|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2018‒11‒19
fifty-four papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks |
| Abstract: | The recent contributions in directed technological change theory show that technological progress in clean industries (i.e. industries which do no produce CO2 emissions) lead to emission decline only if clean and dirty goods are sufficiently substitutable. The result raises a question whether a government could design a policy which increases this substitutability. In this paper I show that elasticity of substitution between clean and dirty goods increases with the number of varieties of clean good. This is shown in the theoretical model, which combines the insights from the directed technological change literature and discrete choice literature. The policy implications of the finding is that environmental policy which promotes development of clean industries should be supplemented with a policy which ensures the diversity of clean goods. For example a subsidy for R&D in clean transport should support a wide range of alternative technologies rather than selected few. |
| Keywords: | green growth, directed technological change, clean and dirty goods substitutability, optimal variety |
| JEL: | D11 O44 Q55 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp072018&r=env |
| By: | De Pinto, A. |
| Abstract: | Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is a relatively new approach to agricultural development that aims at increasing productivity in the agricultural sector under changing climate regimes while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We perform an ex-ante assessment of the effects of widespread adoption of CSA by linking spatially-disaggregated data from three different models and focus on three crops, maize, wheat, and rice, which represent about 41% of the global harvested area and 64 % of GHG emissions generated by crop production. The impact of adoption of selected CSA practices is evaluated against a plausible business-as-usual scenario for the period 2010 2050 under two climate change scenarios. We find that the highest possible impact of the CSA practices considered is to increase global maize and wheat production by about 4%, and global rice production by 9%. These changes lead to a decrease in the number of people at risk of hunger estimated to be between 23 and 40 million worldwide. Average annual reduction of GHG emissions ranges between 44 and 101 Mt CO2 e. While substantial, this reduction is only 4 10% of the estimated global reduction in emissions from the agricultural sector necessary to remain below a 2 C warming. Acknowledgement : We would like to thank Jennifer Lieberman, Daniel Mason-D'Croz, and Keith Wiebe for their help and useful comments. The authors take sole responsibility for the opinions expressed within this article. The authors acknowledge the generous support of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and funded by CGIAR Fund Donors and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security, which is carried out with support from CGIAR Fund Donors and through bilateral funding agreements. For details, please visit https://ccafs.cgiar.org. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277524&r=env |
| By: | ibtissem sbartai (Laboratory of cell Toxicology , university of Badji Mokhtar); Hana sbartai (Laboratory of cell Toxicology , university of Badji Mokhtar); Houria Berrebbah (Laboratory of cell Toxicology , university of Badji Mokhtar); Mohammed Reda Djebar (Laboratory of cell Toxicology , university of Badji Mokhtar) |
| Abstract: | The water crisis has already been raging for a long time because the contamination of continental and oceanic waters is exerting its misdeeds in an ever increasing way. It affects both the industrialized countries and the seas around them, as well as many parts of the Third World where, in addition to the chronic pollution of continental waters, agricultural production is limited by the lack of water in those with arid climates. Chemicals used in agriculture are the main cause of water pollution. Half of what is poured into the fields does not even reach the plants and ends up in the fresh water; they not only act against the target for which they are registered, but also on the entire ecosystem. The effects on biodiversity, including terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna, are therefore undeniable. The present study was undertaken to better characterize the impact of an insecticide (indoxacarbe) on growth, on respiratory metabolism as well as on the detoxification system and more specifically on bio-markers which are considered as relevant detection tools for pollutants. Therefore constitute a new approach for assessing the effects of environmental contamination on ecosystems and human health. Four concentrations were tested on aliquots of culture paramecia made in advance. The results show that cell growth of paramecia is sensitive to the insecticide and for the highest concentrations. Toxicity was evaluated by determining the IC 50 and by calculating the percentage response which evaluates the response of protists to the pollutant and confirms the evolution of the growth curve. Also decreased cell generation time and increasing day doubling of the cells treated with high concentrations suggest a possible genotoxic effect. Finally, the determination of enzyme biomarkers: the catalase and glutathione S-transferase reveals fluctuations and this with time and increasing concentrations of indoxacarbe. |
| Keywords: | aquatic pollution, Indoxacarbe, Toxicity, Cell growth, biomarkers. |
| JEL: | Q53 Q53 Q53 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:8108979&r=env |
| By: | Dupraz, P.; Osseni, A.; Bareille, F. |
| Abstract: | Agriculture contributes to the production of a large range of externalities. Their valuation is a critical issue for the design of agro-environmental policies. Hedonic pricing method allows for such valuation using house prices and attributes. However, several endogenous biases affect the estimation. Some of these biases are due to spatial effects, which arise when observations are spatially correlated. The objective of the paper is to apply latest developments of spatial econometrics on a hedonic model to estimate the value of agricultural externalities from Brittany (France). We focused especially on externalities from breeding. We distinguish between direct and spatially indirect impacts of nitrogen pollution, but also on green algae presence, i.e. a nitrogen-related pollution arising on Breton seacoasts for years. Using a database of 8,075 transactions from 2010 to 2012, we run several linear and spatial hedonic models. A Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM) is selected as the best model. Our estimations reveal that swine and poultry breedings reduce house prices while cattle breeding has almost no impact on house prices. We highlight that the pollution from swine and poultry overlaps from the municipality where the production occurs. The green algae pollution of the closest beach decreases houses prices by 13.5%. Acknowledgement : This research was funded by the EU s Horizon 2020 program under grant agreement n 633838 (PROVIDE project, http://www.provide-project.eu/). This work does not necessarily reflect the view of the EU and in no way anticipates the Commission s future policy. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276994&r=env |
| By: | Tetsuya Kamijo |
| Abstract: | The importance of biodiversity to human welfare is widely recognized and environmental impact assessment (EIA) is regarded as a useful tool to minimize adverse impacts on biodiversity due to development. However, biodiversity loss continues in particular in developing countries though biodiversity-inclusive assessment has been implemented for a long time. The purpose of this working paper is to propose a practical approach for mainstreaming biodiversity into development cooperation projects. This paper examines the biodiversity mitigation measures of 120 EIA reports prepared by the Japan International Cooperation Agency from 2001 to 2012 using quantitative text analysis. The present biodiversity considerations are inadequately addressed and the avoidance measures are quite scarce. Ecosystems have multiple benefits and it is worthwhile to incorporate their benefits into development cooperation projects. The application of mitigation hierarchy aiming for no net loss and green infrastructure approaches to make wise use of ecosystem services can be one solution to stop biodiversity loss and satisfy development needs. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, ecosystem services, mitigation hierarchy, green infrastructure, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:177&r=env |
| By: | Trindade, F.; Fulginiti, L.; Perrin, R. |
| Abstract: | Considering different scenarios of future trends in climate, several authors have found that the impact that climate change will have on agriculture will most likely be negative. Most of these studies consider regions with low level of irrigation and do not control for purchased farm inputs. An important step towards understanding the evolution of agricultural production is to carefully estimate the effect that different temperatures and precipitation have on agricultural productivity considering also inputs under farmers control and the farmers profit-maximizing behavior. This research develops a county level biomass production function for an 800-mile climatic gradient from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River (41N). Our results quantify the critical effects that high temperatures have on agricultural productivity in the region, after controlling for irrigation, other managed inputs, soil characteristics, precipitation, and technological change. We find a negative and increasing (nonlinear) effect of temperatures over 30 C on crop yields; a full day of temperatures between 30 C and 35 C decreases expected yield by 1.7% and a day of temperatures over 35 C decreases yields by 23.1%. In addition, converting rainfed crops to irrigated crop will produce a sharp decrease in the negative impact of the higher temperature interval. Acknowledgement : Support is acknowledged from the Agricultural Research Division s Strategic Investments: Enhancing Interdisciplinary Teams Program Forty-First Parallel Agro-Ecosystem Sustainability and Productivity, University of Nebraska, and from USDA, NIFA NEB-24-164 and NEB-24-172. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277264&r=env |
| By: | Haddad, S.; Escobar, N.; Britz, W. |
| Abstract: | Private and public initiatives worldwide encourage a shift towards more sustainable production and consumption patterns, including bioplastics. These are, however, essentially produced from food crops. Given the manifold support schemes for the promotion of bioenergy, bioplastic producers also claim for targeted policies. This can further increase competition for biomass globally, with unintended consequences for food prices and the environment. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of a 5% target for bioplastic consumption is presented based on Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) linked to environmental indicators. Both fossil-based plastics and bioplastics are implemented in the GTAP 9 database. Two scenarios are defined: scenario 1 increases consumption taxes on fossil-based plastics while scenario 2 decreases them for bioplastics . Although both generate an expansion of the sector, the tax performs better in economic and also environmental terms, partially due to the substitution for oilseeds in the major producing regions, which even generates afforestation in carbon-rich areas. Only the target in scenario 1 generates an increase in GDP per CO2-eq. saved at global scale. The study shows the usefulness of CGE models as a tool to analyze cost-effectiveness of Bioeconomy-related policies, provided that emerging bio-based sectors and novel technologies are adequately implemented. Acknowledgement : This research has been funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the project STRIVE (Sustainable Trade and Innovation Transfer in the Bioeconomy). More information at: www.strive-bioecon.de |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277240&r=env |
| By: | Lakner, S.; Zinngrebe, Y.; Koemle, D. |
| Abstract: | The following paper provides insights in the adoption-behavior of farmers in Saxony due to the Fauna-Flora-Habitat directive (habitat-directive) of the European Union (EU). For the implementation of the habitat directive, the federal state of Saxony has introduced the instrument of managementplans in combination with agri-environmental programs. The paper shows that the combination of managementplans and agri-environmental programs can be successful for the implementation of nature-conservation measures under specific circumstances. The paper investigates the determinants of the farmers decision to optimize their farming practices towards the objective of nature conservation. The data set consists of interviews with 139 farmers between 2004 and 2011 and additionally information of 333 grassland-sites. A multinomial logit model was applied. The results show that location factors and the design of AEPs exhibit an influence on the implementation of measures of the Habitat Directive. At the plot level, we can (among other factors) observe an impact of specific (dark green) agri-environmental programs on the willingness of farmers to adopt nature conservation measures within the framework of the EU habitat directive. We also investigate the determinants of participation in light green and dark green AEPs. The findings highlight the potential of integrated policy packages to incentivize specific measures of nature conservation within the Natura 2000 framework. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277545&r=env |
| By: | H, K.; Zasada, I.; Sagebiel, J. |
| Abstract: | Well-managed, agriculturally used peatlands play an important role for the storage of greenhouse gases. A new agri-environmental measure (AEM) was established in the European Common Agricultural Policy to incentivise a land management, which conserves climate functionality of peatlands through high water levels. To investigate which factors influence the willingness of farmers to participate in this measure, we carried out an empirical study applying a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The aim was to identify optimal contract designs that can also reduce transaction costs for farmers. Besides monetary compensation, measure characteristics such as contract length, assured purchase of the cut grass, support in the cooperation with neighbouring farmers, and administrative efforts are considered as decisive attributes. Results show that the average willingness to adopt the measure is set at 522 /ha*a. Moreover, we find that factors such as supporting cooperation among farmers and regional value chain approaches have a statistically significant and large positive influence on the adoption decision. Based on our results, the uptake and success of the new measure could therefore be increased by a more appropriate tailoring towards different farm types and their needs. Adjustments would increase the climate protection potential of the proposed measure. Acknowledgement : This research was financially supported by the European Comission under the funding scheme Research and Innovation Action (RIA) under grant no. 633838 and conducted in the H2020 Project PROVIDE - PROVIding smart DElivery of public goods by EU agriculture and forestry. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277450&r=env |
| By: | Asante Gyamerah, Samuel; Ngare, Philip; Ikpe, Dennis |
| Abstract: | Weather is a key production factor in agricultural crop production and at the same time the most significant and least controllable source of peril in agriculture. These effects of weather on agricultural crop production have triggered a widespread support for weather derivatives as a means of mitigating the risk associated with climate change on agriculture. However, these products are faced with basis risk as a result of poor design and modelling of the underlying weather variable (temperature). In order to circumvent these problems, a novel time-varying mean-reversion L´evy regime-switching model is used to model the dynamics of the deseasonalized temperature dynamics. Using plots and test statistics, it is observed that the residuals of the deseasonalized temperature data are not normally distributed. To model the nonnormality in the residuals, we propose using the hyperbolic distribution to capture the semiheavy tails and skewness in the empirical distributions of the residuals for the shifted regime. The proposed regime-switching model has a mean-reverting heteroskedastic process in the base regime and a Levy process in the shifted regime. By using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, the parameters of the proposed model are estimated. The proposed model is flexible as it modelled the deseasonalized temperature data accurately. |
| Keywords: | Levy Process, Weather Derivative, Temperature, Regime-Switching |
| JEL: | C44 C53 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89680&r=env |
| By: | Komarek, A.; Thurlow, J.; De Pinto, A.; Kwon, H.-Y.; Koo, J. |
| Abstract: | Promoting climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is now a common policy in many developing countries. Yet researchers rarely quantify CSA s economic value as opposed to traditional input-intensive technologies, particularly CSA s contribution to economy-wide indicators, such as economic growth and poverty reduction. This study applied a bioeconomic modeling approach to quantify the economy-wide effects of promoting CSA and traditional input-intensive technologies (fertilizer and irrigation) in Ethiopian cereal systems. We combined a cropping systems model with a computable general equilibrium model that was linked to a poverty module. We simulated the economy-wide effects for 40-year sequences of variable climate with and without climate change. Our results suggest that adopting CSA technologies (related to no tillage and integrated soil fertility management) on a quarter of Ethiopia s maize and wheat land (approximately 900,000 hectares) would increase national gross domestic product (GDP) by an average US $146 million annually and assist 367,000 people to move out of poverty. This benefit exceeds the GDP gain of US $95 million and poverty reduction of 105,000 people expected from a similarly-sized expansion of fertilizer and irrigation. Results also suggest that the gains from CSA are greater with climate change and that CSA improves stocks of soil organic carbon. Acknowledgement : The United Nations Development Programme funded part of this study. We thank Richard D. Robertson for providing the climate data. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277095&r=env |
| By: | Miranda, J.; Borner, J.; Kalkuhl, M.; Soares-Filho, B. |
| Abstract: | The Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes have been subject to strong pressure from agricultural expansion over the past decades. It is frequently claimed that the associated tree cover loss was partly driven by land speculation. In the mid-2000s, the Brazilian government implemented an innovative policy regime to combat deforestation with a strong focus on the Amazon region. While there is solid evidence that the new environmental governance approach was effective in reducing Amazon forest loss, some research indicates that leakage effects have contributed to increasing land conversion in the Cerrado. In this paper, we contribute to investigating these hypotheses using land market data covering the period from 2001 to 2012. Based on land rent and hedonic valuation theory, we use a first difference panel regression analysis to decompose forestland prices into land rent, conversion costs, and speculative attributes. We then assess whether, where, and to what extent conservation policy shocks affect forestland prices over time. Our measures of speculation and conservation are significant in all our model specifications. Our findings suggest that land prices represent an indicator for spatially and temporally shifting land demand and related speculative behavior, and the presence of conservation policy leakage in Brazil. Acknowledgement : Funding: This work was supported by the Robert Bosch Foundation (Grant: 32.5.8043.0012.0), www.bosch-stiftung.de |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277285&r=env |
| By: | Grote, U.; Nguyen, T.T. |
| Abstract: | Human induced degradation of land due to over-extraction of water and forest resources is a threat to sustainable development in many developing countries. Solving this requires an understanding of the factors affecting the extraction and its impacts on rural welfare. In this study, we determine the factors affecting the extraction of and dependence on forest and water resources and examine the impacts of the extraction on rural household welfare in Laos. We address our research questions with an econometric framework that models the extraction and its implications simultaneously. We use the data of 430 rural households from a survey undertaken in 2013 in 38 villages of Savannakhet province. Our findings show that extraction is a shock-coping strategy of rural households but contributes to reducing household income inequality. For extracting households, extraction increases household income, consumption and food security. However, for non-extracting households, although extraction would increase food security, it would reduce their income and consumption. We suggest that promoting rural education and off-farm employment opportunities, enhancing investments in physical infrastructure, and developing livestock rearing would reduce the extraction of and the dependence on the resources of extractors and prevent non-extractors from being forced to extract the resources. Acknowledgement : We thank the farmers in Savannakhet province for their support and cooperation. We also acknowledge the support and appreciate the efforts of our partners in Lao PDR as well as all our colleagues at the Leibniz University Hannover for data collection. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277061&r=env |
| By: | Elum, Z. |
| Abstract: | Climate variability and climate change pose a threat to the livelihoods of developing countries due to their adverse impacts on infrastructure and other production systems most notable in agriculture where such impacts lead to water and food insecurities. The magnitude of the impacts of climate variability and climate change are location specific and depend on the vulnerability and sensitivity of a locale to those effects. Focused on three provinces in South Africa namely the Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, the main objective of the study is to provide empirical results on the vulnerability of the selected provinces to climate change. The study is imperative because of a perceived paucity of private and public systems preparedness to deal with the present and future adverse impacts of climate variability and climate change. The study uses a composite vulnerability index and a fixed effect regression model in the analysis of data. Results showed that the selected provinces were vulnerable to climate change but to different extents. Further, it was observed that food grains production was significantly affected by climatic stressors. The study recommends the provision of efficient irrigation facilities, drought-tolerant crops, dissemination of information on integrated pest management and provision of non-agricultural jobs. Acknowledgement : This research is supported by funding from the Department for International Development (DfID), UK under the Climate Impact Research Capacity and Leadership Enhancement (CIRCLE) Programme. The University of South Africa (UNISA) as well the University of Port Harcourt are acknowledged for providing support for the CIRCLE fellowship which was undertaken by the first author at UNISA. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277522&r=env |
| By: | Barrett, C.; Jagnani, M.; Liu, Y.; You, L. |
| Abstract: | Does heat affect agriculture in regions where temperatures are not high enough to directly, adversely affect crop growth? Combining daily weather data with a qualitatively rich, longitudinal survey of Kenyan agricultural households in rural maize-growing areas where daily average temperatures are well below 30C, we find that higher temperatures early in the growing season increase the use of pesticides, while reducing fertilizer use, with comparatively modest effects of temperature later in the growing season. Suggestive evidence indicates that greater heat increases the incidence of pests, crop diseases and weeds, compelling farmers to divert investment from productivity-enhancing technologies like fertilizer to adaptive, loss-reducing inputs like pesticides. Acknowledgement : Tim Johnson and Yating Ru provided excellent research assistance. We thank Nicholas Flores, Teevrat Garg, Ariel Ortiz Bobea, Cynthia Lin Lawell and Vis Taraz for helpful comments. We are grateful for feedback from seminar participants at Cornell University and the International Food Policy Research Institute, as well as conference participants at the 2017 CU Boulder -- Environmental and Resource Economics Workshop, and the 2017 Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Annual Meetings. Funding support came from the African Development Bank through the Structural Transformation of African Agriculture and Rural Spaces (STAARS) project. All errors are our own |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277019&r=env |
| By: | Solomon Hsiang; Robert E. Kopp |
| Abstract: | Climate change management is a global challenge that requires social science as much as it requires natural science. We provide a brief introduction to the physical science of climate change, written to provide essential background for economists and other social scientists. We also highlight some key areas in which economists—including those studying macroeconomics, political economy, and development—are in a unique position to help climate science advance. |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25189&r=env |
| By: | Ginevra Virginia LOMBARDI; Rossella ATZORI; Stefano BENEDETTELLI; Gianluca STEFANI; Anna ACCIAIOLI; Donato ROMANO; Silvia PARRINI |
| Abstract: | Urban population growth has raised concerns about food security. Agricultural systems are asked to satisfy a growing demand of food while addressing sustainability issues and facing resource constraints. Ecological footprints are a widespread instrument for the study of human dependence on natural resources. Among these tools, Land Food Footprint (LFF) is used to measure the land actually used to produce the food needed to satisfy the demand of a specific region or country. Understanding the differences between alternative production methods and the gaps between available and needed land is crucial in order to integrate food security and sustainability into rural development programmes and urban planning. The objective of this study is to analyse the Land Food Footprint of Tuscany (Italy) both for organic and conventional production methods, taking into account the nexus of diet. In this aim, we assess Land Food Footprint for the considered production processes under four different diet scenarios with different levels of animal protein consumption. The study shows that the gap between organic and conventional land requirements varies considerably between vegetable and animal foods. It confirms that organic agriculture needs more land than conventional one, but the gap between land footprints shrinks as consequence of dietary changes. The most important finding is that, in the case study, organic agriculture could feed the population if the diet shifts towards reduced intake of animal protein. In fact with a 50% diet reduction in animal proteins, the organic land food footprint value is equal to the conventional land food footprint under the status quo scenario. |
| Keywords: | sustainable food system, land food footprint, diet nexus, organic agriculture, food security |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2018_15.rdf&r=env |
| By: | Lorenzo, Fernando |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se evalúan los obstáculos que enfrentan y las opciones de política económica de los países de América Latina y el Caribe para cumplir con las metas de mitigación y adaptación incluidas en sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas. Las mismas constituyen un conjunto de metas ambiciosas, cuyo cumplimiento requerirá de compromisos firmes a nivel nacional y que, seguramente, generarán impactos significativos sobre la eficiencia en la asignación de los recursos y sobre la distribución del ingreso. Esos efectos involucran las modalidades de utilización de los recursos naturales y las formas de producción de varios sectores exportadores, por lo que podrían producirse repercusiones importantes sobre la inserción internacional de algunas de las economías de la región. Se vuelve clave la adopción de medidas orientadas a lograr una mejor adaptación a las nuevas realidades impuestas por el cambio climático. Se recomienda una utilización más amplia de la política fiscal para la protección del medio ambiente, incluyendo los objetivos ambientales como un pilar básico de la fiscalidad, y sumar instrumentos que logren alterar las conductas de consumidores y productores en sectores estratégicos. |
| Keywords: | POLITICA ECONOMICA, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MEDIO AMBIENTE, POLITICA FISCAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIC POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENT, FISCAL POLICY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2018–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44216&r=env |
| By: | Christophe Gouel; David Laborde |
| Abstract: | Climate change effects on agricultural yields will be uneven over the world with a few countries, mostly in high latitudes, that may experience gains, while most will see average yield decrease. This paper aims at quantifying the role of international trade in attenuating the effects of climate change by allowing the expression of the new climate-induced pattern of comparative advantages. To do this, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium trade model where the representation of acreage and land use choices is inspired from modern Ricardian trade models but also consistent with theoretical and empirical literature on land use choices. The model is calibrated on spatially explicit information about potential yields before and after climate change coming from the agronomic literature. The results show that the climate-induced yield changes generate large price movements that incentivize adjustments in acreage and trade. The new trade pattern is very different from the current one, showing the important role of trade flows in adapting to climate change. This is confirmed by larger welfare losses from climate change when adjustments in trade flows are constrained versus when they are not. |
| JEL: | D58 F18 Q17 Q54 R14 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25221&r=env |
| By: | Niedermayr, A.; Schaller, L.; Kieninger, P.; Kantelhardt, J. |
| Abstract: | In the context of an upcoming CAP-reform which will most likely condition payments to farmers stronger on a measurable provision of public goods, the aim of this study is to elicit the willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods (PGs) provided by agriculture in the Marchfeld, a dynamically developing and semi-urban region in Austria. Situated between Vienna and Bratislava it is marked by an intensive agricultural production and at the same time rising environmental awareness of the local population. We carry out a discrete choice experiment for the 3 public goods ground water quality, landscape diversity and climate stability, which were pre-selected via focus groups. Due to high preference heterogeneity we estimate a random parameters logit model and include interactions with socio-demographic factors in order to further disentangle differences in preferences. We find a positive and significant WTP for all three public goods, with groundwater quality being most important for the participants, followed by landscape diversity and climate stability. The results of this study in combination with a supply-side assessment, consisting of different management options for farmers, could form the basis for the development of governance mechanisms for the smart provision of public goods by agriculture in the Marchfeld region. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276963&r=env |
| By: | Rodríguez Aldabe, Yosu |
| Abstract: | Con el fin de impulsar la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, el Acuerdo de París y la Nueva Agenda Urbana en América Latina y el Caribe, en este estudio se establecen dos ejes. El primero consiste en promover la igualdad, al eliminar los aspectos que la impiden, y propiciar las vías que permitan avanzar hacia el cierre de las brechas de desigualdad; el segundo se refiere al fomento de actividades con un enfoque y contenido “verdes”, es decir, basadas en el aprovechamiento, la distribución y el consumo respetuosos del ambiente. Se propone la formulación de políticas públicas que contribuyan a potenciar la resiliencia de las ciudades y sus territorios de pertenencia, siendo de interés particular la región mesoamericana por la alta vulnerabilidad, tanto social como ambiental, en que se encuentra. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MIGRACION, CIUDADES, DESARROLLO URBANO, DESARROLLO LOCAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, ASPECTOS DEMOGRAFICOS, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, MIGRATION, CITIES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, POPULATION ASPECTS, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2018–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44218&r=env |
| By: | Mitsuo Yoshida |
| Abstract: | During the civil war of the mid-1990s, large-scale destruction of social infrastructure and environmental management systems occurred in Algeria, leading to significant environmental deterioration. In the course of national reconciliation and the reconstruction process that began in 2000, environmental authorities were established and, with the support of international donor agencies, the national environmental policy, plan, and strategy were prepared. While these efforts shaped Algeria’s environmental management administration system into its modern form, they have not been effective in actually controlling environmental problems in the country. Under these conditions, the unexpected discovery of a severe mercury contamination had a major effect on the situation in the country. The discovery itself was announced at a public seminar, and Japan’s experience with industrial mercury pollution as a result of the “Minamata Disease incident” was widely shared with the public through mass media. The wide reporting of these experiences as well as others of pollution in local cities by the mass media, accelerated public concerns and eventually formed public opinions into a demand for immediate depollution efforts. The environmental management administration became functional at this time and backed by growing public awareness and strict law enforcement, it started to conduct specific countermeasures against mercury pollution. The Algerian case suggests that raising public awareness through the disclosure of information on environmental monitoring may trigger the realization of an effective environmental management administration system. |
| Keywords: | capacity development, environmental management administration, pollution, information disclosure, public awareness |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:176&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Three years into the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, Latin America and the Caribbean face great challenges. More than half of the countries in the region have national coordination mechanisms for the implementation and follow-up of this Agenda. Most of these mechanisms have entrusted planning institutions with the role of coordinator or technical secretariat for coordinating the various sectors, convening stakeholders and defining the strategies and partnerships for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as monitoring and ensuring accountability of the Goals. This methodological guide from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) is intended to provide conceptual and practical inputs that enable countries to formulate strategies —whether at the national or subnational level— for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, EVALUACION DE PROGRAMAS, DIRECTRICES, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, PROGRAMME EVALUATION, GUIDELINES |
| Date: | 2018–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44193&r=env |
| By: | Khan, M.T.; Joshi, P.K.; Khurana, R.; Kishore, A. |
| Abstract: | Watershed development helps reduce farmers vulnerability to droughts and increase their incomes by rehabilitating the productive capacity of the land through water and soil conservation techniques. We estimate the impact of India s largest watershed development program called Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) in four of the most drought affected districts of Maharashtra, India. We collected data from a random sample of 800 farmers in the four districts. Watershed programs may not show any impact on crop area or yields in years of normal of high rainfall. We, therefore, collected recall data on cropped area and yields for the last 4 years from our respondents. Our analysis shows that cotton yields were 11-32 percent higher and soybean yields were 12-25% higher for farmers whose land received watershed treatment. Four years recall data on crop area and yield, also allows us to look at the effect of IWMP on resilience of agriculture to droughts. We find that drought led to 30-40% yield loss in soybean and cotton compared to the yield in a normal year. However, watershed treatment reduced the yield loss due to drought by more than 30 percent. Acknowledgement : The authors would like to thank the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security for its generous financial support of research that led to this paper. We also thank the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing partial research funding. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277385&r=env |
| By: | Wang, X.; Dietrich, J.P.; Lotze-Campen, H.; Biewald, A.; Munson, T.S.; Muller, C. |
| Abstract: | The study analyzes the impacts of agricultural trade liberalization on cropland use dynamics, focusing not only on the total amount of cropland area, but also on the spatial allocation among regions. With an agro-economic dynamic optimization model, the study is able to analyze the leakage effects resulted from trade liberalization as well as climate impacts on crop yields, by using crop yields simulation output from a vegetation model based on different climate models. In the scenario of high-end climate impacts on crop yields, although trade liberalization mitigates the negative impacts of climate impacts on agricultural supply and spares the land resource on the global scale, it further deteriorates the virtual trade of cropland among regions. The absolute amount of total cropland imbalance will increase by 272.2 million hectares at the end of the twenty-fist century. Latin America and China are the main exporters of cropland relate to food production, while Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the regions of exporting cropland. By considering climate projection uncertainty, the study finds that the general trend of cropland displacement remains, although there exists a wide range for the amount of traded cropland in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America. Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276997&r=env |
| By: | Bopp, C.; Engler, A.; Poortvliet, M.; Jara-Rojas, R. |
| Abstract: | This article examines the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as well as the interplay between the two, on the adoption intensity of soil conservation agriculture (SCA). It seeks to understand the drivers of SCA among annual crop farmers using three conservation practices subject to be financed by an economic incentive for degraded soils in Chile; namely conservation tillage, stubble incorporation, and use of organic manure. The incentive to conservation represents an extrinsic motivation, while intrinsic motivations was represented by several beliefs about SCA based on the Planned Behavior Approach. To account for selection bias on unobservable factors between the incentive and behavior, a two-step model was performed to estimate the intensity of SCA adoption. Farm/farmers characteristics and control variables were also included in the model. Results of the econometric analysis show that attitudes and the exogenous incentive are both significant, but also the interaction with each other. Farmers with low intrinsic motivation are heavily dependent on extrinsic motivation to adopt SCA, while those intrinsically motivated seem to act in a sustainable way regardless the existence of external rewards. Finally, soil degradation was also found to play a key role on the intensity of SCA adoption. Acknowledgement : This work was supported by the Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT), through its Programme Becas Chile for Phd studies 2016. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277300&r=env |
| By: | Zdena Rosicka (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); Hana Slová?ková (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); Václav Kup?ák (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy) |
| Abstract: | Human development and sustainability are essential components of contemporary life. Each generation should take its chances and use resources without creating ecological debts by overexploiting capacity of the Earth. We always have to keep in mind the obligation to do at least as much for our successor generation as our predecessors did for us. The effect of environment on humans has both temporary and long-time affects: cultural, natural and industrial heritage preservation is an important component of sensitive equilibrium between economic, social and cultural development. Human resource departments should be able to follow requirements for qualified trained experts for both public and private sectors covering professions able to manage preserving, protecting, presenting, introducing, and improving values of sustainable, healthy and safe surrounding environment. |
| Keywords: | human resources, training, disaster management, environmental values, cultural heritage |
| JEL: | O15 M53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:6810204&r=env |
| By: | Zegarra Méndez, Eduardo |
| Abstract: | El presente estudio utiliza el enfoque del Nexo entre el agua, la energía y la alimentación para analizar las interacciones entre actores públicos y privados en el valle de Ica, ubicado a 300 kilómetros al sur de Lima, Perú. Esto se realiza presentando un diagnóstico del marco institucional para la gestión del agua e indagando sobre la forma en que el Nexo ha evolucionado históricamente y se manifiesta actualmente en este territorio específico. Mediante el enfoque del Nexo se pueden encarar las políticas públicas orientadas a cumplir con las orientaciones de planes nacionales y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) a los que se ha comprometido el país para el año 2030. |
| Keywords: | AGUA, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, ORDENAMIENTO DE LAS AGUAS, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, NUTRICION, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO LOCAL, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, WATER, WATER RESOURCES, WATER MANAGEMENT, ENERGY RESOURCES, NUTRITION, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2018–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:44219&r=env |
| By: | Oguntuase, Oluwaseun J.; Ajibare, Adedayo O. |
| Abstract: | The paramount question about global climate change is no longer whether climate will change, but how we should respond. There is urgent need for banks and their regulators to respond, as climate change continues to negatively impact economies around the world. This paper examined how the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) could align monetary policy and banking regulations to better meet the challenges posed by climate change to the banking sector and financial stability in Nigeria. The paper concluded that the CBN must explore the linkages between monetary policy and banking regulation to mitigate the effects of climate fragilities on Nigerian banks and financial stability in the country. |
| Keywords: | climate change, monetary policy, banking regulation, financial stability |
| JEL: | G2 G21 |
| Date: | 2018–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89611&r=env |
| By: | Sihvonen, M.; Valkama, E.; Hyytiainen, K. |
| Abstract: | Discrete dynamic optimization is applied to examine the difference between socially and privately optimal fertilization patterns and to develop an incentive mechanism for efficient simultaneous nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading management. The problem formulation accounts for the causal interactions between P and N fertilization, crop yield, P carry-over, and P and N loading into waterways. Our analysis shows that the balance between private and social shadow values of the P carry-over is an essential feature for the design of the input tax-subsidy scheme for both N and P. Numerical analysis carried out for spring barley on clay soils and current damage costs in Southern Finland suggests that the difference between privately and socially optimal steady-state fertilization levels is substantial. The economic losses for the producer from the tax-subsidy scheme internalizing the damage costs are in the range of 18-32% of the profits, even at simultaneously adjusted N and P fertilizer inputs. Our sensitivity analysis indicates that other abatement measures, such as catch crops, are often competitive to fertilizer input reductions. For the producer, the computed break-even level of a subsidy for catch crops is well in line with the current subsidy levels applied in Finland. Acknowledgement : This work resulted from the BONUS BALTICAPP project and was supported by BONUS (Art 185), funded jointly by the EU and Academy of Finland. We would like to thank Risto Uusitalo for constructive comments. All remaining errors are the authors responsibility. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277119&r=env |
| By: | Jaime DE MELO (Ferdi); Jean-marc SOLLEDER (Université de Genève) |
| Abstract: | Decade-long negotiations on the reduction of tariffs on Environmental Goods (EGs) at the Doha Round using a list approach to define EGs, failed to produce an agreement. In July 2014, 14 countries entered plurilateral negotiations under the ambit of the WTO. If successful, the resulting Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) would have eliminated tariffs on a list of EGs. These negotiations broke down in December 2016. The chapter documents this episode and the mercantilistic behavior of negotiators that prevented agreement on an extended list of EGs, a requirement to conclude a meaningful outcome for the environment.A conclusion of the EGA negotiations under the current narrow agenda focusing only on tariffs could help build trust to go further but would be insufficient to help mitigate climate change, even if a ‘critical mass’ were to be reached allowing extension of the tariff reductions to all WTO members. This is because average tariffs for the negotiating group are too low (1.5 percent). Extending the agenda to include Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Environmental Services (ESs) remains the acid test for an EGA to address meaningfully the climate change challenge. Reaching agreement on how to tackle NTBs and ESs will require delegating negotiating authority to ‘independent’ scientific experts and probably modifying WTO rules.Aligning the trade and climate regimes will call for transformational changes in the WTO contract to take into account transnational externalities and public goods. This would amount to a shift from the present ‘negative contract’ where countries are free to choose their policies so long as they do not discriminate between domestic and imported goods to a ‘positive contract’ where WTO members have to pursue similar climate-friendly policies. This paper draws and summarizes Melo and Solleder (2018b) that covers the broader role required of a successful EGA to mitigate climate change. The authors thank the French government for financial support under ANR-LABX-14-01. |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4558&r=env |
| By: | Jaime DE MELO (Ferdi); Jean-marc SOLLEDER (University of Geneva) |
| Abstract: | Decade-long negotiations on the reduction of tariffs on Environmental Goods (EGs) at the Doha Round using a list approach to define EGs, failed to produce an agreement. In July 2014, 14 countries entered plurilateral negotiations under the ambit of the WTO. If successful, the resulting Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) would have eliminated tariffs on a list of EGs. These negotiations broke down in December 2016. The chapter documents this episode and the mercantilistic behavior of negotiators that prevented agreement on an extended list of EGs, a requirement to conclude a meaningful outcome for the environment.A conclusion of the EGA negotiations under the current narrow agenda focusing only on tariffs could help build trust to go further but would be insufficient to help mitigate climate change, even if a ‘critical mass’ were to be reached allowing extension of the tariff reductions to all WTO members. This is because average tariffs for the negotiating group are too low (1.5 percent). Extending the agenda to include Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Environmental Services (ESs) remains the acid test for an EGA to address meaningfully the climate change challenge. Reaching agreement on how to tackle NTBs and ESs will require delegating negotiating authority to ‘independent’ scientific experts and probably modifying WTO rules.Aligning the trade and climate regimes will call for transformational changes in the WTO contract to take into account transnational externalities and public goods. This would amount to a shift from the present ‘negative contract’ where countries are free to choose their policies so long as they do not discriminate between domestic and imported goods to a ‘positive contract’ where WTO members have to pursue similar climate-friendly policies. This paper draws and summarizes Melo and Solleder (2018b) that covers the broader role required of a successful EGA to mitigate climate change. The authors thank the French government for financial support under ANR-LABX-14-01. |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4559&r=env |
| By: | Guy Abel (School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University); Michael Brottrager (Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University); Jesus Crespo Cuaresma (Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business); Raya Muttarak (School of International Development, University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | Despite the lack of robust empirical evidence, a growing number of media reports attempt to link climate change to the ongoing violent conflicts in Syria and other parts of the world, as well as to the migration crisis in Europe. Exploiting bilateral data on asylum seeking applications for 157 countries over the period 2006-2015, we assess the determinants of refugee flows using a gravity model which accounts for endogenous selection in order to examine the causal link between climate, conflict and forced migration. Our results indicate that climatic conditions, by affecting drought severity and the likelihood of armed conflict, played a significant role as an explanatory factor for asylum seeking in the period 2011-2015. The effect of climate on conflict occurrence is particularly relevant for countries in Western Asia in the period 2010-2012 during when many countries were undergoing political transformation. This finding suggests that the impact of climate on conflict and asylum seeking flows is limited to specific time period and contexts. |
| Keywords: | forced migration, climate change, conflict |
| JEL: | F22 Q54 D74 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwwuw:wuwp272&r=env |
| By: | Bareille, F.; Zavalloni, M. |
| Abstract: | In a context of reflections around the next Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, the European Commission is considering the possibility to decentralize the provision of environmental goods towards lower level of governments. We examine the gains of such potential policy using a simple model of an economy constituted of homogeneous regions and considering that agriculture produces jointly local and global PGs (public goods). We assume that the central government faces lower deadweight losses than the local government but that the local government can better target their subsidies. Our analytical results present the differences of landscape structure (constituted of two areas) and welfare in three cases of governance: full-centralization (EU is in charge of environmental good provision), full-decentralization (local government is in charge of environmental good provision) and partial decentralization (EU allocates a share of its budget to the local government for the provision of environmental goods). We apply our theoretical model to the case of abandoned wetlands in Brittany. Based on this example and the actual CAP budget dedicated for environmental good provision, we illustrate the difference of welfare between the three cases of governance. Acknowledgement : The authors acknolewdge funding from the project: PROVIDE, PROVIding smart DElivery of public goods by EU agriculture and forestry; H2020 programme of the European Commission, grant number 633838. This work does not necessarily reflect the view of the European Union and in no way anticipates the Commission s future policy in this area. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277109&r=env |
| By: | Degnet, M.; Wesseler, J.; Van Der Werf, E.; Ingram, V. |
| Abstract: | Abstract With the expansion of large-scale forest plantations in developing countries, concerns are rising about their relation and integration with adjacent local communities. Local participation in forest governance can potentially affect the distributional effects of plantations benefits and mitigate their adverse effects. Using data from villages adjacent to plantations in Tanzania and Mozambique, we explore differences in local participation between plantations Our quantitative analyses show that households in villages adjacent to private certified plantations are more likely to have a say in the activities of the plantations than households in villages adjacent to non-certified or state owned plantations. We use insights from access theory to explain our findings: private plantations may have more incentives to involve local people to guarantee their investments in plantations than state-owned plantations. Certification requirements may also strengthen these incentives by requiring plantations to identify and uphold customary rights of local communities. We further found that some social groups (male-headed, more educated and plantation workers) are more likely to have a say in plantations activities than their counterparts. We emphasize that increased and fair local participation in governance of plantations is vital in terms of the sustainability of large-scale plantations and integrating them in rural landscapes. Key words: Forest plantations, local governance, participation, access , Tanzania, Mozambique Acknowledgement : |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277254&r=env |
| By: | UNCTAD; World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Food Security Environment - Sustainable Land Management Private Sector Development - Corporate Social Responsibility Rural Development - Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction Social Development - Social Accountability |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:29477&r=env |
| By: | Calle, Isabel |
| Abstract: | El Principio 10 de la Declaración de Río sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo (1992) señala de manera expresa que la mejor manera de tratar las cuestiones ambientales es propiciando de modo oportuno la participación de todos los ciudadanos, en el nivel que corresponda. En este contexto, este documento tiene como objetivo desarrollar el marco jurídico y jurisprudencial del Perú, uno de los países signatarios de dicha Declaración, en materia de derechos de acceso a la información, participación y justicia en asuntos ambientales, con énfasis en el sector minero, de modo de identificar buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas en el caso peruano, que contribuyan a mejorar los marcos normativos e institucionales tanto del país como de la región en su conjunto. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, INFORMACION AMBIENTAL, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, PUEBLOS INDIGENAS, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2018–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:44217&r=env |
| By: | Abel, Guy; Brottrager, Michael; Crespo Cuaresma, Jesus; Muttarak, Raya |
| Abstract: | Despite the lack of robust empirical evidence, a growing number of media reports attempt to link climate change to the ongoing violent conflicts in Syria and other parts of the world, as well as to the migration crisis in Europe. Exploiting bilateral data on asylum seeking applications for 157 countries over the period 2006-2015, we assess the determinants of refugee flows using a gravity model which accounts for endogenous selection in order to examine the causal link between climate, conflict and forced migration. Our results indicate that climatic conditions, by affecting drought severity and the likelihood of armed conflict, played a significant role as an explanatory factor for asylum seeking in the period 2011-2015. The effect of climate on conflict occurrence is particularly relevant for countries in Western Asia in the period 2010-2012 during when many countries were undergoing political transformation. This finding suggests that the impact of climate on conflict and asylum seeking flows is limited to specific time period and contexts. |
| Keywords: | forced migration, climate change, conflict |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus005:6625&r=env |
| By: | Micha, E.; Tsakiridis, A.; Ragkos, A. |
| Abstract: | As global population rises there is added pressure on agricultural systems to intensify. On the other hand International organizations call their members to commit to environmental protection, including water quality. In Europe agriculture is a major water pollutant, with Phosphorus (P) considered to be contributing highly to water quality degradation. Hence, controlling phosphorus fertilizer use should be a priority. As farmers are responsible for the amount of phosphorus fertilization on their farm, they are expected to be aware of their soil P status. Farmers are advised to soil test their farms before they allocate P fertilizers, based on the assumption that soil test result will assist them in making informed decisions, and lately policy design discussions mention inclusion of soil testing in the agricultural policies regulations. To ensure the correctness of this decision a good understanding of the relation between soil testing and P fertilizer allocation is required. This paper examines dairy farm systems in Ireland, where farmers are strongly encouraged to soil test their farms regularly. National data were used in a censored tobit model to investigate the relation between a farmer s decision to soil test and Phosphorus fertilizer use intensity, among other factors. Results indicate a negative relationship suggesting that soil testing leads to reduced P fertilizer use. Acknowledgement : The authors would like to thank the Teagasc Agricultural Economics and Farm Surveys department for the data, as well as, Dr. A. Lymberopoulos and Dr. D. Chatziplis for their invaluable help. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277103&r=env |
| By: | Tracy Snoddon (Wilfrid Laurier University) |
| Keywords: | Energy and Natural Resources; Environmental Policies and Norms;Resources Rights and Management;Resources Taxation and Revenues; Fiscal and Tax Policy; Federalism and Constitution;Federal-Provincial Transfers;Provincial Taxation and Budgets |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdh:ebrief:284&r=env |
| By: | Baba, S.H.; Wani, S.A. |
| Abstract: | Besides supplier of provisional services, agricultures role as source of ecosystem services to the ecology is being increasingly recognized. The two way relationship between agricultural production and ecosystem services made it imperative to examine farmers perception of importance of and their ability to manage various ecosystem services from and to the agriculture. This study, motivated by limited availability of literature, is an attempt to fill this research gap through focusing on farmers' perceptions of four different attributes towards 17 ecosystem services and 15 dis-services in Kashmir, a mountainous region in India. Results revealed that farmers attributed high rating to the importance of all ecosystem services, professed severity of dis-services to and from agriculture and perceived their inability to fully manage them. The farmers revealed concerns about vulnerability of agriculture to any threat causing deterioration in ecosystem services though their concerns vary across services. The farmers WTP for enriching services and reducing vulnerability of agriculture to ecosystem service deterioration coupled with their views passed a message to policy makers for implementation of some market-based instruments to overcome any potential loss to services. Study highlighted a need of an environmental policy to encourage socially acceptable and ecosystem-oriented approaches towards land-use management. Acknowledgement : Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance granted by the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India for generating data for this piece of research. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277556&r=env |
| By: | Tang, L.; Zhou, J.; Liu, Q. |
| Abstract: | Farmers perceptions of climate risk reflect their subjective probability weighting bias, which are the prerequisite for their adaptation decisions and thus shape their actions. As an adaptation strategy, farmers prioritized the technological measures of chemical input as the most simple and convenient for climate risks. However, this is little evidence of empirical work on the mechanism between farmers perceptions and chemical use behavior. Based on cross-sectional data from a survey of farmers in China, this study develops a theoretical framework that considers adaptation decisions of heterogonous farmers within a perception-decision-action (PDA) analytical framework, and further estimates the effects of farmers perceptions on chemical use behavior by utilizing endogenous switching regression model. The results indicate that under ceteris paribus, the key variables perception of climate risk of farmers have significant effect on their claim of increase in the quantity of chemical use. We find evidence of crowding-in of farmers perceptions on chemical use?which in turn will have negative effect on environment and food quality. The paper concludes by offering some policy implications for the presented results. Acknowledgement : Acknowledgements We are grateful for support from the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71633002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71273234), the Key project of the Ministry of Education (No.16JJD63007), The Key Project of National Social Science Foundation (No. 13AZD079), and The Key Soft Science Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (No. 2017C35G2100255). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277220&r=env |
| By: | Lotjonen, S.; Temmes, E.; Ollikainen, M. |
| Abstract: | We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of private and social optimum in dairy production when society accounts for greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff to waterways. The private farmer maximizes revenue from milk production by choosing herd size, diet, fertilization and land allocation between crops. Changes in the diet impact milk production, manure composition, and land allocation between crops. A critical radius emerges for the choices of crops and fertilizer type (mineral and manure); it is independent of the chosen crops in the private optimum but not in the social optimum. Fertilizer intensity is higher in the manure fertilized fields than in the fields where mineral fertilizer is used. Moreover, manure application rate decreases in distance to the farm centre. In contrast to what has generally been thought, the socially optimal fertilizer application follows the same spatial pattern than the private fertilization but at a lower level of intensity. A simulation model applied to the Finnish agriculture is used to further examine the features of the model. Acknowledgement : The work presented is part of the BONUS GO4BALTIC project: . The BONUS GO4BALTIC project is supported by BONUS (Art 185), funded jointly by the EU and national funding institutions in Denmark (the Innovation Fund), Estonia (Estonian Research Council ETAG ), Finland (Academy of Finland), Poland (NCBR) and Sweden (FORMAS). The work has also received funding from Stockholm University Baltic Sea Center project Baltic Eye. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277111&r=env |
| By: | Bahru, B. |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses a serious challenge to achieving the SDG2 of ending hunger by 2030 and leaves billions of people at risk of food insecurity, illness, and malnutrition. This paper analyzes the long-term impacts of climatic shocks on the nutritional status of 1,911 sample children in Ethiopia. To this end, the study employed a linear mixed effect model, random intercept probit model, and structural equation modeling. Accordingly, climatic shocks are negatively associated with child nutrition. Moreover, early life exposure to climatic shocks is negatively associated with nutritional status at later age. Therefore, if appropriate measures are not taken, the predicted increase in the frequency of extreme events might slow down the secular progress in reduction of child undernutrition in Ethiopia. The role of other covariates was also analyzed. Accordingly, despite their biological and behavioral advantage, girls were more likely to be stunted than boys. This finding highlights the need for a gender-sensitive intervention and the role of intra-household food allocation during shocks. This study also revealed that program participation by drought-affected households has a positive association with child nutrition. Therefore, programs targeted to shock affected households might have a potential to smooth the impact of climatic shocks on child undernutrition Acknowledgement : The data used in this study come from Young Lives, a 15-year study of the changingnature of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam (www.younglives.org.uk). Young Lives is funded by UK aid from the Department forInternational Development (DFID). The views expressed here are those of the author(s). They are not necessarily those of Young Lives, the University of Oxford, DFID or other funders. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277297&r=env |
| By: | Rahmawati (School of Economics Muhammadiyah Palopo, Binturu, 91923, Palopo, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Dileep Kumar Author-2-Workplace-Name: Berjaya University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | Objective - The research aims to decode the model of Social Audit on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and develop a new model for CSR. Methodology/Technique - The study uses qualitative research using Derrida's deconstructive postmodernism paradigm. This study scrutinises all models of CSR, distinguishing between capitalism and socialism in audit practices, and creates a new CSR model that integrates the local wisdom of indigenous peoples. Findings - The study observes several unfair practices without ensuring social and distributive justice to the indigenous community where mining activities are conducted. Several concepts linked to sustainable development were evolved during the data collection phase. By deconstructing the two major concepts of CSR and Social Audit, the research develops a new model of sustainable corporate responsibility which enables stakeholders to empower the Luwu community by ensuring cultural integration and social development. Novelty – By exploring CSR activities in the Luwu area, this study verifies all existing CSR practices and Social Audit models to generate a sustainable corporate social responsibility model for corporations, government and allied stakeholders. This research may be used to support policy agreements between governments, industry players and the corporations, towards effective SCSR implementation. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Social Responsibility; Social Audit; Sustainable Development; Capitalism; Local wisdom. |
| JEL: | M40 M42 M49 |
| Date: | 2018–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr142&r=env |
| By: | Van Deynze, B. |
| Abstract: | This study examines how landowners prior experience with bioenergy feedstock crops affects their intentions to lease land to produce those crops, and how attitudes and concerns about bioenergy affect intentions differently for landowners with differing levels of experience. I analyze stated preference data from a representative sample of landowners in Northern Michigan and Wisconsin. Landowners were asked whether they would provide cropland or farmable noncropland to produce three different bioenergy feedstocks: corn stover, switchgrass, and poplar. I develop measures of landowner attitudes and concerns through confirmatory factor analysis and use the resulting measures along with a proxy for experience as covariates in probit models with intention to provide land as the dependent variable. The results indicate that experience has a significant effect on landowners decisions for switchgrass and poplar, but less of an impact on the decisions for corn stover. Experience also activates pro-bioenergy attitudes while nullifying concerns about rental and process disamenities. However, experience can increase the impact of concerns about environmental disamenities created by poplar. These findings suggest that targeted outreach can significantly increase the supply of land to produce bioenergy feedstocks. Acknowledgement : This research was funded by the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (DOE BER Office of Science DE-FC02- 07ER64494), DOE OBP Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DE-AC05-76RL01830), the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, MSU AgBioResearch, and the USDA National Institue of Food and Agriculture. For access to the survey data and methodological guidance, I thank Scott Swinton. For feedback on earlier drafts of this paper, I thank Soren Anderson and Frank Lupi. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277001&r=env |
| By: | Scott C. Merrill (Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0082); Christopher J. Koliba (Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405); Susan M. Moegenburg (Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0082); Asim Zia (Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405); Jason Parker (School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University at Mansfield, Mansfield, Ohio 44691); Timothy Sellnow (Nicholson School of Communication, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-1344); Serge Wiltshire (Department of Food Systems. University of Vermont, 105 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405); Gabriela Bucini (Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0082); Caitlin Danehy (Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405); Julia M. Smith (Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405) |
| Abstract: | Livestock industries are vulnerable to disease threats, which can cost billions of dollars and have substantial negative social ramifications. Losses are mitigated through increased use of disease-related biosecurity practices, making increased biosecurity an industry goal. Currently, there is no industry-wide standard for sharing information about disease incidence or on-site biosecurity strategies, resulting in uncertainty regarding disease prevalence and biosecurity strategies employed by industry stakeholders. Using an experimental simulation game, we examined human participant's willingness to invest in biosecurity when confronted with scenarios that modified information about 1) disease incidence and 2) biosecurity strategy or response by production facilities to the threat of disease. Here we show that willingness to invest in biosecurity increases with increased information about disease incidence, but decreases with increased information about biosecurity practices used by nearby facilities. Thus, the type or context of the uncertainty confronting the decision maker may be a major factor influencing behavior. Our findings suggest that policies and practices that encourage greater sharing of disease incidence information should have the greatest benefit for protecting herd health. |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1811.01081&r=env |
| By: | Morgan, S.; Mason, N.; Shupp, R. |
| Abstract: | Motivating individual contributions to and compliance with policies designed to provide and protect public goods is a major challenge for agri-environmental program administrators. This article investigates whether and to what extent stakeholder participation via anonymous, open-ended comments in the design and formulation of agri-environmental policy may motivate individual contributions to public goods and compliance with final rules and policies. We introduce a comment mechanism into a public goods experiment both with and without an exogenous enforcement mechanism to analyze the impacts on individual behavior. Stakeholder comments are found to have a large positive effect on both individual contributions to a public good and compliance with regulatory policies conditional on the presence of complementary enforcement. Stakeholder comments also significantly impact the behavior of policymakers, leading to higher contribution rules. We link our findings to the relevance of stakeholder inclusion for agri-environmental policymaking and potential to approach Pareto Optimal outcomes. Acknowledgement : We would like to thank Rachel Croson and Robert Myers for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. We would also like to thank seminar participants at Michigan State University, and conference participants at AAEA 2017 and AERE 2017 for helpful comments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this project from the USDA-Economic Research Service and the Center for Behavioral and Experimental Agri-Environmental Research under grant 42734. SM also gratefully acknowledges support from the Global Center for Food Systems Innovation. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277122&r=env |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera Helena; Mota, Catherine Rebouças |
| Abstract: | O Brasil está em processo de discussão sobre sua entrada na Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico - OCDE. Diante disso, procura-se compreender o papel da OCDE na governança mundial de sustentabilidade. De fato, se o país fizer a parte da Organização, o Brasil terá que progressivamente realizar alterações políticas e legislativas no intuito de convergir com as orientações encabeçadas pela OCDE. O artigo está organizado em três partes. No primeiro tópico aborda-se sobre Crescimento Verde na OCDE e as repercussões da Agenda 2030. No segundo, apresenta-se a estrutura institucional da OCDE para desenvolvimento e implementação dos projetos, programas, ações e sistemas sobre meio ambiente. No terceiro tópico, organiza-se os relatórios da OCDE de acordo com os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável, elucidando, ainda, as decisões tomadas pela Organização sobre meio ambiente. O artigo realizou uma análise documental dos relatórios da OCDE que sumariza as medidas ambientais dos seus projetos e permitem uma descrição do que pode ser considerado a sua política ambiental. |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:486&r=env |
| By: | Cao, H.; Zhao, K.; Huang, H. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, 797 households in Henan and Ningxia were selected as sample, and the binary Logit Model was used to analyze the influencing factors of pro-environmental behavior in grain farmers production and operation. The results show that: farmers in production and management have begun showing a pro-environmental trend. The main factors that affect the production and management of grain farmers include the characteristics of farmers' personal characteristics, family characteristics, cultivated land resources endowment, cognitive characteristics and location characteristics. The educational level, participation in skills training , income level, breeding status, joining cooperatives, awareness of arable land protection policy, whether the main grain producing areas and other factors have a significant positive impact on the pro-environmental behavior of farmers. And age, management type, fragmentation of cultivated land and other factors have a significant negative impact on the pro-environmental behavior of farmers. The factors such as the quantity of labor force, the importance of protecting the cultivated land and the cognition of person liable of the cultivated land protection have no significant effect on the pro-environmental behavior of the farmers. Other factors have different effects on the pro-environmental behavior of farmers. Acknowledgement : Hui Cao thanks Jingjing Sun and other research group members for the contribution made in the questionnaire survey and data processing. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277110&r=env |
| By: | UNCTAD; World Bank |
| Keywords: | Agriculture - Agricultural Sector Economics Agriculture - Climate Change and Agriculture Agriculture - Food Security Environment - Water Resources Management Water Resources - Water and Food Supply Water Resources - Water and Human Health Private Sector Development - Corporate Social Responsibility |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:29478&r=env |
| By: | Chang, C-L.; Ilomäki, J.; Laurila, H.; McAleer, M.J. |
| Abstract: | The paper examines whether the moving average (MA) technique can beat random market timing in traditional and newer branches of an industrial sector. The sector considered is the energy sector, divided into balanced stock portfolios of fossil and renewable energy companies. Eight representative firms are selected for both portfolios. The paper finds that MA timing outperforms random timing with the portfolio of renewable energy companies, whereas the result is less clear with the portfolio of fossil energy companies. Thus, there seems to be more forecastable stochastic trends in sunrise branches than in sunset branches. |
| Keywords: | Moving averages, market timing, industrial sector, energy sector, fossil fuels, renewable, energy, random timing, sunrise branches, sunset branches |
| JEL: | C22 C32 L71 L72 Q16 Q42 Q47 |
| Date: | 2018–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureir:111616&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, C.; Sun, Y.; Hu, R. |
| Abstract: | The large urban-rural income inequality and indiscriminate use of fertilizer and pesticide, as well as the related environment degradation in China during the past decades concern the society. However, little is known about the relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and agricultural fertilizer and pesticide use in China. Based on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, this study aims to reveal how the urban-rural income inequality affects fertilizer and pesticide use from 1995 to 2015 in China. The results show that the relationship between per capita income of the rural households and per hectare fertilizer and pesticide use supports the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Meanwhile, there exists a significant and positive relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and per hectare fertilizer and pesticide use. The share of agricultural value added in provincial gross domestic product not only directly influences fertilizer and pesticide use, but affects the relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and fertilizer and pesticide use. This study demonstrates that more efforts should be devoted to narrowing the urban-rural income inequality and deepening the reform of agricultural research and extension system to reduce agricultural fertilizer and pesticide use in China. Acknowledgement : This study was supported by the Beijing Institute of Technology [grant number 20172242001] and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China [grant number 2016YFD0201301]. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277033&r=env |
| By: | Hana Slová?ková (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); Pavel Klein (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); Jakub Michal (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); David B?ezina (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy) |
| Abstract: | Business ethics, corporate social responsibility and environmental management in business largely overlap and are often the reason for the controversy over their effectiveness and real benefits for businesses and society. An elementary prerequisite for their effective functioning is the overall social interest. Specifically, it concerns the interest on the part of businesses management and, on the other hand, the interest of the citizens who are able to appreciate these practices and put a special emphasis on them. The constant pressure for the protection of the environment from interest groups and international organizations is of a fundamental importance in the development and application of ethical, social and environmental standards that are used in business practice. The information contained in this article presents the information from both primary and secondary surveys carried out in the Czech Republic. The aim of the information is to assess the attitudes of the respondents in the Czech Republic toward the issue of the overall social nature, which the business ethics and related areas such as corporate social responsibility and environmental management certainly are. In the light of the results of national surveys, it is possible to talk about a contradictory perception of these areas. The contradictory nature can be mainly seen in the positive attitudes toward the acquaintance with this issue and the real interest in the support through a financial compensation of such an approach to business. All interpretations are based on the data, which are derived from the questionnaire surveys carried out in the years 2015 - 2018. |
| Keywords: | social responsibility, marketing, forest products, labor and consumers, labor management, environmental and ecological economics, sustainable development |
| JEL: | M14 Q00 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:6810197&r=env |