|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2019‒05‒27
fifty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Yannis Dafermos; Maria Nikolaidi |
| Abstract: | Fiscal policy has a strong role to play in the transition to an ecologically sustainable economy. This paper critically discusses the way that green fiscal policy has been analysed in both conventional and post-Keynesian approaches. It then uses a recently developed post-Keynesian ecological macroeconomic model in order to provide a comparative evaluation of three different types of green fiscal policy: carbon taxes, green subsidies and green public investment. We show that (i) carbon taxes reduce global warming but increase financial risks due to their adverse effects on the profitability of firms and credit availability; (ii) green subsidies and green public investment improve ecological efficiency, but their positive environmental impact is partially offset by their macroeconomic rebound effects; and (iii) a green fiscal policy mix derives better outcomes than isolated policies. Directions for future heterodox macroeconomic research on the links between fiscal policy and ecological sustainability are suggested. |
| Keywords: | post-Keynesian economics, ecological economics, green fiscal policy, stock-flow consistent modelling |
| JEL: | E12 E62 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp1912&r=all |
| By: | Granados, José A. Tapia; Spash, Clive L. |
| Abstract: | Since the 1990s, advocates of policy to prevent catastrophic climate change have been divided over the appropriate economic instruments to curb CO2 emissions-carbon taxes or schemes of emission trading. Barack Obama claimed that policies implemented during his presidency set in motion irreversible trends toward a clean-energy economy, with the years 2008-2015 given as evidence of decoupling between CO2 emissions and economic growth. This is despite California being the only state in the USA that has implemented a specific policy to curb emissions, a cap-and-trade scheme in place since 2013. To assess Obama's claims and the effectiveness of policies to reduce CO2 emissions, we analyze national and state-level data from the USA over the period 1990-2015. We find: (a) annual changes in emissions strongly correlated with the growth conditions of the economy; (b) no evidence for decoupling; and (c) a trajectory of CO2 emissions in California which does not at all support the claim that the cap-and-trade system implemented there has reduced CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Cap-and-trade, Carbon emissions trading, Decoupling, Economic growth |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:6961&r=all |
| By: | Ulrike Kornek; David Klenert; Ottmar Edenhofer; Marc Fleurbaey |
| Abstract: | The social cost of carbon is the central economic measure for aggregate climate change damages and functions as a metric for optimal carbon prices. Previous literature shows that inequality significantly influences the level of the social cost of carbon, but mostly neglects a major source of inequality - heterogeneity in income below the national level. We characterize the relationship between climate and redistributional policy in an optimal taxation model that explicitly accounts for inequality between and within countries. In particular, we demonstrate that climate and distributional policy cannot be separated when national governments fail to compensate low-income households for climate change damages: Even if only one country does not compensate especially affected households, the social cost of carbon increases globally. Further, we use numerical methods to estimate the scope of these effects. Our results suggest that it is crucial to correct previous estimates of the social cost of carbon for national distributional policies. |
| Keywords: | optimal taxation, inequality, climate change, social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | D30 D61 D63 H21 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7628&r=all |
| By: | Fabio Farinosi (European Commission); Carlo Giupponi (Ca' Foscari University of Venice); Arnaud Reynaud (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales); Guido Ceccherini (European Commission); César Carmona-Moreno (European Commission); A.P.J. de Roo (European Commission); D Gonzalez-Sanchez (European Commission); Giovanni Bidoglio (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | Competition over limited water resources is one of the main concerns for the coming decades. Although water issues alone have not been the sole trigger for warfare in the past, tensions over freshwater management and use represent one of the main concerns in political relations between riparian states and may exacerbate existing tensions, increase regional instability and social unrest. Previous studies made great efforts to understand how international water management problems were addressed by actors in a more cooperative or confrontational way. In this study, we analyze what are the pre-conditions favoring the insurgence of water management issues in shared water bodies, rather than focusing on the way water issues are then managed among actors. We do so by proposing an innovative analysis of past episodes of conflict and cooperation over transboundary water resources (jointly defined as "hydro-political interactions"). On the one hand, we aim at highlighting the factors that are more relevant in determining water interactions across political boundaries. On the other hand, our objective is to map and monitor the evolution of the likelihood of experiencing hydro-political interactions over space and time, under changing socioeconomic and biophysical scenarios, through a spatially explicit data driven index. Historical cross-border water interactions were used as indicators of the magnitude of corresponding water joint-management issues. These were correlated with information about river basin freshwater availability, climate stress, human pressure on water resources, socioeconomic conditions (including institutional development and power imbalances), and topographic characteristics. This analysis allows for identification of the main factors that determine water interactions, such as water availability, population density, power imbalances, and climatic stressors. The proposed model was used to map at high spatial resolution the probability of experiencing hydro-political interactions worldwide. This baseline outline is then compared to four distinct climate and population density projections aimed to estimate trends for hydro-political interactions under future conditions (2050 and 2100), while considering two greenhouse gases emission scenarios (moderate and extreme climate change). The combination of climate and population growth dynamics is expected to impact negatively on the overall hydro-political risk by increasing the likelihood of water interactions in the trans boundary river basins, with an average increase ranging between 74.9% (2050 population and moderate climate change) to 95% (2100 - population and extreme climate change). Future demographic and climatic conditions are expected to exert particular pressure on already water stressed basins such as the Nile, the Ganges/Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Tigris/Euphrates, and the Colorado. The results of this work allow us to identify current and future areas where water issues are more likely to arise, and where cooperation over water should be actively pursued to avoid possible tensions especially under changing environmental conditions. From a policy perspective, the index presented in this study can be used to provide a sound quantitative basis to the assessment of the Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.5 "Water resources management", and in particular to indicator 6.5.2 "Transboundary cooperation". |
| Keywords: | hydro-political risk,water cross-border issues,transboundary water interactions,random forest regression |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02100434&r=all |
| By: | Laure Kühfuss (University of St Andrews [Scotland]); Julie Subervie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Agri-environmental Schemes (AES) are a central component of the European environmental policy, but few of these schemes have been carefully evaluated and doubts are often expressed about their effectiveness. We use original data collected from winegrowers who participated in an AES targeting non-point source pollution from herbicides in 2011 and 2012 in the South region of France. Using the variation in the implementation of the scheme across time and space and a matching approach, we show that the quantity of herbicides used by participants in the scheme in 2011 ranges from 38 to 53 percent below what they would have used without the scheme, and 42 to 50 percent in 2012. Further, our results suggest that least demanding AES options are effective in avoiding pollution peaks when weed pressure is high, whereas more demanding AES options guarantee an overall reduction in herbicide use, even during relatively easy farming years in which less weed pressure is experienced. |
| Keywords: | agri-environmental scheme,water quality,nonpoint source pollution,herbicides,treatment effect,Payments for Environmental Services,water qual- ity,pesticides,natural experiment |
| Date: | 2018–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02109204&r=all |
| By: | NYONI, THABANI; MUTONGI, CHIPO |
| Abstract: | This research uses annual time series data on CO2 emissions in China from 1960 to 2017, to model and forecast CO2 using the Box – Jenkins ARIMA approach. Diagnostic tests indicate that China CO2 emission data is I (2). The study presents the ARIMA (1, 2, 1) model. The diagnostic tests further imply that the presented best model is stable and hence acceptable for predicting carbon dioxide emissions in China. The results of the study reveal that CO2 emissions in China are likely to increase and thereby exposing China to a plethora of climate change related challenges. 4 main policy prescriptions have been put forward for consideration by the Chinese government. |
| Keywords: | ARIMA model; China; CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | C53 Q47 Q52 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93984&r=all |
| By: | Stan Olijslagers (University of Amsterdam); Sweder van Wijnbergen (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We focus on the effect of preference specifications on the current day valuation of future outcomes. Specifically, we analyze the effect of risk aversion, ambiguity aversion and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution on the willingness to pay to avoid climate change risk. The first part of the paper analyzes a general disaster (jump) risk model with a constant arrival rate of disasters. This provides useful intuition in how preferences influence valuation of long-term risk. The second part of the paper extends this model with a climate model and a temperature dependent arrival rate. Since the model yields closed form solutions up to solving an integral, our model does not suffer from the curse of dimensionality of numerical IAMs with several state variables. Introducing Epstein-Zin preferences with an elasticity of substitution higher than one and ambiguity aversion leads to much larger estimates of the social cost of carbon than obtained under power utility. The dominant parameters are the risk aversion coefficient and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. Ambiguity aversion is of second order importance. |
| Keywords: | Social Cost of Carbon, Ambiguity Aversion, Epstein-Zin preferences, Stochastic Differential Utility, Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 G12 G13 |
| Date: | 2019–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20190030&r=all |
| By: | Marshall Burke; Vincent Tanutama |
| Abstract: | Efficient responses to climate change require accurate estimates of both aggregate damages and where and to whom they occur. While specific case studies and simulations have suggested that climate change disproportionately affects the poor, large-scale direct evidence of the magnitude and origins of this disparity is lacking. Similarly, evidence on aggregate damages, which is a central input into the evaluation of mitigation policy, often relies on country-level data whose accuracy has been questioned. Here we assemble longitudinal data on economic output from over 11,000 districts across 37 countries, including previously nondigitized sources in multiple languages, to assess both the aggregate and distributional impacts of warming temperatures. We find that local-level growth in aggregate output responds non-linearly to temperature across all regions, with output peaking at cooler temperatures (less than 10°C) than estimated in earlier country analyses and declining steeply thereafter. Long difference estimates of the impact of longer-term (decadal) trends in temperature on income are larger than estimates from an annual panel model, providing additional evidence for growth effects. Impacts of a given temperature exposure do not vary meaningfully between rich and poor regions, but exposure to damaging temperatures is much more common in poor regions. These results indicate that additional warming will exacerbate inequality, particularly across countries, and that economic development alone will be unlikely to reduce damages, as commonly hypothesized. We estimate that since 2000, warming has already cost both the US and the EU at least $4 trillion in lost output, and tropical countries are greater than 5% poorer than they would have been without this warming. |
| JEL: | O13 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25779&r=all |
| By: | Samuel Carrara (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL), University of California) |
| Abstract: | Meeting the targets of climate change mitigation set by the Paris Agreement entails a huge transformation of the energy sector, as low- or no-carbon technologies must gradually substitute traditional, fossil-based technologies. In this perspective, the vast majority of energy analyses and scenarios project a fundamental role of Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS). However, uncertainty remains on the actual techno-economic feasibility of this technology: despite the considerable investment over the recent past, commercial maturity is yet to come. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the impacts of a progressively delayed deployment of CCS plants from a climate, energy, and economic perspective, focusing in particular on the power sector. This is carried out with the Integrated Assessment Model WITCH, exploring a wide set of long-term scenarios over mitigation targets ranging from 1.5°C to 4°C in terms of global temperature increase in 2100 with respect to the pre-industrial levels. The analysis shows that CCS will be a key mitigation option at a global level for carbon mitigation, achieving about 30% of the electricity mix in 2100 (with a homogeneous distribution across coal, gas, and biomass) if its deployment is unconstrained. If CCS deployment is delayed or forbidden, penetration cannot reach the optimal unconstrained level, resulting in a mix rearrangement, with a strong increase in renewables and, to a lesser extent, nuclear. The mitigation targets can be met, but policy costs without the implementation of CCS are from 35% to 72% higher than in the corresponding unconstrained scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS, Power Generation, Climate Change Mitigation, Integrated Assessment Models |
| JEL: | Q42 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2019.10&r=all |
| By: | Laurence J. Kotlikoff (Boston University and NBER); Felix Kubler (University of Zurich and Swiss Financial Institute); Andrey Polbin (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration and The Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Jeffrey D. Sachs (Columbia University and NBER); Simon Scheidegger (University of Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | Carbon taxation has been studied primarily in social planner or infinitely lived agent models, which trade off the welfare of future and current generations. Such frameworks obscure the potential for carbon taxation to produce a generational win-win. This paper develops a largescale, dynamic 55-period, OLG model to calculate the carbon tax policy delivering the highest uniform welfare gain to all generations. The OLG framework, with its selfish generations, seems far more natural for studying climate damage. Our model features coal, oil, and gas, each extracted subject to increasing costs, a clean energy sector, technical and demographic change, and Nordhaus (2017)’s temperature/damage functions. Our model’s optimal uniform welfare increasing (UWI) carbon tax starts at $30 tax, rises annually at 1.5 percent and raises the welfare of all current and future generations by 0.73 percent on a consumption-equivalent basis. Sharing efficiency gains evenly requires, however, taxing future generations by as much as 8.1 percent and subsidizing early generations by as much as 1.2 percent of lifetime consumption. Without such redistribution (the Nordhaus “optimum†), the carbon tax constitutes a win-lose policy with current generations experiencing an up to 0.84 percent welfare loss and future generations experiencing an up to 7.54 percent welfare gain. With a six-times larger damage function, the optimal UWI initial carbon tax is $70, again rising annually at 1.5 percent. This policy raises all generations’ welfare by almost 5 percent. However, doing so requires levying taxes on and giving transfers to future and current generations ranging up to 50.1 percent and 10.3 percent of their lifetime consumption. Delaying carbon policy, for 20 years, reduces efficiency gains roughly in half. |
| JEL: | F0 F20 H0 H2 H3 J20 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bos:iedwpr:dp-313&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Este documento se basa en las ponencias y comentarios de los expertos que participaron en el seminario regional Minería para un Futuro bajo en Carbono: Oportunidades y Desafíos para el Desarrollo Sostenible, realizado los días 4 y 5 de junio de 2018 en la sede de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en Santiago. En este seminario se abordaron cinco temas centrales: 1) la minería como actor en la agenda mundial para el desarrollo sostenible y de cambio climático: gobernanza y sostenibilidad; 2) el análisis de la creciente demanda global y sus impactos para América Latina: oportunidades para la innovación y nuevos productos; 3) desafíos para la minería del siglo XXI: viejos y nuevos riesgos; 4) clima, medio ambiente y territorio: elementos de una minería inteligente con respecto al clima, y 5) nuevas tecnologías e innovaciones: elementos de una minería inteligente con respecto al clima. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, MINERIA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MEDIO AMBIENTE, RECURSOS NATURALES, MINERALES, OFERTA Y DEMANDA, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INDUSTRIA MINERA, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, CONFERENCIAS, MINING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, MINERALS, SUPPLY AND DEMAND, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENERGY RESOURCES, MINING INDUSTRY, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, CONFERENCES |
| Date: | 2019–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:44584&r=all |
| By: | Carmelina Bevilacqua; Bruno Monardo; Claudia Trillo |
| Abstract: | This report focuses on the case study of the Boston area and allows identifying key success factors in the Boston regional innovation ecosystem. It discusses how the macro-innovation eco-ecosystem is composed by a variety of interconnected micro-innovation eco-systems, mutually reinforcing each other and making the entire “territorial†system successful. The spatial configuration of these micro-innovation ecosystems at the urban scale has been specifically investigated, thus leading to theorize that the Innovation District may act as enabler for place-based innovation. Evidence from the Boston case study shows that there is not a single magic recipe for the successful implementation of place-based and social innovation-driven strategies. On the contrary, the variety of place-grounded combinations of micro and macro initiatives, embedded in the social and spatial fine grain of places and encompassing a diversity of actors, can create the conditions enabling places to thrive and local economic activities to grow in a sustainable way. |
| Keywords: | Place-based, innovation ecosystems, social innovation, innovation districts, US, USA, Boston, S3, Smart Specialisation, territorial system, spatial configuration |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc116173&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Nachtigall |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the potential benefits and challenges of enhanced international co-ordination on carbon pricing and outlines the different types and levels of co-ordination that are available for national and sub-national governments. These levels include, inter alia, facilitating new pricing schemes, phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, sectoral approaches, co-ordination on minimum carbon prices and carbon pricing clubs. Jurisdictions may want to adopt several of these options simultaneously and may co-ordinate at multiple levels of government or across countries and sectors. This creates a bottom-up ‘web of carbon pricing schemes’, which can be an important element in delivering the Nationally Determined Contributions of the Paris Agreement and which has the potential to support greater levels of climate action and ambition. |
| Keywords: | Carbon clubs, Carbon markets, Carbon pricing, International co-operation, Sectoral agreements |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2019–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:147-en&r=all |
| By: | Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Charles Figuieres (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Chloe Mulier (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Effcient biodiversity management strategies aim to allocate conservation efforts so as to maximize diversity in ecological systems. Toward this end, dening a diversity criterion is an important but challenging task, as several different indices can be used as biodiversity measures. This paper elicits and compares two criteria for biodiversity conservation based on indices stemming from different disciplines: Weitzman's index in economics and Rao's index in ecology. These indices use different approaches to combine information about measures of (1) the probability distributions of the species that are present in an ecosystem (i.e. survival probabilities) and (2) the degree of dissimilarity between these species. As an important step toward in situ conservation criteria, we add to these elements information about (3) the ecological interactions that take place between species. Considering a simple three-species ecosystem, we show that criterion choice has palpable policy implications, as it can sometimes lead to divergent management recommendations. We disentangle the roles played by elements (1), (2) and (3) in the ranking outcomes, which allows us to highlight several specificities of the two criteria. An important result is that, other things being equal, Weitzman's in situ ranking tends to favor robust species that are least concerned with extinction, while Rao's in situ ranking generally gives priority to more vulnerable species that are closer to extinction. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity indices,Conservation management strategy,Ecological interactions,Public policy,Species prioritization criteria |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02090938&r=all |
| By: | Hein, Yarzar; Vijitsrikamol, Kampanat; Attavanich, Witsanu; Janekarnkij, Penporn |
| Abstract: | With the existing state of issues related to global climate change, the accuracy of farmers’ perceptions of climate is critically important if they plan to implement appropriate adaptation measures in their farming. This article evaluated if farmers perceive the trends of local climate variability accurately, and was verified by the historical meteorological data analysis. Ordered probit perception models were applied in this study to determine the factors influencing the accuracy of farmer perception. It was observed that farmers’ perceptions of the rainfall amount during the early, mid, and late monsoon periods were highly accurate, and they also accurately perceived summer temperature change, but less accuracy of perception was observed of the temperate changes of the winter and monsoon seasons. Access to weekly weather information, participation in agricultural trainings, farming experience, and education level of the farmer were the major factors determining the accuracy of perception in this study. Based on the empirical results, this study suggested policy implications for (a) the locally specified weather information distribution, and (b) integration of weather information into agricultural training programs, which are available to the farming community to enhance the government implantation of the Myanmar Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy and Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan 2018–2030. |
| Keywords: | accuracy of perception; climate trend; climate variability; Myanmar; ordered probit |
| JEL: | Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93990&r=all |
| By: | Naeeda Crishna Morgado; Özlem Taşkın |
| Abstract: | How and where infrastructure is built – and how environmental and social risks related to infrastructure are managed – will have a direct influence on whether developing countries pursue more sustainable development pathways or not. Development banks and development finance institutions (DFIs) serve as important channels for infrastructure finance, have adopted safeguards systems to minimise and manage the environmental and social risks associated with their projects. This paper provides an overview of these systems and discusses the role of members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in influencing these, in their capacity as shareholders of these institutions. It shows that donor governments influence the policies and activities of development banks, but that the level of engagement varies between bilateral and multilateral development banks and is often determined by internal capacity. The paper argues that donor shareholder governments must continue to play an important role in encouraging development banks to strengthen the implementation of safeguards, which will require continued collaboration within governments, across countries and between development banks and DFIs. Efforts to build the evidence base on the impacts of safeguards in projects will further support this agenda. |
| Keywords: | development banks, development co-operation, development finance, environment and social safeguards, green investment |
| JEL: | O13 O19 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:55-en&r=all |
| By: | Aparicio, J.; Kapelko, M.; Zofío, J.L. |
| Abstract: | This study introduces the measurement of environmental inefficiency from an economic perspective that integrates, in addition to marketed good outputs, the negative environmental externalities associated with bad outputs. We develop our proposal using the latest by- production models that consider two separate and parallel technologies: a standard technology generating good outputs, and a polluting technology for the by-production of bad outputs (Murty et al., 2012). While research into environmental inefficiency incorporating undesirable or bad outputs from a technological perspective is well established, no attempts have been made to extend it to the economic sphere. Our model defines an economic inefficiency measure that accounts for suboptimal behavior in the form of foregone private revenue and social cost excess (environmental damage). We show that economic inefficiency can be consistently decomposed according to technical and allocative criteria, considering the two separate technologies and market prices, respectively. We illustrate the empirical implementation of our approach on a set of established and complementary models using a dataset on agriculture at the level of US states. |
| Keywords: | Environmental economic inefficiency, Pollution-generating technologies, Technical and allocative efficiency measurement, Data envelopment analysis, US agriculture |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureri:116393&r=all |
| By: | Geir H. M. Bjertnæs (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | This study calculates efficient taxes on fuel and road use designed to combat driving related externalities. The study shows that the efficient road user charge on fuel is below the marginal mileage-related damage to prevent tax avoidance due to an excessive economic driving-style. The current US tax rate on gasoline is way below the efficient tax rate while the current UK rate is slightly above the efficient rate in this case. The efficient tax on fuels exceeds the marginal damage of CO2- emissions to promote an economic driving-style when the tax is combined with a GPS-based tax on road use. The efficient GPS-based tax rate on road use is reduced below the marginal damage of mileage-related externalities in this case. |
| Keywords: | Transportation; optimal taxation; environmental taxation; global warming |
| JEL: | H2 H21 H23 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:905&r=all |
| By: | Palea, Vera (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | In the Action Plan on Sustainable Finance, the European Commission has called for a fitness check of fair value accounting for long-term equity investments, which are considered crucial for retooling the European economy toward sustainable development. Sustainable development is a founding value of the European Union as well as the objective of the Paris Agreement on climate change and the UN 2030 Agenda. This paper shows that there is good reason for the European Commission’s request, as fair value accounting can significantly contribute to asset reallocation away from equities. The paper provides a definition of “long-term equity investment” for accounting purposes and proposes a dual measurement system based on historical cost as a recognized amount on the balance sheet and fair value in the disclosure notes. Such a system would address the need to both reduce volatility in investors’ balance sheets and provide financial statement users with the information they need to properly assess management’s stewardship and the future net cash inflows to the entity. Under a dual measurement system, the objective of transparency in financial reporting would be balanced with that of maintaining financial stability and economic growth, which are core to sustainability. The paper concludes with policymaking recommendations. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201912&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Gagliarducci (CEIS & DEF University of Rome "Tor Vergata", EIEF and IZA); M. Daniele Paserman (Boston University, NBER, CEPR and IZA); Eleonora Patacchini (Cornell University, EIEF, CEPR and IZA) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how politicians and voters respond to new information on the threats of climate change. Using data on the universe of federal disaster declarations between 1989 and 2014, we document that congress members from districts hit by a hurricane are more likely to support bills promoting more environmental regulation and control in the year after the disaster. The response to hurricanes does not seem to be driven by logrolling behavior or lobbysts' pressure. The change in legislative agenda is persistent over time, and it is associated with an electoral penalty in the following elections. The response is mainly promoted by representatives in safe districts, those with more experience, and those with strong pro-environment records. Our evidence thus reveals that natural disasters may trigger a permanent change in politicians' beliefs, but only those with a sufficient electoral strength or with strong ideologies are willing to engage in promoting policies with short-run costs and long-run benefits. |
| Keywords: | U.S. Congress, Hurricanes, Legislative Activity. |
| JEL: | D70 D72 H50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:458&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the association between globalization and carbon emissions for N-11 countries. In doing so, we apply bounds testing approach to examine cointegration between globalization and CO2 emissions. The results confirm the U-shaped association between globalization and carbon emissions for Bangladesh, Iran, and South Korea. Contrarily, traditional approach validates an inverted-U relationship between globalization and carbon emissions for Pakistan and South Korea, but U-shaped relationship exists for the Philippines and Vietnam. The presence or absence of an inverted-U relationship between globalization and carbon emissions has important policy implications using globalization as an economic tool for sustainable economic development. |
| Keywords: | Globalization, Emissions, EKC, N-11 |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93959&r=all |
| By: | Ewen Gallic (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gauthier Vermandel (Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, France Stratégie, Services du Premier Ministre) |
| Abstract: | How much do weather shocks matter? The literature addresses this question in two isolated ways: either by looking at long-term effects through the prism of theoretical models, or by focusing on short-term effects using empirical analysis. We propose a framework to bring together both the short and long-term effects through the lens of an estimated DSGE model with a weather-dependent agricultural sector. The model is estimated using Bayesian methods and quarterly data for New Zealand using the weather as an observable variable. In the short-run, our analysis underlines the key role of weather as a driver of business cycles over the sample period. An adverse weather shock generates a recession, boosts the non-agricultural sector and entails a domestic currency depreciation. Taking a long-term perspective, a welfare analysis reveals that weather shocks are not a free lunch: the welfare cost of weather is currently estimated at 0.19% of permanent consumption. Climate change critically increases the variability of key macroeconomic variables (such as GDP, agricultural output or the real exchange rate) resulting in a higher welfare cost peaking to 0.29% in the worst case scenario. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,business cycles,climate change,weather shocks |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02127846&r=all |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Khraief, Naceur; Hammoudeh, Shawkat |
| Abstract: | In this study, we examine the stationarity of CO2 emissions per capita for 98 low-, middle- and high-income countries from 1975 to 2014. To this end, we conduct the nonlinear unit root test developed by Kruse (2011) given that nearly half of the series exhibit nonlinear behaviour over the time period. This empirical evidence provides support for the non-stationarity hypothesis that 50% of CO2 emissions are from middle-income countries. For the robustness check, we use the panel unit root tests described by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2005) and Bai and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2009), which allow for structural breaks and cross-section dependence. The results provide evidence of stationarity for all three income groups. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Stationary, Global level |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93976&r=all |
| By: | Gregory Casey (Williams College); Soheil Shayegh (Bocconi University, Milan, Italy); Juan Moreno-Cruz (School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo); Martin Bunzl (Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University); Oded Galor (Brown University); Ken Caldeira (Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA) |
| Abstract: | We examine the potential for climate change to impact fertility via adaptations in human behavior. We start by discussing a wide range of economic channels through which climate change might impact fertility, including sectoral reallocation, the gender wage gap, longevity, and child mortality. Then, we build a quantitative model that combines standard economic- demographic theory with existing estimates of the economic consequences of climate change. In the model, increases in global temperature affect agricultural and non-agricultural sectors differently. Near the equator, where many poor countries are located, climate change has a larger negative effect on agriculture. The resulting scarcity in agricultural goods acts as a force towards higher agricultural prices and wages, leading to a labor reallocation into this sector. Since agriculture makes less use of skilled labor, climate damage decreases the return to acquiring skills, inducing parents to invest less resources in the education of each child and to increase fertility. These patterns are reversed at higher latitudes, suggesting that climate change may exacerbate inequities by reducing fertility and increasing education in richer northern countries, while increasing fertility and reducing education in poorer tropical countries. While the model only examines the role of one specific mechanism, it suggests that climate change could have an impact on fertility, indicating the need for future work on this important topic. Classification- |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2019-04&r=all |
| By: | Crick, Florence; Jenkins, Katie; Surminski, Swenja |
| Abstract: | Multisectoral partnerships are increasingly cited as a mechanism to deliver and improve disaster risk management. Yet, partnerships are not a panacea and more research is required to understand the role that they can play in disaster risk management and particularly disaster risk reduction. This paper investigates how partnerships can incentivise flood risk reduction by focusing on the UK public-private partnership on flood insurance. Developing the right flood insurance arrangements to incentivise flood risk reduction and adaptation to climate change is a key challenge. In the face of rising flood risks due to climate change and socio-economic development insurance partnerships can no longer afford to focus only on the risk transfer function. However, while expectations of the insurance industry have traditionally been high when it comes to flood risk management, the insurance industry alone will not provide the solution to the challenge of rising risks. The case of flood insurance in the UK illustrates this: even national government and industry together cannot fully address these risks and other actors need to be involved to create strong incentives for risk reduction. Using an agent-based model focused on surface water flood risk in London we analyse how other partners could strengthen the insurance partnership by reducing flood risk and thus helping to maintain affordable insurance premiums. Our findings are relevant for wider discussions on the potential of insurance schemes to incentivise flood risk management and climate adaptation in the UK and also internationally. |
| Keywords: | partnerships; insurance; climate change; surface water flood risk; ES/K006576/1 |
| JEL: | E6 |
| Date: | 2018–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:87669&r=all |
| By: | Spears, Dean (University of Texas at Austin); Hathi, Payal (rice Institute); Coffey, Diane (rice Institute) |
| Abstract: | Under the Paris Agreement, each country submits national pledges that reflect common but differentiated responsibility. Policy-makers therefore need to understand the mitigation policy interests of domestic populations, especially in developing countries where survey data are relatively scarce. Here we describe results from a new survey-experiment that is representative of adults in the Indian state of Rajasthan and city of Mumbai: most respondents report willingness to sacrifice to achieve climate mitigation. |
| Keywords: | environment, climate, India, electricity, survey, phone survey, development |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izapps:pp147&r=all |
| By: | Ravi Prakash (MNNIT Allahabad - Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad); Pulkit Garg (National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a novel approach to measure the human development, progress and growth of any country. The authors have developed an alternative index to the conventional 'HDI', named as 'Composite Development Index (CDI)' and have also presented an original approach to evaluate it quantitatively. The CDI integrates all the three (social, economic and environmental) aspects of sustainable development, along with peace and happiness. As proposed, the CDI is based on four parameters, i.e. Inequality adjusted HDI (IHDI), Scaled Green Index, Scaled Peace Index and Scaled Happiness Index, evaluated from globally accepted standard databases. Hence, the CDI is much more comprehensive and rational than the conventional HDI or GDP. The CDI values have been evaluated quantitatively for 126 countries of the world. Further, comparative assessment of the CDI has been done with the HDI for all the 126 nations. The results obtained have been startling as no country was even able to have a CDI score of 0.8 on a scale of 0.1 to 1. Switzerland had the highest CDI of 0.767. A country like Norway with the highest HDI of 0.953 had a CDI of only 0.742. On the other hand, countries like Costa Rica, Romania and Uruguay are in the top 20 nations in the CDI Ranking, much ahead of the countries like United Kingdom, France, and USA. The CDI can act as a single point of reference for policy-makers, governments and other development agencies, as it presents a consolidated picture of a country's development. Future course of action on the basis of the concept of CDI are also proposed. It can be concluded that efforts to have a high CDI (in comparison to a high GDP or HDI only) will pave the way forward for sustainable development and holistic progress for all the countries of the world. JEL Classifications: 011, 015 Additional disciplines (besides field of economics reflected in JEL classifications): sociology; ecology and environment. |
| Keywords: | happiness,Human Development Index (HDI),peace,ecological footprint,Composite Development Index |
| Date: | 2019–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02115225&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | ENVEJECIMIENTO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DERECHOS HUMANOS, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ANCIANOS, DERECHOS ECONOMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES, SALUD, SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, DESASTRES NATURALES, DATOS ESTADISTICOS, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGEING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AGEING PERSONS, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, HEALTH, SOCIAL SECURITY, NATURAL DISASTERS, STATISTICAL DATA, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:44600&r=all |
| By: | David Coady; Ian Parry; Nghia-Piotr Le; Baoping Shang |
| Abstract: | This paper updates estimates of fossil fuel subsidies, defined as fuel consumption times the gap between existing and efficient prices (i.e., prices warranted by supply costs, environmental costs, and revenue considerations), for 191 countries. Globally, subsidies remained large at $4.7 trillion (6.3 percent of global GDP) in 2015 and are projected at $5.2 trillion (6.5 percent of GDP) in 2017. The largest subsidizers in 2015 were China ($1.4 trillion), United States ($649 billion), Russia ($551 billion), European Union ($289 billion), and India ($209 billion). About three quarters of global subsidies are due to domestic factors—energy pricing reform thus remains largely in countries’ own national interest—while coal and petroleum together account for 85 percent of global subsidies. Efficient fossil fuel pricing in 2015 would have lowered global carbon emissions by 28 percent and fossil fuel air pollution deaths by 46 percent, and increased government revenue by 3.8 percent of GDP. |
| Date: | 2019–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:19/89&r=all |
| By: | Galina Besstremyannaya (CEFIR at New Economic School); Richard Dasher (Stanford University); Sergei Golovan (New Economic School) |
| Abstract: | A considerable amount of research has shown that that carbon tax combined with research subsidy may be regarded as an optimal policy in view of diffusing low carbon technologies for the benefit of the society. The paper exploits the macro economic approach of the endogenous growth models with technological change for a comparative assessment of these policy measures on the economic growth in the US and Japan in the medium and the long run. The results of our micro estimates reveal several important differences across the Japanese and US energy firms: lower elasticity of innovation production function in R&D expenditure, lower probability of a radical innovation, and larger advances of dirty technologies in Japan. This may explain our quantitative findings of stronger reliance on carbon tax than on research subsidies in Japan relative to the US. |
| Keywords: | endogenous growth, technological change, innovation, carbon tax, energy |
| JEL: | O11 O13 O47 Q43 Q49 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abo:neswpt:w0245&r=all |
| By: | Gatica Arreola, Leonardo A.; Murrieta Cummings, Patricia; Pérez Gómez, Laura Elisa |
| Abstract: | Esta investigación está dirigida a precisar los componentes clave del derecho al mínimo vital a partir de la sistematización de los fundamentos jurídicos establecidos tanto por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación en México como por la normativa internacional. Con estos componentes, aunados a la aplicación conceptual del enfoque basado en derechos humanos (EBDH), se define una guía de lineamientos desde el ciclo de políticas públicas para la implementación del “principio del mínimo vital” en la planeación del estado de Jalisco, lo cual también se enmarca en las recientes reflexiones sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la necesidad de una nueva generación de políticas sociales para el desarrollo con enfoque de derechos, que es liderada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) en la región. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, DISTRIBUCION DEL INGRESO, IGUALDAD, DERECHOS HUMANOS, POLITICA SOCIAL, PRESUPUESTACION, PRESUPUESTOS NACIONALES, DERECHOS ECONOMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES, NECESIDADES BASICAS, ASPECTOS JURIDICOS, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, EQUALITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, SOCIAL POLICY, BUDGETING, NATIONAL BUDGETS, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, BASIC NEEDS, LEGAL ASPECTS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2019–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:44582&r=all |
| By: | Engle III, Robert F; Giglio, Stefano W; Kelly, Bryan; Lee, Heebum; Ströbel, Johannes |
| Abstract: | We propose and implement a procedure to dynamically hedge climate change risk. We extract innovations from climate news series that we construct through textual analysis of newspapers. We then use a mimicking portfolio approach to build climate change hedge portfolios. We discipline the exercise by using third-party ESG scores of firms to model their climate risk exposures. We show that this approach yields parsimonious and industry-balanced portfolios that perform well in hedging innovations in climate news both in sample and out of sample. We discuss multiple directions for future research on financial approaches to managing climate risk. |
| JEL: | G11 G18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13730&r=all |
| By: | Rainald Borck; Philipp Schrauth |
| Abstract: | We use panel data from Germany to analyze the effect of population density on urban air pollution (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and ozone). To address unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variables, we present long difference/fixed effects estimates and instrumental variables estimates, using historical population and soil quality as instruments. Our preferred estimates imply that a one-standard deviation increase in population density increases air pollution by 3-12%. |
| Keywords: | population density, air pollution |
| JEL: | Q53 R12 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7629&r=all |
| By: | Lucy Page (MIT Department of Economics); Stephen Sheppard (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | Combining records for 71,225 severe accidents from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with a panel of county-level weather data for 1990 to 2010, we find that heat shocks significantly increase accident rates across the United States, while cold shocks significantly reduce them. We find that heat shocks increase accidents both in plausibly temperature-sensitive industries, like construction and agriculture, and among industries that are not obviously sensitive to weather. While we find suggestive evidence of short-term adaptation to heat shocks over summer months, we find no evidence that the impacts of heat shocks have fallen over our 21-year panel. |
| JEL: | Q54 I18 |
| Date: | 2019–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2019-05&r=all |
| By: | Faber, Malte; Petersen, Thomas; Frick, Marc; Zahrnt, Dominik |
| Abstract: | MINE – Mapping the Interplay between Nature and Economy is a digital archive and visual map showing the intersection between nature and economy. By focusing on the interconnections between fundamental concepts e.g. of time, thermodynamics, evolution, responsibility and justice, a new concept of economic activity emerges within nature. This leads to new interpretations of current ecological, social and economic problems and, in addition, to an in-depth understanding of the modes of thought and policy needed to find sustainable solutions. On the most fundamental level, the dominant view of Mainstream Economics, which considers nature as part of the economy, Ecological Economics amends this view by the perspective that the economy in its physical side is seen as part of nature. Thus, Ecological Economics complements the strengths of Mainstream Economics on a practical level by interdisciplinary research highlighting, spots which do not receive the attention, by Mainstream Economics, they deserve. The research project that ultimately launched MINE began in the 1970s at the University of Heidelberg, conducted by an interdisciplinary group of scientists around Malte Faber, mainly economists, mathematicians, philosophers and physicists. It has contributed and can be broadly linked to the field of Ecological Economics. MINE digitally summarizes the experiences of this research and the accompanying policy-advising in Germany, the European Union, the US and China. It gives a web-based access to its publications and shapes new networks for scientists, students and practitioners. Following the Introduction (Section 1), this paper explains the MINE project (Section 2) and introduces our methodology (Section 3). In Section 4, we outline 15 concepts and heuristics for tackling the environmental problem. Finally, we provide an outlook for further work (Section 5). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics; Ecological Economics; History of Economic Thought; Homo Oeconomicus; Homo Politicus; Thermodynamics; Joint Production; Time; Irreversibility; Evolution; Ethics; Sustainability; Responsibility; Ignorance; Absolute and Relative Scarcity; Methodology; Interdisciplinarity |
| Date: | 2018–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0658&r=all |
| By: | Elum, Z.A.; Ndubueze-Ogaraku, M.E. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288468&r=all |
| By: | Akpan, Sunday B.; Okon, Uwemedimo E.; Udo, Udoro J. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288467&r=all |
| By: | Xavier Timbeau; Georg Feigl; Jon Nielsen; Andrew Watt |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:clr:mwugar:186&r=all |
| By: | Wing, Albert; Wilk, Shaun |
| Abstract: | Recycling is the process of making or manufacturing new products from a product that has originally served its purpose. If these used products are disposed of in an appropriate, environmentally friendly way, the process of recycling has been set in motion. There is some debate over whether recycling is economically efficient. Municipalities often see fiscal benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced landfill costs. Fiscal efficiency is separate from economic efficiency. Economic analysis of recycling includes what economists call externalities, which are unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to individuals outside of private transactions. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources, Recycling |
| JEL: | L30 |
| Date: | 2019–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:93842&r=all |
| By: | Marlen Arnold (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Chemnitz University of Technology); Anne Fischer (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Chemnitz University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Digitalisierung bzw. digitale Transformation sowie Nachhaltigkeit zählen gegenwärtig zu den wichtigsten globalen Megatrends. Die zunehmende Digitalisierung bringt vielfältige positive Entwicklungen und zugleich auch zahlreiche negative Folgen im Kontext einer Entwicklung zur Nachhaltigkeit mit sich. Wie sind Fluch und Segen der Digitalisierung dahingehend zu verorten? Die positiven und negativen Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die Nachhaltigkeit werden im Rahmen einer Literaturanalyse und Interviewstudie erfasst und zusammengeführt. Concept Maps zur Visualisierung von Schlüsselthemen im Hinblick auf Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit sowie eine Gegenüberstellung von Flüchen und Segen ermöglichen einen umfassenden Blick auf Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit. Um ganzheitlich-nachhaltige Konzepte zu schaffen, sind umfassende Analysen und Bewertungen von grundlegenden digitalen Entwicklungen unerlässlich. Die digitale Transformation resultiert in einer Vielzahl positiver Auswirkungen, dennoch sind adäquate Rahmenlegungen, Maßnahmen und Bewertungen notwendig, um zu verhindern, dass exponentielle Technologieanpassungen die Transparenz und Resilienz des Gesamtsystems schwächen. Digitalisation, digital transformation and sustainability are currently among the most important global megatrends. Increasing digitalisation has many positive developments and at the same time numerous negative consequences in the context of a development towards sustainability. What is boon and bane of digitalisation in the context of a development towards sustainability? The positive and negative effects of digitisation on sustainability are noted and combined by means of a literature analysis and interview study. Concept maps of key themes are chosen for visualization and enable a comprehensive view of digitisation in the field of sustainable development. In order to create holistic sustainable concepts, comprehensive analyses and evaluations of fundamental digital developments are indispensable. Digital transformation results in a multitude of positive effects, yet adequate frameworks, measures and evaluations are needed to prevent exponential technology adaptations from weakening the transparency and resilience of the overall system. |
| Keywords: | Digitisation, digitalisation, digital transformation, sustainability, literature review, interview study, Leximancer, Content Analysis |
| JEL: | M10 O13 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tch:wpaper:cep031&r=all |
| By: | Gérard de La Paix Bayiha (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Ludovic Temple (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Syndhia Mathé (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Thomas Nesme (ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Bordeaux Sciences Agro - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine) |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte de controverse sur la capacité des modèles agricoles à répondre conjointement aux enjeux alimentaires, environnementaux et de développement en Afrique, nous analysons les conditions de viabilité d'une agriculture à caractère biologique au Cameroun. La démarche mobilise une enquête par entretiens semi-directifs auprès des acteurs engagés dans les filières de production biologique et une mise en débat des connaissances générées lors d'ateliers participatifs multi-acteurs. Elle met en interaction les connaissances scientifiques, entrepreneuriales et techniques. Les résultats mettent en exergue trois types d'agriculture biologique : l'un certifié suivant les cahiers des charges internationaux ; le deuxième hybride, du fait de sa nature entrepreneuriale et sans certification ; et le troisième, « naturel sans certification », qui renvoie aux pratiques traditionnelles à faible usage d'intrants. En utilisant le cadre d'analyse de la théorie des transitions multi-niveaux, ces trois types permettent de définir des trajectoires possibles d'évolution de l'agriculture biologique au Cameroun. Mots clés : agriculture biologique / modèle agricole d'innovation / filière / Cameroun Abstract-Typology and perspective of evolution of organic farming in Cameroon. In a context of controversy over the capacity of agricultural models to respond jointly to food, environmental and development issues in Africa, we analyze the conditions of viability of organic farming in Cameroon. The approach mobilizes a survey through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the organic production sectors and a discussion of the knowledge generated during multi-stakeholder participatory workshops. The approach brings together scientific, entrepreneurial and technical knowledge. The results highlight three types of organic farming: one type certified according to international specifications; the second, hybrid because of its entrepreneurial nature and without certification; and the third, "natural without certification", that refers to traditional practices, with low use of inputs. Using the framework of analysis of the multi-level transition theory, these three types make it possible to define possible trajectories for the evolution of organic agriculture in Cameroon. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02097784&r=all |
| By: | Di Sbroiavacca, Nicolás; Dubrovsky, Hilda; Nadal, Gustavo; Contreras Lisperguer, Rubén |
| Abstract: | Con el fin de apoyar a los países de la región en el logro del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 7 (ODS 7) para 2030, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) desarrolló el proyecto “Observatorio Regional sobre Energías Sostenibles para América Latina y el Caribe (ROSE)”, que tiene por objeto cooperar con los países de la región en el diseño de políticas basado en evidencias y en el seguimiento de las acciones destinadas a alcanzar el ODS 7. Para la consecución de las metas planteadas en el ODS 7 es fundamental comprender el rol del gas natural como un combustible de transición en el actual proceso de cambio energético de la región y en la potencial integración energética de esta. |
| Keywords: | GAS NATURAL, OFERTA Y DEMANDA, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, INDUSTRIA DEL GAS, DATOS ESTADISTICOS, ENERGIA SOSTENIBLE, NATURAL GAS, SUPPLY AND DEMAND, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, GAS INDUSTRY, STATISTICAL DATA, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY |
| Date: | 2019–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44596&r=all |
| By: | Larionova, Marina (Ларионова, Марина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sakharov, Andrey (Сахаров, Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kolmar, Olga (Колмар, Ольга) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable Development Goals’ retain their relevance to both international agenda and domestic socio-economic policy, especially in developing countries, such as Russia. The authors of this paper analyze the approaches and practices of six major international aid donors (Germany, Canada, Japan, China, Brazil, India) in assisting the developing countries in achieving the SDGs, as well as implementing the SDGs domestically. A comparative analysis of the leading donors’ best practices and the Russian experience in implementing the SDGs formed the basis for the recommendations on increasing the effectiveness of the Russian Federation’s policy in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals at the national and international levels. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development goals, international development assistance, agenda 2030, official development assistance. |
| Date: | 2019–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:041927&r=all |
| By: | Wu, Guoyuan; Ye, Fei; Hao, Peng; Esaid, Danial; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J. |
| Abstract: | Eco-driving strategies based on connected and automated vehicles (CAV) technology, such as Eco-Approach and Departure (EAD), have attracted significant worldwide interest due to their potential to save energy and reduce tail-pipe emissions. In this project, the research team developed and tested a deep learning–based trajectory-planning algorithm (DLTPA) for EAD. The DLTPA has two processes: offline (training) and online (implementation), and it is composed of two major modules: 1) a solution feasibility checker that identifies whether there is a feasible trajectory subject to all the system constraints, e.g., maximum acceleration or deceleration; and 2) a regressor to predict the speed of the next time-step. Preliminary simulation with microscopic traffic modeling software PTV VISSIM showed that the proposed DLTPA can achieve the optimal solution in terms of energy savings and a greater balance of energy savings vs. computational efforts when compared to the baseline scenarios where no EAD is implemented and the optimal solution (in terms of energy savings) is provided by a graph-based trajectory planning algorithm. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Eco-driving, deep-learning, energy and emissions, VISSIM |
| Date: | 2019–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9fz140zt&r=all |
| By: | Michel Aglietta; Virginie Coudert |
| Abstract: | Drastic changes in US politics relative to international agreements and to bilateral relationships with China raise a political question about the key currency status of the dollar and a theoretical question in international monetary economics: Can a key currency system be maintained if the issuing country deliberately engages in conflicting protectionist policy? This policy brief investigates how the positions of major currencies have been changing in the international monetary system for several years. The key currency relies on the acceptance of the issuing country as a benevolent hegemon that delivers an economic policy conducive to international financial stability. Until recently, it appeared that, despite the relative shrinking of the US weight in the world economy, the dollar had maintained its dominance both in international payments and in official reserves. However, uncertainty in US policy is disrupting risk perception in heavily dollar-indebted emerging and developing countries. Besides, denying the services of international transactions for non-US-resident firms with countries under US embargo is a serious encroachment on the key currency system. In the long run, the forces that can transform the international monetary system (IMS) stem from the transformation of the growth regime under environmental constraints. Since its genesis in the industrial revolution, the key currency has been the currency of the country dominating the primary energy resource, e.g. the commodity most traded worldwide. The pound sterling was linked with UK dominance in coal, the dollar with US dominance in oil. The irremediable shift to renewables, required to moderate climate change, will shift the growth regime to dispersed sources of renewable energy. The developing countries have inadequate financial resources to undertake the needy investments. Second, the positions of countries in terms of energy dependence will be reshuffled. A multilateral financial system, mixing public and private financial institutions, will require the cooperation of major countries to channel saving from all parts of the world to finance those investments. Here we argue that a multilateral monetary system would be more adapted to these challenges than the present one. It would fulfill the basic functions of international money in providing an ultimate reserve asset that will be the debt of no country, an SDR-based IMS. The last section of the paper explains the transition from dollar to SDR reserve. |
| Keywords: | Key Currency;Multilateral System;SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) |
| JEL: | F33 F36 |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepipb:2019-26&r=all |
| By: | Precious Paul Adesina (Economist, Cambridge Resource International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | This study is an appraisal of a rural water and sanitation project in Senegal. The Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) done in this study employs the Integrated Investment Appraisal Approach (IIA) which typically includes the financial, economic, stakeholder and risk analyses of the project. The impacts on all major stakeholders are quantified. Senegal’s water supply coverage was 75 percent in 2004. Of the 75 percent of the total population. 64 percent of the rural population is covered, and 90 percent of the urban population has access to water. In the case of sanitation, however, with only 33 percent coverage of the entire population of Senegal. To further improve the water and sanitation sector of Senegal, especially in the rural areas, the African Development Bank (AfDB) decided to intervene with a series of engagements. This study is the appraisal of the first phase of the African Development Bank’s (AfDB) engagement in the rural water and sanitation in Senegal. This initiative is directed towards ensuring that Senegal reaches its millennium development goals. The intervention is structured such that addresses the needs of both the water supply and sanitation infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Water and sanitation, Infrastructure, Senegal, African Development Bank, Integrated Investment Appraisal, Cost-Benefit Analysis |
| JEL: | D61 I38 L95 Q25 |
| Date: | 2019–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4518&r=all |
| By: | Idowu, S.D.; Adedokun, M.O; Oluwalana, S.A.; Momoh, S. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288344&r=all |
| By: | Ramunė Budrionytė (Vilnius University [Vilnius]); Lionius Gaižauskas (Vilnius University [Vilnius]) |
| Abstract: | The accounting methods based on two concepts-accounting at historical cost and accounting at fair value-are responsible for the provision of information about the enterprise's assets in the financial statements. Taking into consideration the specifics of the national financial accounting regulation, the forests managed by the forestry enterprises can also be measured by using either of these two accounting methods. However, in terms of accounting, both of them pose certain problems or ambiguity. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of forest accounting methods based on fair value and historical cost and the practice of their use in Lithuanian forestry enterprises. The study examines scholarly literature and deploys the theoretical methods of comparative analysis, critical evaluation, systematisation, generalisation. The empirical research involved document content analysis, questionnaire survey. The article deals with the issues of the use of accounting methods for forestry accounting: traditional cost-based accounting methods do not reflect the biological forest transformation, hinders identifying the forest development costs and the end of their capitalisation, the method of a systematic derecognition. On the other hand, the essential complication of the use of the fair value method is that the forest largely lacks an active market with quoted prices. Thus, its fair value is determined on the basis of rather subjective assumptions by means of diverse valuation methods, resulting in unreliable and unverifiable information. The results of the research carried out into the forestry accounting policy observed in the Lithuania's private forestry enterprises revealed that forest accounting by cost is exclusively carried out by all the enterprises under investigation. Nevertheless, the method itself was interpreted quite differently. The article presents the modified forestry accounting methods by cost, which allow reducing the identified shortcomings. |
| Keywords: | forest (stands),accounting methods,fair value,historical cost |
| Date: | 2018–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02121016&r=all |
| By: | Emily Prehoda (MTU - Michigan Technological University); Joshua Pearce (MTU - Michigan Technological University); Chelsea Schelly (MTU - Michigan Technological University) |
| Abstract: | Because of its environmental damage and now often being the most expensive source for electricity production, coal use is declining throughout the United States. Michigan has no active coal mining and seemingly supportive legislation for distributed generation (DG) and renewable energy (RE) technologies. However, Michigan still derives approximately half of its power production from large centralized coal plants, despite the availability of much lower cost RE DG technologies. To understand this conundrum, this study reviews how Michigan investor owned utilities utilize their political power to perpetuate utility structures that work toward the financial interests of the utilities rather than the best interests of the state's electricity consumers, including other firms and residents. Background is provided covering the concept of DG, the cost savings associated with DG, and utility regulatory regimes at the national, regional, state, and local levels. Recent case studies from specific utility strategies are provided in order to illustrate how Michigan utilities manipulate regulatory regimes via policy misinterpretation to deter or hinder the proliferation of DG in favor of maintaining the existing interests in centralized, fossil fuel-based electrical energy production. The results of this study demonstrate how DG proliferation is hindered by Michigan regulated utilities via the exercise of political power within existing legal and regulatory regimes. This highlights the need to think about how utilities may interpret and implement rules when designing energy legislation and policy to maximize the benefits for consumers and society. Policy recommendations and alternate strategies are provided to help enhance the role of energy policy to improve rather than limit the utilization of RE DG. |
| Keywords: | utility regulation,electric utilities,distributed generation,energy policy,renewable energy |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02111345&r=all |
| By: | Ehirim, N.C.; Azubogu, C.C.; Osuji, E.E. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288472&r=all |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | A presente publicação reúne os melhores ensaios do concurso “O Futuro do Crescimento com Igualdade no Brasil”, realizado em parceria entre a Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) e o jornal Valor Econômico. O concurso ocorreu no contexto das celebrações dos 70 anos da CEPAL e teve como objetivo prestigiar pesquisadores e estudantes que têm produzido análises sobre o desenvolvimento do país sob influência do pensamento desenvolvido pela CEPAL ao longo de sua história. |
| Keywords: | CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, IGUALDAD, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, JUSTICIA SOCIAL, INVERSIONES, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, CIUDADES, JUVENTUD, POBREZA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL JUSTICE, INVESTMENTS, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, CITIES, YOUTH, POVERTY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2019–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col127:44524&r=all |
| By: | Agbeniga, Abiola; Afolami, C.A.; Obaelu, A.E.; Mavrotas, George; Oluwatosin, B.O. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:naae17:288469&r=all |
| By: | Frédéric AHADO; Anne-Lise BONTEMPS-CHANEL; Laure CHANTRELLE; Sarah GANDOLPHE |
| Abstract: | Comment les assureurs français gèrent-ils le risque de changement climatique et où en sont-ils dans la mise en œuvre des dispositions de l’article 173 de la loi sur la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte (LTE) ? Afin d’établir un état des lieux précis de l’avancée des travaux au sein des assureurs français, l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR) a réalisé une enquête auprès de l’ensemble des acteurs du marché en septembre dernier. Cette étude en présente les principaux résultats. Il en ressort que si la définition du risque de changement climatique fait l’objet d’un consensus large, les outils et méthodes développés par les organismes restent très hétérogènes et sont appelés à évoluer dans les années à venir. La déclinaison du risque de changement climatique en risque physique, risque de transition et risque de responsabilité renvoie à des risques connus des assureurs, qui peuvent s’appuyer sur des outils et des procédures de gestion des risques déjà en place. Pour autant, les multiples dimensions du changement climatique imposent de nouvelles adaptations. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:analys:102&r=all |
| By: | Dubrovsky, Hilda; Di Sbroiavacca, Nicolás; Nadal, Gustavo; Contreras Lisperguer, Rubén |
| Abstract: | Con el fin de apoyar a los países de la región en el logro del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 7 (ODS 7) para 2030, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) desarrolló el proyecto “Observatorio Regional sobre Energías Sostenibles para América Latina y el Caribe (ROSE)”, que tiene por objeto cooperar con los países de la región en el diseño de políticas basado en evidencias y en el seguimiento de las acciones destinadas a alcanzar el ODS 7. Para que la región sea capaz de cumplir el ODS 7 al año 2030, es necesario contar con una infraestructura eléctrica flexible, robusta y confiable que pueda garantizar un mayor despliegue de las energías renovables, junto con apoyar el logro de la integración eléctrica regional. Al objeto de conocer la situación y las perspectivas del sector eléctrico de América del Sur, así como las posibilidades de integración, se han relevado los equipamientos existentes y futuros relativos a centrales de generación, líneas de transmisión e interconexión internacional. Se elaboraron mapas regionales y nacionales que permitieron conocer la distribución geográfica actual y futura de la infraestructura principal. |
| Keywords: | ELECTRICIDAD, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, ELECTRIFICACION, DISTRIBUCION DE ENERGIA ELECTRICA, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, DATOS ESTADISTICOS, ESTADISTICAS DE ENERGIA, ENERGIA SOSTENIBLE, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRIFICATION, ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, STATISTICAL DATA, ENERGY STATISTICS, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY |
| Date: | 2019–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44594&r=all |
| By: | Samuel Asante Gyamerah; Philip Ngare; Dennis Ikpe |
| Abstract: | The effects of weather on agriculture in recent years have become a major concern across the globe. Hence, the need for an effective weather risk management tool (weather derivatives) for agricultural stakeholders. However, most of these stakeholders are unwilling to pay for the price of weather derivatives (WD) because of product-design and geographical basis risks in the pricing models of WD. Using machine learning ensemble technique for crop yield forecasting and feature importance, the major major weather variable (average temperature) that affects crop yields are empirically determined. This variable (average temperature) is used as the underlying index for WD to eliminate product-design basis risks. A model with time-varying speed of mean reversion, seasonal mean, local volatility that depends on the average temperature and time for the contract period is proposed. Based on this model, pricing models for futures, options on futures, and basket futures for cumulative average temperature and growing degree-days are presented. Pricing futures on baskets reduces geographical basis risk as buyer's have the opportunity to select the most appropriate weather stations with their desired weight preference. With these pricing models, agricultural stakeholders can hedge their crops against the perils of weather. |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1905.07546&r=all |
| By: | Marion AUBERT; William BACH; Sébastien DIOT; Lucas VERNET |
| Abstract: | Comment les banques françaises se préparent-elles au changement climatique et où en sont-elles dans la mise en œuvre des dispositions de l’article 173 de la loi sur la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, l’ACPR a interrogé les principaux groupes bancaires français via un questionnaire, envoyé au cours de l’été 2018, et des entretiens bilatéraux, organisés de septembre à novembre. L’objectif était de dresser un bilan des évolutions constatées depuis la publication d’un rapport au Gouvernement, en mars 2017, consacré aux risques financiers liés au changement climatique auxquels le secteur bancaire est exposé. Ce numéro d’Analyses et synthèses en présente les principaux résultats en termes de gouvernance et d’analyse des risques climatiques. Cet article conclut par un certain nombre de recommandations à l’attention des régulateurs et des superviseurs d’une part, des établissements bancaires d’autre part, afin d’encourager la diffusion des bonnes pratiques et de favoriser une meilleure prise en compte du risque climatique. |
| Keywords: | changement climatique ; régulation bancaire ; tests de résistance |
| JEL: | G21 G28 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:analys:101&r=all |