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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Magda, Robert; Onalan, Mehmet |
| Abstract: | In this essay we analysethe global problems which are connected with limited – mainly fossil – resources and population growth, and focusing those possibilities – renewable resources – which can help us to substitute them. The climate change that threatens the entire human race – and has been proven to accelerate due to human activities – requires quick action. Greenhouse gases must be reduced and we have to prepare for weather anomalies associated with climate change. Increasing energy efficiency and the use of environmentally sound technologies are important issues of cost-effectiveness in the economy. Our goal is to develop and generalize technologies with low carbon intensity throughout the total life cycle in order to reduce the effects of pollution and climate change. A shift towards “green economy” also raises doubts and carries risks. It is advisable to analyse the effects of climate change so that humanity may be able to prepare for the changes. The future is not written yet and all options are open, but there is not much time left. If we do not change our behaviour, the idea of a sustainable future will simply be mirage and nothing more. We analyse population growth and the exponentially increasing energy consumption we have crossed the limits of the Earth's biological carrying-capacity. One of the key factors, of showing the way to draft, the future prospects and strategies, which are based on the results of sciences. However, we can attain results only if – with the presence of renewable resources – we use innovations that provide living in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296707&r=all |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This report showcases how triangular co-operation can contribute to achieving ‘green’ objectives (e.g. on climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, biodiversity, desertification, and local environmental issues). Data collected through an OECD survey on triangular co-operation (2015) and desk research uncovered 224 triangular projects targeting green objectives, involving 91 countries and international organisations, out of a total of 658 triangular co-operation projects for the period 2014-18. Given the available evidence (data, evaluations and interviews with project managers), the report shows that triangular activities can deliver green goals in innovative, flexible and cost-effective ways within and across regions – and thus could help accelerate implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and other international green agreements (e.g. the Paris Agreement). Nevertheless, there are several barriers that prevent further deployment of this modality, including lack of awareness on triangular co-operation among the different green communities, insufficient evidence on the potential of green triangular co-operation, and few dedicated vehicles that can pilot and scale-up successful initiatives. The report proposes a number of recommendations for policy makers to overcome these barriers. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, development co-operation, environment, green growth, green policy, green triangular co-operation, sustainable development |
| JEL: | O13 O19 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:21-en&r=all |
| By: | Cibulka, Stefan; Giljum, Stefan |
| Abstract: | The relationship between economic affluence, quality of life and environmental implications of production and consumption activities is a recurring issue in sustainability discussions. A number of studies examined selected relationships, but the general implications for future development directions of countries at different development stages are hardly addressed. In this paper, we use a global dataset with 173 countries to assess the overall relationship between resource footprints, quality of life and economic development over the period of 1990-2015. We select the Material Footprint and Carbon Footprint and contrast them with the Human Development Index, the Happiness Index and GDP per capita. Regression analyses show that the relationship between various resource footprints and quality of life generally follows a logarithmic path of development, while resource footprints and GDP per capita are linearly connected. From the empirical results, we derive a generalised path of development and cluster countries along this path. Within this comprehensive framework, we discuss options to change the path to respect planetary and social boundaries through a combination of resource efficiency increases, substitution of industries and sufficiency of consumption. We conclude that decoupling and green growth will not realise sustainable development, if planetary boundaries have already been transgressed. |
| Keywords: | Decoupling; Post-Growth; Planetary Boundaries; Quality of Life; Resource Footprints; Sustainable Development |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:7334&r=all |
| By: | , European Marine Board; Austen, Melanie; Andersen, Peder; Armstrong, Claire; Döring, Ralf; Hynes, Stephen; Levrel, Harald; Oinonen, Soile; Ressurreição, Adriana; Coopman, Joke |
| Abstract: | The main aim of this publication is to highlight the current thinking in ecosystem service valuation for the marine environment. Valuation of the benefits stemming from marine ecosystem services, including often unnoticed benefits to society, can help to assess the long-term sustainability of blue growth, support policy development and marine management decisions, and raise awareness of the importance of the marine environment to society and in the economy. Recommendations are made on how to incorporate outputs from valuation studies into the traditional analyses used in resource and environmental economics and into the European marine policy landscape and related management and decision making choices. The publication is primarily aimed at stakeholders interested in valuation of marine ecosystem services and natural capital accounting, spanning diverse roles from commissioning, managing, funding and coordinating, to developing, implementing, or advising on, marine ecosystem service and natural capital programmes. Such programmes will have strategic and policy drivers but their main purpose may vary from predominantly research driven science to provision of valuation data and reporting to legally-binding regulations or directives. The main focus is on European capabilities but set in a global context with the various actors spanning a variety of geographical scales from national to regional and European. Key stakeholder organizations include environmental or other agencies; marine research institutions, their researchers and operators; international and regional initiatives and programmes; national, regional and European policy makers and their advisors. It will also be of interest to the wider marine and maritime research and policy community. The publication recommends: 1. Marine ecosystem valuation should be used to support policy making, regulation and management and decision making; 2. The quality and availability of monetary and non-monetary valuation data should be improved and increased through research, development and implementation actions; 3. The spatial and temporal dimensions of ecosystem valuation need to be mapped and their implications for policy and management decisions assessed; 4. In order to strengthen the use and derivation of ecosystem service values to support policy, regulation and management, underpinning research and development actions should be undertaken: a. To improve understanding of the role of marine biodiversity and ecosystem processes in providing services and benefits; b. To improve modelling approaches to support ecosystem valuation and decision making; 5. Systems to enable and use marine natural capital accounting and enhance the experimental ecosystem accounts should be further developed and implemented including: a. A natural capital portfolio approach utilising existing marine data sets and assessment results and addressing scale and aggregation as well as ecosystem degradation; b. Valuation methods for both ecosystem services and assets that can be standardised and are compatible with National Accounting; c. Payment for marine ecosystem services and other financing mechanisms to restore marine natural capital and improve its sustainable use. |
| Date: | 2019–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:vy3kp&r=all |
| By: | Grant, Don; Jorgenson, Andrew; Longhofer, Wesley |
| Abstract: | Climate change is arguably the greatest threat to society as power plants, the single largest human source of heat-trapping pollution, continue to emit massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. Sociologists have identified several possible structural determinants of electricity-based CO2 emissions, including international trade and global normative regimes, national political–legal systems, and organizational size and age. But because they treat these factors as competing predictors, scholars have yet to examine how they might work together to explain why some power plants emit vastly more pollutants than others. Using a worldwide data set of utility facilities and fuzzy-set methods, we analyze the conjoint effects of global, political, and organizational conditions on fossil-fueled plants’ CO2 emissions. Findings reveal that hyperpolluters’ emission rates are a function of four distinct causal recipes, which we label coercive, quiescent, expropriative, and inertial configurations, and these same sets of conditions also increase plants’ emission levels. |
| Date: | 2018–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:r2fyt&r=all |
| By: | Borowski, Piotr; Patuk, Iarosav |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development is the progress which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a system—a system that connects space and a system that connects time. When we think of the world as a system over space, we grow to understand that air pollution from power plants of North America affects air quality in Europe and Africa, and that tragedy of nuclear station in Fukushima could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia. And when we think of the world as a system over time, we start to realize that the decisions of our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today and the economic policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults. Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the definition which is the most frequently quoted comes from the Brundtland Report (3.27). Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This means meeting the diverse needs of all people in existing and future communities, (1) promoting personal wellbeing, (2) social cohesion and inclusion, and (3) creating equal opportunity. From the agricultural point of view, the three points mentioned above concerning the sustainable development, can be describe as: a) Food Security - Sustaining the Potential. Food security requires attention to questions of production and distribution, It can be furthered by land reforms, and by policies to protect vulnerable subsistence farmers, pastora1ists, and the landless. b) Species and Ecosystems - Resources for Development. Conservation of living natural resources - plants, animals, and micro-organisms, and the non-living elements of the environment on which they depend - is crucial for development. c) Energy - Choices for Environmentand Development. Energy is necessary for daily survival. Future development crucially depends on its long-termavailability in increasing quantities from sources that are dependable, safe, andenvironmentally sound. At present, no single source or mix of sources is at hand to meet thisfuture need. Many macro and micro analysis on the influence of the growth-oriented agricultural policies have showed that achievements in increasing food production have been attained at the expense of depleting the environmental and natural resources, that are indispensable for the sustainability of any agricultural systems.Sustainability and sustainable development have become issues of global policies over the past two decades. Continuously and systematically transforming of the agricultural sector for the age of sustainable developmentrequires tracking these interactions, evaluating if objectives are being achieved and allowing for adaptive management within the diverse agricultural systems that make up global agriculture |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296708&r=all |
| By: | ARTENE, Alin |
| Abstract: | Trying to find solutions for trivalent durability (economic / financial, social and environmental issues) is becoming more and more a preoccupied concerns of many specialists. In this paper we make some references to the Romanian researchers focus on the issue of sustainable development, especially with Professor Ionel Bostan, which operates at the universities of Iasi and Suceava (RO). His work, published in several scientific journals indexed in international databases, addresses issues related to promoting natural capital, the right of future generations to a healthy environment, eco-investments, green tourism, green energy, environmental audit, economy and public health financing and then, because "People are at the forefront of sustainable development”, issues related to the human factor. |
| Date: | 2018–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jc6f5&r=all |
| By: | Suarez, Ronny |
| Abstract: | The 2015 Paris Agreement represents a restarting point for combating climate change. The Agreement introduces the National Determined Contributions (NDC) to control greenhouse gas emissions. This paper provides a step-by-step framework to evaluate Panama’s renewable energy contribution commitment in terms of CO2eq mitigation. Monte Carlo Simulations are used to compute dynamic scenarios of MtCO2eq emissions determining that the occurrence of delays in the entry into operation of specific projects combined with the presence of El Niño phenomenon could increase, up to 45%, the value of the CO2eq emissions compared against baseline scenario. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Paris Agreement, NDC, Panama, CO2eq, Monte Carlo |
| JEL: | A1 C8 |
| Date: | 2019–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97022&r=all |
| By: | Jones, Peter JS Dr |
| Abstract: | The governance frameworks for Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP) and Shark Bay Marine Park (SBMP) are explored, employing the MPA governance analysis framework. Both face similar conflicts typical of ecotourism, particularly related to the impacts of recreational fishing and marine wildlife tourism. A high diversity of incentives is found to be used, the combination of which promotes effectiveness in achieving conservation objectives and equity in governance. Highly evolved regulations have provided for depleted spangled emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus) stocks in NMP to stabilise and begin recovery, and pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) stocks in SBMP to recover from past depletions, though there are still concerns about recreational fishing impacts. The governance frameworks for marine wildlife tourism are considered extremely good practice. Some incentives need strengthening in both cases, particularly capacity for enforcement, penalties for deterrence and cross-jurisdictional coordination. In NMP there was also a need to promote transparency in making research and monitoring results available, and to address tensions with the recreational fishing sector by building linkages to provide for their specific representation, as part of a strategy to build trust and cooperation with this sector. Both case studies represent world-leading good practice in addressing proximal impacts from local activities, but in the longer-term the foundation species of both marine parks are critically threatened by the distal impacts of climate change. A diversity of incentives has promoted resilience in the short-term, but global action to mitigate climate change is the only way to promote the long-term resilience of these iconic marine ecosystems. |
| Date: | 2019–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:2w7ca&r=all |
| By: | Stafford, Richard; Jones, Peter JS Dr |
| Abstract: | We agree with Avery-Gomm et al. that we should not separate out environmental issues. We also agree with them over the relative threat of plastic to our oceans. However, recent evidence on the ‘spillover effect’ of pro-environmental behaviours and on public attitudes to threats to areas such as the Great Barrier Reef suggest common consumerist and political approaches to tackle plastic pollution can cause a distraction from issues caused by climate change and biodiversity loss. We reiterate that we need political changes to address overconsumption in order to make real progress on all environmental issues |
| Date: | 2019–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:sk5qa&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Klain, Sarah C.; Beveridge, Rachelle; Bennett, Nathan |
| Abstract: | Under appropriate conditions, community-based fisheries management can support sound resource stewardship, with positive social and environmental outcomes. Evaluating indigenous peoples’ involvement in commercial sea cucumber and geoduck fisheries on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, we found that the current social-ecological system configuration is relatively ecologically sustainable according to stock assessments. However, the current system also results in perceived inequities in decision-making processes, harvesting allocations, and socioeconomic benefits. As a result, local coastal resource managers envision a transformation of sea cucumber and geoduck fisheries governance and management institutions. We assessed the potential robustness of the proposed institutions using Elinor Ostrom’s common-pool resource design principles. Grounded in the region’s legal, political, and historical context, our analysis suggests that greater local involvement in these invertebrate fisheries and their management could provide more benefits to local communities than the status quo while maintaining an ecologically sustainable resource. Our research highlights the importance of explicitly addressing historical context and equity considerations in social-ecological system analyses and when renegotiating the institutions governing common-pool resources. |
| Date: | 2018–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:5dyce&r=all |
| By: | Grozavu, Adrian; MIHAI, Florin Constantin |
| Abstract: | Changes in the contemporary world materialized in particular through population growth and mobility, urbanization, and economic expansion also result in an increased exposure of people and assets to extreme events and impose, implicitly, adequate management of induced risks. The occurrence of natural and anthropogenic risk phenomena, known as hazards, puts a heavy tribute on disaster-sensitive human communities regardless of their level of development. The magnitude of the disasters and their increasing frequency and severity imply the need for their approach by the entire world community and for global action. Knowledge of risks becomes a sine qua condition in carrying out impact studies, risk prevention plans, spatial planning plans, and, in general, a condition for effective management of natural resources or sustainable development projects. |
| Date: | 2018–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9t6mw&r=all |
| By: | MIHAI, Florin Constantin |
| Abstract: | The lack of proper waste collection systems leads to plastic pollution in rivers in proximity to rural communities. This environmental threat is more widespread among mountain communities which are prone to frequent flash floods during the warm season. This paper estimates the amounts of plastic bottles dumped into the Izvoru Muntelui lake by upstream rural communities. The plastic pollution dimension between seasonal floods which affected the Bistrita catchment area during 2005–2012 is examined. The floods dumped over 290 tonnes of plastic bottles into the lake. Various scenarios are tested in order to explain each amount of plasticwaste collected by local authorities during sanitation activities. The results show that rural municipalities are responsible for 85.51% of total plastic bottles collected during 2005–2010. The source of plastic pollution is mainly local. The major floods of July 2008 and June 2010 collected most of the plastic bottles scattered across the Bistrita river catchment (56 villages) and dumped them into the lake. These comparisons validate the proposed method as a reliable tool in the assessment process of river plastic pollution, which may also be applied in other geographical areas. Tourism and leisure activities are also found to be responsible for plastic pollution in the study area. A new regional integrated waste management system should improve the waste collection services across rural municipalities at the county level when it is fully operational. This paper demonstrates that rural communities are significant contributors of plastics into water bodies. |
| Date: | 2018–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ymzx7&r=all |
| By: | Bryson, Chelsey |
| Abstract: | In 2015, the historic Paris Agreement set a global goal of limiting warming to “well below 2 degrees” through a robust, country-driven framework. Unfortunately, just two years later, it is increasingly clear that the global community is not on track to meet this objective. This is evidenced by recent studies projecting that temperatures may increase by between 2.7-3.7°C by 2100, and continue to rise for many centuries thereafter given inertia in the climatic system.1 Further, the IPCC is increasingly including Negative Emissions Technology (NETs) in their models in order to achieve the 2-degree target. While many hear the term ‘CDR’ and think of Bioenergy and Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) or Direct Air Capture (DAC), blue carbon is a lesser-known but low-cost and effective CDR option that can help meet the goals set out in Paris. |
| Date: | 2018–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:h76wz&r=all |
| By: | Mullins, Jamie (University of Massachusetts Amherst); White, Corey (California Polytechnic State University) |
| Abstract: | Differential access to health care is commonly cited as a source of heterogeneity in the health effects of environmental exposure, yet little causal evidence exists to support such claims. We test this hypothesis by utilizing exogenous variation in both access to health care and environmental exposure. Variation in access to care is derived from the roll-out of Community Health Centers (CHCs) across US counties in the 1960s and 1970s, and variation in environmental exposure comes from random year-to-year fluctuations in ambi-ent temperature within counties. We find that the provision of primary care through CHCs mitigates the relationship between heat and mortality by approximately 15%. Our results suggest that differential access to health care does contribute to observed heterogeneity in environmental health damages, and that improving access to primary care may be a useful means of mitigating harm from a warming climate. |
| Keywords: | health care, access, climate, temperature, environment |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 Q50 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12717&r=all |
| By: | Stafford, Richard; Jones, Peter JS Dr |
| Abstract: | Ocean plastic is a contemporary focal point of concern for the marine environment. However, we argue there are bigger issues to address, including climate change and overfishing. Plastic has become a focus in the media and public domains partly through the draw of simple lifestyle changes, such as reusable water bottles, and partly through the potential to provide ‘quick fix’ technological solutions to plastic pollution, such as large scale marine clean-up operations and new ‘biodegradable’ plastic substitutes. As such, ocean plastic can provide a convenient truth that distracts us from the need for more radical changes to our behavioural, political and economic systems, addressing which will help address larger marine environmental issues, as well as the cause of plastic pollution, i.e. over-consumption. |
| Date: | 2019–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:fu5dp&r=all |
| By: | Barbeaux, Steven; Fritz, Lowell; Logerwell, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | An alternate management system is introduced which uses seasonal and spatially explicit multi-species quotas generated from small-scale cooperative fishery acoustic surveys to manage the Aleutian Islands walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) fishery while limiting impacts on the endangered Western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). This is a novel collaboration among scientists, industry, and Alaska Natives considering a cooperative management approach. The proposed system integrates the catch monitoring and accounting systems already in place in the federal groundfish fisheries off Alaska with cooperative acoustic survey biomass estimates to facilitate more refined spatial and temporal fishery management decisions. Conditions were examined under which such a system could operate successfully and results from field work conducted to assess technical requirements were discussed. During field trials biomass estimates from each survey were produced within 24-h of survey completion. This suggests spatial abundance estimates can be available in a timely manner for managing local fisheries. The proposed management system was found feasible and relatively easy to initiate because of highly motivated and cooperative industry partners, a well-established mechanism for setting allowable catch limits, and a robust catch accounting system already in place. In addition, high quality commercial echosounders required for this system are currently used by industry and, with proper controls on calibration and survey design, produce biomass estimates of sufficient quality. The application of this approach beyond this case study is also discussed for managing fisheries worldwide where fine temporal and spatial scale management could benefit the conservation of other protected species. |
| Date: | 2018–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:m2hr6&r=all |
| By: | Smith, Jack; Parkhurst, Robert T. |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector’s potential for carbon offset generation is widely recognized, but few offset protocols in North American compliance or voluntary markets have successfully generated large volumes of offset credits. Here we use the Rice Cultivation Projects Compliance Offset Protocol—which has generated no offsets since its adoption by the California Air Resources Board in 2015—as a case study to examine barriers to agricultural offset generation. These barriers, which include small projects; low emissions reduction potential; complex emissions quantification; complex, non-standardized data management; and high verification costs, apply to many unproductive agricultural offset protocols and present an opportunity for additional policy action. By examining other protocols in North America’s compliance and voluntary offset markets, we identify design elements that can overcome these barriers and facilitate offset generation. These elements include standardized, technology-aided data management; streamlined emissions quantification methods such as emissions factors or N-balance; and project bundling. |
| Date: | 2018–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:yrfgz&r=all |
| By: | Nathaly Rivera (University of Alaska Anchorage) |
| Abstract: | Driving restrictions are a common governmental strategy to reduce airborne pollution and traffic congestion in many cities of the world. Using high-frequency data on air pollution, car trips, and mass-transit systems ridership, I evaluate the effectiveness of temporary driving bans triggered by air quality warnings in Santiago, Chile. I employ a fuzzy regression discontinuity design that uses the thresholds in the air quality index used to announce these warnings as instruments for their announcement. Results show that these temporary bans reduce car trips by 6-9% during peak hours, and by 7-8% during off-peak hours. This is consistent with air pollution reductions during peak hours, and with increases in the use of Santiago's mass-transit systems during hours the systems run with excess capacity. Increments in mass-transit ridership uncover the importance of alternatives modes of transportation in securing the effectiveness of temporary driving bans. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, Pollution Alerts, Environmental Episodes, Driving Restrictions, Latin America |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 R41 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ala:wpaper:2019-06&r=all |
| By: | Lane, Richard |
| Abstract: | This chapter argues that critiques levelled at the anthropocene - that it prematurely settles who the ‘we’ are that bear both the historic responsibility and the brunt of the uneven impacts of contemporary environmental crises - also need to be made of decarbonisation as a goal of global climate governance. It maintains that decarbonisation should, similarly to the anthropocene, be thought of as ‘bad universal’, that in fact currently forecloses the difficult political work necessary to address the multiple complex issues of globe-spanning climate change. Its apparently positive conceptual content (the absolute necessity to reduce global emissions) is written precisely through the silences it imposes on the broad array of conflicts, oppressions and impacts that have historically lead to these emissions through the development of fossil-fuel based capitalism. I outline here the processes of exclusion, exploitation and incoherence through which decarbonisation has been developed, institutionally stabilised and propagated, and highlights the incoherencies that this results in. Through this process it aims to point towards the conditions required for an emancipatory and truly transformatory politics of decarbonisation. |
| Date: | 2018–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:y2u7s&r=all |
| By: | Macon, Luke; McLellan, Benjamin; Kanamura, Takashi |
| Abstract: | The tax-interaction effect is, arguably, a lynchpin in the modern apparatus substantiating a trade-off between economic efficiency and environmental quality. In recent years, it has come into particular focus in discussions of climate policy, meriting mention inside and outside of academia. Given relatively simple scenarios, the tax-interaction effect demonstrates that resultant distortions in the labor market explode the cost of most conventional environmental policy tools. It is the aim of this discourse to introduce concepts that will add realistic complexity to scenarios exhibiting the tax-interaction effect, allowing it to be placed better into the context of a real-world economy. This is done by synthesizing conclusions across widely differing bodies of literature to suggest perspectives which bring forward related, important and untapped concepts. Four findings are presented. First, recent developments in understanding of work effort open the possibility for previously modeled labor distortions to divert from real behavior. Second, pre-existing labor supply market failures possibly distort work incentives in tandem with labor taxes. Third, perspectives and results from environmental willingness to pay literature and median voter theory dictate that carbon policy distorts the labor market differently in the presence of a voting system. Each finding is conducive to reconsideration of climate policy costs as well as the tax-interaction effect in a real setting. Sections are written for a broad audience in academia and policymaking alike. |
| Keywords: | tax-interaction effect; climate policy; environmental policy; economic policy; behavioral biases; median voter theory; labor economics; labor distortions; willingness-to-pay; work incentives |
| JEL: | J20 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97053&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Richerson, Kate; Leonard, Jerry; Holland, Daniel S. |
| Abstract: | The ocean salmon fishery on the US West Coast has faced periodic closures of varying extents in order to protect vulnerable runs. These closures can have serious consequences for fishers and fishing communities, and have necessitated the release of millions of dollars of federal disaster aid. The 2017 ocean Chinook troll fishery (the major salmon ocean fishery) is closed between southern Oregon and northern California to protect the Klamath River fall Chinook, which is forecast to return in low numbers. A model of vessel fishing choices was used in combination with an established input-output model to estimate the potential economic impact of this closure on fishers and fishing communities. The analysis predicts that this closure of the ocean fishery will result in a loss of $5.8–$8.9 million in income, $12.8–$19.6 million in sales, and 200–330 jobs. These estimates are only a partial estimate of the economic impacts of the 2017 salmon regulations, as they do not fully account for the effects of the limited season outside of the closed ocean area or the effects on other salmon fisheries (e.g. the gillnet and recreational fisheries). The impacts are not distributed evenly in space, with the largest relative losses occurring in the Coos Bay, Brookings, and Eureka regions. This information may be useful as policymakers consider mitigating economic losses in the fishery and associated communities. Early estimates of economic impacts of fishery closures may also enable quicker determination of the need and extent of disaster assistance and a more timely response. |
| Date: | 2018–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:jntv9&r=all |
| By: | Banzhaf, H. Spencer |
| Abstract: | Environmentalism in the United States historically has been divided into its utilitarian and preservationist impulses, represented by Gifford Pinchot and John Muir, respectively. Pinchot advocated conservation of natural resources to be used for human purposes; Muir advocated protection from humans, for nature's own sake. In the first half of the 20th century, natural re-source economics was firmly in Pinchot's side of that schism. That position began to change as the post-war environmental movement gained momentum. In particular, John Krutilla, an economist at Resources for the Future, pushed economics to the point that it could embrace Muir's vision as well as Pinchot's. Krutilla argued that if humans preferred a preserved state to a developed one, then such preferences were every bit as "economic." Either way, there were opportunity costs and an economic choice to be made. |
| Date: | 2018–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ca7eb&r=all |
| By: | Milan Scasny (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Opletalova 26, 110 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University Environment Centre, José Martího 407/2, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic); Iva Zverinova (Charles University Environment Centre, José Martího 407/2, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic); Alistair Hunt (University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to examine preferences of citizens of three European countries regarding various adaptation plans and measures to limit damages from drought under climate changes. For this purpose, we conducted a survey in the Czech Republic, Italy, and the United Kingdom. We utilize discrete choice experiments and estimate marginal willingness-to-pay for a variety of technical, nature-based, and non-structural soft measures. The results differ substantially between countries and across the adaptation measures with the mean willingness to pay to be in a range of 5 to 26 PPS EUR. However, there is a large heterogeneity in willingness-to-pay across and within the countries. Rainwater harvesting is found to be one of the most preferred measures in each of the three countries, followed by small water reservoirs and wetlands in the Czech Republic, large reservoirs in the UK, and tax relief on water efficient technologies in Italy. We gather data on the perceived effectiveness and perceived base level of implementation of the various measures to explain the differences in preferences across populations. We identify three distinct latent classes implying large, modest, and even negative willingness to pay estimates in each three countries. The results can be used to inform policy makers about the acceptability of policy mixes. |
| Keywords: | Climate change adaptation, discrete choice experiments, willingness to pay, policy acceptability, droughts, technical measures, nature-based (green) measures, soft non-structural measures |
| JEL: | Q54 Q51 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2019_16&r=all |
| By: | Milan Scasny (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Opletalova 26, 110 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University Environment Centre, José Martího 407/2, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic); Iva Zverinova (Charles University Environment Centre, José Martího 407/2, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic); Vojtech Maca (Charles University Environment Centre, José Martího 407/2, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | Consumers preferences for sustainable and healthier lifestyle are examined through stated preference discrete choice experiments. Specifically, we introduce several choice situations in which each respondent was asked to choose the best from three lifestyles presented, including the respondent’s current lifestyle. Each lifestyle alternative is described by a different diet, health risks, and monetary costs. Diet is described by a number of portions of five different food items eaten per week (fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, legumes, and confectionery, ice-cream and sugar-sweetened drinks). Using a split-sample treatment, lifestyles are then described by either physical activities or environmental impacts (in kg of CO2 emissions). We also examine the effect of self-affirmation and information about the environmental impacts provided separately or in a combination. A non-linear preference is tested for increasing versus decreasing cost of food expenditures. Preferences are analysed using an original stated preference survey conducted in five EU countries (the Czech Republic, Latvia, Portugal, Spain, and in the United Kingdom) in summer 2018, with dataset consisting of 10,288 observations. We find that importance of lifestyle attributes varies across the countries and information treatments. The cost is significant in every country, indicating that lower costs lead to a higher probability of choosing the alternative lifestyle. Reducing health risks and environmental impact motivated respondents to change their lifestyle, even though reducing 1 kg CO2 due to food consumption a week is valued 3–6 times less than reducing cardiovascular risk by one percent. Still, the implied WTP for a tone CO2 abatement is in a range of 300–1,200 Euro and VSC of cardiovascular disease lies between 4,000 and 35,000 Euro, depending on country and DCE variant. Increasing physical activity increases the likelihood of changing lifestyle only in Latvia and Portugal. Most respondents prefer to keep eating meat and eliminating meat or fish from food consumption is associated with large dis-benefit. Respondents also prefer to increase portions of health-improving vegetables and fruits, however, this is not the case of pulses. |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment, willingness to pay, sustainable lifestyle, healthy diets, consumer preferences, physical activity, health risk, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | D12 H31 Q51 R22 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2019_17&r=all |
| By: | Colin Ward; Wolfgang Heidug (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Storing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in oil reservoirs as part of CO2 -based enhanced oil recovery (CO2 -EOR) can be a cost-effective solution to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. In this paper, we analyze the economics of this option in order to estimate the amount of CO2 that could be profitably stored in different regions of the world. We consider situations in which the CO2 -EOR operator either purchases the CO2 supplied or is paid for its storage. Building upon extensive data sets concerning the characteristics and location of oil reservoirs and emission sources, the paper focuses on opportunities outside North America. Using net present value (NPV) as an indicator for profitability, we conduct a break-even analysis to relate CO2 supply prices (positive or negative) to economically viable storage potential. |
| Keywords: | Carbon dioxide storage, Carbon pricing, Climate change, CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), Decarbonization, Enhanced oil recovery |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks-2018-dp27&r=all |
| By: | Roy, Tirthankar |
| Abstract: | This article says that climate shaped the long-term pattern of economic change in India and that the climatically conditioned economic change generated a distinct set of environmental consequences in the region. From the nineteenth century, political and economic processes that made scarce and controlled water resources more accessible to more people, enhanced welfare, enabled more food production and sustained urbanization. The same processes also raised water stress. These propositions carry lessons for comparative economic history and the conduct of discourses on sustainability in the present times. |
| Keywords: | caste; climate; environmental history; hydrology; India; inequality; monsoon; poverty; property rights; seasonality; South Asia |
| JEL: | N50 N55 O13 P48 Q00 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:102589&r=all |
| By: | Saleh, Iraj; Meshkat, Reza; Yazdani, Saeed; Rafiee, Hamed |
| Abstract: | Lake Urmia is the largest lake inside Iran, one of the most important salt lakes in the world and one of the saturated salt lakes in the world. It is similar to the Great Salt Lake in the United States and the Dead Seain Jordan. Having beautiful beaches and many tourist islands, a place with water sports such as swimming, boating and skiing became this lake to a beautiful place and tourist attraction. The purposeof this studyisestimating therecreational value ofLake Urmia. For estimating recreation function the contingent valuation method (single bounded dichotomous choice) was considered and a logitmodelwas usedtoestimate thewillingness to pay. Datawerecollectedusing questionnaire in Azerbaijan province. The results showed that recreational willingness to pay for each visit was 0.48 dollars annually. With regards to the numberof visitors from Lake Urmia,recreational value of thelakewasestimated at 756000 dollars in a year. Preservation of the lakecanplayan important rolein attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Considering sustainable development goals of the country, this lake could also create economic benefits, business expansion and employment in the region. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296700&r=all |
| By: | Vaidianu, Natasa; Ristea, Madalina |
| Abstract: | During the last decades, increasing demands on marine resources and unsustainable activities taking place in the marine area compromise the future use of the marine environment. In July 2014, the European Parliament and Council established a Guideline Framework for marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP). MSP is a useful and cost-effective tool for sustainable development, together with regulation and protection of the marine environment. Within this context, Romania has started to proceed and incorporate it in the national legislation framework; in 2017, it has also established a competent authority for its implementation so that marine spatial plans can be enacted by 31 March 2021. In this study, a first approach for MSP framework in Romania was developed, enabling the mapping of all current human activities related to shipping, oil and gas exploitation, fisheries, tourism and environmental status, in order to identify overlaps or potential conflicts among users. This paper identifies key challenges and concerns anticipated to emerge from incorporation of MSP in the national spatial planning framework as it is currently organized: a) Romanian stakeholders have a relatively poor understanding of European, national and regional sea planning regulations, b) concerns related to MSP implementation at regulatory level, c) huge need for sharing of MSP-relevant information for a coherent planning, d) challenges of assessing the needs of interconnected ecosystems (including relevant EU and international legislation). In this context, our study covers highly actual aspects concerning the way the marine spatial planning process evolves and will contribute to deliver a coherent approach to reduce conflicts of the Romanian marine environment, a proper MSP implementation, as well as minimizing the pressures and impacts on the marine resources. |
| Date: | 2018–04–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:528ym&r=all |
| By: | , European Marine Board; Boero, Ferdinando; Cummins, Valerie; Gault, Jeremy; Huse, Geir; Philippart, Catharina; Schneider, Ralph; Besiktepe, Sukru; Boeuf, Gilles; Coll, Marta |
| Abstract: | Navigating the Future is a publication series produced by the European Marine Board providing future perspectives on marine science and technology in Europe. Navigating the Future V (NFV) highlights new knowledge obtained since Navigating the Future IV (2013). It is set within the framework of the 2015 Paris Agreement and builds on the scientific basis and recommendations of the IPCC reports. NFV gives recommendations on the science required during the next decade to deliver the ocean we need to support a sustainable future. This will be important for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021 – 2030), the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the European Commission’s next framework programme, Horizon Europe (2021 - 2027). There is a growing need to strengthen the links between marine science, society and policy since we cannot properly manage what we do not know. In recent years, the ocean and seas have received new prominence in international agendas. To secure a safe planet a priority is the management of the ocean as a “common good for humanity”, which requires smarter observations to assess of the state of the ocean and predictions about how it may change in the future. The ocean is a three-dimensional space that needs to be managed over time (thus four-dimensional), and there is a need for management and conservation practices that integrate the structure and function of marine ecosystems in these four dimensions. This includes understanding the dynamic spatial and temporal interplay between ocean physics, chemistry and biology. Multiple stressors including climate change, pollution and over-fishing affect the ocean and we need to better understand and predict their interactions and identify tipping points to decide on management priorities. This should integrate our understanding of land-ocean-atmosphere processes and approaches to reducing impacts. An improved science base is also needed to help predict and minimize the impact of extreme events such as storm surges, heat waves, dynamic sea-floor processes and tsunamis. New technologies, data handling and modelling approaches will help us to observe, understand and manage our use of the four-dimensional ocean and the effect of multiple stressors. Addressing these issues requires a strategic, collective and holistic approach and we need to build a community of sustainability scientists that are able to provide evidence-based support to policy makers within the context of major societal challenges. We outline the new frontiers, gaps and recommendations needed to manage the ocean as a common good and to develop solutions for a sustainable future. The governance of sustainability should be at the core of the marine research agenda through co-production and collaboration with stakeholders to identify priorities. There is need for a fully integrated scientific assessment of resilience strategies, associated trade-offs and underlying ethical concepts for the ocean, which should be incorporated into decision support frameworks that involve stakeholders from the outset. To accurately assess the state of the ocean and make predictions for the future, research programmes should be co-designed with stakeholders. Achieving the ocean we need for a sustainable future by 2030 will require sustainability science, which is holistic and transdisciplinary. To allow the collection, processing and access to all data, a key priority is the development of a business model that ensures the long-term economic sustainability of ocean observations. |
| Date: | 2019–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:vps62&r=all |
| By: | Brooker, Esther; Hopkins, Charlotte Rachael; Devenport, Emilie; Greenhill, Lucy; Duncan, Calum |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development principles are based on the fundamental recognition of humans as an integral part of the ecosystem. Participation of civil society should therefore be central to marine planning processes and enabling ecosystem-based management, and development of mechanisms for effective participation is critical. To date, little attention has been given to the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) in public participation. In this paper, the results of two workshops, which involved various stakeholders and addressed public participation in marine planning, are reported and discussed in the context of the Scottish marine planning process. ENGOs’ role in communicating complex policies, representing members’ interests and contributing towards participatory governance in marine planning is highlighted. Innovative outreach methods are still required by decision-makers to translate technical information, integrate local knowledge, improve public representation and conserve resources. This could include collaboration with ENGOs to help promote public participation in decision-making processes. |
| Date: | 2019–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:59sez&r=all |
| By: | Izzati, Titia; Utomo, Kis Yoga; Hastuti, Pebri; Fachrizal, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to know the result of measurement of acidity of ground water in North Jakarta, Indonesia. The method in this research is made by collecting ground water that is used for daily life in the city of North Jakarta. These research studies were conducted in residential and office area of North Jakarta to measure tap water and water offices as well as test the acidity levels (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Disolved Solids (TDS). Measurement results Groundwater in the North Jakarta area is alkaline (pH) above 7. Industry and household activities and infrastructure development affect the contamination of rivers in North Jakarta due to industrial process, household waste and rain water in Jakarta area. |
| Date: | 2018–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:inarxi:t8u2j&r=all |
| By: | Tamara Sheldon; Rubal Dua (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Without the option to purchase plug-in electric and/or hybrid vehicles, conventional counterfactuals used in literature may underestimate the fuel savings from clean vehicle adoption, thus overestimating the costs of securing associated environmental benefits. Using a nationally representative sample of new car purchases in the U.S., a vehicle choice model-based counterfactual approach is proposed that allows for the prediction of what consumers would purchase if these clean vehicles were unavailable. The cost of demand-side policies in the form of financial incentives to encourage plug-in electric vehicle adoption is estimated. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Clean vehicle adoption, Economic modeling, Fuel efficiency incentives, Fuel savings, Gasoline consumption, Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG), Hybrid electric vehicles, Plug-in electric vehicles, Transportation |
| Date: | 2018–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks-2018-dp026&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Cheng; Matzdorf, Bettina; Meyer, Claas; König, Hannes; Zhen, Lin |
| Abstract: | As the world's largest Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) program, China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is designed to combat soil erosion and ongoing land degradation by converting crop land on steep slopes into forests. Operating through an incentive-based approach, the SLCP involved 32 million rural households as the core agents for program implementation. In this paper, we aim to fill a research gap regarding the condition for environmental effectiveness at the household level. In particular, we analyzed how institutional and socio-economic conditions influence rural households to reach the primary environmental goals. Based on a broad literature review, we analyzed relevant conditions based on 59 interviews with SLCP participants at the household level to combine these data with field-observed evaluation of the environmental effects on enrolled plots. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), our results show that the pathway to environmental success or failure at the household level has been shaped by local institutional and socio-economic conditions in a combinatory manner. As the key components of successful pathways, the combination of household involvement and effective monitoring plays a fundamental role. However, in the absence of certain conditions, the environmental effectiveness of SLCP may be in danger. Based on our result, we discuss the potentials and shortcomings of using short-term governmental PES to realize long-term environmental effects. |
| Date: | 2018–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jzvqh&r=all |
| By: | Olowogbon, Toyin; Akomolafe, Stephen; Olugbemi, Toyin; Awoniyi, Olabisi |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295684&r=all |
| By: | Alexandra Tapsoba (Institut supérieur des sciences de la population - Université de Ouagadougou); Pascale Combes Motel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Louis Combes (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the impact of remittances and climate variability on the food security of households in Burkina Faso. It draws from the World Bank 2010 survey on migration and remittances in Burkina Faso and uses a database from Burkina Faso's Department of Meteorology regarding rainfall recorded in the ten weather stations throughout the country between 2001 and 2010. We build a food security index using principal component analysis that encompasses the accessibility and utilization dimensions of the concept. We also compute an inter-annual rainfall index and the latter is found to have a negative impact on food security. After controlling for potential endogeneity issues using distance variables and migrant characteristics as instruments, remittances are found to enhance food security. Results are robust to alternative measures of food security and alternative calculations of rainfall variability. The paper also highlights that remittances dampen the negative effect of rainfall variability on food security. |
| Keywords: | Food security,Climate variability,Remittances,Burkina Faso. |
| Date: | 2019–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02364775&r=all |
| By: | , Oceana |
| Abstract: | Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing—also known as pirate fishing—is an unresolved and internationally pervasive problem, costing the global economy tens of billions of USD dollars annually. Those that participate in IUU fishing break or avoid fisheries management rules and succeed in operating outside the effective reach of government control. IUU fishing can deplete already overfished populations and can destroy vital marine habitats and ecosystems. This activity can also harm law-abiding fishers that suffer reduced fishing opportunities when the fish stocks they target are also targeted by IUU fishing vessels. Ending IUU fishing contributes to the global agenda to promote sustainable fishing and healthy oceans. This is underscored in UN Sustainable Development Goal 14 to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources” by committing countries to take action to eliminate IUU fishing by 2020. |
| Date: | 2018–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:hrk6b&r=all |
| By: | Auad, Guillermo; Blythe, Jonathan; Coffman, Kim; Fath, Brian D. |
| Abstract: | This is the work of United States government employees (GA, JB, KC) engaged in their official duties. As such it is in the public domain. © US government. An effective and efficient stewardship of natural resources requires consistency across all decision-informing approaches and components involved, i.e., managerial, governmental, political, and legal. To achieve this consistency, these elements must be aligned under an overarching management goal that is consistent with current and well-accepted knowledge. In this article, we investigate the adoption by the US Bureau of OceanEnergy Management of an environmental resilience-centered system that manages for resilience of marine ecological resources and its associated social elements. Although the framework is generally tailored for this Bureau, it could also be adapted to other federal or non-federal organizations. This paper presents a dynamic framework that regards change as an inherent element of the socio-ecological system in which management structures, e.g., federal agencies, are embedded. The overall functioning of the management framework being considered seeks to mimic and anticipate environmental change in line with well-accepted elements of resilience- thinking. We also investigate the goal of using management for resilience as a platform to enhance socioecological sustainability by setting specific performance metrics embedded in pre-defined and desired social and/or ecological scenarios. Dynamic management frameworks that couple social and ecological systems as described in this paper can facilitate the efficient and effective utilization of resources, reduce uncertainty for decision and policy makers, and lead to more defensible decisions on resources. |
| Date: | 2018–07–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:nurca&r=all |
| By: | Niles, Meredith; Waterhouse, Hannah; Parkhurst, Robert; McLellan, Eileen; Kroopf, Sara |
| Abstract: | The majority of nitrous oxide emissions- a potent greenhouse gas- are from agricultural sources, particularly nitrogen fertilizer applications. A growing focus on these emission sources has led to the development of carbon offset protocols that could enable payment to farmers for reducing fertilizer use or implementing other nitrogen management strategies. Despite the development of several protocols, the current regional scope is narrow, adoption by farmers is low, and policy implementation of protocols has a significant time lag. Here we utilize existing research and policy structures to propose an “umbrella” approach for nitrogen management greenhouse gas emissions protocols for carbon markets that has the potential to streamline the policy implementation and acceptance of protocols. We suggest that the umbrella protocol could set forth standard definitions common across multiple protocol options, and then “modules” could be further developed as scientific evidence advances. Modules could be developed for specific crops, regions, and practices. We identify a policy process that could facilitate this development in concert with emerging scientific research and conclude by acknowledging potential benefits and limitations of the approach. |
| Date: | 2018–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:w96xb&r=all |
| By: | Neilson, Alasdair |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to highlight the importance of metaphors for marine conservation and policy. It argues that the manner in which the oceans are perceived, often as an alien landscape, can limit the way language is utilised in marine conservation efforts. This limitation can produce unhelpful environmental metaphors that, instead of acting as catalysts for action, produce negative and reactionary responses. It illustrates this point through the example of what has become known as the ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch.’ It postulates that if there is a disconnect between the many complex environmental issues facing the world's oceans and the way they are perceived, then more focus should be placed on developing pre-determined culturally embedded metaphors, which can conjure relatable imagery, but that are also rooted in scientific evidence. It recommends that, in an extension to existing public perception research (PPR) on how different communities value the ocean environment, there is room for shared metaphors of the oceanic environment to be developed that can help raise awareness within a particular cultural setting. |
| Date: | 2018–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:rhefa&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Open Communications for The Ocean, OCTO |
| Abstract: | Surveys of northern California-based fishermen indicate that there is a relationship between the trust fishermen have in groups like managers and researchers, and their satisfaction with the outcomes of an MPA planning process. Low levels of trust with managers were tied to low levels of satisfaction with the MPA planning process. Conservation targets may be an impediment for building that trust. |
| Date: | 2018–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:7da4t&r=all |
| By: | Simon Dietz; Bruno Lanz |
| Abstract: | We study the capacity to meet food demand under conditions of climate change, economic and population growth. We take a novel approach to quantifying climate impacts, based on a model of the global economy structurally estimated on the period 1960 to 2015. The model integrates several features necessary to study the problem, including an explicit agriculture sector, endogenous fertility, directed technical change and fossil/renewable energy. We estimate the world economy is more than one trillion dollars smaller, and world population more than 80 million smaller, than would have been the case without climate change. This is despite substantial adaptation having taken place in general equilibrium through R&D and agricultural land expansion. Policy experiments with the model suggest that optimal GHG taxes are high and future temperatures held well below 2 degrees Celsius. |
| Keywords: | adaptation; agricultural productivity; climate change; directed technical change; energy; food security; economic growth; population growth; structural estimation |
| JEL: | C51 D72 O13 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:19-09&r=all |
| By: | Ochieng, Justus; Kirimi, Lilian; Ochieng, Dennis; Njagi, Timothy; Mathenge, Mary; Gitau, Raphael; Ayieko, Miltone |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295785&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Jianan |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the reasons of plastic pollution in the US in several aspects. The key point of pollution is massive disposable plastics and people should say no to them sooner or later. Then there are 4 alternative policies for solving the problem. All of them are evaluated, analyzed as well as some possible trade-offs. The current best choice is to increase landfill density while producing CH4 from landfill suit as a sustainable trade-off, and develop microorganisms of degrading plastics. But developing proper replacements through biotechnology and chemistry technologies will be the ultimate solution. |
| Date: | 2018–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:45bq8&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En los países de América Latina y el Caribe se han realizado notables avances en la incorporación de una perspectiva de derechos humanos a la acción climática. Con esta publicación conjunta, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) ponen de relieve las numerosas contribuciones al enfoque de derechos humanos realizadas desde y para la región. El compromiso de los países latinoamericanos y caribeños con los derechos humanos en materia climática se manifiesta en numerosos frentes, desde los procesos y las iniciativas de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), hasta las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (CDN), las recomendaciones de los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, el Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe (Acuerdo de Escazú) y los marcos legales y de políticas climáticas nacionales. Para combatir el calentamiento global asegurando el pleno respeto de los derechos humanos y hacer frente a los desafíos que persisten, el enfoque de derechos continuará siendo esencial. |
| Date: | 2019–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44970&r=all |
| By: | Duckles, Beth M |
| Abstract: | The emergence of the US Green Building Council’s (USGBC) provides a unique case study into the organizational change strategies of a hybrid organization. As a nonprofit, social movement organization the USGBC seeks to create change in the marketplace by encouraging more sustainable building practices through a voluntary standards. As they have done so, their organizational processes have begun to draw from regulatory agencies and firms to accomplish this aim. Through the use of multiple organizational processes and forms, the USGBC works with stakeholder groups to respond to change and dissonance in a way that is congruent with Stark’s (2009) theory on heterarchy. Heterarchical thinking about the utility of dissonance and the importance of the distribution of intelligence within a hybrid organization has implications for the ability for these organizations to respond quickly as the industry and stakeholder needs change. |
| Date: | 2018–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ejqfd&r=all |
| By: | Suarez, Ronny |
| Abstract: | Panama defines its National Determined Contributions (NDC) in the energy sector in terms of an increase in the installed capacity of alternatives energy sources renewable (solar, wind and biomass). The literature review was used to define four categories of barriers that affect the development of renewable projects: technical, institutional, economic and social. The content analysis of the ASEP’s resolutions allowed to identify the technical barrier as the main obstacle to the deployment of energy projects. |
| Keywords: | NDC, Panama, Barriers, Renewable Energy, Content Analysis |
| JEL: | A1 |
| Date: | 2019–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:97110&r=all |
| By: | Villaseñor-Derbez, Juan Carlos |
| Abstract: | Coastal marine ecosystems provide livelihoods for small-scale fishers and coastal communities around the world. Small-scale fisheries face great challenges since they are difficult to monitor, enforce, and manage, which may lead to overexploitation. Combining territorial use rights for fisheries (TURF) with no-take marine reserves to create TURF-reserves can improve the performance of small-scale fisheries by buffering fisheries from environmental variability and management errors, while ensuring that fishers reap the benefits of conservation investments. Since 2012, 18 old and new community-based Mexican TURF-reserves gained legal recognition thanks to a regulation passed in 2012; their effectiveness has not been formally evaluated. We combine causal inference techniques and the Social-Ecological Systems framework to provide a holistic evaluation of community-based TURF-reserves in three coastal communities in Mexico. We find that, overall, reserves have not yet achieved their stated goals of increasing the density of lobster and other benthic invertebrates, nor increasing lobster catches. A lack of clear ecological and socioeconomic effects likely results from a combination of factors. First, some of these reserves might be too young for the effects to show (reserves were 6–10 years old). Second, the reserves are not large enough to protect mobile species, like lobster. Third, variable and extreme oceanographic conditions have impacted harvested populations. Fourth, local fisheries are already well managed, and while reserves may protect populations within its boundaries, it is unlikely that reserves might have a detectable effect in catches. However, even small reserves are expected to provide benefits for sedentary invertebrates over longer time frames, with continued protection. These reserves may provide a foundation for establishing additional, larger marine reserves needed to effectively conserve mobile species. |
| Date: | 2019–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:8vgqu&r=all |
| By: | Bull, Joseph; Baker, Julia; Griffiths, Victoria Frances; Jones, Julia; Milner-Gulland, E.J. |
| Abstract: | FRENCH VERSION IN SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS. Development projects worldwide are increasingly required to quantify and fully mitigate their impacts on biodiversity, with an objective of achieving ‘no net loss’ or a ‘net gain’ (NNL/NG) of biodiversity overall. Seeking NNL/NG outcomes can affect people because society relies on, uses and values biodiversity. However these social impacts are often not adequately considered, even when development projects mitigate their broader social impacts. This document outlines good practice principles for addressing the social impacts that arise from all losses and gains in biodiversity from a development project and its NNL/NG activities. It aims to: • Define measurable social outcomes from biodiversity NNL/NG. • Provide a framework for assessing whether the social aspects of biodiversity NNL/NG have been designed and implemented in accordance with good practice. • Facilitate closer working between all stakeholders involved with biodiversity NNL/NG projects, especially between ecological and social specialists, throughout a project. The principles in this document are founded on international best practice that calls for development projects to achieve biodiversity NNL/NG while ensuring that affected people are ‘no worse off and preferably better off’. They are intended to set a high standard, which may be aspirational for some projects in practice. They build on existing literature and guidance, and reflect a substantial diversity of views captured during an extensive consultation process. However, we expect that they will undergo further refinement when tested in the field. The authors welcome feedback. Development projects seeking biodiversity NNL/NG should achieve an outcome whereby: People perceive the components of their wellbeing affected by biodiversity losses and gains to be at least as good as a result of the development project and associated biodiversity NNL/NG activities, than if the development had not been implemented. To achieve this the following principles should be followed: 1. Measure change in wellbeing. 2. Focus on affected people within the project’s area of influence. 3. Maintain the desired social outcomes from NNL/NG throughout the project’s lifetime. 4. Compare social outcomes from NNL/NG against an appropriate reference scenario. 5. Exceed existing obligations to achieve the desired social outcomes from NNL/NG. 6. Assess wellbeing for defined groups of people e.g. by gender or interest. 7. Benefit the people who have been affected. 8. Align the biodiversity and social objectives of NNL/NG. 9. Achieve equitable social outcomes from NNL/NG. 10. Avoid impacts on wellbeing that are deemed unacceptable by the people affected and cannot be compensated for. 11. Design and implement social aspects of NNL/NG with inclusive stakeholder engagement. 12. Ensure biodiversity and social specialists collaborate on NNL/NG. 13. Implement effective conflict-resolution mechanisms. 14. Monitor social outcomes from NNL/NG throughout. 15. Validate social outcomes from NNL/NG throughout. 16. Be transparent throughout. |
| Date: | 2018–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4ygh7&r=all |
| By: | Twichell, Julia; Pollnac, Richard; Christie, Patrick |
| Abstract: | International interest in increasing marine protected area (MPA) coverage reflects broad recognition of the MPA as a key tool for marine ecosystems and fisheries management. Nevertheless, effective management remains a significant challenge. The present study contributes to enriching an understanding of best practices for MPA management through analysis of archived community survey data collected in the Philippines by the Learning Project (LP), a collaboration with United States Coral Triangle Initiative (USCTI), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and partners. We evaluate stakeholder participation and social ecological interactions among resource users in MPA programs in the Palawan, Occidental Mindoro, and Batangas provinces in the Philippines. Analysis indicates that a complex suite of social ecological factors including demographics, conservation beliefs, scientifically correct knowledge, perceptions of personal benefit, and perceptions of fish scarcity influence participation, which in turn is related to perceived MPA performance. Findings indicate positive feedbacks within the system that have potential to strengthen perceptions of MPA success. The results of this evaluation provide empirical reinforcement to current inquiries concerning the role of participation in influencing MPA performance. |
| Date: | 2018–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:wk83f&r=all |
| By: | Awolala, David O.; Mbaye, Aly A.; Fonta, William M. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295708&r=all |
| By: | Mwungu, Chris Miyinzi; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Kinyua, Ivy; Mwongera, Caroline |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295758&r=all |
| By: | Willy, Daniel Kyalo; Muyanga, Milu; Jayne, Thomas; Mbuvi, Joseph |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295664&r=all |
| By: | Guohua Feng (Department of Economics, University of North Texas); Keith R. McLaren (Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics, Monash University); Ou Yang (Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne); Xiaohui Zhang (Business School, University of Exeter); Xueyan Zhao (Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics, Monash University) |
| Abstract: | This paper employs a semi-parametric varying coefficient system approach to investigating the impact of environmental policy stringency on a nation's productivity growth using data for a panel of OECD countries over a period of two decades. A new cross-country proxy of environmental policy stringency is employed. Our results show that while stricter environmental policies might shift a country's total cost in production upward, for countries which have already adopted relatively more stringent environmental policies, further increasing their policy stringency seems to enhance these countries' productivity in the long run. We also find that more stringent environmental policies seem to render a country's use of intermediate inputs more inelastic to their own prices and decrease the substitutability between labour and intermediate inputs in the long run. We argue that more stringent environmental policies would exert tighter control over the use of several intermediate inputs such as energy, raw materials, pollution-intensive services etc, leading to the use of these inputs being less sensitive to changes in their market prices. Tighter control over the use of these intermediate inputs would also render them less of a substitute to labour input. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy stringency; productivity growth; semi-parametric varying coefficient system; OECD countries |
| JEL: | C14 D24 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iae:iaewps:wp2019n16&r=all |
| By: | Kanyenji, George Magambo; Oluoch-Kosura, Willis; Onyango, Cecilia Moraa; Ng'ang'a, Stanley Karanja |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295783&r=all |
| By: | Jajcay, Nikola (Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Earth climate, in general, varies on many temporal and spatial scales. In particular, climate observables exhibit recurring patterns and quasi-oscillatory phenomena with different periods. Although these oscillations might be weak in amplitude, they might have a non-negligible influence on variability on shorter time-scales due to cross-scale interactions, recently observed by Paluš [2014]. This thesis supplies an introductory material for inferring the cross-scale information transfer from observational data, where the time series of interest are obtained using wavelet transform, and possible information transfer is studied using the tools from information theory. Finally, cross-scale interactions are studied in two climate phenomena: air temperature variability in Europe, in which we study phase-amplitude coupling from a slower oscillatory mode with an 8-year period on faster variability and its effects, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation where we observe a causal chain of phase-phase and phase-amplitude couplings among distinct oscillatory modes. |
| Date: | 2018–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:ar8ks&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Open Communications for The Ocean, OCTO |
| Abstract: | Using the recent ocean planning process in the US Northeast, this paper assesses the perspectives of stakeholders who did not participate in a marine spatial planning (MSP) process. Since it is more challenging to find and survey stakeholders who did not participate in a process than ones who did, the authors chose a smaller study area – Massachusetts Bay – to examine. They conducted a scoping survey (235 respondents) to understand respondents’ relationships with the marine environment, their understanding of MSP, and why they did or did not participate in the Northeast regional ocean planning process. In addition, the authors held three focus groups (21 participants total) to further explore participants’ understanding of the planning process and their perceptions of the process. The scoping survey was “not intended to be representative”, and focus group participants were chosen from scoping survey respondents. |
| Date: | 2018–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:ad8ys&r=all |
| By: | Panayotova, Galina; Kostadinova, Svetla; Pleskuta, Lubov |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus on seed-cotton yield and total biomass of cotton (G. hirsutum L.), grown during the period 2012-2014 in Chirpan, Bulgaria, in crop-rotation with durum wheat under non-irrigated conditions. The soil type was Leached vertisols. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Single and combined nitrogen as NH4NO3 in rates 0; 80; 120 and 160 kg.ha-1 and phosphorus in rates 0; 80 and 120 kg.ha-1 were tested. The year conditions had greatest share in the total variation of the factors – 67.4 %. The N influence on seed-cotton yield was 13.0 % and of phosphorus - 0.45 % of total variation. No significant differences in the total seed-cotton yield occurred as a function of the NP interaction. The nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers used in cotton production remain important, as N has a decisive influence, while phosphorus has less effect. Under the influence of N fertilization, the total seed-cotton yield significantly increased by 26.6-32.9 % compared to the check (1.32 t.ha-1), and under fertilization P120– by 2.9 %. An alone phosphorous fertilization was not cost-effective agronomic activity. Application of increasing NP rates in different rates showed good economic results regarding the yield. The maximum effective yield and net return from cotton cultiar Darmi can be secured by application of N120-160P80-120 to cotton crop at Central South Bulgaria - 26.6-37.8 % more than the unfertilized. Total average dry biomass at maturity was 5.51 t.ha-1. The total dry matter was more than the unfertilized by 24.0; 40.8 and 62.8 % at N80, N120 and N160 respectively. The phosphorous fertilization increased the yield of biomass by 7.6 % at P80 and by 3.4 % at P120. The year conditions had strong effect on seed-cotton yield and total biomass. The main reason for the high yields in 2014 for all tested rates, as well as the control, was the very good combination of temperature and rainfall during the vegetation period. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296720&r=all |
| By: | Koontz, Tomas; Thomas, Craig |
| Abstract: | The science-policy nexus has long puzzled scholars and managers working across diverse public policy areas, including environment. The rise of science-based management, especially in an era of big data, assumes science can improve environmental policy. At the same time, increasing attention to stakeholder engagement provides avenues for non-scientists to participate in collaborative environmental management, which might displace science in decision-making processes. Prior research points to a variety of factors thought to affect the degree to which science is used in collaborative partnerships. Drawing on such research, we examine the use of science across 9 collaborative partnerships structured and resourced from the top-down by a state government agency. All of these partnerships are working in the U.S.’s second largest estuary, the Puget Sound in Washington State. Data from partnership meeting minutes indicates that science is scarcely discussed in executive committee meetings, but is more commonly discussed in technical committee meetings. We thus might expect that the ecosystem management plans produced by these technical committees would be closely informed by science. Results indicate these plans include few citations to peer-reviewed scientific studies, but they do draw consistently on scientific information from grey literature including scientific and technical reports from federal and state agencies. These results raise important questions about government efforts to foster the use of science in collaborative partnerships, including the benefits and drawbacks of using grey literature rather than scientific articles directly, the interaction of science with other forms of knowledge, and local actors’ capacity to understand and access science. |
| Date: | 2018–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:az589&r=all |
| By: | John C. Whitehead; Pamela Wicker |
| Abstract: | The purposes of this study are to examine the effect of training satisfaction and weather on the intention to revisit a sport event and to assign a monetary value to these event attributes considering attribute non-attendance. It uses survey data from four sport events in the United States in 2017 and 2018. Respondents answered a series of hypothetical scenarios that randomly assign travel costs per mile and travel distances for the return visit along with weather forecasts and training satisfaction. Logit models estimated with and without attribute non-attendance reveal the extent of preference heterogeneity and respondent attention to trip attributes. The monetary value of training satisfaction and favorable weather is obtained by converting willingness-to-travel into willingness-to-pay estimates based on travel costs. The results indicate that attribute non-attendance is an issue in each data set and that willingness-to-pay for event attributes differs across event and time. Key Words: Intention to revisit; Monetary valuation; Sport event; Willingness-to-pay; Willingness-to-travel |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:19-13&r=all |
| By: | Song, Andrew |
| Abstract: | Governability is an important concept in the political and environmental social sciences with increasing application to social-ecological systems such as fisheries. Indeed, governability analyses of fisheries and related systems such as marine protected areas have generated innovative ways to implement sustainability ideals. Yet, despite progress made, we argue that there remain limitations in current conceptions of governability that hinder further analytical development and use. By drawing on general systems theory – specifically cybernetics, control, and feedback – we interrogate the conceptual foundations that underpin two key limitations: the need to incorporate the numerous variables that comprise a complex, holistic system into a singular assessment of governability; and the a priori separation of the governor and the governed that precludes analysis of a self-governing situation. We argue that by highlighting the reciprocal nature of a governor-governed relationship and the co-produced understanding of governing capacity and objects, a relational approach to governability is possible. This offers a clearer and more pragmatic understanding of how governors and fishers can make fisheries governable. |
| Date: | 2018–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:zavwc&r=all |
| By: | Brown, Allison; Agardy, Tundi; Davis, John; Sherwood, Kristin; Vestergaard, Ole |
| Abstract: | Instructions and considerations for ecosystem based management in a useful guide. |
| Date: | 2017–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:akh93&r=all |
| By: | Marwa, Mwita Erick; Mburu, John; Oburu, Rao Elizaphan James; Mwai, Okeyo; Kahumbu, Susan |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295910&r=all |
| By: | Farkas, Maria; Hegyes, Eva |
| Abstract: | Nowadays concept of sustainability has changed significantly – more and more attention is focused on social welfare, its preservation and increase; besides the issue of production and use of resources. Therefore these purposes are also the ultimate goal of sustainable consumption. To achieve these goals, however, the contribution of all economic actors is also necessary – sustainable consumption is unimaginable for example without education and awareness raising on sustainable consumption and lifestyles providing consumers with adequate information. Furthermore, it is essential to create a value system and infrastructure – as the contribution of the public sector – or developing effective, knowledge based technologies and products from the side of businesses or different other stakeholders. Hence, it also requires a systemic approach and cooperation among actors operating in the supply chain, from producer to final consumer in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals determined by the United Nations. Considering the efforts made since the 1990’s in the interests of sustainable consumption, we conclude there is no unified action to facilitate the change of consumption patterns and, on the other hand, the progress made so far is actually marginal. The current paper is intended to summarize the most important related literature and provide a better understanding of sustainable consumption and its challenges through the global consumption trends. This study focuses mainly on Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations in the context of its challenges in the near future. Moreover, the expected result of this present paper is to investigate the responsibility of the different economic actors and their further contributions to sustainable consumption. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296713&r=all |
| By: | Apata, T.G.; N'Guessan, Y.G.; Kehinde, A.L.; Olutope, O. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295760&r=all |
| By: | Akinola, A.A.; Ogunleye, A.S.; Bamire, A.S.; Abdoulaye, T.; Reed, H.; Adeyeye, V.; Adeyeye, O.; Didier, A.; Oni, T.O.; Ogundele, O. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295889&r=all |
| By: | de Grunt, Lisa Simone; Ng, Kiat; Calado, Helena |
| Abstract: | Traditional silo approaches to managing marine resources and anthropogenic activities are progressively being replaced by systemic and holistic ecosystem-based management. In Europe, authorities are increasingly realising the interconnected complexity and transboundary effects of maritime economic activities on each other and on the marine environment. Facilitating cross-border coordination and cooperation between neighbouring European Member States and their non-EU border countries on the implementation of maritime spatial planning (MSP) is essential in ensuring the sustainable management of the European marine environment. During the last decade, progressive efforts have been dedicated to coordinate national marine planning to ensure that there is a concerted, coherent and sustainable approach regarding the activities taking place in the European seas. The Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (2014/89/EU) states that regional coordination and cooperation between Member States is a requirement in the development and implementation of national maritime spatial plans, and specifically mentions the consideration of the Regional Sea Conventions (RSCs) that are in place in Europe. Through analysing the results of a small-scale survey under European MSP experts, the paper explores whether an increased involvement of the RSCs in regional cooperation on MSP is perceived as possible and/or desirable. The paper considers the (potential) role of the RSCs in the cross-border coordination of major maritime economic activities, as well as in cross-border MSP projects taking place in the European sea basins. The paper pays specific attention to the desirability and perceived challenges of such an increased role for the RSCs. |
| Date: | 2018–07–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:5a8en&r=all |
| By: | Bachen, Hrabrin; Terziev, Dimitar |
| Abstract: | Assessing sustainability of agricultural farms is among the most topical issues for researchers, farmers, investors, administrators, politicians, interests groups and public at large. In academic publications, official documents and agricultural practices social, economic and environmental aspects (pillars) of sustainability are assessed, while critical “governance” functions of the farm ignored. Nevertheless, comparative governance efficiency often (pre)determines the overall sustainability of a farm despite its (high) productivity, social responsibility or eco-conservation. Most frameworks usually employ “universal” approach for “faceless” farms and “anonymous” environment despite that real socio-economic, institutional and natural conditions are critical for sustainability. Assessment systems are not hierarchical and lack systemic organization of sustainability components leading to arbitrary selection of indicators. Besides, they are too simplified (few indicators), unilateral (“pure” economic, ecological, etc.), or too complicated and impossible to use. In this presentation we suggest a holistic approach for assessing absolute and comparative sustainability of farms of different juridical type, size, product specialization, ecological and geographical location in Bulgaria. It encompass governance, economic, social, and environmental aspects which are analyzed by a hierarchical system of 12 principles, 21 criteria, 45 indicators and reference values. Study, including 190 typical holdings, has found out that the overall sustainability of Bulgarian farms is good, with superior levels for environmental and social sustainability, and inferior level for governance and economic sustainability. There are great variations in sustainability levels of farms of different type and location as well as in shares of holdings with unlike sustainability level. In conclusion, we make recommendations for improvement of sustainability research and managerial practices. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296694&r=all |
| By: | Southwell, Natacha |
| Abstract: | A continued multidecadal decline in sea-ice extent has led to the opening up of the polar regions to emerging maritime opportunities. In spite of this decline, extreme variability in ice, temperature and weather conditions remains a significant navigational challenge to mariners. Thus, the emerging opportunities for increased maritime operations in the polar regions present significant safety and environmental risks. As such, seafarers with ice navigation expertise is a necessity for polar operations. An exploratory study was carried out into contemporary navigation skills in ice-covered waters worldwide, with a focus on current training requirements, knowledge and skills required for safe polar operations, This poster only presents the findings on training aspects of the survey. |
| Date: | 2019–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:8zpt6&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Open Communications for The Ocean, OCTO |
| Abstract: | Previous research suggests that private environmental governance has ambiguous effects in terms of democratic decision-making and transparency. This study advances our understanding of the type and impacts of private governance in the regulatory process of microbeads in the UK, drawing on the qualitative analysis of 3 expert interviews and 56 documents submitted to the government during the parliamentary inquiry phase. |
| Date: | 2018–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:38sy9&r=all |
| By: | Ayer, Austin; Fulton, Stuart; Caamal-Madrigal, Jacobo Alejandro; Espinoza-Tenorio, Alejandro |
| Abstract: | Spatial closure regimes such as marine protected areas (MPAs) have emerged as a prominent tool in the effort to balance ecosystem health and fishery productivity. As MPAs have proliferated, the conservation community has begun to supplement traditional biological metrics with social and community considerations in the way it seeks to manage and evaluate such tools. To assess management outcomes and opportunities for a network of community-based, marine no-take zones (NTZs) in the Mexican Caribbean, semi-structured interviews were carried out with fishers and key management stakeholders. Findings indicate that the community-based management strategy has inherent tradeoffs between community engagement and conservation potential. Managers have succeeded in fostering high levels of community support for the initiative, but significant challenges remain, most notably the high presence of illegal fishing within NTZs. Successes and challenges of the community-based management strategy are documented and evaluated within a fisheries resource management framework. As the NTZ network undergoes legal renovation following the completion of its initial five-year term, this work serves as an important resource for both reflection on, and adaptation of, the community-based NTZ management regime. |
| Date: | 2018–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:cs3fz&r=all |
| By: | Yen, Do |
| Abstract: | products. Besides the involvement of companies, many small-scale farms have evolved in industrial plantation of forest. There are many types of economic linkages have been establishedbetween the private forest sector and local forest planters. However, the implementation of these economic integrations has not been effective so far because the connection between the wood companies and famers has shown weaknesses and the legality of the contracts is not high. Thus, in recent time, many wood processing facilities lack raw timber materials while the planters have to sell their wood at low prices when the harvest season comes. The people whose livelihood depends on the forest are still poor, the household economy in forestry shows many limitations and much fragmentation, and the effectiveness of forest plantations, harvesting, wood processing and forestry production have not been commensurate with the potential. The purpose of this study is to examine models of agreements between wood processing enterprises and local forest communities; also initially discussing the hypothesisof the main factors that make the implementation of the timber trade contractsbecomming less effective. The papertry to find the policies recommendations and efficient solutions for developing the agreements between timber processing companies and local forest comunities. The study is a part of growing the body on the research on linkages in timber production and marketing. By finding the weeknesses of the timber trade agreements, this study will contribute to future researchs on relate topics. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296718&r=all |
| By: | Langlet, David (University of Gothenburg) |
| Abstract: | Recent decades have seen an increasing emphasis on (re)structuring marine governance regulation to fit relevant natural systems in terms of scale and spatial scope, and thus also on the delimitation of spatial units. Being at the heart of ecosystem based management, this focus on the relationship between scale and space in nature and in regulatory systems necessitates an increased awareness of the use of spatial and scale-related concepts in marine governance regulation. Using the regulatory context of the Baltic Sea as the focal point, this article examines concepts central to marine governance such as ‘ecosystem’, ‘water body’ and ‘marine waters’. It investigates how changes in the physical environment are reflected in the legal concepts, but also how these concepts affect the understanding or definition of the ‘natural’ phenomena ostensibly representing the scales on which the regulatory system should be premised. |
| Date: | 2018–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:sfqyn&r=all |
| By: | Sileshi, Million; Kadigi, Reuben; Mutabazi, Khamaldin; Sieber, Stefan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295897&r=all |
| By: | Molinaroli, Emanuela; Guerzoni, Stefano; Suman, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Both Venice and Miami are highly vulnerable to sea level rise and climate change. We examine the two cities´ biophysical environments, their socioeconomic bases, the legal and administrative structures, and their vulnerabilities and responses to sea level rise and flooding. Based on this information we critically compare the different adaptive responses of Venice and Miami and suggest what each city may learn from the other, as well as offer lessons for other vulnerable coastal cities. |
| Date: | 2018–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:73a25&r=all |
| By: | Langlet, David (University of Gothenburg); Rayfuse, Rosemary |
| Abstract: | In this, concluding chapter, we draw on the various perspectives and experiences discussed in the preceding chapters, with a view to identifying common themes and challenges as well as distinctive features of the understanding and operationalization of the ecosystem approach to ocean management in the EU and beyond. We highlight important insights and identify remaining challenges to the effective operationalization of the approach, both in terms of improving its practical implementation, and in terms of further research needs. |
| Date: | 2018–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:8xqjt&r=all |
| By: | Oyinbo, Oyakhilomen; Chamberlin, Jordan; Tahirou, Abdoulaye; Vanlauwe, Bernard; Kamara, Alpha Yaya; Craufurd, Peter; Maertens, Miet |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295826&r=all |
| By: | , Ridwan; Gani, H. Mursalim Umar; Gani, H. Achmad; Hamid, H. Sunusi; Jamali, Hisnol |
| Abstract: | This research aims to examine and analyze the effect of human resource management practices (i.e. leadership styles, employee commitment, work motivation, and work climate) on employee job satisfaction and employee performance. This study used primary data obtained through a survey to 221 employees as a sample. The result of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis shows that empirically the leadership style, employee commitment, work motivation, and work climate have positive and significant impact on job satisfaction. Leadership style, employee commitment, work motivation, and work climate, either directly or indirectly have a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction as variable intervening. Job satisfaction has a direct positive and significant effect on employee performance. The direct effect of leadership styles, employee commitment, motivation and work climate on employee performance is positive, which means that when the exogenous variables improved the job satisfaction and employee performance will increase. The indirect effect of exogenous variable on employee performance through job satisfaction is positive. The total effect which is the sum of the direct and indirect effects through job satisfaction obtained positive value, which means there is effect of direct effect and indirect effect of exogenous variable on employee performance through job satisfaction. |
| Date: | 2018–08–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bct8p&r=all |
| By: | , Ridwan; Gani, H. Mursalim Umar; Gani, H. Achmad; Hamid, H. Sunusi; Jamali, Hisnol |
| Abstract: | This research aims to examine and analyze the effect of human resource management practices (i.e. leadership styles, employee commitment, work motivation, and work climate) on employee job satisfaction and employee performance. This study used primary data obtained through a survey to 221 employees as a sample. The result of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis shows that empirically the leadership style, employee commitment, work motivation, and work climate have positive and significant impact on job satisfaction. Leadership style, employee commitment, work motivation, and work climate, either directly or indirectly have a positive and significant effect on employee performance through job satisfaction as variable intervening. Job satisfaction has a direct positive and significant effect on employee performance. The direct effect of leadership styles, employee commitment, motivation and work climate on employee performance is positive, which means that when the exogenous variables improved the job satisfaction and employee performance will increase. The indirect effect of exogenous variable on employee performance through job satisfaction is positive. The total effect which is the sum of the direct and indirect effects through job satisfaction obtained positive value, which means there is effect of direct effect and indirect effect of exogenous variable on employee performance through job satisfaction. |
| Date: | 2018–08–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:inarxi:ubtms&r=all |
| By: | KAPSARC, King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Starting in 2017, KAPSARC and the Clingendael International Energy Program (CIEP) have convened a series of workshops on the Role of Oil in the Low Carbon Energy Transition. This workshop held on April 25th, 2019 took place in Hus Clingendael, The Hague, under a modified version of the Chatham House Rule under which participants consented to be listed. However, none of the content in this briefing can be attributed to any individual attendee. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Geoppolitics, Low Carbon Energy Tranisition |
| Date: | 2019–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2019-wb29&r=all |
| By: | Steven Fawkes; Marzio Galeotti; Nicholas Howarth; Moncef Krarti; Alessandro Lanza; Padu Padmanabhan (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | With domestic energy demand in Saudi Arabia expected to potentially double by 2030, managing the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth will be very important for the Kingdom’s sustainable development. To assist in this task, this report recommends using energy productivity as an indicator and policy framework to help inform policymakers as to where and how the most value can be achieved from energy use. |
| Keywords: | Building Sector, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Energy Demand, Energy Efficiency, Energy Price Reform, Energy Productivity, Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG), Industrial Strategy, Oil Exports, Policy Development, Policy framework, Transportation, Vision 2030 |
| Date: | 2017–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks-2017--dp024&r=all |
| By: | Pyddoke, Roger (Research Programme in Transport Economics); Swärdh, Jan-Erik (Research Programme in Transport Economics); Algers, Staffan (TP mod AB); Habibi, Shiva (Chalmers University of Technology); Sedehi Zadeh, Noor (Research Programme in Transport Economics) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the long-term effects on the car fleet and welfare distribution of three car-related policy instruments intended to reduce CO2 emissions: increased fossil-fuel taxes, an intensified bonus-malus system for new cars, and increased mandated biofuel blending. The effects on the car fleet are analyzed in terms of energy source, weight, and CO2 emissions. Distributional effects are analyzed in terms of income and geographical residence areas. The increased fuel taxes reduce CO2 emissions by 36%, mainly through less driving of fossil-fuel cars. The intensified bonus-malus system for new cars reduces CO2 emissions by 5%. Both these policies shift the car fleet toward increased shares of electric vehicles and increased average weight. Increased mandated biofuel blending has no estimated effect on the car fleet unless prices increase differently from in the reference scenario. The two first policy instruments are weakly progressive to slightly regressive over most of the income distribution, but barely regressive if the highest income group is also included. The fraction of each population group incurring substantial welfare losses is higher the lower the income group. In the geographical dimension, for all policies the rural areas bear the largest burden, small cities the second largest burden, and large cities the smallest burden. The burden in the long term versus the short term is lower for high-income earners and urban residents. |
| Keywords: | Distributional effects; Equity; Fuel tax; Feebate; Bonus; Malus; Mandated biofuel blend; Car choice |
| JEL: | D63 H23 R48 |
| Date: | 2019–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:trnspr:2019_004&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); FAO, |
| Abstract: | In 2012, the World Bank, FAO and WorldFish Center published a review of the economic importance of fisheries entitled Hidden Harvest: The Global Contribution of Capture Fisheries. While providing essential information and estimates that are still valid, the analyses would benefit from being refined and updated, and also by including additional dimensions of the contribution of small-scale fisheries to food security and nutrition, poverty reduction, and the three dimensions of sustainable development more broadly. The intention would be to draw the attention of policy- and decision-makers to the sector’s importance and to promote the required engagement and support to realize the potential of sustainable small-scale fisheries. Such an analysis would also be an important contribution towards monitoring the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines), and of the progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As a first step towards a new Hidden Harvest study, the “Workshop on improving our knowledge on small-scale fisheries: data needs and methodologies” was held at FAO in Rome, Italy on 27–29 June 2017. This expert workshop discussed: • the scope and main contents of the new study, including type of data (indicators) to be collected and subsector coverage; and • the methodologies for data collection and analyses, including key partners and information sources. About 40 external experts, as well as FAO staff from the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and other relevant FAO departments, participated in the workshop. The workshop agreed on the need for a comprehensive new study to illuminate the hidden contributions of small-scale fisheries to the three dimensions of sustainable development, as well as identifying the key threats to these contributions. The study would be a collaborative effort, and the next steps envisaged include the development of a study design based on the workshop outcomes, to be completed by the end of 2017; continuation of ongoing communications and partnership development; and launch of the research in early 2018, with a target for completion in the first half of 2019. |
| Date: | 2017–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:vnwc2&r=all |
| By: | Matias Ramirez (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK); Oscar Romero (University of Utrecht, Netherlands); Johan Schot (Centre for Global Challenges, University of Utrecht, Netherlands); Felber Arroyave (Environmental Systems Program, University of California Merced, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses the important question of how national research systems can support the implementation of the United Nations 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set out in the 2030 agenda. Much attention on this topic has so far coalesced around understanding and measuring possible synergies and trade-offs that emerge in the SDGs. We contribute to this discussion by arguing that it is necessary to move from a focus on system interaction towards system transformation. A conceptual approach is presented based on the notion that research that “builds bridges” between science and technology and the social and environmental pillars of sustainable development can more fully support simultaneous achievement of the SDGs and thus be transformational. This proposition is put to the test empirically through a study of the Mexican research system using methods from bibliometrics and social network analysis. Our results can help to provide a diagnostic of how research systems are approaching SDGs and where potential exists for transformative research. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, Mexico, Poverty, Inequality, Social Network Analysis, Triad, Co-bibliography, Transformation. |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2019-25&r=all |
| By: | Mulwa, Chalmers; Jayne, Thomas S.; Muyanga, Milu; Visser, Martine |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295845&r=all |
| By: | Duckles, Beth M |
| Abstract: | The utility of regulatory mechanisms such as voluntary standards are becoming a way of changing the market. In this paper, I look at a case of an organizational process that works across institutional logics within the US Green Building Council’s work to develop the next version of the voluntary LEED building standard. I seek to investigate how the regulatory process functions across multiple logics. Research in this area tends to consider the logics as combative. I argue that in the resolution of logics, the work of the staff is to organize the competing logics by using a third logic – one that they feel ambivalent about - to mitigate the dissonance of the market logic and the mission logic and to resolve tensions. |
| Date: | 2018–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:6q8cn&r=all |
| By: | Netto, Vinicius M.; Brigatti, Edgardo; Meirelles, João; Ribeiro, Fabiano L.; Pace, Bruno; Cacholas, Caio; Sanches, Patricia Mara |
| Abstract: | From physics to the social sciences, information is now seen as a fundamental component of reality. However, a form of information seems still underestimated, perhaps precisely because it is so pervasive that we take it for granted: the information encoded in the very environment we live in. We still do not fully understand how information takes the form of cities, and how our minds deal with it in order to learn about the world, make daily decisions, and take part in the complex system of interactions we create as we live together. This paper addresses three related problems that need to be solved if we are to understand the role of environmental information: (1) the physical problem: how can we preserve information in the built environment? (2) The semantic problem: how do we make environmental information meaningful? and (3) the pragmatic problem: how do we use environmental information in our daily lives? Attempting to devise a solution to these problems, we introduce a three-layered model of information in cities, namely environmental information in physical space, environmental information in semantic space, and the information enacted by interacting agents. We propose forms of estimating entropy in these different layers, and apply these measures to emblematic urban cases and simulated scenarios. Our results suggest that ordered spatial structures and diverse land use patterns encode information, and that aspects of physical and semantic information affect coordination in interaction systems. |
| Date: | 2018–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jgz5d&r=all |
| By: | Jimoh, Kazeem A.; Oni, Omobowale A.; Adepoju, Adeshola O.; Oladapo, Akinyemi; Adeyemo, Temitayo A. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295816&r=all |
| By: | de Oliveira, Thaiane Moreira; de Albuquerque, Sofia; Toth, Janderson Pereira; Bello, Debora Zava |
| Abstract: | Since the BRICS Declaration in Cape Town in 2013, its five member countries have committed to cooperation programs in science, technology and innovation (STI), based on the five strategic thematic areas assigned to each signatory: climate change and mitigation of catastrophes (Brazil); water resources and pollution treatment (Russia); geospatial technology and its applications (India); new and renewable energy, and energy efficiency (China); and astronomy (South Africa). Five years after the Declaration and almost a decade after the First BRICS Summit, the evaluation of the strengthening of international cooperation among countries remains a challenge, due to their low presence in the large index databases commonly used for the collection of scientific data, such as Web of Science and Scopus. The proposal of this research is to carry out a study on international cooperation among the countries in the last five years through the Dimensions platform, based on the incidence of international co-authoring and co-financing of research agencies from the five countries, seeking to highlight the following points: the networks that consolidate themselves from the international cooperation among the BRICS countries, areas emerging in research with incidences of co-authorship, and how the research networks have been developed around the five strategic areas defined in the BRICS Cape Town Declaration. It aims to evaluate how the international cooperation of the BRICS bloc in strategic thematic areas has been growing, pointing to possible areas of strengthening of international partnerships that can be deployed through this study. |
| Date: | 2018–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:b6x43&r=all |
| By: | Hewitt, Richard J; Bradley, Nicholas; Compagnucci, Andrea Baggio; Barlagne, Carla; Ceglarz, Andrzej; Cremades, Roger; McKeen, Margaret; Otto, Ilona M.; Slee, Richard William |
| Abstract: | Citizen-driven Renewable Energy (RE) projects of various kinds, known collectively as community energy (CE), have an important part to play in the worldwide transition to cleaner energy systems. On the basis of evidence from literature review and an exploratory survey of 8 European countries, we investigate European CE through the lens of Social Innovation (SI). Broadly, three main phases of SI in CE can be identified. The environmental movements of the 1960s and the “oil shocks” of the 1970s provided the catalyst for a series of innovative societal responses around energy and self-sufficiency. These first wave CE innovations included cooperatives (e.g. in Sweden and Germany) who financed and managed risks for RE developments in the absence of support from governments and banks. A second wave of SI relates to the mainstreaming of RE and associated government support mechanisms. In this phase, with some important exceptions, successful CE initiatives were mainly confined to those countries where they were already embedded as innovators in the previous phase. In former communist countries of central and eastern Europe (Poland, former East Germany) CE development was hindered by societal mistrust of cooperative movements for their association with the state socialism of the past. In Scotland, UK, strong public support was given to CE, and a new form, the Community Development Trust, emerged and was later replicated elsewhere in the UK. The third phase of CE innovation relates to the societal response to the Great Recession that began in 2007-8 and lasted most of the subsequent decade. Though climate change had become a pressing concern, CE initiatives formed around this time were also strongly focused around democratization of energy and citizen empowerment in the context of rising energy prices, a weak economy, and a production and supply system dominated by excessively powerful multinational energy firms. CE initiatives today are more diverse than at any time previously, and though seriously constrained by mainstream energy policy in most countries, are likely to continue to act as incubators for pioneering initiatives addressing virtually all aspects of energy. |
| Date: | 2018–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hswzg&r=all |
| By: | Mapemba, Lawrence; Ward, Patrick; Bell, Andrew; Kenamu, Edwin; Nyirenda, Zephaniah; Msukwa, Wupe |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295924&r=all |
| By: | Long, Stephen; Thurlow, Grace; Jones, Peter JS Dr; Turner, Andrew; Randrianantenaina, Sylvestre; Savage, Jessica (SEED Madagascar); Ndriamanja, Jeremie |
| Abstract: | The Marine Protected Area Governance (MPAG) framework is applied to critically assess the governance of the Sainte Luce Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA), southeast Madagascar. Madagascar experiences rapid population growth, widespread poverty, corruption and political instability, which hinders natural resource governance. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been repeatedly employed to circumvent the lack of state capacity. This includes the LMMA model, which has rapidly proliferated, represented by MIHARI, Madagascar's LMMA network. The lobster fishing is the primary source of income for households in the impoverished community of Sainte Luce, one of the key landing sites in the regional export industry. However, fishers, industry actors and available data suggest a significant decline of local and regional stocks, likely due to over-exploitation driven by poverty and migration. In 2013, SEED Madagascar a UK NGO, worked to establish community-based fishery management in Sainte Luce, setting up a local management committee, which introduced a periodic no take zone (NTZ). Despite the community's efforts and some significant achievements, the efficacy of management is limited. To date, limited state support and the lack of engagement by actors throughout the value chain have hampered effective governance. The study reinforces the finding that resilient governance relies on a diversity of actors and the incentives they collectively employ. Here and elsewhere, there is a limit to what can be achieved by bottom-up approaches in isolation. Resilient management of marine resources in Madagascar relies on improving the capacity of community, state, NGO and industry actors to collectively govern resources. |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:3ugkp&r=all |
| By: | Singer, Rebecca; Jones, Peter JS Dr |
| Abstract: | The Marine Protected Area Governance (MPAG) framework can be used to analyse MPA governance by moving away from conceptual discussions to focus on particular governance approaches leading to effectiveness. The framework was applied to the Lyme Bay MPA, southwest England, the site of a controversial fisheries closure, which has subsequently been proposed as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), as well the location for an NGO-led project focusing on stakeholder engagement. This paper examines a broad range of perspectives on the governance of this MPA, via semi-structured interviews with representatives of different interest groups and document analyses. The MPAG framework found a governance structure with a diversity of incentives, providing for bottom-up stakeholder engagement and awareness-raising coupled with strong top-down legislative structures. Although the fisheries closure and subsequent SAC restrictions have provided the main mechanisms for protecting biodiversity, an NGO-led project has provided a complement to the legislative framework and helped to facilitate a mechanism for adaptive co-management. However, the site is predicted to be subject to external pressures from changes in legislation, state resource restrictions and reduced NGO involvement, which will test the resilience of the structure and whether such a diversity of incentives provides sufficient resilience to maintain MPA effectiveness in the face of these pressures. |
| Date: | 2018–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:nrk2d&r=all |
| By: | Abramov, Dimitri Marques |
| Abstract: | The market economy is contemporaneously considered as a complex adaptive system, chaotic and far from equilibrium. However, there are no feedback mechanisms that provide stability to the system. In this preliminary essay, I outline the fundamental idea of a floating taxation system to compensate for the market oscillations of goods, growth and profit of companies and their socio-environmental impact, promoting the long-term stability of the economic system. |
| Date: | 2018–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:un4ah&r=all |
| By: | Allen, Maggie; Breslow, Sara; Dolsak, Nives; Bird, Stoney |
| Abstract: | In the Pacific Northwest, residents are mobilizing to prevent the coastal export of fossil fuels and protect unique ecosystems and place-based communities. This paper examines the diverse groups, largely from the Bellingham area, and how they succeeded in blocking construction of what was to be the largest coal-shipping port in North America, the Gateway Pacific Terminal (GPT). Tribes, environmental organizations, faith-based groups, and other citizen groups used a multitude of approaches to prevent development, both independently and in concert. This paper reviews the various ways in which the groups collaborated and supported one another to resist the neoliberalization of the coast and support local sovereignty, unique ecosystems, and place-based communities. Groups like Power Past Coal, Protect Whatcom, and Coal-Free Bellingham fought for important and protective changes and evidenced communitywide political support, but the sovereign rights of the Lummi Nation were the legal bar to constructing the coal terminal. |
| Date: | 2019–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:m789p&r=all |
| By: | Muhamadi, Shakiru; Boz, Ismet |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to examine the present situation and potential developments of organic agriculture in Rwanda. The side effects of conventional farming encouraged the producers to adopt organic agriculture as a solution. This paper first reviews the trends in organic farming in the world,and then gives detailed information about organic farming in Rwanda where a high potential of organic production exists due to the abundance of highly fertile and uncontaminated land reserves. Rwanda’s present agricultural policies mostly focus on an increase of agricultural production per hectare and per animal. This goal requires increasing use of subsidized chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Thegovernment’s extension system promotes conventional farming and country policy of growing priority crops in specific areas are among the major issues hindering the country's transition to an organic state. In this paper, the details of the Rwanda’s organic farming potential have been highlightedby using a SWOT analysis. Appropriate government supports like facilitating the organic farmers' participation at international trade fairs will strengthen Rwanda's fame as an organic country, linking farmers to export markets, joint negotiations with certification bodies, and rising awareness through media will be a triumphant strategy for the Rwanda’s organic farming to develop further. The results of this paper will provide useful information for policymakers, extension specialists, NGOs dealing with organic farming, and researchers. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296705&r=all |
| By: | Katsuhito Nohara; Masaki Narukawa; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | Coral reefs face a critical crisis because of rising ocean temperature, human resource use, run-off of red soil, among others. Since the recreational and tourism value of reef, in particular, have great potential, the degradation of reef quality may have a great effect on the tourism industry of Okinawa Prefecture, which largely depends on it. This study employs a contingent behavior approach to estimate the effect of reef extinction on recreational demand for Kume Island, Okinawa, Japan. Moreover, the Poisson-Inverse Gaussian model with correction for on-site sampling issues proposed in this study can potentially derive more accurate estimates of consumer surplus. The results show that the CS losses in the case of coral reef extinction become about 627.78 million yen per year. |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:103&r=all |
| By: | Stutzer, Alois (University of Basel); Slotwinski, Michaela (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | The enfranchisement of foreigners is likely one of the most controversial frontiers of institutional change in developed democracies, which are experiencing an increasing number of non-citizen residents. We study the conditions under which citizens are willing to share power. To this end, we exploit the unique setting of the Swiss canton of Grisons, where municipalities are free to decide on the introduction of non-citizen voting rights at the local level (a so called opting-in regime). Consistent with the power dilution hypothesis, we find that enfranchisement is less likely the larger the share of resident foreigners. Moreover, municipalities with a large language/cultural minority are less likely to formally involve foreigners. In contrast, municipality mergers seem to act as an institutional catalyst, promoting democratic reforms. A supplementary panel analysis on electoral support for an opting-in regime in the canton of Zurich also backs the power dilution hypothesis, showing that a larger share of foreigners reduces support for a regime change. |
| Keywords: | non-citizen voting rights; opting-in; power sharing; democratization |
| JEL: | D72 D78 J15 |
| Date: | 2019–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2019/19&r=all |
| By: | Kuschnig, Nikolas; Crespo Cuaresma, Jesus; Krisztin, Tamás |
| Abstract: | The drivers of deforestation are the subject of many spatially explicit studies with considerable policy impact, yet few studies account for spatial dependence, thus neglecting spillover effects. In this work, we use high-resolution remotely sensed land cover change maps, extended with socioeconomic panel data for 141 municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, to investigate the role of agriculture in deforestation from 2006 until 2016. Our econometric model specifically accounts for spatial indirect effects from the dependent and explanatory variables, thus avoiding biased and inconsistent estimates. We identify indirect spillover effects from croplands and direct effects from cattle as significant deforestation drivers. Neglecting to explicitly account for spatial dependence considerably underestimates deforestation pressure of soy production. We conclude that spatial dynamics play a crucial role in deforestation and need to be considered in econometric studies, in order to facilitate informed policy decisions. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, spillover effects, spatial econometrics, agriculture, soybean, land use change |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:7335&r=all |
| By: | Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Cugniere, Laure; Hinsley, Amy; Phelps, Jacob; Rolfe, Michael 't Sas; Veríssimo, Diogo |
| Abstract: | Tools and expertise to improve the evidence base for national and international Illegal Wildlife Trade policy already exist but are underutilised. Tapping into these resources would produce substantive benefits for wildlife conservation and associated sectors, enabling governments to better meet their obligations under the Sustainable Development Goals and international biodiversity conventions. This can be achieved through enhanced funding support for inter-sectoral research collaborations, engaging researchers in priority setting and programme design, increasing developing country research capacity and engaging researchers and community voices in policy processes. This briefing, addressed to policy makers and practitioners, is part of the 2018 Evidence to Action: Research to Address Illegal Wildlife Trade event programme, organised by five of the UK’s most active IWT research institutions, to support the London 2018 IWT Conference. |
| Date: | 2018–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:35ndz&r=all |
| By: | Tiamiyu, Saliu A.; Mohammed, Bashir; Alawode, Victor O.; Mohammed, Gaba |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295681&r=all |
| By: | Molua, Ernest L; Ojong, Martin Paul Jr Tabe; Akamin, Ajapnwa; Joe, Assoua E. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295811&r=all |
| By: | Rutoh, Linet Cherono; Otieno, David Jakinda; Oluoch-Kosura, Willis; Mureithi, Stephen; Gert, Nyberg |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295732&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Mackay, Mary; Jennings, Sarah; van Putten, E.I.; Sibly, Hugh; Yamazaki, Satoshi |
| Abstract: | Enforcing compliance with rules and regulations in recreational fisheries has proved difficult due to factors such as the high number of participants and costs of enforcement, the absence of regular monitoring of recreational fishing activity, and the inherent difficulties in accurately determining catch levels. The effectiveness of traditional punitive deterrence is limited, yet current management is heavily reliant on this compliance approach. In this paper, the potential of behavioural based management is considered through a narrative review of the relevant literature; specifically, exploring the use of nudges, which aim through subtle changes and indirect suggestion to make certain decisions more salient, thereby improving voluntary compliance. This concept is explored with specific reference to the compliance of fishers within Australian recreational fisheries. There are only a few examples of behavioural based approaches found. However, based on their theoretical foundations, nudges may represent an inexpensive, and potentially highly effective tool for recreational fisheries management. Nudges do not offer a ‘quick fix’ to cases where traditional policy instruments have failed. Rather, there is the potential for behavioural nudges (based on framing, changing the physical environment, presenting default options, and social norms) to augment and complement existing deterrence regimes. A number of potential nudges for compliance management in recreational fisheries are suggested, but caution is advised. As with any novel management approach, nudges must be rigorously tested to demonstrate their cost-effectiveness and to avoid unintended consequences. |
| Date: | 2018–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:2fyuc&r=all |
| By: | Tangerås, Thomas (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Wolak, Frank A. (Program on Energy and Sustainable Development and Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The variability of solar and wind generation increases transmission network operating costs associated with maintaining system stability. These ancillary services costs are likely to increase as a share of total energy costs in regions with ambitious renewable energy targets. We examine how efficient deployment of intermittent renewable generation capacity across locations depends on the costs of balancing real-time system demand and supply. We then show how locational marginal network tariffs can be designed to implement the efficient outcome for intermittent renewable generation unit location decisions. We demonstrate the practical applicability of this approach by applying our theory to obtain quantitative results for the California electricity market. |
| Keywords: | Ancillary services costs; Efficiency; Locational marginal network tariffs; Renewable electricity generation; System stability |
| JEL: | L94 Q20 Q42 |
| Date: | 2019–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1310&r=all |
| By: | Ngcobo, Lindiwe; Obi, Ajuruchukwu; Mamphweli, Sampson; Zantsi, Siphe |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295722&r=all |
| By: | Ahungwa, G.T.; Sani, R.M.; Gama, E.N.; Adeleke, E.A. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295903&r=all |
| By: | Kizilaslan, Nuray; Cukur, Tayfun |
| Abstract: | Farmers have to decide on various issues while carrying out their agricultural activities. There is a significant impact on the knowledge that the farmers have in making the decision. While scientific knowledge is the produced by research institutions and transmitted to farmers through extension organizations, local knowledge is reflect cultural and society features and it transferred next generations. So previous generations are local sources of information.Local knowledge is helping to make decisions about agriculture, health, education, natural resource management. Local knowledge is data for agricultural extension studies. Thanks to this knowledge extension institutions are learning about the farmers' current conditions and practices and building their extension programs on this knowledge. On the other hand, local knowledge protects biodiversity and preserves local genetic resources, while agricultural heritage protects natural resources through low-input agricultural production. It is also important to ensure food safety, as local knowledge is an alternative production technique when modern farming technologies do not comply locally with farmers' requirements. When an assessment is made in terms of agricultural extension, local knowledge appears to be an important source of knowledge. Because farmers provide important information from family members, friends and neighbors. The farmers' own experiences are also an important source of information. In this study will be examine the differences between local knowledge and scientific knowledge, the characteristics of local knowledge, local knowledge types, extension approaches that respect local knowledge, and the importance of local knowledge in terms of agricultural extension. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296706&r=all |
| By: | Wehner, Nicholas (OCTO (Open Communications for The Ocean)); Phillipson, Jeremy; Symes, David |
| Abstract: | Brexit poses a major challenge to the stability of European fisheries management. Until now, neighbouring EU Member States have shared the bounty of the living resources of the seas around Britain. Taking full responsibility for the regulation of fisheries within the UK's Exclusive Economic Zone will cut across longstanding relationships, potentially putting at risk recent recovery and future sustainability of shared fish stocks. The paper considers the meaning of Brexit in relation to fisheries and the issues that will need to be resolved in any rebalancing of fishing opportunities within the UK EEZ. It examines the longer term implications for the governance of fisheries and the likely restructuring of institutional and regulatory arrangements, emphasising the prior need for a shared vision and robust modus operandi for collaboration between the UK and EU to ensure the sustainability of resources, viability of fishing activity and the health of marine ecosystems. |
| Date: | 2018–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:marxiv:fxnqj&r=all |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan PhD; Bouzaghrane, Mohamed Amine |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this review is to present findings from recent research on Shared automated vehicles (SAV) impacts on mobility and energy. While the literature on potential SAV impacts on travel behavior and the environment is still developing, researchers have suggested that SAVs could reduce transportation costs and incur minimal increases in total trip time due to efficient routing to support pooling. Researchers also speculate that SAVs would result in a 55% reduction in energy use and ~ 90% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. SAV impacts on mobility and energy are uncertain. Researchers should carefully track SAV technology developments and adjust previous model assumptions based on real-world data to produce better impact estimates. SAVs could prove to be a next technological advancement that reshapes the transportation system by providing a safer, efficient, and less costly travel alternative. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Shared automated vehicles, Travel behavior, Mobility Greenhouse gases, Energy consumption, Shared automated vehicle policy |
| Date: | 2019–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5g29c7pp&r=all |
| By: | Matata Ponyo Mapon; Jean-Paul K. Tsasa |
| Abstract: | This paper reexamines the validity of the natural resource curse hypothesis, using the database of mineral exporting countries. Our findings are as follows: (i) Resource-rich countries (RRCs) do not necessarily exhibit poor political, economic and social performance; (ii) RRCs that perform poorly have a low diversified exports portfolio; (iii) In contrast, RRCs with a low diversified exports portfolio do not necessarily perform poorly. Then, we develop a model of strategic interaction from a Bayesian game setup to study the role of leadership and governance in the management of natural resources. We show that an improvement in the leadership-governance binomial helps to discipline the behavior of lobby groups (theorem 1) and generate a Pareto improvement in the management of natural resources (theorem 2). Evidence from the World Bank Group's CPIA data confirms the later finding. Our results remain valid after some robustness checks. |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1911.09681&r=all |
| By: | Stoyanova, Antoniya; Kuneva, Velika; Ganchev, Gancho; Georgiev, Mitko |
| Abstract: | The research was conducted during 2015 - 2016 in the experimental field of the Department of Plant Production in Agriculture Faculty at Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of leaf fertilizer on the productivity of common wheat. In this study has examined the nutritional value of two common wheat: Diamond (by the varietal list of Bulgaria) and Ingenio (Syngenta). A comparative analysis of the results obtained from the treatment of varieties of common wheat with leaf fertilizers was made. Energetic and protein nutrition of ruminant wheat was evaluated in 1 kg of dry matter. Protein value of feed is extremely important for their nutritional value. The protein value of the feed is related to the bioavailability of the protein contained therein. The boundaries in which the protein values of the various feeding variants with different leaf fertilizers. The crude protein content ranges from 160.3 to 167.0 g/kg of dry matter (DM) for the Diamond variety and from 144.4 to 151.8 g/kg of dry matter Ingenio variety. On average, the content of raw protein in Diamond variety is higher by 10.7% of the found content of Ingenio variety. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296724&r=all |
| By: | Muriithi, Beatrice W.; Menale, Kassie; Gathogo, Nancy; Diiro, Gracious; Mohamed, Samira; Ekesi, Sunday |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295754&r=all |
| By: | Tufa, Adane Hirpa; Alene, Arega D.; Manda, Julius; Feleke, Shiferaw; Akinwale, M.G.; Chikoye, David; Manyong, Victor |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295842&r=all |
| By: | Zanfrillo, Alicia Inés; Morcela, Oscar Antonio; Mortara, Verónica Aída; Tabone, Luciana Belén |
| Abstract: | En la presente comunicación de reseña un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinario que convoca a estudiantes y docentes de dos unidades académicas de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. El concepto de desarrollo sostenible se expresa como un equilibrio entre diferentes dimensiones: social, económica, ambiental e institucional, que interactúan en el discurrir de la actividad humana basadas en principios de equidad, respeto, factibilidad y participación como directrices del quehacer de las organizaciones. Las diferentes actividades de las cadenas de valor generan impactos positivos y negativos en el entorno. Es por ello, que en la actualidad cobra relevancia la necesidad de propiciar el desarrollo sostenible de las organizaciones, con el objetivo de crear valor económico, ambiental y social. Una organización sostenible no solo busca la creación de valor económico, sino que busca implementar acciones que añadan valor a las actividades sociales y ambientales. El propósito de la investigación consiste en analizar la contribución de las actividades que agregan valor en las cadenas productivas a nivel sistémico y en los procesos internos de las organizaciones regionales. Se busca la generación de valor económico, social y ambiental mediante la mejora de los procesos y las actividades de innovación, tendientes a aumentar la productividad, eficiencia y rentabilidad de las organizaciones en un marco que garantice la sostenibilidad. Las modalidades más relevantes para un agregado de valor sostenible están basadas en la incorporación de tecnología en las actividades primarias, por lo que resulta indispensable analizar las formas de generación de valor en las cadenas productivas a nivel sistémico y en los procesos internos de las organizaciones regionales Se considera que el diagnóstico y análisis del agregado de valor en la elaboración de productos y servicios ofrecerá una visión holística de la organización como sistema y de la integración de sus actividades a fin de satisfacer los requerimientos del cliente. Esta perspectiva resulta en particular de utilidad para aquellas organizaciones intensivas en tecnología para las actividades centrales en desmedro de las actividades de apoyo o bien en otras que por su objeto social o fines no dedican la atención necesaria al reconocimiento de las etapas implicadas en la calidad de sus productos o servicios. Actualmente el proyecto se encuentra en ejecución, pero se pretende una difusión temprana en foros temáticos, actores específicos como cámaras, federaciones y consejos profesionales, así como una divulgación hacia la comunidad en general de los avances de la investigación que oriente sobre los beneficios de las nuevas filosofías de gestión. |
| Keywords: | Cadena de Producción; Valor Agregado; Desarrollo Sostenible; |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3216&r=all |
| By: | Bi, Xiang; Mullally, Conner |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of lagged pollution prevention (P2) adoption among sibling facilities (i.e., facilities with the same parent firm) on a facility’s own adoption of P2 practices. We use panel data from 10,224 facilities that reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) over two decades and address the endogeneity of sibling P2 adoption by instrumental variables while controlling for facility-specific and parent firm-year fixed effects. We find that sibling’s cumulative knowledge of P2 practices increases a facility’s own adoption. Intrafirm spillover effects are greater among firms that operate within a single state and among small firms. |
| Date: | 2017–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:95xbj&r=all |
| By: | Rotta, Lautaro Daniel |
| Abstract: | El informe tiene como objetivo describir el comportamiento de las empresas pesqueras que participan del Régimen de administración pesquera por Cuotas Individuales Transferibles de Captura (CITC). La fuente de información utilizada son los Informes de Gestión del Régimen de Administración por CITC elaborados anualmente por la Dirección de Administración Pesquera de la Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura (SSPyA), dependiente del Ministerio de Agroindustria (MAI). Se analizaron variables sobre el perfil y el desempeño de una muestra aleatoria de 58 casos representativos de la población de empresas con desembarques de CITC de merluza común en el año 2014. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas para probar la validez de distintas hipótesis sobre el comportamiento de las empresas participantes del Régimen de CITC. Los resultados indican que las empresas integradas verticalmente poseen mayor porcentaje de CITC asignado y tienen niveles de desembarques mayores que las empresas no integradas verticalmente. Por su parte, no se encontró asociación entre las empresas que utilizan instrumentos como asignaciones adicionales o transferencias para ampliar el cupo de CITC y el nivel de desembarques. |
| Keywords: | Cuota de Pesca; Comportamiento Empresarial; Merluza; |
| Date: | 2018–03–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3118&r=all |
| By: | Zossou, Roch C.; Adegbola, Patrice Ygué; Oussou, Brice; Kouton, Baudelaire; Dagbenonbakin, Gustave; Mongbo, Roch |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295790&r=all |
| By: | Toho Hien (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Raphaële Preget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Mabel Tidball (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Le régulateur qui met en place une enchère agro-environnementale annonce généralement le budget dont il dispose et alloue les contrats aux agriculteurs jusqu'à épuisement du budget. Cependant, la théorie des enchères considère plutôt des enchères dans lesquelles c'est le nombre d'unités en vente qui est annoncé et qui permet de calculer la stratégie d'enchère optimale. Aucune prédiction théorique ne permet de savoir quelle est la stratégie optimale (ni même si elle existe) lorsque c'est le budget qui est annoncé. La question est donc de savoir comment jouent les enchérisseurs dans ce type d'enchère et finalement quel est le format d'enchère (contrainte d'objectif ou contrainte de budget) qui permet d'obtenir le plus de bénéfices environnementaux au moindre coût. Nous proposons une expérience en laboratoire pour mieux comprendre les stratégies des joueurs dans ces deux formats d'enchères. Notre principale contribution est l'utilisation de la strategy method afin de disposer de la stratégie complète d'enchère dans les deux formats. Nous trouvons que les stratégies des sujets sont significativement différentes de la stratégie théorique optimale dans l'enchère avec contrainte d'objectif. Ce premier résultat ne nous permet pas de comparer directement les deux formats d'enchère, car le budget annoncé est le budget moyen « théorique » dans l'enchère avec contrainte de budget. Cependant, en ayant fait jouer les deux formats d'enchère aux mêmes sujets, nous mettons en évidence un effet d'ordre qui nous conduit à penser qu'il est plus difficile d'enchérir dans les enchères avec contrainte de budget que dans celles avec contrainte d'objectif. |
| Keywords: | enchère agro-environnementale,contrainte de budget,contrainte d’objectif |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-02378412&r=all |
| By: | Mailu, Stephen K.; Nwogwugwu, Collins U.; Kinusu, Kevin; Njeru, Peterson; Rewe, Thomas |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295690&r=all |
| By: | Baltar, Fabiola; Pagani, Andrea N.; Gualdoni, Patricia |
| Abstract: | El objetivo del artículo es estimar la concentración económica en la pesquería de merluza común argentina después de la implementación del régimen de CITC en el año 2010. Se comparan las medidas de concentración de la cuota legal, del cupo disponible y de la captura en el período 2010-2015. Los resultados muestran que aunque no hay cambios sustanciales en la concentración económica en los primeros años de implementación, existen diferencias en la concentración medida sobre la cuota legal, el cupo disponible y los niveles de captura. Se identifican dos etapas en el proceso dinámico de cambios sectoriales observados luego de la implementación de las CITCs. Durante el primer año, los resultados de la concentración económica indican un ajuste estructural de la flota y los grupos según la distribución legal de las cuotas. En los años siguientes, los niveles de concentración se explican por la aplicación de estrategias asociadas a la utilización de transferencias de cuotas y a la planificación de capturas adoptadas por los grupos de mayor participación relativa en búsqueda de mejoras en los niveles de eficiencia. |
| Keywords: | Cuota de Pesca; Concentración Económica; Pesquerías; Merluza; |
| Date: | 2018–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3115&r=all |
| By: | Muricho, Deborah Namayi; Otieno, David Jakinda; Oluoch-Kosura, Willis; Jirstrom, Magnus; Wredle, Ewa |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295712&r=all |
| By: | Delchev, Grozi |
| Abstract: | The research was conducted during 2012 - 2014 on pellicvertisol soil type. Under investigation was Bulgarian durum wheat cultivar Victoria (Triticum durum var. valenciae). A total of 20 antibroadleaved herbicides were investigated: Granstar 75 DF, Granstar super 50 SG, Ally max SG, Arat, Biathlon 4 D, Derby super WG, Mustang 306.25 SC, Weedmaster 646 CL, Sunsac, Secator OD, Logran 60 WG, Lintur 70 WG, Akurat 60 WG, Akurat extra WG, Eagle 75 DF, Herbaflex, Starane 250 EK, Sanafen, Dicotex 400 and Herby 675. All herbicides were treated in 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rdstem node stages of durum wheat.During 1-st stem node stage of durum wheat can to be used the antibroadleaved herbicides Arat, Biathlon, Derby super, Mustang, Weedmaster, Secator, Lintur,Akurat,Akurat extra, Eagle,Starane,Sanafen,Dicotex and Herby.These herbicides do not have negative influence on grain yield. During 2-nd stem node stage of durum wheat can to be used the herbicides Arat, Biathlon, Derby super, Mustang, Secator, Lintur,Akurat,Akurat extra, Starane,Dicotex and Herby. During 3-rd stem node stage of durum wheat can to be used only the herbicides Arat, Biathlon, Derby super, Secator, Lintur,Akurat,Akurat extra and Starane. Herbicides Weedmaster, Mustang, Logran, Eagle, Dicotxs and Herby decrease of some physical or biochemical properties of grain and should not be used during stem elongation stage of durum wheat crop for commodity production. Herbicides Arat, Biathlon, Derby super, Secator, Lintur, Akurat, Akurat extra and Starane can be applied without the risk of reducing of durum wheat grain quality.These eight antibroadleaved herbicides are economically the most effective. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icfae2:296723&r=all |
| By: | Bello, Muhammad; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Abdulai, Awudu; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Menkir, Abebe |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295797&r=all |
| By: | Aghadi, Crystal N.; Kalaba, Mmatlou; Mburu, John |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaae19:295933&r=all |