|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2019‒08‒26
fifty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Rick van der Ploeg; Armon Rezai |
| Abstract: | If global warming is to stay below 2°C, there are four risks of assets stranding. First, substantial fossil fuel reserves will be stranded at the end of the fossil era. Second, this will be true for exploration capital too. Third, unanticipated changes in present or expected future climate policy cause instantaneous discrete jumps in today’s valuation of physical and natural capital. Fourth, if timing and intensity of climate policy are uncertain, revaluation of assets occurs as uncertainty about future climate policy is resolved. E.g. abandoning climate policy plans immediately boosts scarcity rent, market capitalization, exploration investment and discoveries. To explain and quantify these four effects, we use an analytical model of investment in exploration capital with intertemporal adjustment costs, depletion of reserves and market capitalization, and calibrate it to the global oil and gas industry. Climate policy implements a carbon budget commensurate with 2°C peak warming and we allow for different instruments: immediate or delayed carbon taxes and renewable subsidies. The social welfare ranking of these instruments is inverse to that of the oil and gas industry which prefers renewable subsidy and delaying taxes for as long as possible. We also pay attention to how the legislative “risk” of tipping into policy action affects the timing of the end of the fossil era, the profitability of existing capital, and green paradox effects. |
| Keywords: | fossil fuel, exploration investment, discoveries, stranded carbon assets, stock prices, irreversible capital, adjustment costs, policy tipping, botched climate policies |
| JEL: | D20 D53 D92 G11 H32 Q02 Q38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7769&r=all |
| By: | Eva, Mihail; Mihai, Florin-Constantin; Munteanu, Alina-Violeta |
| Abstract: | Between 1990 and 2015, the annual global amount of CO 2 emission generated by transport has increased by 68%, from around 4.6 GtCO 2 to around 7.7 GtCO2. Technological advances towards eco friendly vehicles and policy incentives promoting environmental friendly modes of transport have thus been offset by economic growth and increasing mobility. This study questions the relationship between economic growth and sustainability performance of transport sector. It adds to the literature new insights concerning recent trends in the relationship between gross domestic product and various aspects of transport sustainability such as carbon footprint, carbon intensity and transport safety. A particular attention is given to discussing the emerging issues of “carbon inequality” and the role of political entities that contribute most to global CO2 emissions, such China, USA and the EU. Finally, this study adds to the literature a composite index of transport sustainability performance and explores between country inequalities in terms of sustainability performance. |
| Keywords: | CO 2 emissions, environmental impact, OECD countries, carbon footprint, carbon inequality, road fatalities. |
| JEL: | O13 O18 O19 O44 O47 P48 Q53 Q56 R40 R41 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:95491&r=all |
| By: | Geoffrey Heal; Wolfram Schlenker |
| Abstract: | A carbon tax has been widely discussed as a way of reducing fossil fuel use and mitigating climate change, generally in a static framework. Unlike standard goods that can be produced, oil is an exhaustible resource. Parts of its price reflects scarcity rents, i.e., the fact that there is limited availability. We highlight important dynamic aspects of a global carbon tax, which will reallocate consumption through time: some of the initial reduction in consumption will be offset through higher consumption later on. Only reserves with high enough extraction cost will be priced out of the market. Using data from a large proprietary database of field-level oil data, we show that carbon prices even as high as 200 dollars per ton of CO2 will only reduce cumulative emissions from oil by 4% as the supply curve is very steep for high oil prices and few reserves drop out. The supply curve flattens out for lower price, and the effect of an increased carbon tax becomes larger. For example, a carbon price of 600 dollars would reduce cumulative emissions by 60%. On the flip side, a global cap and trade system that limits global extraction by a modest amount like 4% expropriates a large fraction of scarcity rents and would imply a high permit price of $200. The tax incidence varies over time: initially, about 75% of the carbon price will be passed on to consumers, but this share declines through time and even becomes negative as oil prices will drop in future years relative to a case of no carbon tax. The net present value of producer and consumer surplus decrease by roughly equal amounts, which are almost entirely offset by increased tax revenues. |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26086&r=all |
| By: | Massimo Filippini (Department of Management, Technology and Economics (D-MTEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland; Institute of Economics (IdEP), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland); Giuliano Masiero (Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Italy; Institute of Economics (IdEP), Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland); Sandro Steinbach (Department of Management, Technology and Economics (D-MTEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Ambient air pollution is the environmental factor with the most significant impact on human health. Several epidemiological studies provide evidence for an association between ambient air pollution and human health. However, the recent economic literature has challenged the identification strategy used in these studies. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion by investigating the association between ambient air pollution and morbidity using hospital admission data from Switzerland. Our identification strategy rests on the construction of geographically explicit pollution measures derived from a dispersion model that replicates atmospheric conditions and accounts for several emission sources. The reduced form estimates account for location and time fixed effects and show that ambient air pollution has a substantial impact on hospital admissions. In particular, we show that SO2 and NO2 are positively associated with admission rates for coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases while we find no similar correlation for PM10 and O3. Our robustness checks support these findings and suggest that dispersion models can help in reducing the measurement error inherent to pollution exposure measures based on station-level pollution data. Therefore, our results may contribute to a more accurate evaluation of future environmental policies aiming at a reduction of ambient air pollution exposure. |
| Keywords: | Ambient air pollution, dispersion model, hospital admissions, count panel data |
| JEL: | I10 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lug:wpidep:1903&r=all |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline; Alemi, Farzad; Johnston, Robert A. |
| Abstract: | Coordinated land use and transportation plans that locate high-density, mixed-use development near high-quality rail and bus transit are essential in helping communities reach important goals, such as economic development, reduced traffic congestion, greater transportation choices, and improved public health. These plans may also be critical to meet greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals and reduce harmful effects to human and natural systems. However, there are concerns that these plans could undermine the well-being of low-income groups and GHG reduction efforts. Investments for transit-oriented developments (TODs) may increase property values and gentrification, which could cause displacement of low-income groups. If low-income groups are pushed out of TODs, they will likely live farther from their daily destinations, require a car for transportation, and be more likely to buy a used or older-model car that will increase GHG emissions. Furthermore, higher-income families living in TODs may be more likely to drive since they can afford it, further increasing GHG emissions. By using the Sacramento PECAS (Production, Exchange, and Consumption Allocation System) and Sacramento travel demand models, the effects of TOD development policies on the larger economy and on specific socio-economic groups can be predicted. This policy brief summarizes findings from the report of the same title. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Economic impacts, Environmental impacts, Equity (Justice), Greenhouse gases, Socioeconomic factors, Transit oriented development, Travel demand |
| Date: | 2019–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5dr9k67f&r=all |
| By: | Sam Heft-Neal; Jennifer Burney; Eran Bendavid; Kara Voss; Marshall Burke |
| Abstract: | Accurate estimation of air quality impacts on health outcomes is critical for guiding policy choices to mitigate such damages. Estimation poses an empirical challenge, however, because local economic activity can simultaneously generate changes in both air quality and in health impacts that are independent of air quality, confounding pollution-health estimates. To address this challenge, we leverage plausibly exogenous variation in local particulate matter exposure across sub-Saharan Africa due to dust export from the Bodele Depression, a remote Saharan region responsible for a substantial share of global atmospheric dust. Large scale transport of this dust is uncorrelated with local emissions sources and allows us to isolate the causal impact of air quality on infant mortality across Sub-Saharan Africa. Combining detailed information on nearly 1 million births with satellite measures of aerosol particulate matter, we find that a 10mg/m3 increase in local ambient PM2.5 concentration driven by distant dust emission causes a 22% increase in infant mortality across our African sample (95% CI: 10-35%), an effect comparable to quasi-experimental pollution-infant mortality estimates from wealthier countries. We also show that rainfall over the Bodele is a significant control on PM2.5 export and thus child health, and that future climate-change driven changes in Saharan rainfall could generate very large impacts on African child health through this pathway alone. We calculate that seemingly exotic proposals to pump and apply groundwater to the Bodele to reduce dust emission could be cost competitive with leading interventions aimed at improving child health. |
| JEL: | O12 Q53 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26107&r=all |
| By: | Collins-Sowah, Peron A. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I explored the various components and conceptual underpinnings of climate smart agriculture to develop a conceptual framework to better understand climate smart agriculture. Furthermore, I proposed a new definition of "climate smart agriculture" based on the various components of the concept and the need for trade-offs and synergies. "Climate smart agriculture technologies and management practices" was also defined based on pillar three of climate smart agriculture as a necessary condition. I argue that since the buzzword "climate smart" has strictly a climate focus, the concept of climate smart agriculture resonates more on GHG emission mitigation. I however posit that a more concise definition of the climate smartness of agricultural production systems will require empirical measurement of some aspects of the concept. Since climate smart agriculture is defined along three pillars (productivity increases, building resilience and adapting, and GHG emission reduction), key concepts such as productivity, resilience, vulnerability and carbon sequestration provide indicators for future empirical measurements of the climate smart agriculture concept. |
| Keywords: | Climate,agriculture,policies,institutions,theory,concept |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cauapw:wp201802&r=all |
| By: | Marc A. C. Hafstead; Roberton C. Williams III |
| Abstract: | Political debates around environmental regulation often center around the effect of policy on jobs. Opponents decry the “job-killing” EPA and proponents point to “green jobs” as a positive policy outcome. And beyond the political debates, Congress requires the EPA to evaluate “potential losses or shifts of employment” that regulations under the Clean Air Act may cause. Yet there is a sharp disconnect between the political importance of the jobs question and the limited research on job effects of policy and general skepticism in the academic literature about the importance of those job effects for the costs and benefits of environmental regulation. In this paper, we discuss how the existing research on jobs and environmental regulations often falls short in evaluating these questions and consider recent new work that has attempted to address these problems. We provide an intuitive discussion of key questions for how job effects should enter into economic analysis of regulations. And, using an economic model from Hafstead, Williams, and Chen (2018), we evaluate a range of environmental regulations in both the short and long-run to develop a set of key stylized facts related to jobs and environmental regulations and to identify the key questions that current models can’t yet answer well. |
| JEL: | E24 H23 J64 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26093&r=all |
| By: | Sebastian Acevedo Mejia; Claudio Baccianti; Mico Mrkaic; Natalija Novta; Evgenia Pugacheva; Petia Topalova |
| Abstract: | We explore the extent to which macroeconomic policies, structural policies, and institutions can mitigate the negative relationship between temperature shocks and output in countries with warm climates. Empirical evidence and simulations of a dynamic general equilibrium model reveal that good policies can help countries cope with negative weather shocks to some extent. However, none of the adaptive policies we consider can fully eliminate the large aggregate output losses that countries with hot climates experience due to rising temperatures. Only curbing greenhouse gas emissions—which would mitigate further global warming—could limit the adverse macroeconomic consequences of weather shocks in a long-lasting way. |
| Date: | 2019–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/178&r=all |
| By: | Grant Allan (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde); David Comerford (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde); Kevin Connolly (qDepartment of Economics, University of Strathclyde); Peter McGregor (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde); Andrew G Ross (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde) |
| Abstract: | The continuing development of the offshore wind sector is an important element of UK energy and industrial policy since it holds the potential of substantial emissions reductions while simultaneously boosting economic activity. A central idea here is that the economic impact of the offshore wind sector can be enhanced by increasing the local content of its inputs. We explore, through simulation of a purpose-built Input-Output model of the UK, the economic and emissions impacts of the likely future development of the UK’s offshore wind sector, with a particular emphasis on the importance of local content. We explore six scenarios all of which embed the capacity expansion anticipated by the Sector Deal, but differ in terms of local content – including a set of illustrative simulations considering the possible impact of Brexit on local content. We find that future offshore wind development does indeed generate a “double dividend†in the form of simultaneous and substantial reductions in emissions and improvements in economic activity. It is also the case that, as anticipated, the scale of the economic stimulus arising from offshore wind development is directly and strongly related to the extent of local content. |
| Keywords: | low carbon economy, industrial strategy, supply chain, offshore wind, economic impact, Brexit |
| JEL: | Q40 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:str:wpaper:1910&r=all |
| By: | Daigneault, Adam J.; Favero, Alice |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291126&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Suphi Sen |
| Abstract: | The climate challenge requires ambitious climate policy. A sudden increase in carbon prices can lead to major shocks to the stock market. Some assets will lose part of their value, others all of it, and hence become “stranded”. If the markets are not ready to absorb the shock, a financial crisis could follow. How well investors anticipate, and thus how large these shocks may be, is an empirical question. We analyze stock market reactions to the rejection of two carbon tax initiatives by voters in Washington state. We build proper counterfactuals for Washington state firms and find that these modest policy proposals with limited jurisdiction caused substantial readjustments on the stock market, especially for carbon-intensive stocks. Our results reinforce concerns about “stranded assets” and the risk of financial contagion. Our policy implications support the inclusion of transition risks in macroprudential policymaking and carbon disclosure and climate stress tests as the main policy responses. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, financial returns, systemic risk, macroprudential policies, voting |
| JEL: | G12 H23 H71 L50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7785&r=all |
| By: | Udo Kreickemeier; Philipp M. Richter |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyse the effects of a unilateral change in an emissions tax in a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms. We find a positive effect of tighter environmental policy on average productivity in the reforming country through reallocation of labour towards exporting firms. Domestic aggregate emissions fall, due to both a scale and a technique effect, but we show that the reduction in emissions following the tax increase is smaller than in autarky. Moreover, general equilibrium effects through changes in the foreign wage rate lead to a reduction in foreign emissions and, hence, to negative emissions leakage in case of transboundary pollution. |
| Keywords: | trade and environment, heterogeneous firms, unilateral environmental policy, emissions leakage |
| JEL: | F18 F12 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7725&r=all |
| By: | Vladimir Otrachshenko, Luís C. Nunes |
| Abstract: | Many Mediterranean-type climates around the world will face increased risks of wildfires as a consequence of climate change. In this study we consider the case of Portugal and estimate the impact of the increasing risk of forest fires on tourism. Using data for 278 municipalities for the 2000-2016 period we find a considerable negative impact of burned areas on the number of tourist arrivals, both domestic and inbound. We go beyond the traditional impact analysis and provide predictions for 2030 and 2050. The estimated costs to the Portuguese economy due to the impact of burned areas in 2030 range between 17.03 and 24.18 million Euros for domestic tourist arrivals and between 18.26 and 38.08 million Euros for inbound ones. In 2050, those costs will increase at least fourfold. These findings underscore the importance of taking the forest fire risks into account when planning local investments. JEL codes: L83, O13, Q54, Q56 |
| Keywords: | climate change, economic development, fires, future projections, tourism, Portugal |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:unlfep:wp632&r=all |
| By: | Matthew E. Kahn; Kamiar Mohaddes; Ryan N.C. Ng; M. Hashem Pesaran; Mehdi Raissi; Jui-Chung Yang |
| Abstract: | We study the long-term impact of climate change on economic activity across countries, using a stochastic growth model where labour productivity is affected by country-specific climate variables—defined as deviations of temperature and precipitation from their historical norms. Using a panel data set of 174 countries over the years 1960 to 2014, we find that per-capita real output growth is adversely affected by persistent changes in the temperature above or below its historical norm, but we do not obtain any statistically significant effects for changes in precipitation. Our counterfactual analysis suggests that a persistent increase in average global temperature by 0.04°C per year, in the absence of mitigation policies, reduces world real GDP per capita by 7.22 percent by 2100. On the other hand, abiding by the Paris Agreement, thereby limiting the temperature increase to 0.01°C per annum, reduces the loss substantially to 1.07 percent. These effects vary significantly across countries. We also provide supplementary evidence using data on a sample of 48 U.S. states between 1963 and 2016, and show that climate change has a long-lasting adverse impact on real output in various states and economic sectors, and on labor productivity and employment. |
| JEL: | E27 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26167&r=all |
| By: | Crane-Droesch, Andrew; Marshall, Elizabeth; Rosch, Stephanie; Riddle, Anne; Cooper, Joseph; Wallander, Steven |
| Abstract: | Programs that help farmers manage risk are a major component of the Federal Government’s support to rural America. Changes to this risk—and thus to the Government’s fiscal exposure— are expected as weather averages and extremes change over the coming decades. This study uses a combination of statistical and economic modeling techniques to explore the mechanisms by which climate change could affect the cost of the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) to the Federal Government, which accounts for approximately half of Government expenditures on agricultural risk management. Our approach is to compare scenarios of the future that differ only in terms of climate. Using weather scenarios for 2060-99 from general circulation models, we project decreases in corn and soybean yields and mixed changes to winter wheat yields, compared to a baseline scenario in which climate is identical to that of the past three decades. We use an economic model of the U.S. agricultural sector to estimate how projected yield changes may induce farmers to change what and where they plant, and the resulting impacts on production and output prices. These ingredients allow us to explore drivers of change in the cost of the FCIP’s Revenue Protection program, which is used as a heuristic for potential farm safety net programs that could exist in the future. Differences between the scenarios are driven by increasing prices for the three crops studied, caused by relatively lower production in the presence of inelastic demand, as well as by changing volatility in both yields and prices. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:291962&r=all |
| By: | Jasmeet Lamba, (JSIA - Jindal School of International Affairs (Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana)); Bhumika Gupta (MMS - Département Management, Marketing et Stratégie - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - TEM - Télécom Ecole de Management - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School, LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School); Sam Dzever (MMS - Département Management, Marketing et Stratégie - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - TEM - Télécom Ecole de Management - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School, LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School) |
| Abstract: | Ever since the last decade palm oil production has increased many folds and so has the use of the oil in various industries. Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world and produced 32.5 million tonnes of crude palm oil in 2014, exporting almost 80% of it to yield a considerable USD$18.6 billion in revenue. The numbers went up even further with 36 million tonnes of palm oil produced in 2017 alone. Evidently, the surge has given major boost to the palm oil industry, which has become the biggest currency earner in Indonesia, considering it is only second to Malaysia as the world's largest exporter of palm oil. However, the flip side of it is the devastating effect it has on the environment. Destruction of forests has led to catastrophic effects on our ecosystem. Institutional investors as well as individuals play a key role in financing the expansion of palm oil industry and are able to minimize the destruction caused by deforestation. A large-scale promotion of land grab-free investment policies and practices is definitely a first step in the direction. Depletion of natural resources causing serious and immediate health issues, and in some cases, overall survival of communities is an act of human rights violation and must be dealt with seriousness and sensitivity. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability,Ecological Economics,Global Warming,Climate Change |
| Date: | 2019–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02265821&r=all |
| By: | Bostian, Moriah (Department of Economics, Lewis & Clark College); Färe, Rolf (Department of Economics, Oregon State University); Grosskopf, Shawna (Department of Economics, Oregon State University); Lundgren, Tommy (CERE - the Center for Environmental and Resource Economics) |
| Abstract: | We develop a network technology model for pollution abatement that distinguishes between the two primary forms that abatement can take: Prevention of emissions from occurring in the first place, and treatment of any emissions that are generated by the production process. Our network model separates the production process into two stages, an initial production and prevention stage and a final treatment (or cure) stage. We allow for reallocation of abatement resources across the production stages, in order to improve overall abatement and production efficiency and better understand the tradeoffs between the two forms of abatement. This framework is relevant in practice for a number of industrial production processes, including manufacturing and energy, which employ multiple abatement measures at different stages of production. To illustrate, we apply the prevention-treatment network model to estimate the production and abatement technology for firms in Sweden’s pulp and paper manufacturing sector. We find that with reallocation of prevention and treatment resources, the industry could achieve further gains to both production and emissions reductions, relative to those estimated using the more common single-stage approach to technology estimation for pollution-generating processes. In practice, these results could be used by producers for improving managerial efficiency, and by policy makers to better target abatement incentives to the most effective aspects of production. |
| Keywords: | Network DEA; Carbon Policy; Abatement Cost; Environmental Performance |
| JEL: | D21 D22 D24 |
| Date: | 2019–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2019_011&r=all |
| By: | Crane-Droesch, Andrew; Marshall, Elizabeth; Rosch, Stephanie; Riddle, Anne; Cooper, Joseph; Wallander, Steven |
| Abstract: | Programs that help farmers manage risk are a major component of the Federal Government’s support to rural America. Changes to this risk—and thus to the Government’s fiscal exposure—are expected as weather averages and extremes change over the coming decades. This study uses a combination of statistical and economic modeling techniques to explore the mechanisms by which climate change could affect the cost of the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) to the Federal Government, which accounts for approximately half of Government expenditures on agricultural risk management. Our approach is to compare scenarios of the future that differ only in terms of climate. Using weather scenarios for 2060-99 from general circulation models, we project decreases in corn and soybean yields and mixed changes to winter wheat yields, compared to a baseline scenario in which climate is identical to that of the past three decades. We use an economic model of the U.S. agricultural sector to estimate how projected yield changes may induce farmers to change what and where they plant, and the resulting impacts on production and output prices. These ingredients allow us to explore drivers of change in the cost of the FCIP’s Revenue Protection program, which is used as a heuristic for potential farm safety net programs that could exist in the future. Differences between the scenarios are driven by increasing prices for the three crops studied, caused by relatively lower production in the presence of inelastic demand, as well as by changing volatility in both yields and prices. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:292268&r=all |
| By: | Paudel, Jayash; Crago, Christine L. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291119&r=all |
| By: | Shilling, Fraser |
| Abstract: | Shoreline habitats and infrastructure are currently being affected by sea level rise (SLR) and impacts will only worsen as global temperatures continue to rise. Decisions made by governments and individuals to adapt to SLR will have profound consequences for coastal ecosystems, transportation systems, and urban settings. Federal guidance for adaptation relies on predictive models to guide planning. This includes planning for the recovery of endangered species in the face of SLR, which is mandated by the federal Endangered Species Act. FHWA and other federal organizations have recognized that new monitoring methods will be needed in order to collect new kinds of data and at a finer scale and wider extent. California among other states, provides extensive step-by-step guidance on how to plan for SLR, including the use of predictive models, and identifies the need for monitoring as well. Despite the recognized need for monitoring methods, no detailed guidance is given at the state level in California or federal level for how to do this. Measurement of sea level has historically been achieved by using tide gauges and global satellite altimetry. There is no consistent method or system for measuring and recording shoreline change over large areas and at fine resolution other than infrequent and expensive LiDAR overflights that do not capture seasonal fluctuations. This policy brief summarizes findings from the project which utilizes a method to monitor shoreline and infrastructure changes in response to SLR using a network of time-lapse cameras. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Cameras, Climate change, Coasts, Data collection, Image analysis, Marshes, Sea level, Web applications, Wireless communication systems |
| Date: | 2017–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0qf688v0&r=all |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relevance of government quality in moderating the incidence of environmental degradation on inclusive human development in 44 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2000-2012. Environmental degradation is measured with CO2 emissions and the governance dynamics include: political stability, voice and accountability, government effectiveness, regulation quality, the rule of law and corruption-control. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments. Regulation quality modulates CO2 emissions to exert a net negative effect on inclusive development. Institutional governance (consisting of corruption-control and the rule of law) modulates CO2 emissions to also exert a net negative effect on inclusive human development. Fortunately, the corresponding interactive effects are positive, which indicates that good governance needs to be enhanced to achieve positive net effects. A policy threshold of institutional governance at which institutional governance completely dampens the unfavourable effect of CO2 emissions on inclusive human development is established. Other policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Economic development; Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:19/011&r=all |
| By: | Soren T. Anderson; Ioana Marinescu; Boris Shor |
| Abstract: | Surveys show majority U.S. support for a carbon tax. Yet none has been adopted. Why? We study two failed carbon tax initiatives in Washington State in 2016 and 2018. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we show that Washington's real-world campaigns reduced support by 20 percentage points. Resistance to higher energy prices explains opposition to these policies in the average precinct, while ideology explains 90% of the variation in votes across precincts. Conservatives preferred the 2016 revenue-neutral policy, while liberals preferred the 2018 green-spending policy. Yet we forecast both initiatives would fail in other states, demonstrating that surveys are overly optimistic. |
| JEL: | D72 H23 H71 H72 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26146&r=all |
| By: | Berazneva, Julia; Klotz, Richard L. |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291255&r=all |
| By: | Grant Allan (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde); Kevin Connolly (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde); Peter McGregor (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde); Andrew G Ross (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde) |
| Abstract: | Given public investment in renewable energy technologies, it is important to understand the contribution these make to the economy. Various methods have been used to quantify impacts, such as job counts, surveys and measures based on economic statistics. Economic modelling approaches on the other hand appear to offer an ability to both provide metrics of interest to policy makers, and crucially an understanding of the activities which support that contribution. In this paper, we implement a “hypothetical extraction†of UK activities related to renewable electricity generation – specifically focusing on offshore wind – to identify the contribution that they make to economic activity as well as job quality, and emissions. Undertaking the partial extraction of offshore wind from an aggregated IO table, and then subsequently from one in which we have separated out the offshore wind electricity sector, we highlight the value of more disaggregation and technology-specific detail in economic accounts. We find that a significant portion of activity supported by offshore wind is supported by expansions in capacity, in addition to the operation of existing offshore wind activity, giving policymakers important information on the likely path of economic impacts related to renewable energy activities |
| Keywords: | low carbon economy, industrial strategy, supply chain, offshore wind, economic impact |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:str:wpaper:1911&r=all |
| By: | Artur Santoalha (University of Oslo, TIK); Ron Boschma (Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Planning, University of Stavanger, UiS Business School) |
| Abstract: | Regional diversification is a process characterized by past and place dependence: new activities tend to emerge and develop in a region in technological or industrial fields closely related to existing local activities. Recently, the relatedness concept has also been applied successfully to studies on green diversification of regions, providing new insights to the transition literature that is primarily focused on disruptive change. What has received little attention is a systematic approach that assesses the role of political support for the ability of regions to diversify into new green activities. This paper makes a first attempt to test the impact of regional capabilities and political support for environmental policy at the national and regional scale on the ability of 95 regions in 7 European countries to diversify into new green technologies during the period 2000-2012. We find evidence that related capabilities rather than political support in a region is associated with green diversification of regions in Europe. However, political support tends to moderate the role of regional capabilities. |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20190816&r=all |
| By: | Charles Raux (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lény Grassot (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eric Charmes (EVS - Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées); Elise Nimal (EIFER - European Institute For Energy Research - TH - Universität Karlsruhe - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Marie Sévenet (EIFER - European Institute For Energy Research - TH - Universität Karlsruhe - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF) |
| Abstract: | The French National Carbon Strategy (SNBC) aims at reducing the CO2 emissions of the transport sector by 30% in 2030, when compared with 2013, and by 70% in 2050. This paper analyses the room for manoeuvre regarding daily mobility in order to contribute to this aim. The framework is a "reasonable" world, where local governments might bring pressure on residential location choices of new anticipated populations on the one hand, and mobility choices by favoring some travel modes on the other hand. In this reasonable world, policies such as moving house for existing population or restraining daily mobility intensity, whether destinations or out-of-home tours, are deliberately denied. Three contrasted areas are studied: two peri-urban areas around Lyon and Strasbourg on the one hand, one densely populated area, Lyon's conurbation, on the other hand. We show that scenarios combining control of vehicle unit emissions and new travel mode behaviors based on ridesharing and bike use including e-bike would arrive at SNBC targets. All levers don't have the same impact on emission reduction: various alternatives of the new population housing location have low stake regarding emissions from now to 2050. Moreover the social and political cost of "guiding" the new population residential location choices limits the relevance of such a policy. |
| Abstract: | La Stratégie Nationale Bas Carbone (SNBC) vise pour le secteur du transport une réduction, par rapport à 2013, de 30 % des émissions de CO2eq en 2030 et de 70 % à l'horizon 2050. Cet article analyse les marges de manœuvre concernant la mobilité du quotidien pour contribuer à cet objectif. Le cadre d'analyse est celui d'un monde « raisonnable », où les collectivités locales pourraient agir d'une part sur les choix des lieux de résidence des populations nouvelles anticipées, d'autre part sur les choix de mobilité, en favorisant certains modes de déplacements plutôt que d'autres. Dans ce monde raisonnable, on s'interdit d'une part d'imposer des déménagements à la population existante, d'autre part de réduire l'intensité actuelle de mobilité quotidienne, exprimée en nombre de sorties et lieux fréquentés. Trois territoires relativement contrastés sont étudiés : d'une part deux territoires périurbains autour de Lyon et Strasbourg, d'autre part un territoire urbain dense, celui de la métropole de Lyon. Nous montrons que des scénarios combinant maîtrise des émissions unitaires des véhicules et nouveaux comportements modaux, à base de covoiturage et de vélo, y compris à assistance électrique, permettraient d'atteindre les objectifs de la SNBC pour la mobilité du quotidien. Tous les leviers n'ont pas le même impact : les différentes alternatives de localisation de la population nouvelle envisagée d'ici à 2050 ne représentent que peu d'enjeux, du moins du point de vue du critère carbone. En outre, le coût social et politique d'une localisation résidentielle « dirigée » de la population nouvelle modère l'intérêt d'une telle mesure. |
| Keywords: | mobilité quotidienne,contrainte carbone,Modes de déplacements,leviers,Stratégie Nationale Bas Carbone (SNBC),comportements de mobilité,simulations,Lyon,Strasbourg,urbain,périurbain |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02182407&r=all |
| By: | Aboudala Sidi Issah (LaRBE - Laboratoire de Recherches Biogéographiques et d'Etudes Environnementales - Université de Lomé [Togo]); Minkilabe Djangbedja (LaRBE - Laboratoire de Recherches Biogéographiques et d'Etudes Environnementales - Université de Lomé [Togo]); Thiou Tanzidani K. Tchamie (LaRBE - Laboratoire de Recherches Biogéographiques et d'Etudes Environnementales - Université de Lomé [Togo]) |
| Abstract: | The exploitation of Tabligbo's limestone deposit in southeastern Togo constitutes one of the most important mining activities in this country. Despite its economic importance, it is a source of many socio-economic and environmental problems. This article highlights the socio-economic impacts of this activity. This study was based on direct field observations and surveys. For example, 375 people from five of the 12 counties in Yoto Prefecture were interviewed. There were also 10 focus groups of 9 people on average and 17 interviews. The results show that exploitation has had positive impacts, including the creation of jobs, the training of young people, the achievement of socioeconomic works for the benefit of the population and the contribution of foreign currency to the State. The exploitation of Tabligbo's limestone deposit also caused negative impacts, including the degradation of cultivable land, habitat destruction and noise and atmospheric pollution. |
| Abstract: | L'exploitation du gisement de calcaires de Tabligbo, au sud-est du Togo constitue l'une des plus importantes activités minières de ce pays. Malgré son importance économique, elle est source de plusieurs problèmes socio-économiques et environnementaux. Cet article met en lumière les impacts socio-économiques de cette activité. Cette étude s'est appuyée sur des observations directes sur le terrain et des enquêtes. Ainsi, 375 personnes issues de 5 des 12 cantons que compte la préfecture de Yoto ont été interrogées. Il a été également réalisé 10 focus-groups de 9 personnes en moyenne et 17 entretiens. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'exploitation a eu des impacts positifs dont la création d'emplois, la formation de jeunes, la réalisation d'ouvrages socioéconomiques au profit de la population et l'apport de devises à l'Etat. L'exploitation du gisement de calcaires de Tabligbo a également occasionné des impacts négatifs dont la dégradation de terres cultivables, la destruction d'habitat et les nuisances sonores et atmosphériques. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02265636&r=all |
| By: | Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Luo, Ji |
| Abstract: | Local, regional, and state agencies in California are making efforts to increase bicycle infrastructure and ridership. In most areas, bicycle routes are a subset of vehicle routes and new bicycle infrastructure is created by adding bicycle lane(s) to existing roadways. The planning process for identifying bicycle routes typically considers available right-of-way, existing roadway infrastructure (e.g., presence of bridges, number of intersections), vehicular traffic volume, safety concerns, and built environment factors (e.g., attractive land uses such as shopping districts, scenic views), among other factors. However, exposure to traffic-related air pollution is rarely considered in this process. This oversight can have negative impacts on bicyclists given they are directly exposed to vehicular exhaust and experience an increased breathing rate during biking. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution has been proven to contribute to a wide range of health problems such as lung and heart diseases. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Air pollution, Air quality, Bikeways, City planning, Cyclists, Highway traffic, Public health |
| Date: | 2017–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6gf3k47n&r=all |
| By: | Amina Said Alsayyad (IPC-IG); Abdel-Hameed Hamdy Nawar (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Many countries have made significant strides in transitioning from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which expired in 2015, to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 17 interdependent SDGs cover social, economic and environmental development issues as well as governance and partnerships. Each goal has a list of targets that are measured with indicators". (...) |
| Keywords: | Country, heterogeneity, missing tier, SDGs, reporting |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opager:426&r=all |
| By: | Mihiar, Chris; Lewis, David |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291130&r=all |
| By: | Martin Stefan; Claudia Wellenreuther |
| Abstract: | Futures for European carbon emission allowances resemble a relatively new class of financial assets that are currently traded on two exchanges: the ICE in London and the EEX in Leipzig. While the former features greater trading volumes, the latter hosts the majority of the primary auctions of ETS emission allowances. This letter, therefore, investigates which of these trading places dominates the carbon price discovery process. The results of various price discovery measures based on a vector error correction model indicate that the ICE leads the price discovery process of carbon futures. |
| Keywords: | Carbon, Price Discovery, Information Leadership Share, EUA, Futures Markets, ETS |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cqe:wpaper:8719&r=all |
| By: | Shahzad, Muhammad Faisal; Abdulai, Awudu |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291283&r=all |
| By: | Pan, Qianyao; Sumner, Daniel A.; Lapsley, James T. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291154&r=all |
| By: | Malchenko, Yu. |
| Abstract: | The present literature overview stipulates the challenge of the adoption of sustainable solutions by their prospective consumers. The research outlines the most common theories investigating the issues and reflects the ones which are the most applicable for the specificity of sustainable solutions: planned behaviour and consumer choice. These theories are offered for further research on the consumer adoption of sustainable solutions. |
| Keywords: | consumer adoption, sustainable solutions, public goods, club goods, diffusion of innovations, social contagion, planned behaviour, consumer choice, Hofstede's cultural dimensions, knowledge transfer, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sps:wpaper:16133&r=all |
| By: | Obembe, Oladipo S.; Hendricks, Nathan P. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291128&r=all |
| By: | Cho, Seong-Hoon; Sharma, Bijay P. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291268&r=all |
| By: | Benonnier, Theo; Millock, Katrin; Taraz, Vis P. |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291028&r=all |
| By: | Don, Fullerton; Ta, Chi L. |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291237&r=all |
| By: | You, Jing; Cui, Yi; Ma, Jiujie |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291094&r=all |
| By: | Cook, Aaron; Shortle, James S. |
| Keywords: | Resource/ Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291266&r=all |
| By: | Diaf Imene; Pierre Pech (LADYSS - Laboratoire dynamiques sociales et recomposition des espaces - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Touati Bouzid |
| Abstract: | Public policies to protect natural environments are becoming increasingly integrated in many countries. However , in some countries, nature management policies do not pay much attention to issues raised by local populations, especially development issues. These seem often incompatible with the logic of protection of nature defended by the national administrations. Recent studies show that there are ways to make these issues compatible. The knowledge on this subject is still weak for the southern shore of the Mediterranean region. Our study focuses on the case of a natural park located in the northeast of Algeria: the sector of the El Kala National Park (EKNP). This territory faces a double strategic ambition: to strengthen the protection of nature but also to develop the agricultural economy and tourism. Our method relies on the analysis of 3 types of data: national statistics of Algeria, conservation and development strategy documents and satellite data. Our study shows an increase in the area of EKNP vegetation between 1995 and 2005. |
| Keywords: | conservation,local development,El Kala National Park,Algeria,protected areas,tourism |
| Date: | 2019–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02188250&r=all |
| By: | Andrew W Thompson (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11, VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Yannick Perez (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec, VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité) |
| Abstract: | Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) is an umbrella term to explain the use of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries to derive additional value during times of non-use. V2X services generate revenue from the battery asset through dynamic (V1X) or bi-directional (V2X) charging to provide benefits to the electric grid, to reduce energy consumption of buildings and homes, or to provide backup power to loads. While relatively unknown and still regarded as a nascent technology, V2X exhibits low capital costs and enabling costs have decreased by 90% since 2014. We present the V2X Value Stream Framework as a means to better communicate and categorize its full economic potential. A meta-analysis of Value Stream potential gives results contradictory to the literature and indicates that Bill Management, Resource Adequacy, and Network Deferral are more valuable than Energy Arbitrage and Spinning Reserves. We distinguish between Energy and Power Value Streams and show how the latter cause less battery degradation and allow for greater stacking of services. Finally, energy policy recommendations are given to better integrate V2X. While we concur that development is of and by the market, we emphasize that V2X will develop within the constraints of the regulatory environment; therefore regulators have an enabling role to play. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G),Ancillary Services,Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation Costs,Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation Modeling,Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) |
| Date: | 2019–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02265826&r=all |
| By: | Cheng, Yu Shing; Miteva, Daniela A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290819&r=all |
| By: | Kaplan, Scott; Gordon, Hal |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290825&r=all |
| By: | Grant, Kara R.; Gallardo, Karina; McCluskey, Jill J. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290794&r=all |
| By: | Bi, Xiang; Whitehead, John C. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290805&r=all |
| By: | He, Guojun; Pan, Yuhang; Zhang, Bing |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:291080&r=all |
| By: | Ruediger Bachmann; Gabriel Ehrlich; Ying Fan; Dimitrije Ruzic |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the 2015 Volkswagen emissions scandal as a natural experiment to provide evidence that collective reputation externalities matter for firms. We find that the Volkswagen scandal reduced the U.S. sales of the other German auto manufacturers—BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Smart—by about 105,000 vehicles worth $5.2 billion. The decline was principally driven by an adverse reputation spillover, which was reinforced by consumer substitution away from diesel vehicles and was partially offset by substitution away from Volkswagen. These estimates come from a model of vehicle demand, the conclusions of which are also consistent with difference-in-differences estimates. We provide direct evidence on internet search behavior and consumer sentiment displayed on social media to support our interpretation that the estimates reflect a reputation spillover. |
| JEL: | D12 D22 D90 L14 L15 L62 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26117&r=all |
| By: | Thomas, Stefan; Fischedick, Manfred; Hermwille, Lukas; Suerkemper, Felix; Thema, Johannes; Venjakob, Maike; Aydin, Vera; Samadi, Sascha |
| Abstract: | Dieses Wuppertal Paper dient dazu, a) die mögliche Klimaschutzwirkung eines CO2-Preises zu analysieren, allein und im Gesamtpaket von Instrumenten zum Klimaschutz, b) die Möglichkeiten der Mittelverwendung zu analysieren und zu bewerten, c) dadurch den Dschungel der Argumente und Motivationen in den bestehenden Vorschlägen zu lichten und d) aus der Analyse ein Modell zu skizzieren, das den Anforderungen von Klimaschutz und sozialer Gerechtigkeit sowie Erhalt der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit am besten gerecht wird und damit der Bundesregierung als Anregung bei der Entscheidung über Einführung und Ausgestaltung eines CO2-Preises dienen kann. Im Folgenden werden diese Fragen anhand von neun Thesen mit einem abschließenden Fazit ergründet. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuppap:195&r=all |
| By: | Wallander, Steven; Claassen, Roger; Hill, Alexandra; Fooks, Jacob |
| Abstract: | Since 1996, USDA working lands programs have resulted in hundreds of thousands of conservation contracts—voluntary agreements between USDA and program participants. Within each contract, the participant agrees to install or implement a set of conservation practices, and USDA agrees to provide technical and financial assistance to the participant. The use of contracts is central to the programs because of the complexity of addressing conservation goals—many contracts have multiple practices—and because of the time lags involved in installing and implementing conservation practices. A large majority of practices on these contracts are installed as planned. This study examines data on the 10 to 20 percent of practices that participants who signed contracts in the Environmental Quality Incentives Program in fiscal year 2010 did not implement as planned and dropped from their contracts. We find differences in the frequency with which specific practices are dropped, as well as in the likelihood that some types of contracts have at least one dropped practice. These differences suggest participants earn different levels of private benefits from installing or implementing conservation practices, which results in varying incentives to complete practices. Examining patterns in dropped practices reveals these private benefits, which are generally not known by program managers at the time participants sign conservation contracts. In this report, we discuss the significance of unobserved private incentives in possible policy design options—changes in ranking criteria, restrictions on contract structure, use of bundled practices at varied cost-share rates, and changes to costshare rates. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:291964&r=all |
| By: | Angel Prieto |
| Abstract: | Ce texte rapporte les travaux effectués lors du stage de recherche d'Angel Prieto au CIRANO, sous la direction de Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné, Directeur scientifique et Fellow du CIRANO. Ce travail s’intéresse aux initiatives infranationales pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. Plus précisément, nous partons du constat de l’insuffissance des négociations internationales à adresser seules ce problème, pour étudier la pertinence des alliances de villes. À partir de l’étude de cas de C40, une approche empirique fondée sur des entretiens et des recherches documentaires permet de mettre en évidence les spécificités de ce mode de coordination. Ceci sert ensuite de base à la construction d’un modèle théorique de villes en réseau, que nous exploitons grâce à d’outils de la théorie des jeux. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence l’émergence d’équilibres de coordination pour les villes en réseau, et nous étudions l’influence de divers paramètres sur les caractéristiques des équilibres, avant de nous pencher sur la question des inégalités villes/campagnes et la problématique de redistribution. Grâce à l’étude d’une échelle qui a été jusqu’à ce jour délaissée par les modèles théoriques, ce travail contribue au champ de l’analyse des accords environnementaux par la théorie des jeux, ouvrant la possibilité à de nombreuses extensions. |
| Keywords: | , Environnement,Réseaux,Villes,Théorie des jeux |
| Date: | 2019–08–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2019s-16&r=all |
| By: | Tanner, Sophia; Lupi, Frank; Garnache, Cloe |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290826&r=all |
| By: | Anna Sophia Ciesielski |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the investment based growth rate effects of climate change. The analysis is based on the Integrated Assessment Model DICE by Nordhaus (2008). I depart from the original model, in that endogenous investments into a knowledge stock drive economic growth. Due to a negative capital accumulation as well as savings effect on the knowledge stock, climate change has a negative impact on gross income that lasts into the long run. In order to be able to quantify the growth rate effects, I calibrate the endogenous growth model version of DICE towards its exogenous growth counterpart. I find that in the exogenous growth model version of DICE, compared to its endogenous growth equivalent, in the social optimum, gross income is over-estimated by 2.3 % in 2100 and by 6.8 % in 2150. |
| Keywords: | endogenous economic growth and climate change |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7761&r=all |
| By: | Aglasan, Serkan; Goodwin, Barry K. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290698&r=all |
| By: | Van Deynze, Braeden; Swinton, Scott M.; Ries, Leslie |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290822&r=all |
| By: | Kuchler, Fred; Greene, Catherine; Bowman, Maria; Marshall, Kandice K.; Bovay, John; Lynch, Lori |
| Abstract: | Consumers are increasingly interested in farming methods and the nutritional quality of food. Manufacturers, in turn, are adding more information to food labels. In 1990, Congress passed two watershed laws on food labeling, one requiring nutrition labels to be included on most processed foods and the other requiring organic foods to meet a national uniform standard. This report examines the economic issues involved in five labels for which the Federal Government has played different roles in securing the information and making it transparent to consumers. In addition to the nutrition and organic labels, the report scrutinizes three other labels—one advertising foods made without genetically engineered ingredients, another advertising products made from animals raised without antibiotics, and the Federal country-of-origin label, which is now required for fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, some nuts, fish and shellfish, ginseng, and certain meats. As interest grows in process-based and other types of food labeling, findings from these five case studies illustrate the economic effects and tradeoffs in setting product standards, verifying claims, and enforcing truthfulness. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:291967&r=all |
| By: | Petr Jakubik; Sibel Uguz (EIOPA) |
| Abstract: | This article empirically investigates whether the introduction of green bond policies by insurance companies have a positive impact on their equity prices. To this aim, the sample of listed (re)insurers in Europe using monthly data for years 2012 – 2019 is employed. Announcements, press releases and semi-annual or annual reports are used to determine when the insurance companies committed to a green investment, issuance of green bonds or launching a green fund. Our results suggest that market investors positively price introducing such a policies for the issuance of green bonds or launching a green fund. However, the same results were not confirmed for initial investments in green bonds. |
| Keywords: | insurance, green bonds, equity prices |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G22 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eio:thafsr:14&r=all |
| By: | Sampson, Gabriel; Perry, Edward; Taylor, Mykel R. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea19:290810&r=all |