggests that the food security programs in Malaysia need to be integrated with the climatic change adaptation programs to ensure more effective and sustainable household food security in the future. Originality/value: This study is an original work based on primary data that empirically measures the vulnerability of the factors of household food accessibility, one of the important dimensions of household food security, and its linkage with climatic changes. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8gq9v&r=all |
| By: | Florin Onea (Dunarea de Jos University of Galati); Liliana Rusu (Dunarea de Jos University of Galati) |
| Abstract: | The idea to develop offshore wind projects in enclosed seas is gaining momentum, especially in Europe, bringing attention to the investors and stakeholders from this sector. In this context, the aim of the present work is to assess the severity of the wind and wave conditions from the Black Sea area, that may influence the operations required to assembly a such project. A total of 30-years of data coming from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (wind data) and from a third-generation wave model (SWAN ? wave data) will be considered for assessment. According to the spatial distribution of the wind data (reported at 10 m height) was noticed a maximum downtime of 16% in the western part of this basin, value that can increase up to 24% if we take into account only the winter season. In the case of the waves, a maximum restriction of 12% can be expected for this region in winter, while reported to the full distribution an average of 4% may be reported. In terms of the number of windows (wave heights > 2.5 m), the 6-hour interval is the most frequent one while one opposite a full window of 96-hour is quite rare, being reported around one or two events. Finally, we can conclude that the western part of the Black Sea represents a suitable area for the development of an offshore wind farm, and the marine conditions are favorable for the development of a such project.Funding: This work was supported by a grant of Ministery of Research and Innovation, CNCS ? UEFISCDI, project number PN?III?P1?1.1?PD?2016?0235, within PNCDI III. |
| Keywords: | Black Sea; weather downtime; coastal area; wind speed; wave height |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9912126&r=all |
| By: | Beltrán, Allan; Maddison, David; Elliott, Robert J R |
| Abstract: | Economic theory suggests that, other things being equal, properties located within a floodplain should suffer a price discount. A survey of the existing evidence nonetheless reveals that this price discount lies anywhere between − 75.5% to a + 61.0% price premium. In this paper we summarise and explore the wide variation in the results to obtain ‘best’ estimates with which to guide policy. Results from our meta-analysis comprising 37 published works and 364 point estimates indicate marked differences between studies according to when and where they were conducted. For coastal regions the results show that properties located in the floodplain command higher prices; this finding is however likely to be caused by a high correlation between omitted coastal amenities and flood risk. There is moreover, evidence that publication bias affects the coastal flooding literature. Results from meta-regression analyses intended to uncover sources of heterogeneity confirm that controlling for time elapsed since the most recent flood is especially important. For inland flooding the price discount associated with location in the 100-year floodplain is − 4.6%. Although other estimates are defensible, we suggest this figure be used as a rule of thumb to determine the benefits of flood relief projects to households |
| Keywords: | Flood risk; Hedonic valuation; Meta-analysis; Meta-regression |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 R21 |
| Date: | 2018–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:86458&r=all |
| By: | Sellare, Jorge; Meemken, Eva-Marie; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | It is often assumed that voluntary sustainability standards – such as Fairtrade – could not only improve the socioeconomic wellbeing of smallholder farmers in developing countries but could also help to reduce negative health and environmental impacts of agricultural production. The empirical evidence is thin, as most previous studies on the impact of sustainability standards only focused on economic indicators, such as prices, yields, and incomes. Here, we argue that Fairtrade and other sustainability standards can affect agrochemical input use through various mechanisms with possible positive and negative effects. We use data from farmers and rural workers in Cote d’Ivoire to analyze effects of Fairtrade certification on fertilizer and pesticide use, as well as on human health and environmental toxicity. Fairtrade increases chemical input quantities and aggregated levels of toxicity. Nevertheless, Fairtrade reduces the incidence of pesticide-related acute health symptoms among farmers and workers. Certified cooperatives are more likely to offer training and other services related to the safe handling of pesticides and occupational health, which can reduce negative externalities in spite of higher input quantities. These results suggest that simplistic assumptions about the health and environmental effects of sustainability standards may be inappropriate. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gagfdp:300047&r=all |
| By: | Hubert Stahn (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EHESS, Ecole Centrale, AMSE, Marseille, France.); Agnes Tomini (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EHESS, Ecole Centrale, AMSE, Marseille, France.) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies a specific class of common-pool resources whereby rivalry is not characterized by competition for the resource stock. Artesian aquifers have been identified as a typical example, since the stock is never depleted, even when part of the resource is extracted. We first propose a dynamic model to account for relevant features of such aquifers-like water pressure, or well yield-and to characterize the corresponding dynamics. We then compare the social optimum and the private exploitation of an open-access aquifer. The comparison of these two equilibria allows us to highlight the existence of a new source of inefficiency. We refer to this as pressure externality. This externality results in the long run in an additional number of wells for the same water consumption, and hence additional costs. Finally, we characterize a specific stock-depend tax to neutralize the pressure externality. |
| Keywords: | common-pool resource, externality, optimal management, public regulation, dynamic optimization |
| JEL: | H21 H23 Q15 Q25 C61 |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:1935&r=all |
| By: | Shahriar, Shawon Muhammad; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Said, Jamaliah; Monzur-E-Elahi, Mohammad |
| Abstract: | The concept of Islamic entrepreneurship centers on ensuring community well-being as the priority, which is one of the important objectives (Maqasid) of the Islamic Shari’ah. Historically, waqf played a significant role in the Islamic economic system, particularly in rendering exemplary welfare services in the areas of healthcare, education, social welfare, environmental, and other community-based programs. However, only a few success stories in recent history have institutionally utilized the properties of waqf under proper management to achieve its substantial objectives. This study uses the literature review as basis to analyze the reasons behind the successful utilization of waqf as an effective tool to ensure social welfare services in the past, as well as how this model can be replicated by considering current contexts. This study will assist Islamic value-centric entrepreneurs, regulatory authorities, investors, and researchers to gain an overall insight into the potentials of waqf as a tool for rendering commendable social welfare services. |
| Date: | 2019–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8bfjy&r=all |
| By: | Julian T Chow |
| Abstract: | Belize’s tourism sector has witnessed impressive growth in recent years with overnight tourist arrivals registering double digit annual growth rates since 2016. To guide the development of the tourism sector from 2012 to 2030, the government endorsed a National Sustainable Tourism Master Plan in 2011, setting various initiatives and targets for the immediate and medium terms. Using a panel regression analysis on twelve Caribbean countries, this paper finds that accelerating structural reforms, fortifying governance frameworks, reducing crime, and mitigating the impact of natural disasters will help sustain tourism growth in Belize and contribute to economic well-being. This is in addition to tackling infrastructure bottlenecks and mitigating concerns relating to the “shared economy”. |
| Date: | 2019–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/267&r=all |
| By: | Funke, Katja (Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg); Hirschauer, Norbert; Peth, Denise; Mußhoff, Oliver; Becker, Oliver Arránz |
| Abstract: | Going beyond the rational choice approach used in conventional economics of crime, the question arises whether psychological personality traits analysis can contribute to a better understanding of non-compliance and, eventually, to the prevention of illicit behaviours. This study investigated how personality traits are related to compliance with environmental regulation in agriculture. The object of study was a water-protection rule that required farmers using fertilising to keep it a minimum distance away from nearby water bodies. Self-interested infringements can cause serious environmental damage to waters (negative externalities) through nitrogen runoff. In a survey among German farmers, we employed a 10-item version of the Big Five Inventory to measure the traits that are used as predictor variables in a regression analysis. The outcome variable was the farmers’ compliance behaviour in a business management game where rule-breaking was more profitable than rule-abidance. Some noteworthy findings were observed in the surveyed sample. (i) Neuroticism was positively related to ‘overall compliance’, measured as a binary yes/no variable; that is, more anxious farmers were less prone to rule-breaking. Surprisingly, however, a positive relationship between neuroticism and compliance was not found when looking separately at the deviant subgroup; here, greater neuroticism was associated with more severe rule violations, in terms of illicitly fertilised acreage. (ii) In the deviant subgroup, as might have been expected, higher levels of conscientiousness were associated with less severe rule-violations. Contrary to expectations, again, higher levels of agreeableness were linked to more severe non-compliance. A substantial positive relationship was found between extraversion and the severity of non-compliance, in accordance with ex-ante expectation. For openness to experience, no noteworthy results were obtained. The results indicate that agents with heterogeneous personality traits might react differently to identical economic and institutional environments. Moreover, it is suggested that, other than traits, there is another quality in agents (e.g. social control) that may have a decisive influence on their belonging to the compliant or non-compliant subpopulation. Farmers’ responses to changes brought forward by regulators who aim to prevent rule-breaking might therefore differ as well. |
| Date: | 2019–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jnexr&r=all |
| By: | Totouom, Armand |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295704&r=all |
| By: | Widayati, Ratna; Andani, Misa Nora |
| Abstract: | Pasal 29 ayat (2) dalam UU Perbankan menyatakan bahwa “ Bank wajib untuk memelihara tingkat kesehatan bank sesuai dengan ketentuan aspek kecukupan modal, kualitas aset, kualitas manajemen, likuiditas, rentabilitas, solvabilitas, dan aspek lain yang berhubungan dengan usaha bank, dan wajib melakukan kegiatan usaha sesuai dengan prinsip kehati-hatian”. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut maka tidak ada alasan apapun bagi pihak bank untuk tidak melaksanakan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam menjalankan usahanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan bagaimana pelaksanaan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pemberian kredit konsumtif pada Bank Nagari Cabang Siteba. Untuk memperoleh data dalam tugas akhir ini dilakukan penelitian kepustakaan dan penelitian lapangan. Penelitian kepustakaan yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data sekunder yang bersifat teoritis sedangkan penelitian lapangan dilakukan guna memperoleh data primer melalui wawancara. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa pelaksanaan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pemberian kredit konsumtif pada Bank Nagari Cabang Siteba dapat dilihat dalam beberapa proses tahapan mulai dari permohonan kredit sampai dengan realisasi kredit dan dilanjutkan dengan pengawasan kredit. Hambatan yang dihadapi oleh Bank Nagari Cabang Siteba dalam pemberian kredit konsumtif adalah hambatan eksternal. Upaya yang dilakukan oleh Bank Nagari Cabang Siteba untuk mengatasi hambatan tersebut adalah dengan melakukan peringatan dini, melakukan penagihan langsung kepada nasabah debitur, melakukan rescheduling, reconditioning, restructuring, asuransi kredit, dan yang terakhir yaitu pelelangan agunan. Disarankan dalam menyalurkan kredit konsumtif pihak Bank Nagari Cabang Siteba agar lebih meningkatkan pada pengawasan kredit mulai dari kredit direalisasikan sampai dengan kredit lunas. Tujuannya agar terhindar dari kredit bermasalah. |
| Date: | 2019–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fgc4r&r=all |
| By: | Santoso, Daisy Christiana (STP AMPTA Yogyakarta) |
| Abstract: | this article triesto realize a solution how to make use of geology for eco-tourism and economic activities at the site management level. the paradigm in the management of geowisata is how the management of tourism is able to optimize the potential of natural damage. therefore this article attempts to recommed a geotourism management model. the management of geotourism is in five main focus, including formulating of natural potential that can be used for geotourism activiting, formulating criteria of geo-tourism destination, geotourism management, formulating geotourism in geotourism activities, finally on indicators of success or from geotourism output |
| Date: | 2018–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jt2a9&r=all |
| By: | Cerna-Turoff, Ilan; Fischer, Hanna-Tina; Mayhew, Susannah; Devries, Karen |
| Abstract: | Objectives: Reviews of violence against children in disaster settings focus on armed conflict. Little is understood about natural disasters which has implications in planning humanitarian response. We examined the magnitude and direction of the association between exposure to natural disasters and physical, emotional, and sexual violence against children, and assessed the quality of the evidence. Methods: We searched 15 health and social science databases from first record until May 16, 2018. Publications describing all types of quantitative study design were eligible for inclusion. We presented study characteristics and quality in a narrative form and generated pooled estimates using a three-level random effects model. We evaluated Cochrane’s Q with p-values below 0.10 and radial plots to assess heterogeneity. Planned subgroup analyses explored differential results by violence form, study design, and analysis method. Results: 11 publications met inclusion criteria. The majority were cross-sectional studies examining physical or sexual violence in the United States. We found no evidence of a consistent association or directional influence between natural disasters and violence against children. Pooled estimates for combined outcomes had substantial heterogeneity [categorical outcomes: Q (df = 44) = 205.43, p < 0.001 and continuous outcomes: Q (df = 4) = 68.63, p < 0.001]. Subgroups without evidence of heterogeneity had confidence intervals that included a possible null effect. Our findings were mainly limited by inconsistencies in operational definitions of violence, a lack of representative sampling, and unclear establishment of temporal order between natural disaster exposure and violence outcomes. Conclusions: Based on the available evidence, we cannot confidently conclude that natural disasters increase the level or severity of violence against children above non-disaster settings, however heterogeneity and study quality hamper our ability to draw firm conclusions. More nuanced and rigorous research is needed to inform practice and policy as natural disasters increasingly affect human populations. |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bhu3w&r=all |
| By: | Sierra, Jazmin; Hochstetler, Kathryn |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how transnational advocacy networks can influence international development finance. Transnational activists shaped the World Bank’s lending by increasing its transparency and limiting its socio-environmental impacts. Developing countries can now look towards rising economic powers’ national development banks to finance their infrastructure and energy projects. These banks weak transparency and socio-environmental standards poses a new challenge for transnational activism. Can activists leverage strategies used in World Bank reform to influence emerging power national development banks? We argue that whether a target is a supranational or national institution shapes the deployment and effectiveness of activist influence strategies. A supranational mandate and structure facilitates the deployment and effectiveness of a direct strategy focused on the transnational level, targeting the bank itself, and an indirect strategy focused on the national contexts of the bank’s shareholders and borrowers. In contrast, a national mandate and structure encourages the deployment of influence strategies solely in the context of the lending state, and the greater effectiveness of indirect strategies rather than direct strategies. We illustrate our argument by exploiting variation in the success across campaigns of a transnational network created to reform the Brazilian National Development Bank. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2017–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:79089&r=all |
| By: | Mei-Line Le Goueff-Duong (Université de Poitiers - Faculté de Droit et Sciences sociales - Université de Poitiers) |
| Abstract: | Afin d'accroitre sa légitimité et d'exporter son modèle unique d'intégration du développement durable dans ses politiques et sa législation vers les autres pays, tels que le Vietnam, l'Union européenne conclut des accords de libre-échange de nouvelle génération. Ainsi, l'accord de libre-échange (ALE) UE-Vietnam permet, d'une part, de renforcer la connectivité économique et les liens diplomatiques et « amicaux » entre l'Union européenne et le Vietnam, et d'autre part, de créer des mécanismes innovants intégrant les critères environnementaux et sociaux au sein des instruments économiques, en particulier le commerce international. |
| Keywords: | Développement durable — Accord de libre-échange — Droit de l’environnement — Droits sociaux — Coopération — Commerce international — Pays en développement |
| Date: | 2019–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02389640&r=all |
| By: | Sogari, Giovanni; Velez-Argumedo, Catalina; Gómez, Miguel I.; Mora, Cristina |
| Abstract: | Gómez |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2020–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea19:300040&r=all |
| By: | Animashaun, Jubril O. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295905&r=all |