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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Maldini Sylla; Andrée De Serres; Ahlem Hajjem; Elia Duchesne |
| Abstract: | Many advances have been made in research in the field of sustainable building (Dridi, 2017) as well as in the field of sustainable mobility (Banister, 2008). There is a close link between real estate, considered as a generator of displacement, and sustainable mobility, a concept that aims to rethink travel, better plan and reduce its carbon footprint. In fact, it is because buildings are immobile that we have to be mobile. Thus, the question asked in this research is: what role for sustainable real estate in the co-construction of mobility?On the environmental front, the real estate and transportation sectors are responsible for a significant contribution to GHG production and global warming. The last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report published in October 2018 shows that the Paris Agreements, aiming to limit global warming below 2°C to 2100, will not be achieved if we do not put more efforts. In fact, ""global underwriting under the influence of the NDCs, global warming is expected to surpass 1.5°C, even if they are supplemented with very challenging increases in scale and ambition of mitigation after 2030 (high confidence)."" (IPCC, 2018). Therefore, it is important to be reactive and act on topics with huge impacts on the global warming. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, one of the greatest threats to ecosystems (IPCC, 2018). According to the International Energy Agency, 15% of all of GHGs are produced by the road transport (IEA, 2016). If nothing is done to counter this trend, the situation will worsen knowing that the global population is expected to increase to 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100 (United Nation, 2017), with already 5 billion of urban population in 2030 (Seota, Güneralpa and Hutyrac, 2012). Therefore, it is important to rethink the way we move in order to reduce the need to travel (Banister, 2008).The adoption of an ecosystem approach makes possible the identification of the existing links and interdependencies, between the actors involved in these two spheres of activity, and facilitates the global assessment of their environmental, social and economic impacts. As a result, the research project aims to take a step towards the adoption if this ecosystem-based approach by bringing together experts from both sectors to analyze their perception of the impacts generated by their projects on the other sector. Our basic premise is that a better understanding of the impacts of the projects implemented respectively by the actors in each of these two sectors can potentially provide avenues to better understand the interdependencies and interrelationships between real estate and mobility. Even better, it can contribute positively to sustainable development.We conducted a first exploratory research to explore and measure the perception of real estate and mobility experts on the interdependence between sustainable real estate and mobility. In order to do that, we analysed the data collected during a workshop organised in 2018, conducted a survey and interviews.The workshop “Sustainable real estate and mobility” was conducted at the World Summit on Sustainable Mobility, Movin'On 2018, organized by Michelin in Montreal. The ""burning question"" of this workshop was “What role will real estate play in the co-construction of mobility?” We have collected and analysed the responses from a questionnaire distributed at the beginning of the workshop to 44 participants. This first material analyzed with SPSS, was aiming to determine the profile of the participants and their understanding of the mobility-real estate link. In addition, we realized nine interviews conducted with experts. We also analyzed material used during the workshop (drawings and sticky notes), which was interpreted by the experts during interviews. These interviews have been coded and analyzed with NVivo software in order to understand the perception of the experts towards this link sustainable real estate and mobility.Interviews revealed that participants perceived the interaction between sustainable real estate and mobility around concepts such as nature, mixed use, architecture, collaboration and transportation. Surveys show that respondents believe that real estate projects they know will transform the way we use buildings in a long-term horizon. With regard to mobility, respondents believe that the mobility projects they know will transform the way we move in a short term horizon. Already, we can see differences in the time horizon of the perception of the impacts produced by the projects carried out respectively in real estate and mobility. This difference raises the question whether the impacts of one on the other are well taken into consideration.The main success factors for the integration of real estate and mobility according to the survey seems to come mainly from significant economic interest (39.5%), a strong and sustained social action (25.6%), a well-adjusted regulation (27.9%) and others (7%).The results also reveal that respondents consider that the type of change required for successful real estate-mobility integration are organizational (33.8%) and behavioural (33.8%) with the same importance. The technological factor (22.1%) and others (10.4%) appears less important.In conclusion, results from the interviews show that the perception of the real estate - mobility link in the living areas has to include nature in order to motivate the citizens to adopt active mobility. Results also indicates that buildings within neighborhoods should consider the integration of mixed use and complementary services to reduce the need to travel. This first research explored the perception of actors, involved in real estate or mobility projects, on the contribution of sustainable real estate in the deployment of new mobility. It opens research avenues for the development of indicators to measure the evolution of this perception. The results also reveal the interest of the subject and the need for additional subsequent research to analyze the evolution of the perception of these actors. |
| Keywords: | Mobility; real estate; sustainability; Sustainable Building |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2019_373&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Pierre Amigues (TSE(INRA)); Michel Moreaux (TSE(UT Capitole)) |
| Abstract: | To prevent climate change, three options are currently considered: improve the energy conversion efficiency of primary energy sources, develop carbon free alternatives to polluting fossil fuels and abate potential emissions before they are released inside the atmosphere. We study the optimal mix and timing of these three mitigation options in a stylized dynamic model. Useful energy can come from two sources: a non-renewable fossil fuel resource and a carbon free renewable resource. The conversion efficiency rate of fossil energy into useful energy is open to choice but higher conversion rates are also more costly. The economy can abate some fraction of its potential emissions and a higher abatement rate incurs higher costs. The society objective is to maintain below some mandated level, or carbon cap, the atmospheric carbon concentration. In the empirically relevant case where the economy is actually constrained by the cap, at least temporarily, we show that the optimal path is a sequence of four regimes: a 'pre-ceiling' regime before the economy is actually constrained by the cap, a 'ceiling' regime at the cap, a 'post-ceiling' regime below the cap and a final regime of exclusive exploitation of renewable resources. If the abatement option has ever to be used, it should be started before the beginning of the ceiling regime, first at an increasing rate and at a decreasing rate once the cap constraint binds. The efficiency performance from any source steadily improves with the exception of a time phase under the ceiling regime when it is constant. Renewables take progressively a larger share of the energy mix but their exploitation may be delayed significantly. Absolute levels of carbon emissions drop down continuously but follow a non monotonic pattern in per useful energy unit relative terms. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, carbon pollution, non-renewable resources, renewable resources, abatement |
| JEL: | Q00 Q32 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2019.14&r=all |
| By: | Sahan T. M. Dissanayake (Portland State University); Sarah Jacobson (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | Payments for ecosystem service programs use a market-based approach to pursue environmental goals. While they are common policy tools, key concepts that can determine their efficacy are nuanced and hard to grasp. We present a new interactive game that explores the functioning and implications of payments for ecosystem service programs. Participants play the role of rural households in a developing country. They decide individually or as groups whether to enter into contracts to receive payment from the United Nations REDD+ program to refrain from harvesting from a local forest. The game explores topics including: payments for ecosystem services programs; climate change; tropical deforestation; cost-effectiveness; additionality; contract fraud and enforcement; and community resource management. We provide customizable materials, a detailed reading list, and prompts for discussion. |
| Keywords: | classroom game, payments for ecosystem services, REDD+, market-based regulation |
| JEL: | A22 Q23 Q54 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2019-09&r=all |
| By: | Carattini, Stefano; Levin, Simon; Tavoni, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a global externality that has proven difficult to address through formal institutions alone, due to the public good properties of climate change mitigation and the lack of a supranational institution for enforcing global treaties. Given these circumstances, which are arguably the most challenging for international cooperation, commitment problems and free-riding incentives for countries to delay costly mitigation efforts are major obstacles to effective environmental agreements. Starting from this premise, we examine domestic mitigation efforts, with the goal of assessing the extent to which the willingness of individuals to contribute voluntarily to the public good of climate mitigation could be scaled up to the global level. Although individual environmental actions are clearly insufficient for achieving ambitious global mitigation targets, we argue that they are nevertheless initial and essential steps in the right direction. In fact, individual and community efforts may be particularly important if local interventions encourage shifts in norms and behaviors that favor large-scale transformations. With this in mind, we discuss the importance of the visibility of norms and the role of beliefs when such visibility is lacking, and their implications for leveraging cooperative behavior to increase climate mitigation efforts locally and globally. |
| Keywords: | social norms; collective action; pro-environmental behaviour; climate policy; conditional cooperation; ES/R009708/1 |
| JEL: | D70 F59 H23 M30 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:100784&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Adrien Fabre (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to assess the prospects for French climate policies after the Yellow Vests crisis halted the planned increase in the carbon tax. From a large representative survey, we elicit knowledge, perceptions and values over climate change, we examine opinions relative to carbon taxation, and we assess support for other climate policies. Specific attention is given to the link between perceptions of climate change and attitudes towards policies. The paper also studies in details the determinants of attitudes in terms of political and socio-demographic variables. Among many results, we find limited knowledge but high concern for climate change. We also document a large rejection of the carbon tax but majority support for stricter norms and green investments, and reveal the rationales behind these preferences. Our study entails policy recommendations, such as an information campaign on climate change. Indeed, we find that climate awareness increases support for climate policies but no evidence for the formation of opinions through partisan cues as in the US, suggesting that better access to science could foster support for the ecology. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Carbon tax, Preferences, Acceptability, France |
| JEL: | D78 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2019.15&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Adrien Fabre (Paris School of Economics, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to assess the prospects for French climate policies after the Yellow Vests crisis halted the planned increase in the carbon tax. From a large representative survey, we elicit knowledge, perceptions and values over climate change, we examine opinions relative to carbon taxation, and we assess support for other climate policies. Specific attention is given to the link between perceptions of climate change and attitudes towards policies. The paper also studies in details the determinants of attitudes in terms of political and socio-demographic variables. Among many results, we find limited knowledge but high concern for climate change. We also document a large rejection of the carbon tax but majority support for stricter norms and green investments, and reveal the rationales behind these preferences. Our study entails policy recommendations, such as an information campaign on climate change. Indeed, we find that climate awareness increases support for climate policies but no evidence for the formation of opinions through partisan cues as in the US, suggesting that better access to science could foster support for the ecology. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Carbon tax, Preferences, Acceptability, France |
| JEL: | D78 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:ppaper:2019.06&r=all |
| By: | Sylvaine Lemeilleur (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Subervie Julie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Anderson Edilson Presoto (USP - University of São Paulo); Roberta de Castro Souza (USP - University of São Paulo); Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes (USP - University of São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | Purpose: to investigate the incentives to coffee farmers to participate in certification schemes that require improved agricultural practices. Design/methodology: we ran a choice experiment among 250 Brazilian coffee farmers in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Findings: Our findings show that both cash and non-cash payments are likely to incentive farmers' participation in a certification scheme. Besides price premium, incentives as long-term contracts and provision of technical would encourage producers to adopt eco-certification schemes. Our results also suggest that non-cash payments may be appropriate substitutes to a price premium to some extent. Research limitations: the large coffee producers are over-represented in our sample compared to the population of Brazilian coffee farms. However, it seems reasonable to focus on these producers, as they are usually the ones who individually adopt strategies, since small farmers are induced by collective strategies (e.g., cooperatives). Practical Implications: the fact that farmers place a high value on non-cash rewards suggests that designing effective certification schemes is an important consideration for organizations that develop sustainability standards, and that public (re)intervention through technical assistance may become necessary when the market is unable to provide a price premium high enough to offset the compliance costs associated with the most stringent environmental requirements. Originality/value: we contributed in the literature about adoption of sustainable agriculture practices analyzing the requirements and motivations for farmer participation in certification schemes. We also contribute private and public strategies to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices. |
| Keywords: | certification,choice experiment,Brazil,coffee,pesticides,compost,erosion.,voluntary sustainability standards |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02278751&r=all |
| By: | Dietrich Earnhart (University of Kansas); Sarah Jacobson (Williams College); Yusuke Kuwayama (Resources for the Future); Richard T. Woodward (Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University) |
| Abstract: | We develop a model of firm and regulator behavior to examine theoretically the use and consequences of discretionary exemptions (also known as variances, waivers, or exceptions) in environmental regulation. Many environmental protection laws, such as the Clean Water Act, impose limits on harmful activities yet include "safety valve" provisions giving the regulator discretion to grant full or partial exemptions that provide permanent or temporary relief from these limits. This discretion begets flexibility over the stringency of environmental protection laws. Our model places a profit-maximizing discharger of pollution under the purview of a fully informed regulator who may seek to maximize social welfare by imposing limits. We show that when a regulation does not otherwise allow flexibility, an exemption that relaxes the limit for firms with high abatement costs can improve social welfare by reducing the costs of achieving the given level of environmental quality. We further demonstrate that if the effectiveness of abatement technology improves over time, a temporary exemption can increase social welfare by adjusting allowable pollution in response to these dynamic conditions. We also show that if the labor market is sticky, exemptions can benefit workers. Driven by an unequally weighted social welfare function, the regulator may use exemptions to meet redistributive ends. However, these beneficial impacts of exemptions rely on a fully informed and benevolent regulator; otherwise, the discretionary nature of exemptions leaves them open to abuse. A regulator who is captured by industry, focused only on her own jurisdiction or answerable only to a set of elites, can abuse exemptions in ways that reduce social welfare, such as allowing inefficiently high pollution or inducing a cost-ineffective pattern of abatement. |
| Keywords: | variance, exemption, regulation, flexibility, discretion, welfare |
| JEL: | D21 D62 K32 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2019-11&r=all |
| By: | Dimitris Diakosavvas (OECD); Clara Frezal (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The bio-economy is gaining increasing prominence in the policy debate, with several countries developing bio-economy strategies to decouple economic growth from dependence on fossil fuel, as well a pathway to supporting some of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement. This report analyses the opportunities and policy challenges facing the bio-economy in transitioning to a more sustainable agro-food system. It provides an overview of national bio-economy- strategies based on a literature review and information provided by governments in response to a questionnaire. |
| Keywords: | agro-food system, Bio-economy, coherence, innovation, monitoring, policy instruments, sustainability |
| JEL: | P48 Q2 Q18 Q28 Q52 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:136-en&r=all |
| By: | Vera Zipperer |
| Abstract: | This paper provides first empirical insights on the relationship between green public procurement (GPP) and firms' innovation activities. Considering that the public sector is a large buyer in the economy, public procurement is able to work as demand-pull factor for new products and thus innovations - given that the procurement is aimed at such objectives. GPP is specifically implemented to contribute to more sustainable production and consumption. Using a novel firm-level dataset, this paper analyses whether GPP is able to trigger innovation activities within firms, and if so, whether these innovations are environmental innovations or not. The results show some support for a demand-pull effect of GPP on the probability of general product innovations but no conclusive evidence is found for environmental innovations. |
| Keywords: | Green public procurement, Innovation, Demand-pull, Community innovation survey |
| JEL: | H57 O38 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1820&r=all |
| By: | Thomas Douenne (Paris School of Economics – Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne); Adrien Fabre (Paris School of Economics – Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | Using a new survey and National households' survey data, we investigate French perception over carbon taxation. We find that French people largely reject a tax and dividend policy where revenues of the tax would be redistributed uniformly. However, their perception about the properties of the tax are biased: people overestimate the negative impact on their purchasing power, wrongly think the scheme is regressive, and do not perceive it as environmentally effective. Our econometric analysis shows that correcting these three bias would suffice to generate majority acceptance. Yet, we find that people's beliefs are persistent and their revisions biased towards pessimism, so that only few can be convinced. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Carbon tax, Bias, Beliefs Preferences |
| JEL: | D72 D91 H23 H31 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:ppaper:2019.05&r=all |
| By: | Ryota Nakatani |
| Abstract: | A big challenge for the economic development of small island countries is dealing with external shocks. The Pacific Islands are vulnerable to natural disasters, climate change, commodity price changes, and uncertain donor grants. The question that arises is how should small developing countries formulate a fiscal policy to achieve economic stability and fiscal sustainability when prone to various shocks? We study how natural disasters affect long-term debt dynamics and propose fiscal policy rules that could help insulate the economy from such unexpected shocks. We propose fiscal rules to address these shocks and uncertainties using the example of Papua New Guinea. Our study finds the advantages of expenditure rules, especially a recurrent expenditure rule based on non-resource and non-grant revenue, interdependently determined by government debt and budget balance targets with expected disaster shocks. This paper contributes to the literature and policy dialogue by theoretically analyzing the impact of natural disasters on debt sustainability and proposing fiscal rules against natural disasters and climate changes. Our fiscal policy framework is practically applicable for many developing countries facing increasing frequency and impact of natural disasters and climate change. Our rules-based fiscal framework is crucial for sustainable and countercyclical macroeconomic policies to build resilience against devastating natural hazards. |
| Date: | 2019–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/186&r=all |
| By: | Mario Larch; Joschka Wanner |
| Abstract: | We develop a multi-sector structural trade model with emissions from production and a con- stant elasticity of fossil fuel supply function to simulate the consequences of unilateral withdrawals from the Paris Agreement. Taking into account both direct and leakage effects, we find that a US withdrawal would eliminate a third of the world emissions reduction (25.7% direct effect and 7% leakage effect), while a potential Chinese withdrawal lowers the world emission reduction by 19.4% (8.2% direct effect and 11.2% leakage effect). The substantial leakage is primarily driven by technique effects induced by falling international fossil fuel prices. |
| Keywords: | climate change, international trade, carbon leakage, fossil fuel supply |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7804&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Piluso (CERTOP - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPS - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - INUC - Institut national universitaire Champollion [Albi] - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées); Clement Rau (LATP - Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités - Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3 - Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a Keynesian model of growth under perfect competition in which we introduce ecological taxation. We show that it is possible to highlight a triple dividend of ecological taxation. This triple dividend is characterized by an ecological effect and two possible economic effects: a possible positive effect on employment, and an effect of reducing the instability of the economy. We therefore extend the issue of the double dividend by highlighting the implication of ecological taxation that has been little studied in the literature. |
| Abstract: | Cet article développe un modèle keynésien de croissance en situation de concurrence parfaite dans lequel nous introduisons une taxation écologique. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de mettre en évidence un triple dividende de la taxation écologique. Ce triple dividende se caractérise par un effet écologique et deux possibles effets économiques : un éventuel effet positif sur l'emploi, et un effet de réduction de l'instabilité de l'économie. Nous élargissons donc la problématique du double dividende à travers la mise en lumière d'une implication de la taxation écologique peu étudiée dans la littérature. Mots Clés : double-dividende, taxe carbone, croissance, instabilité, concurrence parfaite. |
| Keywords: | double-dividend,carbon tax,growth,instability,perfect competition |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02280050&r=all |
| By: | Hiroaki Yamagami (Seikei University); Ryo Arawatari (Doshisha University); Takeo Hori (Tokyo Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | We model a political game where a policymaker pledges a domestic emissions goal in the context of instrument choice between carbon pricing (CP) and a quota approach. We show that, although the policymaker faces an emissions goal proposed from an international environmental agreement, she may pledge a more stringent emissions than the proposed level. We define this stringent goal as an “ambitious emissions goal". We show that the ambitious emissions goal acts as a strategy for the policymaker that preempts the industry's lobby in a subsequent stage. We also suppose that, if CP is introduced, a rent-seeking contest for the CP revenue refund is held. Then, if the contest is socially costly enough, CP is no longer an optimal instrument. Finally, we extend the model of one country to that of two symmetric countries. A Nash equilibrium where both countries pledge the ambitious emissions goals remains. |
| Keywords: | Lobby, Carbon pricing, Voluntary approach, Revenue refund, Rent-seeking |
| JEL: | D72 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2019.13&r=all |
| By: | Inese Pel?a (University of Latvia); Nora ?ibilda - Kinna (University of Latvia); Jana Simanovska (Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Green public procurement (GPP) is a process whereby public and municipal authorities seek to procure goods and services with the lowest environmental impact throughout their entire life cycle, taking into account also the life cycle costs compared to products with the same primary function. GPP can reduce not only the environmental impact, but also promote social benefits and budget savings. The requirements for GPP and the procedure for its application in Latvia are determined by governmental regulations. That requires mandatory application of the GPP to seven groups of goods and services, among them food and catering services. In 2017, the share of total procurements that self reported application of GPP was 11.8% in financial expression, but in 2018 - 18.4%. In 2017, according to self reports 54% of all food product tenders and 79% catering services were marked as GPP tenders. In 2018 already 90% of all food product tenders and 99% catering services are marked as GPP tenders. However, to what extent we can rely on self reports? To evaluate application of GPP requirements for food products and catering services, we screened in total 106 tenders (73 tenders for the supply of food products and 33 for catering services), which were published from July 1, 2017 till July 1, 2018, comparing the tender documents with the governmental regulations. We found that the terms in the Technical Specifications and other tender documents were often unclear. The most common included criterion was requirement that the food products supplied may not contain or be produced from genetically modified organisms (97%). While the second most frequently used criterion is so called higher quality food (28%) e.g. certified as organic, national quality schemes or from integrated agriculture. However, only 4% of the tender documents gave higher priority exclusively for organic food compared to local quality schemes or integrated agriculture. Considering that organic foods are usually higher priced, it can be assumed that only in 4% of cases procurements result in delivering organic food. 18% of the tenders require foods from the national food quality scheme, and 16% of the tenders require products from either organic farming or integrated agriculture. In order to promote organic food, purchasers should more clearly require organic products. |
| Keywords: | Green public procurement, food and catering services, case study Latvia |
| JEL: | H70 Q50 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9011298&r=all |
| By: | Marion Desquilbet (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales); David S. Bullock (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana] - University of Illinois System); Filippo Maria d'Arcangelo (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales) |
| Abstract: | Weed control in the U.S. Midwest has become increasingly herbicide-centric due to the adoption of herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops in the 1990s. That integrated weed management (IWM) practices, including ecological and mechanical controls, are scarcely used is concerning. IWM would be a more sustainable form of farming for two reasons. First, it would reduce the negative health and environmental externalities associated with herbicide use. Second, it would reduce the selection pressure on weed populations and the development of weed resistance to some herbicides, thereby reducing the uncertainty of the long-term effectiveness of herbicidal weed control. In this context, we develop an economic framework to clarify the interplay among the different market failures that either contribute to the herbicidal ‘lock-in' or make it problematic. We then analyse the evidence for and perceptions of these market failures based on twenty-four semi-structured interviews with farmers and experts conducted in 2017, as well as on discussions in the academic literature. To this end, we put into perspective the possible selfreinforcing effects in the adoption path of HT crops, such as increasing farm size, changes in farm equipment, increasing incentives for simplified crop rotations, and the loss of practical knowledge of IWM practices. |
| Keywords: | herbicide-tolerant crops,integrated weed management,health and environmental externalities,weed resistance,lock-in |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02278977&r=all |
| By: | John K. Stranlund (University of Massachusetts Amherst); James J. Murphy (Department of Economics, University of Alaska Anchorage); John M. Spraggon (University of Massachusetts Amherst); Nikolaos Zirogiannis (Indiana University Bloomington) |
| Abstract: | We present results from laboratory emissions permit markets designed to investigate the transmission of abatement cost risk to firms’ compliance behavior and regulatory enforcement strategies. With a fixed expected marginal penalty, abatement cost shocks produced significant violations and emissions volatility as predicted. Tying the monitoring probability to average permit prices effectively eliminated noncompliance, but transmitted abatement cost risk to monitoring effort. Tying the penalty to average prices reduced violations, but did not eliminate them. Some individuals in these treatments sold permits at low prices, presumably in an attempt to weaken enforcement. While tying sanctions directly to prevailing permit prices has theoretical and practical advantages over tying monitoring to prices, our results suggest that this strategy may not be as effective as predicted without additional modifications. |
| Keywords: | experimental economics, Emissions markets, risk and uncertainty, incomplete information, permit markets, compliance, enforcement, laboratory experiments. |
| JEL: | C92 L51 Q58 D62 H23 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ala:wpaper:2018-05&r=all |
| By: | Yongyang Cai; William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas; Kenneth Judd |
| Abstract: | We build a novel stochastic dynamic regional integrated assessment model (IAM) of the climate and economic system including a number of important climate science elements that are missing in most IAMs. These elements are spatial heat transport from the Equator to the Poles, sea level rise, permafrost thaw and tipping points. We study optimal policies under cooperation and noncooperation between two regions (the North and the Tropic-South) in the face of risks and recursive utility. We introduce a new general computational algorithm to find feedback Nash equilibrium. Our results suggest that when the elements of climate science are ignored, important policy variables such as the optimal regional carbon tax and adaptation could be seriously biased. We also find the regional carbon tax is significantly smaller in the feedback Nash equilibrium than in the social planner's problem in each region, and the North has higher carbon taxes than the Tropic-South. |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1909.04009&r=all |
| By: | Jamion Lewis (University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, USA); Ryan Lunsford (University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, USA) |
| Abstract: | Ben Taub Hospital has garnered respect internationally as an exceptional acute care facility earning the Beacon Award for Excellence. Natural disasters impose substantial health burdens on affected populations and the capacity of healthcare facility capabilities. Natural disasters result in 68,000 deaths and affect 218,000,000 people worldwide annually. Ben Taub Hospital’s preparedness level and disaster response efforts to Hurricane Harvey offer expertise resulting in best practices for healthcare organizations as they navigate the global disaster landscape. |
| Keywords: | Ben Taub, Emergency Management, Disaster Response, Hurricane Harvey |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:dpaper:034jl&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé/Cameroon); Rexon T. Nting (London, UK); Joseph Nnanna (The Development Bank of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates linkages between environmental degradation, globalisation and governance in 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa using data for the period 2000-2012. The Generalised Method of Moments is employed as empirical strategy. Environmental degradation is proxied by carbon dioxide emissions whereas globalisation is appreciated in terms of trade openness and net foreign direct investment inflows. Bundled and unbundled governance indicators are used, namely: political governance (consisting of political stability/no violence and “voice & accountability”), economic governance (encompassing government effectiveness and regulation quality), institutional governance (entailing corruption-control and the rule of law) and general governance (a composite measurement of political governance, economic governance and institutional governance). The following main finding is established. Trade openness modulates carbon dioxide emissions to have positive net effects on political stability, economic governance, the rule of law and general governance. |
| Keywords: | Carbon dioxide emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:19/051&r=all |
| By: | Carlos A. Chávez (Universidad de Talca); James J. Murphy (Department of Economics, University of Alaska Anchorage); John K. Stranlund (University of Massachusetts Amherst) |
| Abstract: | This work presents the results of framed field experiments designed to study the joint problem of managing harvests from a common pool resource and protecting the resource from poaching. The experiments were conducted both in the field with TURF users and in the lab with university students. Our study has two objectives. First, we designed our experiments to study the effects of poaching on the ability of common pool resource users to coordinate their harvests when encroachment by outsiders is unrestricted and when the government provides weak enforcement. Second, we examine the ability of common pool resource users to simultaneously coordinate their harvests and investments in monitoring to deter poaching with and without government assistance in monitoring. Weak external monitoring that was predicted to have no effect actually led to significantly lower poaching relative to unrestricted poaching. However, neither giving sole responsibility for monitoring to resource users nor combining user and government monitoring affected poaching levels much. Our results suggest that users of a common pool resource may have difficulties coordinating their efforts to deter poachers, even with help from government authorities. We find no important qualitative differences in the behavior of TURF users and university students. |
| Keywords: | experimental economics, Common pool resources; economic experiments; enforcement; field experiments; poaching; territorial use rights fisheries; social dilemma; fisheries management; development economics |
| JEL: | C72 C90 C93 D70 K42 Q22 Q28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ala:wpaper:2018-07&r=all |
| By: | Signe Krogstrup; William Oman |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of this century. Mitigation requires a large-scale transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides an overview of the rapidly growing literature on the role of macroeconomic and financial policy tools in enabling this transition. The literature provides a menu of policy tools for mitigation. A key conclusion is that fiscal tools are first in line and central, but can and may need to be complemented by financial and monetary policy instruments. Some tools and policies raise unanswered questions about policy tool assignment and mandates, which we describe. The literature is scarce, however, on the most effective policy mix and the role of mitigation tools and goals in the overall policy framework. |
| Keywords: | Financial regulation and supervision;Financial crises;Central banking and monetary issues;Economic conditions;Financial management;climate change,fiscal policy,monetary policy,financial policy,policy framework,policy coordination,WP,low-carbon,climate change mitigation,policy tool,climate-related,mitigation |
| Date: | 2019–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/185&r=all |
| By: | Poveda Bonilla, Rafael |
| Abstract: | El presente documento pretende discernir los problemas colectivos que han formado parte de la agenda política, el contexto decisional en el que se tomaron las decisiones políticas y la reforma de las reglas institucionales que se dieron luego del proceso de interacción de los diversos actores públicos y privados en el proceso de elaboración de las políticas públicas relacionadas con la gobernanza del cobre en Chile. En el análisis se tratará de comprender la complejidad en la toma de decisiones en los sistemas políticos en donde el poder no está únicamente en la cabeza de un gobierno o de una institución sino en las relaciones entre sujetos con intereses y visiones diversas que buscan una solución a una situación determinada y esta no siempre responderá a una estrategia evaluada e implementada conforme lo planificado sino a circunstancias coyunturales y a factores externos al proceso mismo de adopción de una política pública específica. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS NATURALES, RECURSOS MINERALES, COBRE, INDUSTRIA MINERA, TRIBUTACION, POLITICA DE RECURSOS MINERALES, CONFLICTO SOCIAL, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, NATURAL RESOURCES, MINERAL RESOURCES, COPPER, MINING INDUSTRY, TAXATION, MINERAL RESOURCES POLICY, SOCIAL CONFLICT, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2019–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44777&r=all |
| By: | Hairong Mu (Harper Adams University) |
| Abstract: | With the depletion of terrestrial resources and the development of marine science and technology, marine economy has become a new growth pole in the world economic development. After more than ten years of hard work, many coastal areas have seen significant improvements in their ecological environment. As an important marine country, China is not an exception. To analyze the influence of eco-environment governance policies on marine economy, this paper quantifies the relationship between environmental regulation and marine economic efficiency for 11 provinces (or municipalities) in China's coastal areas. The Super-Efficiency Slacks-Based Measure (SE-SBM) model is used to illustrate the marine economic efficiency considering undesired outputs. The results of the system Generalized Moment Method (GMM) regression support a U-shaped relationship between the two variables, with one threshold effect of the environmental regulation intensity. It is also verified the implementation of the environmental regulation policy has a time-lag effect. During the process of implementation, industrial structure optimization, scientific and technological innovation have different impacts on marine economy. The paper concludes with detailed explanation for the effects of environmental regulation and policy on marine economy development in China. Policymakers can use these insights to formulate appropriate environment policies that aim to realize marine ecological civilization. |
| Keywords: | environmental regulation; marine economic efficiency; threshold effect |
| JEL: | E60 K32 Q00 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8711339&r=all |
| By: | Abay Mulatu (Coventry University) |
| Abstract: | Adequately measuring the stringency of national environmental regulation is a crucial issue in the empirical literature on the link between environmental policy and economic performance such as productivity, export competitiveness and foreign investment flows. As Levinson (2008, p. 1) argues, ?The problem is not merely one of collecting the appropriate data; merely conceiving of data that would represent it is difficult?. The empirical literature on the link between environmental regulation and economic outcomes contains various proxies of stringency of environmental regulation. The divergent nature of these proxies is arguably a major factor for the mixed evidence witnessed in this literature (Millimet and Roy 2016 ; Mulatu 2017 , 2018 ). The construction or use of the various measures of stringency is seldom preceded by a discussion of what exactly stringency is. In this paper, we develop a simple analytical model ? based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve ? that captures the idea of relative stringency as a differential preference with respect to the environment. The model serves as a general framework to estimate a measure of national environmental standards for a selected group of countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental-Regulation, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Co2 emissions |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8911118&r=all |
| By: | Katharina Momsen; Markus Ohndorf |
| Abstract: | We investigate if people exploit moral wiggle room in green markets when revelation is stochastic and the revealed information is potentially erroneous. In our laboratory experiment, subjects purchase products associated with co-benefits represented as a contribution to carbon o?sets purchased by the experimenters. Information on the size of this contribution is unobservable at first, but can be actively revealed by the consumer. In seven treatments, we alter the information structure as well as the perceived revelation costs. We find strong evidence of self-serving information avoidance in treatments with simple stochastic revelation and reduced reliability of the information, representing potentially 'fake' news. The propensity to avoid information increases with the introduction of nominal information costs, which are in fact not payo?-relevant. We conclude that, generally, self-serving information avoidance can arise in green market situations if specific situational excuses are present, which could explain the demand for products associated with 'greenwashing'. |
| Keywords: | Information avoidance, experiment, carbon o?sets, moral wiggle room, green consumption, fake news |
| JEL: | C91 D91 G11 J24 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inn:wpaper:2019-18&r=all |
| By: | Peter C.B. Phillips (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Ying Wang (The University of Auckland) |
| Abstract: | Behavior at the individual level in panels or at the station level in spatial models is often influenced by aspects of the system in aggregate. In particular, the nature of the interaction between individual-specific explanatory variables and an individual dependent variable may be affected by `global’ variables that are relevant in decision making and shared communally by all individuals in the sample. To capture such behavioral features, we employ a functional coefficient panel model in which certain communal covariates may jointly influence panel interactions by means of their impact on the model coefficients. Two classes of estimation procedures are proposed, one based on station averaged data the other on the full panel, and their asymptotic properties are derived. Inference regarding the functional coe?icient is also considered. The finite sample performance of the proposed estimators and tests are examined by simulation. An empirical spatial model illustration is provided in which the climate sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric CO_2 concentration is studied at both station and global levels. |
| Keywords: | Climate modeling, Communal covariates, Fixed effects, Functional coefficients, Panel data, Spatial modeling |
| JEL: | C14 C23 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2193&r=all |
| By: | Carlos A. Chávez (Universidad de Talca); James J. Murphy (Department of Economics, University of Alaska Anchorage); John K. Stranlund (University of Massachusetts Amherst) |
| Abstract: | This work presents the results of framed field experiments designed to study the co-enforcement of access to common pool resources. The experiments were conducted in the field with participants in the territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs) management scheme that regulates access to nearshore fisheries along the coast of Chile. In the experiments, TURF members not only decided on harvest but also invested in monitoring to deter poaching by outsiders. Treatments varied whether the monitoring investment was an individual decision or determined by a group vote. Per-unit sanctions for poaching were exogenous as if provided by a government authority, and we varied the sanction level. Our results suggest that co-enforcement, in which monitoring for poaching is provided by resource users and sanctions are levied by the government, can reduce poaching levels. Monitoring investments were not high enough to lift the expected marginal penalty for poaching above the marginal gain from poaching when the sanction for poaching was low, but expected marginal penalties were higher than the marginal gain from poaching when the sanction was high. Despite this, poaching levels were not sensitive to changes in monitoring levels and sanctions. While co-enforcement did not eliminate poaching, it did eliminate the gains from poaching in all but one treatment. |
| Keywords: | experimental economics, Common pool resources; enforcement; field experiments; poaching; territorial use rights fisheries; social dilemma; fisheries management; development economics; co-enforcement |
| JEL: | C72 C90 C93 D70 K42 Q22 Q28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ala:wpaper:2019-01&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Levasseur (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Christelle Gramaglia (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Poverty is a major determinant for pollution exposure, according to the US location choice literature. In this paper, we assess the impact of poverty on location choices in the European context. Our analysis is based on an original dataset of 1194 households living in polluted and non-polluted areas in three European countries: Spain, Portugal and France. We use instrumental variable strategies to identify the socioeconomic causes of location choices. We show that low education, wealth and income are main reasons for living in polluted areas. However, we also highlight several reasons why intermediate social groups (especially young couples) prefer living in polluted areas, such as greater housing surfaces or non-environmental amenities. Similarly, we show that middle-income households have lower move-out intentions than other income groups, next to households with strong community attachment or long lengths of residence in the area. |
| Keywords: | soil pollution exposure,residential choice,socioeconomic status,environmental inequalities,instrumental variables strategy. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-02277633&r=all |
| By: | Guo, Wei |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291265&r=all |
| By: | Patrice Loisel (MISTEA - Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | As most natural resources, fisheries are affected by random disturbances. The evolution of such resources may be modelled by a succession of deterministic process and random perturbations on biomass and/or growth rate at random times. We analyze the impact of the characteristics of the perturbations on the management of natural resources. We highlight the importance of using a dynamic programming approach in order to completely characterize the optimal solution, we also present the properties of the controlled model and give the behavior of the optimal harvest for specific jump kernels. |
| Keywords: | Piecewise Deterministic Markov Process (PDMP),optimal control,value function |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02276979&r=all |
| By: | Divesh Kumar (Malaviya NAtional Institute of Technology Jaipur) |
| Abstract: | Value co-creation is one of the important factor to maintain the environmental and social sustainability at the tourist destination. According to service dominant logic firms do not sale product but the value propositions and final experience, and value of the product depends upon the co-creation capabilities of firms and consumers. In case of tourism, sustainability is considered as one of the dimension of overall value. This study focuses on the interaction among the enablers of sustainable value co-creation at tourist destination. Preserving local environment and customs provide better experience, and that experiential value is fundamental to the value co creation. Research Methodology - To understand the concept of sustainable value co-creation, an expert survey was conducted to understand the interactions among the enablers of sustainable value co-creation at tourist destination. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) was used to understand the interrelationships among the enablers and MICMAC was used to classify the enablers based on the driving and dependence power of each enabler.Findings - This study found that awareness about the local culture and importance of environment among tourists can facilitate the value co-creation at tourist destination. This study also found the linkage variables that helps in understanding the relationship between driving and dependence variables. Practical implications - Findings of this study can work as a base for the policy makers. This study consider a system of value creation and hence, provide suggestions to each and every actor of the system including government, local business, hotel owner and as well as for the tourists. Originality/Value - This study demonstrate the use of ISM in tourism industry. This study can lay the foundation for the future work on the sustainable value co-creation in tourism industry. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; Tourism; ISM; Value co-creation |
| JEL: | M31 M31 M31 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9010824&r=all |
| By: | Andarge, Tihitina |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291281&r=all |
| By: | Obaya, Martín |
| Abstract: | Con el propósito de contribuir a la comprensión de las dinámicas de los regímenes de gobernanza de los recursos naturales, se ha diseñado un estudio de caso sobre la explotación del litio en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, que abarca el período comprendido entre la década de 1970 y la actualidad. Este se propone abordar dos objetivos específicos: i) caracterizar los distintos regímenes de gobernanza del litio que se han implementado en estos años, con un foco particular en el período 2003-2018; y ii) comprender qué factores explican la configuración del régimen de gobernanza en un determinado período y dan cuenta de sus cambios a través del tiempo. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS NATURALES, RECURSOS MINERALES, METALES, INDUSTRIA MINERA, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA DE RECURSOS MINERALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, NATURAL RESOURCES, MINERAL RESOURCES, METALS, MINING INDUSTRY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES POLICY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2019–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44776&r=all |
| By: | Marina Volkova; Jol Stoffers; Dmitry Kochetkov |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development is a worldwide recognized social and political goal, discussed in both academic and political discourse and with much research on the topic related to sustainable development in higher education. Since mental models are formed more effectively at school age, we propose a new way of thinking that will help achieve this goal. This paper was written in the context of Russia, where the topic of sustainable development in education is poorly developed. The authors used the classical methodology of the case analysis. The analysis and interpretation of the results were conducted in the framework of the institutional theory. Presented is the case of Ural Federal University, which has been working for several years on the creation of a device for the purification of industrial sewer water in the framework of an initiative student group. Schoolchildren recently joined the program, and such projects have been called university-to-school projects. Successful solutions of inventive tasks contribute to the formation of mental models. This case has been analyzed in terms of institutionalism, and the authors argue for the primacy of mental institutions over normative ones during sustainable society construction. This case study is the first to analyze a partnership between a Federal University and local schools regarding sustainable education and proposes a new way of thinking. |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1909.03429&r=all |
| By: | De Bruin, Kelly C; Yakut, Aykut Mert |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp619&r=all |
| By: | Patrice Loisel (MISTEA) |
| Abstract: | As most natural resources, fisheries are affected by random disturbances. The evolution of such resources may be modelled by a succession of deterministic process and random perturbations on biomass and/or growth rate at random times. We analyze the impact of the characteristics of the perturbations on the management of natural resources. We highlight the importance of using a dynamic programming approach in order to completely characterize the optimal solution, we also present the properties of the controlled model and give the behavior of the optimal harvest for specific jump kernels. |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1909.01664&r=all |
| By: | Langthaler, Margarita; Obrovsky, Michael |
| Abstract: | Das Konzept der globalen Partnerschaft in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit kann auf eine längere Geschichte zurückblicken. Insbesondere seit den späten 1990er-Jahren hat es eine zentrale Stellung inne. Das vorliegende Briefing Paper 23 geht den Fragen nach, was hinter diesem Konzept steckt, wie erfolgreich es bislang war und welche Voraussetzungen es braucht, damit eine globale Partnerschaft erfolgreich sein kann. Es untersucht dabei exemplarisch die Entwicklungen im Bildungssektor. |
| Keywords: | Globale Partnerschaft, Bildung,Global Partnership for Education,Millennium Development Goals - MDGs,Sustainable Development Goals - SDG |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefseb:23&r=all |
| By: | Oksana Papelnyuk (National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering); Ekaterina Nezhnikova (People Friendship university of Russia) |
| Abstract: | Today, energy supply has become one of the main problems of the mankind. Needs in energy increase as technology develops. It is expected that by 2035 the world energy consumption will have increased threefold as compared to 1998. In response to these needs, fossil fuel reserves are being rapidly depleted. The widespread use of traditional energy sources in the housing, transportation and industrial sectors complicates the problem even more.Demographic, economic and cultural changes increase energy consumption in the housing sector and cause even higher levels of the related greenhouse gas emissions. The goal of this work is to identify opportunities for developing renewable energy sources (RES) in the housing sector to improve its energy efficiency.The results of the study show that the construction industry, and especially the housing sector, can save more energy as compared to other types of the energy use. RES are important in reducing CO2 emissions in the housing sector and in improving the energy efficiency of buildings. In recent years, the production and consumption of energy from renewable sources in the housing sector have increased. However, the main volume of energy consumption in buildings is provided by fossil fuels. The main barriers to the introduction of renewable energy in the DNC housing system are financial ones, as well as logistical problems of biomass transportation and storage. To reduce these barriers, the authors offer a number of measures, including the governmental support for the use of renewable energy in the systems of heat supply and cooling of buildings, as well as the creation of storage facilities for renewable energy. |
| Keywords: | Investment, energy sources, renewable energy sources, housing sector |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:9010598&r=all |
| By: | Stigler, Matthieu M. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291151&r=all |
| By: | Cui, Xiaomeng |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291152&r=all |
| By: | Hagerty, Nick |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291120&r=all |
| By: | Wang, Tong |
| Keywords: | Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291309&r=all |
| By: | Paul J.J. Welfens (Europäisches Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW)) |
| Abstract: | Eine CO2-Steuer einzuführen für nicht vom CO2-Zertifkate-Handel erfasste Sektoren erscheint als ökonomisch-ökologisch vernünftig für Deutschland und andere OECDLänder. Die Steuer sollte weitgehend aufkommensneutral sein, könnte aber mit einem geringen Anteil zeitweise auch eine verstärkte emissionsmindernde Innovationsförderung finanzieren, die wiederum die ökonomischen Lasten von Zertifikatehandel und CO2-Steuer zu mindern hilft. Der Zertifikate-Handel ist grundsätzlich ökonomisch effizient, sofern man langfristig einen global einheitlichen Preis für Zertifikate erreicht – das ist angesichts der Zielmarke für eine weitgehende CO2-Neutralität des Wirtschaftens in der EU bis 2050 eine mittelfristig anzugehende Aufgabe, wobei zudem die CO2-Steuerhöhe nahe beim Zertifikatepreis liegen sollte. Hier gibt es eine wichtige Aufgabe bzw. Option für die deutsche EU-Ratspräsidentschaft in der zweiten Jahreshälfte 2020. Steueraspekte der Innovationsförderung und speziell auch klimafreundlicher Innovationsdynamik sind zu bedenken. |
| Keywords: | CO2-Steuer, CO2- Zertifikatenhandel, Innovationsförderung, Klimapolitik, EU, G20 |
| JEL: | H2 F13 Q54 Q58 O19 O3 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwu:eiiwdp:disbei259&r=all |
| By: | Harun Tanrivermis; Yesim Aliefendioglu |
| Abstract: | Emphasis is placed on developing and implementing projects for the efficient use of land resources in developing countries due to high population growth and high growth targets. Especially in developing countries like Turkey, the agricultural sector still has an important place in the economy of the country due to criteria such as agricultural production, employment and foreign trade. The average enterprise land of agricultural operations, which are 3.1 million units in total, is around 6 hectares, and 64% of households are known to have holding lands assets that are smaller than 5 hectares. It has been determined that a total of 32.5 million parcels are in the form of agricultural land and that the agricultural land processed per household is composed of 11 parcels, 2 million hectares of land is out of production due to excessive fragmentation and agricultural land have more than 40 million shareholders. Due to the improper shape and forms of parcels increase machine power and labor utilization, as well as the cost of input, and consequently, the objective of efficient and productive use of land resources cannot be achieved. Land consolidation practices consist of addressing collectively he implementation are of the consolidation project, along with the reorganization of parcels based on road and irrigation networks, infrastructure services such as motorways, railways, airports, conservation areas, ecological corridors, transportation to pastures, arrangement of village settlements, irrigation water, drinking water and sewerage. The consolidation projects have positive economic contributions based on a comparison of the present value of the economic gains each year and one time economic gains to be achieved by such projects to the total costs of projects. However, significant developments have been achieved in multi-purpose land consolidation studies in Turkey as well as in developed countries. With multi-purpose land consolidation, it is possible to solve many ownership (shareholding), cadastre, environmental, and social quality at the local level. In this study, firstly the development and macro-effects of land consolidation activities were evaluated and economic, environmental and social effects of projects were evaluated within the framework of the Eskiehir Province, Beyazaltn Village Land Consolidation Project in the second phase and an economic benefit to cost analysis of the projects was made. The current use situation of the land and water resources and the post-project changes in the project area have been examined and the importance of water saving in irrigation areas due to the fact that highest water losses occur during irrigation, the importance of water saving in irrigation areas and the impacts of land consolidation on effective use of irrigation water and water saving and other benefits have been evaluated. The topics of participation of owners and other stakeholders in the planning stages of the projects; development of local measures for rural development; producing maps and data for the region; establishment of a parcel information system; evaluation of state land; cadastral renewal; solution of property problems; creation of large parcels; environmental solutions (such as creating ecological corridors and preserving historic buildings); rehabilitation of irrigation projects; preparation of land use plans; design and construction of in-field services; development and implementation of village settlement plans were examined based on the results of the field study. In principle, there is a requirement to determine the problems with a participatory approach with social survey reports before the projects of consolidation and inquire all related institutions for their opinions. As results, it has been found that current situation analysis work has not been done well in the process of deciding on the implementation of many projects in the last decade and the economic and social impacts expected from the projects have been neglected. In the project area analyzed in these conditions, the land assets and number of parcels of the households, land income and economic, social and environmental impact of the project were analyzed before and after the application and according to the result of benefit-cost analysis, economic contribution of the project was found to be high. In the impact assessment study, both the official institution records and the results of the survey study implemented in the project area were used, and the positive and negative economic, social and environmental impacts of project implementation were listed and suggestions for improvement of the consolidation policies based on problem analysis were put forward. |
| Keywords: | assessment of the effects of projects; land consolidation; Land Market; multi-purpose land consolidation policies; sellection of project area |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2019_357&r=all |
| By: | Hutchins, Jared P. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291156&r=all |