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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam; CESifo, Munich; Payne Institute for Earth Resources, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado) |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide emissions have grown less fast than the economy because of improvements in energy efficiency. Switching to less carbon-intensive fuels and climate policy have played a minor role. Scenarios of future emissions are optimistic about economic growth and energy efficiency, and the higher scenarios assume resurgent coal use at odds with current trends. Climate policy is cheap for moderate targets and smart implementation. Costs are much higher for more realistic policies and for more stringent targets. The negative emission required by the Paris Agreement would need large subsidies. Greenhouse gas emission reduction is a global public good that is hard to provide. Key players in the climate debate benefit from the rents created by inefficient policies, from causing confusion, and from mixing climate with other matters. |
| Keywords: | climate change, energy, climate policy |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:1618&r=env |
| By: | Kever Bruno Paradelo Gomes (Instituto Federal of Brasília); Rosana Carvalho Cristo Martins (University of Brasília) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study was to investigate aspects related to the perception of sustainable agriculture, especially on agroforestry yards, on rural properties of family farmers. Considering the proposed objectives, the present research is methodologically characterized as quantitative, exploratory and descriptive. The work was carried out on rural properties of the family farmers of the Rural region of Ponte Alta, Gama Administrative Region, in the city of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. The questionnaire used was composed of five blocks of questions, structured according to the objectives to be reached, in order to identify the profile of the family farmers, use of the yard, and environmental perceptions. The data treatment was performed through descriptive statistical analysis, using the R² software. We interviewed 99 people aged between 18 and 83 years with an average age of 49 years. Family farmers in the Ponte Alta - Gama region have little education. About 40% of the interviewees did not finish high school. Most farmers plant for the purpose of feeding, amounting to 96.97%. Then, the main reason is the trade, with more than half of the respondents, 57.58%. Finally, the other reasons were not so relevant, leisure with 14.14%, landscaping with 13.13%, occupational therapy and others with 8.08%. 45% of the informants refer to water as the main factor of the environment, while 75% have the perception that deforestation is the main source of aggression to natural resources. The agroforestry yards, in addition to ensuring a rich and diverse diet, both for self-consumption or to market surpluses in the local marketing channels, allows the planting and conservation of forest species important for the conservation of nature and softens environmental impacts on small farms. The study of perception in ethnobotanical and socio-forest relations can favor a more sustainable use of environmental resources. |
| Keywords: | Environmental education, forest backyards, rural development. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q01 Q39 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7808664&r=env |
| By: | Marwa Lazreg (Université de Sousse); Ezzeddine Zouari (Université de Sousse) |
| Abstract: | Our goal in this paper is the study of the impact of FDI on poverty and sustainable development in the case of Tunisia and during the study period from 1985 to 2015. In addition, we used the test unit root of cointegration test, the model error correction of FMOLS and Granger causality. In the case of Tunisia, we find that all variables are integrated of order 1. Thus, we can use the cointegration test. Indeed, the result of the null hypothesis test of no cointegration was rejected at the 5% threshold, which explains the presence of a cointegration relationship between FDI, sustainable development and poverty. Finally, we present and interpreted the results of the estimated FMOLS model and Granger causality test to study the contribution of FDI to the poverty reduction and sustainable development in Tunisia. We find that the LIDE variable measuring foreign direct investment has a significant negative impact on the GINI index. We notice the LCO2 variable that measures the CO2 emissions has a negative and significant impact on poverty as measured by the poverty gap at $ 1.91. We prove that direct foreign investments have a significant negative impact on CO2 emissions. We find that the LIDE variable measuring foreign direct investment has a significant negative impact on the GINI index. We notice the LCO2 variable that measures the CO2 emissions has a negative and significant impact on poverty as measured by the poverty gap at $ 1.91. We prove that direct foreign investments have a significant negative impact on CO2 emissions. We found that the LIDE variable measuring foreign direct investment has a significant negative impact on the GINI index. We notice the LCO2 variable that measures the CO2 emissions has a negative and significant impact on poverty as measured by the poverty gap at $ 1.91. We prove that direct foreign investments have a significant negative impact on CO2 emissions |
| Keywords: | cointegration,FMOLS,CO2 emissions,poverty,IDE |
| Date: | 2018–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01756733&r=env |
| By: | Karakaya, Etem; Yılmaz, Burcu; Alataş, Sedat |
| Abstract: | Much of the existing research analyses on emissions and climate policy are dominantly based on emissions data provided by production-based accounting (PBA) system. However, PBA provides an incomplete picture of driving forces behind these emission changes and impact of global trade on emissions, simply by neglecting the environmental impacts of consumption. To remedy this problem, it is proposed to calculate national emissions based on consumption-based accounting (CBA) system. In this article we question the relevance of PBA’s dominance. To this end, we, firstly, try to assess and compare PBA with CBA adopted in greenhouse gas emissions accounting systems in climate change debates on several issues and to discuss the policy implications of the choice of approach. Secondly, we investigate the convergence patterns in production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions in 35 Annex-B countries for the period between 1990 and 2015. This study, for the first time, puts all these arguments together and discusses possible outcomes of convergence analysis by employing both the production and consumption based CO2 per capita emissions data. The empirical results found some important conclusions which challenge most of the existing CO2 convergence studies. |
| Keywords: | Consumption Based Accounting, CO2 emissions Convergence, Climate Policy, emissions and Trade, Annex B Countries |
| JEL: | F18 O1 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:88781&r=env |
| By: | Chalmers, Neil; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar |
| Abstract: | Sustainable diets are defined as “nutrient-dense, affordable, culturally acceptable, and sparing of the environment” (Drewnowski, 2017). Whilst diets which cover the nutrient and environmental aspects have been studied in detail, there has been little work on also incorporating acceptability (i.e. consumer preferences). This study estimates sustainable diets using the Green et al (2015) dietary models (quadratic programming based) with the following data: national diet and nutrition survey, dietary reference values, Kantar Worldpanel prices and carbon footprints. The diet models were estimated for eight UK demographic groups alongside estimation of the respective demand systems in order to incorporate own price elasticities. The results suggest that sustainable diets for all the demographic groups are to an extent possible based on the nutrient constraints used, with the largest emission reductions (relative to the baseline diet emissions) of 45 per cent for males aged 19 to 50 and aged 50 plus. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273490&r=env |
| By: | Saravanakumar, V.; Balasubramanian |
| Abstract: | Recent research indicates that climate change would increase the risk of productivity loss in sorghum crop in India. This study estimates the impact of climate change on yield sensitivity and documents the adaptation strategies in sorghum production in Tamil Nadu. Here, we first use panel regression with fixed effects model to estimate the impacts of climate variables on yield responses using data from 1971 to 2010. These estimates are then used to examine the future yield sensitivities using the projected climate variables from Regional Climate Model (RegCM4). At last, we use primary survey to document adaptation strategies at farm level. Results show a quadratic relationship between climate variables and yield i.e. as temperature and rainfall increase, crop yield initially increases up to a threshold level, and then decreases. RegCM4 model results indicated that increase in temperature and rainfall anomalies would continue in the future, which could result in a 9 percent loss in sorghum yield. Adaptation strategies such as soil and water conservation, mixed crops and adoption of drought tolerant varieties were widely practiced at farm level. This call for research investments and extension efforts are to be intensified to adopt above strategies to combat the vagaries of climate. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276012&r=env |
| By: | Rick van der Ploeg; Armon Rezai |
| Abstract: | Unanticipated climate policy curbs the value of physical capital that is costly to adjust. We illustrate this by showing that climate policy to keep peak global warming below 2°C depresses the share prices of oil and gas majors and their market capitalisation, curbs exploration investment and oil and gas discoveries, boosts proven reserves left abandoned in the crust of the earth, cuts exploitation investment, and induces an earlier onset of the carbon-free era. For a given carbon budget, an immediate carbon tax is the first-best response but delaying the carbon tax or a renewable energy subsidy to meet the same temperature target are preferred by shareholders because they introduce Green Paradox effects and protect the profitability of existing capital. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure; climate policy, fossil fuel, exploration investment, discoveries, exploitation investment, stranded carbon assets, stock prices, irreversible capital, adjustment costs |
| JEL: | D20 D53 D92 G11 H32 Q02 Q38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:oxcrwp:206&r=env |
| By: | El Ouardighi, Fouad (ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School); Kogan, Konstantin (Bar-Ilan University); Boucekkine, Raouf (Aix-Marseille University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how the relationship between economic growth and pollution is affected by the source of pollution: production or consumption. We are interested in polluting waste that cannot be naturally absorbed, but for which recycling efforts aim to avoid massive pollution accumulation with harmful consequences in the long run. We distinguish the cases where recycling efforts are capital-improving or capital-neutral. Based on both environmental and social welfare perspectives, we determine how the interaction between growth and polluting waste accumulation is affected by the source of pollution, i.e., either consumption or production, and by the fact that recycling may or may not act as an income generator, i.e., either capital-improving or capital-neutral recycling efforts. Several new results are extracted regarding optimal recycling policy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Beside the latter concern, we show both analytically and numerically that the optimal control of waste through recycling allows to reaching larger (resp., lower) consumption and capital stock levels under consumption-based waste compared to production-based waste while the latter permits to reach lower stocks of waste through lower recycling efforts. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth; Capital; Consumption; Polluting waste; recycling efforts |
| JEL: | C61 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:essewp:dr-17011&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the twentyfirst century given its global causes and consequences and the scale of the coordinated efforts that will be needed to alleviate its negative impacts, adapt to new climate conditions and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The primary aim of this publication is to provide a concise, graphic presentation of the basic assumptions and statistical data relating to the economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean. This presentation of a set of stylized facts is intended to serve as a tool for improving the design, instrumentation and evaluation of public policies for the twenty-first century that are focused on transforming the current style of development and transitioning into a more sustainable one. In addition to the preceding preface and this introduction, this study will explore nine theses regarding climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean along with seven of the challenges that it poses. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, CONSUMO, AGRICULTURA, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, ZONAS URBANAS, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, BOSQUES, DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, COSTAS, INDICADORES AMBIENTALES, GAS DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, INDICADORES ECONOMICOS, INDICADORES DEL DESARROLLO, CLIMATE CHANGE, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, CONSUMPTION, AGRICULTURE, ENERGY RESOURCES, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN AREAS, WATER RESOURCES, FORESTS, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, COASTS, ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS, GREENHOUSE GASES, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS |
| Date: | 2018–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:43889&r=env |
| By: | Andrea Pronti (CNR-IRCRES, National Research Council, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, via Real Collegio 30, Moncalieri (TO) – Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper aim at comparing agroecological and conventional practices for small coffee producers in Leste Region of Minas Gerais state (Brazil). Six production units have been deeply analyzed and compared in: income generation with price volatility, productivity, working conditions, product diversification, agrobiodiversity, cost composition, environmental impacts and forest conservation. The results show that agroecology practices help local small farmers in stabilizing and diversifying incomes, reducing production risks and improve working conditions. Furthermore agroecological practices both reduce the use of chemical inputs and improve forest conservation. According with the results of this study agroecology is a cost-effective and sustainable alternative of conventional monoculture agriculture for smallholder farmers of the examined region. |
| Keywords: | Agroecology, Smallholder agriculture, Sustainability appraisal, Cost Benefit Analysis, Coffee, Minas Gerais, Brazil, socio-economic comparison |
| JEL: | Q12 Q15 Q57 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201707&r=env |
| By: | Revoredo-Giha, Cesar; Chalmers, Neil; Akaichi, Faical |
| Abstract: | Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with food consumption is a particularly important issue given the recent concerns regarding climate change and diet. This paper modelled the effects of ad-valorem and carbon consumption taxes on different food products and found that taxing high carbon food products will likely result in a decrease in carbon emissions and intake of less beneficial nutrients (such as saturated fats and sugars). However, the taxes will also likely result in small reductions of beneficial nutrients which are currently under consumed in the UK. This may cause concern to policymakers and suggests the importance of monitoring nutrient intakes with regards to a potential introduction of carbon taxes. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273481&r=env |
| By: | Granado-Díaz, R.; Gómez-Limón, J.A.; Rodríguez-Entrena, M.; Villanueva, A.J. |
| Abstract: | Previous studies demonstrate the existence of spatial heterogeneity in the demand for ecosystem services (ES), especially by showing spatial discounting (namely, distance decay) and the effect of substitute sites. Our study adds to this literature by analyzing diverse ways of modeling these two effects and applying them to a scattered ecosystem which provides various ES. For this purpose, novel spatial approaches using different discounting factors and incorporating the presence of substitutes (density-based vs. area-based indexes) have been tested. The analysis is based on a discrete choice experiment (DCE) focusing on the estimation of willingness to pay (WTP) for the ES provided by olive groves in Andalusia (southern Spain). For the econometric specification, we use random parameter logit models in preference space to assess the performance of the proposed spatial indexes. The results show that the introduction of these spatial indexes significantly improves the fit of the models, with the best outcome found for the area-based index combined with the inverse of the distance. In addition, differences are found depending on the ES. For biodiversity and soil conservation (i.e., predominantly use values), a positive relationship between WTP and the spatial index is found, implying that the larger the nearby olive grove area, the larger individuals’ WTP, while the opposite is found for carbon sequestration (i.e., predominantly non-use value). These results have important implications for the design of public policies aimed at improving the agricultural provision of ES. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa166:276205&r=env |
| By: | Aguiar, Danilo R. D.; Simoes, Giovanna T.C. |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to measure the emissions of Greenhouse gas (GHG) related to the diets eaten in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, by different groups of consumers, as well as to examine whether the taxes currently applied to food products are consistent with the environmental damages caused by them. We found that from 73% to 87% of the diet-related GHG emissions come from only two types of foods: beef and dairy. Rice is the main emitter among the foods of plant origin. The results also show that the diets of low-income individuals emit significantly less, while the diets of residents of countryside and small towns emit more than the diets of residents of São Paulo capital and the metropolitan area. Regarding the relationship between the existing taxes products and the hypothetical environmental taxes, we found that the existing taxes are too low for GHG-intensive foods and too high for less GHG-intensive foods, a pattern that tends to restrict the consumption of eco-friendly food items, as well as to stimulate the consumption of foods with high carbon footprints. A review of the tax policy applied to food products taking into account their GHG intensity is highly recommended, but the impact of such policy on nutrition and health should also be considered. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2018–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273478&r=env |
| By: | Häfner, Kati; Zasada, Ingo; Sagebiel, Julian |
| Abstract: | To reduce greenhouse-gas emissions from agriculturally used peatlands a new agri-environmental measure for peatland protection through water logging was established. To investigate which factors influence the willingness of farmers to participate in the measure we apply a discrete choice experiment. Measure characteristics such as contract length, assured acceptance of the cut grass, support in the cooperation with neighbours, effort to register and financial compensation are considered. The very new scheme targeted at climate protection could therefore be adjusted and better tailored to different farm types. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:262178&r=env |
| By: | Andrea Pronti (CNR-IRCRES, National Research Council, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, via Real Collegio 30, Moncalieri (TO) – Italy); Flavio Bertinaria |
| Abstract: | In the last century the agricultural sector grown exponentially with outstanding increase in food productions that released poverty and malnutrition in many parts of the world. These important results have been achieved to the detriment of the environment and equity caused by massive externalities that the new productive paradigm had generated. Since 1992 sustainability in agriculture is one of the main cornerstone of the international agenda for reaching global sustainable development and reducing poverty. One of the main challenge in designing sustainable agricultural policies is the use of effective measurement of sustainability that would encompass the intrinsic multidimensionality of small farming agriculture that is characterized to be a complex socio-ecological system in which social, economic and environmental aspects strictly interacts. This paper examines the application of an experimental method of sustainability assessment using HESOFI, a measurement framework developed in Central America for small scale agriculture. The paper analyzes by the use of several indicators of sustainability thirty mixed small farms located in Peruvian Amazon. In addition, the assessment has been developed with different categories of agricultural units divided by ethnic origin (Andean or Indigenous) and by certification (Fair Trade and Organic) in order to compare the different levels of sustainability reached by each category. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable agriculture, HESOFI, Sustainability assessment, Small Farming, Amazon |
| JEL: | Q01 Q12 Q29 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201711&r=env |
| By: | Caron, Justin; Fally, Thibault |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of income-driven differences in consumption patterns in explaining and projecting energy demand and CO2 emissions. We develop and estimate a general-equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences across a large set of countries and sectors, and trace embodied energy consumption through intermediate use and trade linkages. Consumption of energy goods is less than proportional to income in rich countries, and more income-elastic in low-income countries. While income effects are weaker for embodied energy, we find a significant negative relationship between income elasticity and CO2 intensity across all goods. These income-driven differences in consumption choices can partially explain the observed inverted-U relationship between income and emissions across countries, the so-called environmental Kuznet curve. Relative to standard models with homothetic preferences, simulations suggest that income growth leads to lower emissions in high-income countries and higher emissions in some low-income countries, with only modest reductions in world emissions on aggregate. |
| Keywords: | CO2 content of consumption; consumption patterns; emissions projections; non-homothetic preferences |
| JEL: | F18 O10 Q47 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13092&r=env |
| By: | Justin Caron; Thibault Fally |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of income-driven differences in consumption patterns in explaining and projecting energy demand and CO 2 emissions. We develop and estimate a general-equilibrium model with non-homothetic preferences across a large set of countries and sectors, and trace embodied energy consumption through intermediate use and trade linkages. Consumption of energy goods is less than proportional to income in rich countries, and more income-elastic in low-income countries. While income effects are weaker for embodied energy, we find a significant negative relationship between income elasticity and CO 2 intensity across all goods. These income-driven differences in consumption choices can partially explain the observed inverted-U relationship between income and emissions across countries, the so-called environmental Kuznet curve. Relative to standard models with homothetic preferences, simulations suggest that income growth leads to lower emissions in high-income countries and higher emissions in some low-income countries, with only modest reductions in world emissions on aggregate. |
| JEL: | F18 O10 Q47 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24923&r=env |
| By: | Sommerseth, Jon Kristian; Shrestha, Shailesh; MacLeod, Michael; Hegrenes, Agnar; Salte, Ragnar |
| Abstract: | This paper explores a management practice that increases average daily weight gain (ADG) in dairy heifers from three months of age until confirmed pregnancy. The practice achieves early maturation of the animal as heifers under this management start lactation at 22 months of age compared to 26 months under common farm practices. This practice is an efficient rearing process for dairy farms and is considered more environment-friendly. It is associated with reduced emissions of GHG due to a reduced need for maintenance feeding, as well as a lower demand for recruitment animals. The management practice implies higher daily feed costs, but there are lesser days of feeding and lower costs of housing and labour. The objective of this study is to explore the financial and environmental impacts of the ADG management practice on Norwegian dairy farms. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2017–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258647&r=env |
| By: | Ashwin K Seshadri |
| Abstract: | Large-scale extraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Earth's atmosphere ("negative emissions") is important for stringent climate change mitigation scenarios, and we examine optimal (i.e. least-cost) pathways of negative emissions in the presence of learning by doing ("endogenous learning"). Optimal pathways solve a variational problem involving minimization of discounted costs subject to a constraint on total negative emissions across time. A minimum pathway exists if the marginal cost curve of negative emissions is increasing with annual rate of emissions reduction. In the absence of endogenous learning, the optimal pathway has annual negative emissions increasing with time: with more rapid increase in emissions rate occurring in case of large discount rate and slower increase of the cost curve. Endogenous learning can have contrary effects depending on how it is included in models. This paper identifies a basic distinction, between additive and multiplicative effects on marginal costs of endogenous learning, which governs its qualitative effects in such models. If endogenous learning is best modeled as a negative addition to the cost function, shifting the cost curve downward, the optimal pathway has higher emissions rate early on when compared to the no-learning case, however with emissions increasing with time. In contrast if endogenous learning is a multiplicative effect, scaling down marginal cost uniformly, then benefits of learning are slowly manifest as marginal cost rises and the optimal pathway begins at lower emissions rates that increase more rapidly as compared to if endogenous learning were absent. |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1808.08717&r=env |
| By: | Akinsola, Foluso A.; Odhiambo, Nicholas M. |
| Abstract: | The mad rush for rapid economic growth led by industrialization in emerging economies is having a negative impact on ecological management. Rapid economic growth and expansion of economic activities in most developed countries have resulted in acceleration of global warming and climate change. The direction of causality between carbon emission and economic growth varies from one country to the other depending on the data set and methodology employed by the researcher. In this paper, we examine the causal relationship between carbon emission and economic growth in five selected countries namely China, United States, Russia, India, and Japan. These countries are selected because they are the largest carbon emitters in the world. The study used two types of unit root test technique Levin-Lin-Chu (LLC) and Im-Pesaran-Shin (IPS) unit-root tests to ascertain the order of integration. Johansen Fisher Panel cointegration techniques and Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality Tests were applied to determine the existence of a long run relationship causal relationship between carbon emission and economic growth. Using panel cointegration approach, Fully Modified OLS and panel granger causality test, we found that there is a unidirectional causal flow from carbon emission to economic growth in most of the largest carbon emitters in the world in the long run. Therefore, the five most significant carbon emitters need to strengthen their carbon management and efficiency policies to avoid further environmental damages associated with rapid economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Emission, Economic Growth, Panel Cointegration Test |
| Date: | 2018–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:24787&r=env |
| By: | Ponce, Carmen (Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE)) |
| Abstract: | La diversificación de cultivos, la selección de cultivos tolerantes y el cultivo intercalado son algunas de las estrategias que los agricultores andinos, al igual que los agricultores de otras regiones montañosas, han utilizado históricamente para enfrentar los riesgos relacionados con el clima y para aprovechar las tierras agrícolas heterogéneas (con parcelas ubicadas en distintas altitudes, enfrentando diferentes condiciones ambientales). Este estudio analiza el papel de la variabilidad climática —durante el período de crecimiento— en el uso de estas estrategias, en un contexto de cambio climático en la región andina. Utilizando datos censales agrarios de 1994 y 2012 (panel distrital), la autora encuentra que —controlando por otras condiciones climáticas y factores socioeconómicos—, un aumento en la variabilidad climática intraestacional lleva a los agricultores de las áreas más frías ( |
| Keywords: | Diversificación de cultivos, Crop diversi?cation, Cambio climático, Climate change, Andes, Perú, Peru |
| JEL: | Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gad:avance:0036&r=env |
| By: | Lakner, Sebastian; Röder, Norbert; Baum, Sarah; Ackermann, Andrea |
| Abstract: | We analyse the net impacts and the coherence of the ecological focus area (EFA) in Germany. The empirical results show that farmers prefer productive EFA options and refrain from those EFA options that focus on for biodiversity. Empirical results show that simplicity is an important argument for the selection of EFA options, and that larger farms tend to use fallow more frequently. In some German federal states, farmers can combine EFA with Agri Environmental and Climate measures (AECM). However, this option is not predominantly selected. Finally, we provide suggestions to raise the effectiveness of the EFA regulation through better policy integration and simplification. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:262152&r=env |
| By: | Laura Schmitt Olabisi, Saweda Liverpool-Tasie, Adeola Olajide |
| Abstract: | • Under the baseline model run (without climate change), net production of maize in Nigeria (that is, production – national consumption) is expected to increase approximately three-fold by 2064. • Model output is consistent with meta modeling studies that demonstrate potential yield losses of up to 50% by mid-century in West Africa under climate change, with the median yield loss at 11%. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:270647&r=env |
| By: | Samuel Asante Gyamerah; Philip Ngare; Dennis Ikpe |
| Abstract: | Weather is a key production factor in agricultural crop production and at the same time the most significant and least controllable source of peril in agriculture. These effects of weather on agricultural crop production have triggered a widespread support for weather derivatives as a means of mitigating the risk associated with climate change on agriculture. However, these products are faced with basis risk as a result of poor design and modelling of the underlying weather variable (temperature). In order to circumvent these problems, a novel time-varying mean-reversion L\'evy regime-switching model is used to model the dynamics of the deseasonalized temperature dynamics. Using plots and test statistics, it is observed that the residuals of the deseasonalized temperature data are not normally distributed. To model the non-normality in the residuals, we propose using the hyperbolic distribution to capture the semi-heavy tails and skewness in the empirical distributions of the residuals for the shifted regime. The proposed regime-switching model has a mean-reverting heteroskedastic process in the base regime and a L\'evy process in the shifted regime. By using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, the parameters of the proposed model are estimated. The proposed model is flexible as it modelled the deseasonalized temperature data accurately. |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1808.04710&r=env |
| By: | Olabisi, Laura Schmitt; Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda; Olajide, Adeola |
| Abstract: | Climate change and the negative consequences it has on agriculture is already evident in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African countries. Mean annual rainfall in the Sahel region is declining and becoming more erratic while the growing season s. The impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector in Nigeria going forward are expected to be severe, but so far there is a dearth of systemic analysis of how these impacts would develop over time, or how they would interact with other drivers impacting Nigerian agriculture. Such a systemic analysis could contribute to adaptation efforts by identifying policy mechanisms that serve as system ‘levers’ to effect change given the considerable uncertainty associated with both the socio-economic and ecological aspects of climate change. This study begins to provide a systematic analysis of the impact of climate change on agricultural production in Nigeria using a participatory research method. We convened a workshop of key stakeholders with diverse and in-depth knowledge of Nigerian agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria, in June, 2016. Using a causal loop diagramming (CLD) technique, we grouped these stakeholders by region and led them through an exercise in which they drew diagrams depicting the barriers to, and opportunities for, Nigerian agricultural development. CLD is a method used in system dynamics modeling, and it is effective for identifying causal relationships between variables as well as feedback mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:260421&r=env |
| By: | Kuhfuss, Laure; Preget, Raphaele; Thoyer, Sophie; de Vries, Frans; Hanley, Nick |
| Abstract: | The environmental benefits from Payment for Environmental Service (PES) schemes can often be enhanced if farmers can be induced to enrol land in a spatially-coordinated manner. This is because the achievement of many targets for biodiversity conservation policy or water quality improvements are increasing in the spatial connectedness of enrolled land. One incentive mechanism which has been proposed by economists to achieve such connectedness is the Agglomeration Bonus (the AB). There has also been an interest within the literature on PES design in using “nudges” to enhance participation and performance. In this paper, we test whether a specific nudge in the form of information provided to participants on the environmental performance of their group can improve participation and spatial coordination, and/or enhance the impacts of the AB. We design a lab experiment whereby the environmental benefits generated by a PES scheme are generated by real contributions to an environmental charity. We argue that this mirrors the situation in actual PES schemes where participants derive utility from contributing to the environmental outputs of the scheme, in addition to the monetary payoffs they receive. Our results confirm the environmental benefits of the AB, but the impact of our nudge is much less environmentally effective. Interestingly, we find that the nudge does not significantly supercharge the AB, and can even worsen its performance. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273497&r=env |
| By: | Charles Fries (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago); Francois Gourio (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | Previous research has shown that weather shocks, i.e. temperature deviations from the long-run normal values, have significant effect on economic outcomes, such as employment or income, even in developed economies such as the United States. This evidence is often interpreted as reflecting limits to adaptation. We document large differences in the sensitivity of economic activity to weather shocks across regions within the US. We interpret these differences as reflecting adaptation choices that regions make given their specific climate. This leads us to use these reduced form estimates to estimate a simple structural model of adaptation. We can then use the model to infer the effect of projected climate change on production. We find that both the median losses and the identity of the losers from climate change vary substantially once adaptation is taken into account. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed018:1159&r=env |
| By: | Abdul-Salam, Yakubu; Roberts, Deborah |
| Abstract: | Off-farm work is a common phenomenon among farm household members in industrialised nations. In Scotland, it is expected to grow partly due to Brexit induced uncertainty in agricultural policy and markets. Previous research has linked the phenomenon to farmers’ production choices with some research findings suggesting that it increases the uptake of low input intensity pro-environmental farming methods but the overall evidence is mixed. An understanding of the influence of the expected growth in off-farm work on farmer production choices and its impact on the intensity of input use is of interest given the increasing policy emphasis being given to supporting sustainable agricultural production methods. Using Scotland’s Farm Accounts Survey data, we examine the determinants of off-farm work and investigate its effects on two measures of agricultural intensity namely fertiliser and crop protection expenditures per hectare. We find that tenanted farmers managing relatively small farms are more likely to be involved in off-farm work. We also find that farmers with very high levels of off-farm work are significantly less intensive in the use of fertilisers but there is no evidence of any impact of off-farm work on their intensity of use of crop protection products. It follows that an increase in the proportion of farmers with off-farm work brought about by Brexit may have the unintended (positive) consequence of reducing the intensity of inorganic fertiliser use in agriculture, thereby making the sector more environmentally sustainable. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273486&r=env |
| By: | Gschwandtner, Adelina; Jang, Cheul; McManus, Richard |
| Abstract: | Increased pollution leads to a constant decrease of drinking water quality worldwide. Due to safety concerns, unpleasant taste and odour only about 3% of the population in South Korea is drinking untreated tap water. The present study uses choice experiments and cost-benefit analysis to investigate the feasibility of installing advanced water treatments in Cheongju waterworks in South Korea. The waterworks is situated in the middle of the country and is providing more than half a million people with drinking water. The study shows that the lower bound of the median WTP for installing a new advanced water treatment system is about $ 2 US/month, which is similar to the average expenditures for bottled water per household in South Korea. Scenarios under which the instalment of the advanced water treatments is feasible are discussed together with environmental solutions in the long-run. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273472&r=env |
| By: | Sheremet, Oleg; Ruokamo, Enni; Juttinen, Artti; Svento, Rauli; Hanley, Nick |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the problem of designing PES-type contracts to encourage participation and spatial coordination amongst private forest owners in Finland. The aim of the policy is to increase efforts to mitigate risks from invasive forest pests and diseases. Such control actions yield spill-over benefits to other landowners and to wider society, meaning that the level of privately-optimal disease control is likely to be less than the socially-optimal level. The policy designer may wish to encourage spatial coordination in the uptake of such PES-type contracts, as spatial coordination delivers an increase in the effectiveness of control measures on disease risks. We conducted a choice experiment with private forest owners in Finland in October 2016. The study elicited the preferences of woodland owners with respect to the design of forest disease control contracts, and gauged their willingness to cooperate with neighbouring forest owners within the framework of such programs. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273475&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Heyen; Joshua Horton; Juan Moreno-Cruz |
| Abstract: | Solar geoengineering has received increasing attention as an option to temporarily stabilize global temperatures. A key concern surrounding these technologies is that heterogeneous preferences over the optimal amount of cooling combined with low deployment costs may allow the country with the strongest incentive for cooling, the so-called free-driver, to impose a substantial externality on the rest of the world. We analyze whether the threat of counter-geoengineering technologies capable of negating the climatic effects of solar geoengineering can overcome the free-driver problem and tilt the game in favor of international cooperation. Our game-theoretical model of asymmetric countries allows for a rigorous analysis of the strategic interaction surrounding solar geoengineering and counter-geoengineering. We find that the free-driver outcome becomes unstable once counter-geoengineering is available, but not always with benign effects. The presence of counter-geoengineering leads to either a climate clash where countries engage in a non-cooperative escalation of opposing climate interventions (negative welfare effect), a moratorium treaty where countries commit to abstain from either type of climate intervention (indeterminate welfare effect), or cooperative deployment of solar geoengineering (positive welfare effect). We show that the outcome depends crucially on the degree of asymmetry in temperature preferences between countries. |
| Keywords: | climate intervention, solar geoengineering, counter-geoengineering, free-driver, strategic conflicts, game theory, cooperation, externality, global warming, international environmental agreements |
| JEL: | Q54 H41 D62 D02 D74 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7180&r=env |
| By: | Chalmers, Neil; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar |
| Abstract: | Many Western countries such as Scotland face the challenge of reducing carbon emissions associated with food systems (Garnett 2011) while also improving dietary nutritional intake (Scottish Government 2016). Both measures together with affordability represent a sustainable diet. The purpose of this paper is to estimate a healthy and sustainable diet for the major demographic groups in Scotland through producing a list of food products which would help create such a diet. The data for the analysis were sourced from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) for the purposes of estimating Scottish food consumption categories and their respective nutrients. The datasets were augmented with prices obtained from 2014 Kantar Worldpanel data in addition to carbon footprint data (cradle to grave). The diet was designed using a linear programming model, which minimised the monetary cost of the diet subject to 22 nutritional constraints based on UK and Scottish dietary recommendations plus a greenhouse gas emission constraint. The results suggest that a sustainable and healthy diet is possible for all the demographic groups. All 22 nutrient constraints were satisfied in the modelling of the healthy and sustainable diet and the cost of the seven-day diet was estimated to be the most expensive for the Female 11-14 group at £18.20. However, the diets are virtually vegetarian based and some quantities of food products are unrealistic, which may pose issues for consumer acceptability. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258622&r=env |
| By: | Daxini, Amar; O'Donoghue, Cathal; Ryan, Mary; Barnes, Andrew; Buckley, Cathal; Daly, Karen |
| Abstract: | Nutrients not converted to agricultural products are at risk of being lost to the environment and can contribute to environmental degradation. The adoption of nutrient management planning (NMP) can lead to win-win outcomes in terms of both improving productivity and reducing the environmental impact of farming, yet adoption remains below expectations globally. Few studies specifically focus on the adoption of NMP and the majority overlook psychological factors in their analysis. This study examines the factors which influence Irish farmers’ intention to adopt NMP as defined by intention to apply fertiliser on the basis of soil test results. An expanded version of the theory of planned behaviour is used as a framework for analysis. The influence of policy is also accounted for by this study which requires certain farmers in Ireland to adopt soil testing on a mandatory basis. The results for the national sample (n=1009) show that attitudes, subjective norms (social pressure), perceived behavioural control (ease/difficulty) and perceived resources are significant and positively associated with farmers’ intentions. In terms of the voluntary sample (n=587), only attitude, perceived behavioural control and perceived resources are significantly and positively associated with farmers’ intentions. Whereas, for the mandatory sample (n=422), subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and perceived resources are significantly and correlated in a positive direction with intentions. A number of farm and farmer characteristics were also significantly associated with intentions. We argue that psychological issues must be addressed by initiatives designed to encourage further uptake of NMP. Furthermore, initiatives must account for the heterogeneity in the factors which influence farmers to adopt, which may be influenced by motivations for adopting soil testing, such as voluntary or mandatory purposes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273498&r=env |
| By: | Daxini, Amar; O'Donoghue, Cathal; Ryan, Mary; Barnes, Andrew; Buckley, Cathal; Daly, Karen |
| Abstract: | Nutrients not converted to agricultural products are at risk of being lost to the environment and can contribute to environmental degradation. The adoption of nutrient management planning (NMP) can lead to win-win outcomes in terms of both improving productivity and reducing the environmental impact of farming, yet adoption remains below expectations globally. Few studies specifically focus on the adoption of NMP and the majority overlook psychological factors in their analysis. This study examines the factors which influence Irish farmers’ intention to adopt NMP as defined by intention to apply fertiliser on the basis of soil test results. An expanded version of the theory of planned behaviour is used as a framework for analysis. The influence of policy is also accounted for by this study which requires certain farmers in Ireland to adopt soil testing on a mandatory basis. The results for the national sample (n=1009) show that attitudes, subjective norms (social pressure), perceived behavioural control (ease/difficulty) and perceived resources are significant and positively associated with farmers’ intentions. In terms of the voluntary sample (n=587), only attitude, perceived behavioural control and perceived resources are significantly and positively associated with farmers’ intentions. Whereas, for the mandatory sample (n=422), subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and perceived resources are significantly and correlated in a positive direction with intentions. A number of farm and farmer characteristics were also significantly associated with intentions. We argue that psychological issues must be addressed by initiatives designed to encourage further uptake of NMP. Furthermore, initiatives must account for the heterogeneity in the factors which influence farmers to adopt, which may be influenced by motivations for adopting soil testing, such as voluntary or mandatory purposes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273494&r=env |
| By: | Keatley, Paul; Caskie, Paul |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2017–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258645&r=env |
| By: | Julien Hardelin (OECD); Jussi Lankoski (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This report assesses the crucial drivers of ecosystem services and proposes actions to develop a more effective policy mix. Several elements form the basis of this report. First, a literature review provides an overview of the state and trends of ecosystem services linked to agriculture, including issues related to land use. Secondly, results are presented from a quantitative model developed to illustrate the potential benefits of improving policy design as well as to investigate synergies and trade-offs among ecosystem services. This report also includes a review of experiences in an inventory of ecosystems in selected countries and policy initiatives that address ecosystem services linked to agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, conservation auction, environmental tax, payment for ecosystem services, spatial targeting, water quality |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:114-en&r=env |
| By: | Fradj, Nosra Ben; Rozakis, Stelios; Jayet, Pierre-Alain |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to assess the future of CAP reforms after 2020 in Poland. We provide a comparative analysis in which the impact of uniform and coupled support scenarios are assessed and compared against alternative environmental regulation measures. An agricultural supply model AROPAj is used to highlight the difference between scenarios. Coupled support for protein and legume crops reduces inequality between farm groups. Although crop diversification increases, no drastic land use change has been noticed, thereby reducing N-fertiliser use and GHG emissions. Results vary according to regions and the type of farming and economic size. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa162:273108&r=env |
| By: | Hodge, Ian |
| Abstract: | Brexit requires the UK government to develop its own policy for the governance of rural land. This policy should adopt an ecosystems approach to be better targeted, integrated, collaborative and devolved. A British Ecosystem Services Policy would support delivery of a full range of ESs to be provided by both landholders and other organisations and individuals who can contribute effectively. It would be implemented by developing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes where feasible but also through a series of procurement funds administered at national and local levels. Landholders and others could tender to deliver services, potentially assembling a portfolio of service provisions. Funds would monitor the outcomes, costs revealed through tendering and the effectiveness of alternative delivery methods in order to feedback into future arrangements. However, at this stage we lack governance structures for full implementation. Initially, policy can support an extended agri-environment programme, doing more to promote collective initiatives, PES and devolved decision-making, while reducing some levels of direct policy payments. While a full BESP is a longer term goal, it is critical to embark in this direction in order to avoid path dependency trapping policy into a direct substitute for a flawed CAP |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258640&r=env |
| By: | Plaas, Elke; Schütte, Rebekka |
| Abstract: | The European Union is one of the world’s leading wine producers and exporters. European vineyards are smaller than in other wine producing countries and are cultivated more labour-intensively. However, this economic disadvantage can become a benefit for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services in vinicultural landscapes. Using cover crops in vineyards is a practice to reduce soil erosion and potentially enhance biodiversity. Field trials in VineDivers have shown this across a European transect (France, Austria, Spain and Romania). We analyzed the competitiveness of French wine from the Layon region on world markets with different field sites scenarios using a Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). For this purpose we took into account revenues and costs of grape production. Our results show that viniculture in Layon is competitive in the worldwide market but it is under pressure due to regulations to protect the wine production in French wine-regions. The regional value creation in producing high quality wine with a more environmental friendly production enables the vintners to earn higher profits. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2017–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258620&r=env |
| By: | Toland, Gerald D.; Onyeaghala, Raphael O. |
| Abstract: | Our global agricultural economy is challenged with serving the nutritional needs of nine billion people by the year 2050. An estimated seventy-percent increase in agricultural production capacity is needed over the next thirty-five years to balance the growth trends of worldwide food supply and demand. To investigate fundamental aspects of this challenge, we utilize a USDA-ERS production model (2003)i and an OECD model of sustainable growth to examine the economic factors required for sustainable Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth.ii We also review the effects of alternative institutional approaches, research funding policies, new technologies and climate change effects as critical determinants of global TFP growth rates required to meet growing worldwide food demands. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273476&r=env |
| By: | Weltin, Meike; Zasada, Ingo; Piorr, Annette; Debolini, Marta; Geniaux, Ghislain; Moreno Perez, Olga; Scherer, Laura; Tudela Marco, Lorena; Schulp, Nynke |
| Abstract: | Given the challenges of food security and environmental degradation, sustainable intensification (SI) that combines food production and environmental goals has received growing attention. This study traces the heterogeneous debate in a systematic literature review covering 20 years. To enhance structured, action-oriented understanding, we propose a conceptual framework that anchors the portfolio of SI practices in four fields of action covering farm to landscape level and land-use to organisational optimisation. Applying the framework in four European case studies demonstrates that future research and context-specific implementation must focus on the decision-making rationales of agents, coordinated action and coupling of locally-adapted practices. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:262179&r=env |
| By: | Wrzaszcz, Wioletta |
| Abstract: | In 2015 greening requirements were implemented. Legal rules obliged farmers to more environmental friendly farms` organization. The aim of the paper is to present the first effects of greening implementation in FADN farms in Poland, in the context of requirements concerning crop production organization and the maintenance of ecological focus areas. The paper is based on the panel of 7.4 thousand private farms participated in Single Area Payment Scheme, that enabled to identify organizational changes in agricultural production after greening binding. The research results indicated farms’ adaptation to greening requirements. Greening didn’t cause negative productive and economic outcomes for farms in 2015. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa162:271979&r=env |
| By: | Anita Schiller (University Of Dundee); Dakshina De Silva (Lancaster University); Robert McComb (Texas Tech University); Aurelie Slechten (Lancaster University) |
| Abstract: | Finding a theoretical explanation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) has been difficult. Given that environmental quality improves as income and consumption increase, ceteris paribus, there must be an increase in remediation/abatement activity. In this paper, we provide theoretical conditions for an existence of a locality-based EKC when both output and abatement expenditures are increasing in income. We validate these predictions empirically using a detailed firm-level dataset in which environmental policies are uniform across locations. We also show that firms engaging in abatement activity tend to locate near polluting firms while income also plays a significant role in location choice. |
| Keywords: | EKC, Environmental Economics, Agglomeration, Entry and Exit. |
| JEL: | Q50 R00 L00 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7709293&r=env |
| By: | Cisilino, Federica; Bodini, Antonella; Zanoli, Agostina; Lasorella, Maria Valentina |
| Abstract: | The CAP has introduced a higher allocation of the budget to the Agri-environmental schemes and Organic Farming over the years. In order to estimating impacts at regional level the evaluation of a Rural Development Programme single sub-measure have been considered. A FADN panel sample of Marche Region has been selected for years 2013, 2015. The application of a nonparametric matching model and the Difference-in-Difference estimator is presented. The environmental performance of organic farms is statistically different from conventional ones, therefore policy intervention has reached a positive effect. Instead, results on detected economic variables shown no differences between the two groups. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa162:271958&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Lyon (University of Michigan [Ann Arbor]); Magali Delmas (Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA - UCLA - University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles]); John W. Maxwell (Department of Business Economics and Public Policy Kelley School of Business Indiana University); Pratima Bansal (Ivey Business School at Western University, London, Ontario); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics, UP1 - Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne - Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne - Pres Hesam); Patricia Crifo (University Paris X-Nanterre); Rodophe Durand (HEC Paris - Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales); Jean-Pascal Gond (Cass Business School - City University London - City University London); Andrew King (Tuck School of Business - Dartmouth College [Hanover]); Michael Lenox (Darden School of Business); Michael Toffel (Harvard Business School - Harvard University [Cambridge]); David Vogel (University of California [Berkeley]); Frank Wijen (Rotterdam School of Management of Erasmus University - Rotterdam School of Management of Erasmus University) |
| Abstract: | Corporate social responsibility has gone mainstream, and many companies have taken meaningful steps towards a more sustainable future. Yet global environmental indicators continue to worsen, and individual corporate efforts may be hitting the point of diminishing returns. Voluntary action by the private sector is not a panacea-regulatory action by the public sector remains necessary. Such public sector progress will be more likely if it is supported by influential segments of the business community. Recent court rulings in the U.S. make it easy for companies to hide their political activities from the public, yet the indicators of CSR used by ratings agencies and socially responsible investment funds mostly ignore corporate political action. We argue that it is time for CSR metrics to be expanded to critically assess and evaluate firms based on the sustainability impacts of their public policy positions. To enable such assessments, firms need to become as transparent about their political activity as many have become about their CSR efforts, and CSR rating services and ethical investment funds need to demand such information from firms and include an assessment of corporate political activity in their ratings. † We thank the Albert and Elaine Borchard Foundation for their generous financial support. |
| Date: | 2018–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01846042&r=env |
| By: | Mohamed Haris, Nur Bahiah; Garrod, Guy; Gkartzios, Menelaos; Proctor, Amy |
| Abstract: | Organic agriculture is being promoted globally and is considered to have beneficial impacts on sustainable development. Aside from the importance of organic agriculture for human health and the environment, organic farming also indirectly contributes to income generation, development of new technologies and indigenous knowledge, as well as supporting rural development (Darnhofer, 2005; Scialabba, 2000). In Malaysia, people have recently become more aware of the potential advantages of organic food; however, the adoption rate among farmers is still very low and the number of certified farmers remains small. In fact, the demand from consumers for organic products continues to increase and cannot be met by local producers, hence relying on imports from other countries. In this context, this paper aims to investigate the factors that influence the farmer’s decision to adopt organic farming practices. This study was carried out in all four regions of Peninsular Malaysia (Northern, Central, Southern, and East Coast) which also represent the four highest number of organic farmers that have been listed by the Department of Agriculture (DoA) Malaysia. Logistic regression analysis was estimated to ascertain the factors. The paper intends to explain the decision to adopt or not adopt organic farming with respect to a variety of socio-economic, social and attitudinal factors. The analysis was done using both qualitative and quantitative methods, towards a more comprehensive understanding of the overall situation of organic farming practices in Malaysia. The results indicate that environmental attitudes is the most influential factor, followed by information sharing attitudes, as well as land ownership. These observations can contribute to national policy development in the context of future sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273485&r=env |
| By: | O’Shea, Robert; O’Donoghue, Cathal; Ryan, Mary; Breen, James |
| Abstract: | Agriculture contributes significantly to global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, but there are many technologies and practices that have the potential to significantly mitigate these GHG emissions. Technology adoption research, through a better understanding of the individual adoption decision can help policymakers realise this potential via better policy design and targeting. The attitude of potential adopters is one important aspect influencing this decision. Identifying groups or typologies of farmers with similar attitudes and their associated farm/farmer characteristics can inform policy to encourage adoption of GHG mitigation practices. Using new data from a face-to-face nationally representative survey, this paper identifies five farmer typologies based on attitudes towards a range of farming/non-farming issues. It considers their impact on the adoption decision, before identifying underlying farm/farmer characteristics to such farmer typologies to allow for a number of recommendations to help policy design. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa166:276203&r=env |
| By: | Eory, Vera; Topp, Cairistiona F. E.; Butler, Adam; Bond, Clare E. |
| Abstract: | Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture has been so far relying mostly on voluntary implementation; policy, in their attempt to step up effort in agriculture, requires more reliable information on mitigation practices, including their current and potential future uptake. Expert elicitation techniques can estimates where otherwise the data gaps exist. A four stage Deplhi expert elicitation was carried out to estimate the uptake and its uncertainty for five mitigation practices under three policy scenarios in Scotland. The current uptake was estimated to be 5-68%, the uptake in 10 years͛ time with no policy change was between 10-70% and the future uptake with targeted policy was 50-83%. The uncertainty (difference between lower and upper quartile estimates) was between 6-40%. The highest policy effect was estimated to be expected from targeting nitrification inhibitor uptake. Policy supporting improved land drainage and regulatory approaches for nitrogen management practices could achieve only lower policy effect (13-22%) but with a higher confidence. The elicitation also highlighted that clear definitions of farming practices are very important and expert estimates would ideally involve stakeholders from different backgrounds. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273483&r=env |
| By: | Blandford, David; Hassapoyannes, Katharine |
| Abstract: | We explore the usefulness of physical and economic measures of emissions intensity in providing guidance for greeenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies for agriculture and land use. Using data from nine selected countries, the ability of various measures to illuminate options for the reduction of direct and indirect emissions from agriculture is examined. At the level of individual commodities, we show that the decomposition of physical emissions ratios can provide useful insights into options for reducing direct agricultural emissions. We argue that economic measures of emissions intensity are superior to physical measures as a guide to policy. Using data for the United States we demonstrate that mitigation priority rankings can be affected by the emissions measure used. We conclude that a measure based on value added is superior to a physical emissions measure and to a measure based on the total value of output. Use of the value-added approach has a number of analytical advantages, including the ability to reflect more comprehensively the policy set available to policymakers in pursuing mitigation and other policy objectives. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258639&r=env |
| By: | Andras Tothmihaly,; Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel,; Verina Ingram. |
| Abstract: | We look at the trade-off between smallholder cocoa intensification and the ecosystem in Indonesia and investigate the determinants of environmental efficiency in cocoa production. In our analysis, we apply a distance output function that includes cocoa production and the abundance of native rainforest plants as outputs. Our data set, based on a household and environment survey conducted in 2015, allows us to analyze 208 cocoa producers with both measured and self-reported data. We find that the intensification of cocoa farms results in higher ecosystem degradation. Additionally, the estimations show substantial mean inefficiencies (50 percent). On average, the efficiency scores point to a possible production expansion of 367 kg of cocoa per farm and year, to a possible increase of 43680 rainforest plants per farm, or to a possible acreage reduction of 0.52 hectares per farm. Finally, our results show that agricultural extension services have a substantial role in increasing efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2017–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gagfdp:258586&r=env |
| By: | Himics, Mihaly; Fellmann, Thomas; Barreiro-Hurle, Jesus |
| Abstract: | In this paper we conduct a simulation experiment to quantitatively assess the impacts of reallocating budgetary resources within Pillar 1 of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) from direct income support to a direct greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction subsidy for EU farmers. Although such a budgetary shift is not foreseen in the current political discussions on the future CAP post 2020, the analysis is motivated by calls for both an increased contribution from the agricultural sector to combat global warming, and a more incentive-based delivery system for direct payments. For the analysis, we apply a partial equilibrium model for the agricultural sector (CAPRI) covering both the EU farming sector with high geographical detail as well as global food commodity markets. An integrated emission accounting for EU agriculture and global agri-food products, as well as optional technological GHG mitigation options for EU farmers make CAPRI specifically suitable for the impact assessment. For the scenario we assess a policy that removes the basic direct payments under Pillar 1 of the current CAP and provides farmers a GHG-saving subsidy instead, without increasing the total budget for direct payments. A major empirical contribution of the paper is the calculation of budget-neutral subsidy rates for the hypothetical GHG-reduction subsidy, factoring in farmers' supply and technology-adjusting responses to the policy change. The subsidy rates are derived by combining the regional representative farm models of CAPRI with a Newton-Raphson numerical approximation method that guarantees budget-neutrality. We find that a budget-neutral re-allocation of financial resources towards subsidized emission savings can reduce agricultural non-CO2 emissions by 21% in the EU by 2030, compared to a business-as-usual baseline. Almost two-thirds of the EU emission savings are due to production decreases, and, therefore, part of this GHG reduction is threaten to be offset globally by emission leakage effects. At the aggregated level, the emission-saving subsidy and increased producer prices compensate farmers for the foregone direct income support, but the significant regional differences indicate both an accelerated structural change and heterogeneous income effects in the farm population. We conclude that the assumed regional budget-neutrality condition introduces inefficiencies in the incentive system, and the full potential of the EU farming sector for GHG emissions reduction is not reached in the scenario; leaving ample room for the design of more efficient agricultural policies to combat global warming. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa162:271966&r=env |
| By: | Shittu, A.; Kehinde, M. |
| Abstract: | Abstract Shifting to agricultural practices with Climate –smart Agriculture (CSA) potential is crucial in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This study applied choice experiment data collected from 548 farm households across two geopolitical zones in Nigeria to assess the preferences for shifting to CSA among smallholders’ farmers using Best Worst Scaling (BWS) technique. Data analysis within ranked –ordered logit regression framework revealed that stronger preference was given to GAPs with manure followed by GAPs without manure and agroforestry across the three models. However, the farmers show strong preference for status quo as against agroforestry in the less restrictive model. Also, farming households’ attribute stronger preference to cultivating agroforestry on freehold and communal lands followed by strong preference for cultivating agroforestry and GAPs with manure on lease and communal land respectively. This shows that tenure type was only important for a shift to agroforestry and GAPs with manure. Willingness to accept (WTA) results suggested that farming households were willing to accept $237/ha & $137/ha to embrace GAPs with and without manure respectively while they were willing to pay $204/ha to avoid shifting to agroforestry in the study area. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:275983&r=env |
| By: | Schaffer, Axel; Duvelmeyer, Claudia |
| Abstract: | In 2002 the German federal government within its strategy for sustainable development set the aim to increase the share of organically farmed land to 20% of total agricultural land by 2010. Though shares have increased continuously, the target has not been reached yet. In order to fine-tune corresponding policy measures the current study identifies major regionspecific drivers of organic farming in Germany by applying a spatial regression analysis to Germany’s almost 300 rural counties. Due to the different agricultural structure in Northern, Southern and Eastern Germany, particularly concerning farm size and land use type, the analysis is conducted separately for each of those larger areas. Preliminary results confirm the findings of earlier studies, according to which the share of organically farmed land positively and significantly relates to the regional share of grassland and the price of agricultural land. Both findings hold for Northern, Southern and Eastern Germany. In the North and the South, organic farming is further driven by the counties’ topography (hilly regions are more likely to adopt organic farming practices) and the regional consumers’ attitude towards organic products (measured by the votes for the green party in the last states elections). Findings for the South further indicate that organic farming is in conflict with onfarm energy production. Findings on drivers aside material production conditions are rather heterogeneous. Assured farm succession seems to have no effect, the share of part-time farmers correlates negatively with organic farming in the South but is not significant for the other regions and regions orientation towards tourism is complementary with organic farming in the East but conflicting in the South. Finally, we identify spatial autocorrelation in the South. In contrast no neighborhood effects can be observed for North- and East-Germany. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2018–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273482&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Koval (Department of Economics and Accounting, College of the Holy Cross) |
| Abstract: | Using county-level TRI data from 2003 to 2016, I find evidence that lead emissions in water adversely affect birth weights within the emitting county, especially with respect to the percentage of births considered low birth weight within that county (less than 2,500 grams). I find that a one percent increase in lead emissions per square mile increases the proportion of low birth weights by 0.27 percentage points. For a county with an average number of births in a particular year, this one percent increase in lead per square mile translates to an additional $475,000 in hospitalization costs from complications with delivery and perinatal care alone. My results show that lead emissions create a substantial negative externality even at relatively small quantities and may have more significant effects for those living in poverty. |
| Keywords: | health effects; nutrition; distributive justice |
| JEL: | I12 D63 Q51 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hcx:wpaper:1809&r=env |
| By: | Catherina Schenck (University of the Western Cape); Phillip Blaauw (North West University); Jacoba Viljoen (University of Johannesburg); Elizabeth Swart (University of the Western Cape) |
| Abstract: | Good waste management is necessary to build sustainable and liveable cities. Recycling activities contributes to create these sustainable and liveable cities. A key but unrecognised element in promoting recycling is the efforts of waste pickers who make a living from recycling mainline recyclables. This article aims to describe the approaches used on ten landfills in South Africa to manage waste pickers? access and daily activities. A multiple case study design and cross case analysis were used in this study. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) was used to analyse and explain the data. The results showed that waste management policies and practices directly influence the waste pickers? access to recyclable waste and their livelihoods. Finally we highlight the inclusionary and exclusionary practices which may guide inclusive, participatory and co productive practices for waste pickers in South Africa. |
| Keywords: | Waste pickers, sustainable livelihoods, recyclable waste, landfills, management, sustainable development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7808683&r=env |
| By: | Sanou, Awa; Osuntade, Bukola; Liverpool-Tasie,Saweda; Reardon,Thomas |
| Abstract: | The Nigerian poultry value chain is growing fast and transforming. This is linked to Nigerian diets including more eggs and poultry meat as incomes rise and urbanization occurs. Poultry are important for nutrition as well as incomes in Nigeria. But the poultry value chain is complex – varying over parts of the country in how modern or traditional it is. Really very little has been known about that value chain, as its rapid emergence as an important domestic commercial supply chain is recent. Climate change is also a recently emerging problem and little is known about how it will affect Nigeria’s food economy. These two gaps make it especially unknown what is occurring from the combination of climate change and poultry value chain growth and transformation. How will climate change affect feed supply chains? Poultry farming and supply chains? How will poultry farming itself perhaps affect climate change? We explore these questions in a preliminary way in this brief. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:261677&r=env |
| By: | Neubauer, F.; Ndegwa, M.; De Groote, H.; Munyua, B.; Njeru, J. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a threat to food security in Africa. Maize is the most important staple crop in Kenya, but production per capita has decreased in recent decades. Climate smart agriculture technologies become more important, but it is important to evaluate them with farmers to learn about their needs. Therefore, we conducted participatory evaluations of five miaze varieties both on-farm and on-station. We found that farmers’ perception of varieties are complex, with yield, drought tolerance, and early maturing valued the most. Men value characteristics related to size higher than women (cob size, stalk thickness). On average, men give higher scores than women, and women score more nuanced. On-station, DH02 was liked the best, and Tego the least. On-farm, DH02 was liked the least, while Duma43 was liked the most. Further, onfarm, DH02 was liked less in the wet year than in the dry year. Farmers’ scores did not reflect yield data well, indicating their complex perceptions of varieties. Further, farmers in Makueni could increase their annual income by 51.500 KSh by adopting the improved maize varieties from this study. Maize companies could benefit from an increase in sales, with a potential demand in Makueni of 3.500 metric tons per season. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276023&r=env |
| By: | Gouel, Christophe; LaBorde, David |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2017–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats16:266841&r=env |
| By: | Bertsch, Valentin; Di Cosmo, Valeria |
| Abstract: | The European Union has set ambitious targets for emission reduction and the penetration of renewable energy, including the electricity generation sector as one of the major emitters of CO2. After a period of subsidy-driven investments, the costs of renewables decreased strongly making investments more attractive. Since European countries differ strongly in terms of natural resources, we analyse the profitability of wind onshore and offshore and solar PV across Europe to determine where it is optimal to invest in the future and to understand which factors drive the profitability of the investments. We use a power systems model to simulate the whole European electricity market in 2030. Using the renewable revenues determined by the model, we calculate the internal rate of return to analyse how profitable each technology is in each country. We find that investments in the considered technologies are not homogeneously profitable across Europe. This suggests that cooperation between European countries can be expected to achieve the overall targets at lower costs than nationally-driven approaches. We also find that in many countries, wind onshore and solar PV are profitable by 2030 in absence of any financial support. Wind offshore does not seem to be profitable without financial support. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemes:276178&r=env |
| By: | Doms, Juliane |
| Abstract: | Due to an expected increase of extreme weather events caused by climate change, weather index insurances (WII), which can be used to hedge weather-related income fluctuations, are shifting into the spotlight. Most previous studies focus on the index design as it is an important part of a weather index insurance. Nevertheless, also of main importance is the general contract structure. This holds especially true for farms in regions, which are not characterized by extreme climatic conditions. In the present study, it is investigated whether precipitation and soil moisture index based put- and call-options as well as strangles reduce the volatility of total gross margins (hedging efficiency) of 20 German farms in regions with moderate natural conditions. In particular, the hedging efficiency of standardized and customized WII are analyzed. It could be found that customized contracts are better suitable to reduce performance risk than standardized contracts. Further, although the hedging efficiency varies considerably from farm to farm and depends highly on the contract type, the analyzed customized call-options and strangles clearly outperform the customized put-options. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:261990&r=env |
| By: | Michaela HORUCKOVA; Thierry BAUDASSE |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2521&r=env |
| By: | Sibiko, Kenneth W.; Veettil, Prakashan C.; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Smallholder farmers in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to climate shocks but often lack access to insurance. Weather index insurance (WII) is a promising innovation, but uptake has been lower than expected. WII contracts are not yet sufficiently tailored to the needs and preferences of smallholders. We combine survey and choice-experimental data from Kenya to analyze an existing WII program and how changes in contractual design might encourage uptake. Better training, higher levels of transparency, and offering contracts to small groups rather than individual farmers would increase willingness to pay. Basis risk does not seem to be a major constraint. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gagfdp:256213&r=env |
| By: | Gschwandtner, Adelina; Burton, Michael |
| Abstract: | There has been almost no recent formal economic analysis of the WTP of British consumers for organic products.1 Given the rising demand for organic products on one hand and the decline in the organically farmed area in the UK on the other hand, this is an important topic to address. The present paper analyses the demand for organic products using both stated and revealed preferences from the same consumers. The stated preference model is based on the respondent’s choice from hypothetical choice sets. Attributes in the stated preference model are based on the ranges of the actual levels of attributes found in shops and are presented to respondents using a fractional factorial statistical design. Three different hypothetical bias treatments are applied in order to reduce hypothetical bias. The stated preference results are validated with the help of actual consumption data from the weekly shopping of the same consumers. The results show that there exists a core of organic consumers of about 20-30% of the sample that have a positive willingness to pay for the organic label. However, consumers seem to be willing to pay more for other attributes such as a higher quality, environmentally friendly production and no chemical usage. Attributes such as animal welfare, and a longer expiry date do not seem to have the same relevance for the UK consumers. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing |
| Date: | 2017–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258644&r=env |
| By: | Liu, Hongbo; Kim, Hanho; Choe, Justin |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2017–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats16:266816&r=env |
| By: | Haddad, Salwa; Britz, Wolfgang; Börner, Jan |
| Abstract: | We provide a sensitivity analysis of a 1% increase of intermediate input use of forestry biomass in all sectors of the EU28 in a global Computable General Equilibrium framework depicting land use by Agro-Ecological Zone combined with a rather high resolution with regard to sectors and regions. We find considerable indirect land use effects outside the EU28 despite the rather small shock which reflects the existing integration of global biomass markets. We conclude that policies promoting EU biomass use need to consider these indirect effects which offset, for instance, first order GHG savings from a substitution of fossil inputs by biomass. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:261986&r=env |
| By: | Sulewski, Piotr; Kłoczko-Gajewska, Anna |
| Abstract: | The discussion on sustainability of development is followed by constant search for its appropriate indicators. If the authors dealing with sustainability in agriculture manage to cover all three its dimensions (economic, environmental, and social), they quite often calculate joint indicator as a simple sum or (sometimes weighted) average of three partial indicators, not paying enough attention to the balance and interdependencies between the partial indicators. The goal of this paper is to measure and assess the interdependencies between partial sustainability indicators. Basing on literature and expert knowledge, the authors prepared 109 questions in order to construct 7 partial indicators of sustainability: correctness of farm management practice (crops), correctness of farm management practice (animals), understanding environmental issues, production potential, economic potential, living conditions of the farmer's family, farmer's psychological comfort. The research was carried out in 600 farms that participate in Polish FADN, based on standard FADN data and additional information based on interviews with farmers. The analysis revealed that the partial correlations between partial indicators was relatively strong and negative, which means that reaching all sustainability goals simultaneously is a difficult issue, as they compete with each other. It is concluded that assessing farm sustainability with the use of simple aggregation of variables is not correct. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa166:276202&r=env |
| By: | Florin Mihai (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași [Romania]); Corneliu Iatu; Adrian Grozavu (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași [Romania]) |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the waste management issues in the villages annexed to administrative-territorial units of the Romanian cities which have been frequently neglected by urban waste operators. The lack of waste collection services in such peri-urban communities favored the illegal waste disposal practices particularly prior to EU accession. The extension of waste collection services from main cities to such areas is compulsory in order to mitigate the environmental risks and the public health threats. The paper estimates the amounts of household waste susceptible to be uncontrolled disposed of by peri-urban villages in different geographical areas of NorthEast region with a particular focus on Neamt county. The paper points out that these rural settlements should receive the same attention concerning the municipal waste management services as the main urban areas. Traditional recovery of waste fractions at the household level (e.g., home composting) should be further promoted in such areas in order to avoid illegal dumping issue and to prevent the landfill of biodegradable waste as requested by EU regulations. |
| Keywords: | waste management,illegal waste dumping,peri-urban areas,pollution |
| Date: | 2018–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01838486&r=env |
| By: | Dangerfield, C.E.; Whalley, A.E.; Hanley, N.; Healey, J.R.; Gilligan, C.A. |
| Abstract: | The real options approach provides a powerful tool for determining the optimal time at which to adopt disease control measures given uncertainty about the future spread of an invading pest/pathogen. We consider the management of disease invasions in the natural environment typified by woodlands. Previous studies considered the timing of control from the point of view of a central planner, for example a governmental decision making body. However, decisions regarding the deployment of control measures in the landscape are typically taken by individual land managers. Woodlands provide both marketable benefits, such as timber, and non-marketable benefits, for example biodiversity. The relative importance placed on these types of benefit depends on the land purpose, which is determined by a managers’ objectives. We investigate how management objectives influence the optimal timing of control adoption. Our results show that differences in objectives lead managers to exercise the option to control at different times, and potentially never adopt disease control. Since infection can spread from one region to another, managers who do not adopt control therefore transfer the risk of infection to other managers within the landscape. For landscapes composed of managers with divergent objectives, this creates conflict due to the transferable externality (the disease). We show targeted subsidies can reduce differences in the timing of control adoption between managers with divergent objectives. Both lump-sum subsidies and annual subsidies bring forward the adoption of control strategies, causing them to be implemented over a wider range of infection proportions in an individual woodland. However, the two types of subsidy have opposite effects on the decision to suspend control. Annual subsidies delay suspension and extend the region over which control continues to be implemented. In contrast, lump-sum subsidies slightly reduce the region over which control continues to be implemented. For high proportions of infection, this implies that a lump-sum subsidy can induce a value-maximising manager to suspend control earlier: the opposite effect to that presumably intended. Our results have important implications for national decision making bodies and suggest that incentives may need to be targeted at specific groups to ensure a coherent response to disease control. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273501&r=env |
| By: | Cullen, Paula; Bougard, Maxime; Heery, Declan; O'Donoghue, Cathal; Ryan, Mary |
| Abstract: | Decisions made by farmers have a strong impact on the environment. One of the goals of agri-environment schemes (AESs) is to influence farmers into making positive contributions to the environment. They are generally voluntary and encourage farmers to participate by paying them for the provision of environmental services. It is important to understand the drivers of farmer behaviour and the choices they make with regards to AESs as this will aid policy makers in creating schemes that have a wider scope and achieve goals. Using Ireland as a case-study, this paper examines farmers’ attitudes to farming, the environment and AESs. A number of attitudinal statements put to 1000 Irish farmers are condensed to seven different attitude groups using factor analysis. These attitudinal variables, along with numerous farm and farmer characteristics, are used in a logistic regression analysis to examine their role in determining participation in AESs. This shows that attitudes especially those pertaining to the benefits and drawbacks of AESs are significant to the participation decision; however there is added complexity from attitudes to farming and the environment. Given the diversity of drivers of farmer behaviour, the design of policies is primordial and must not only be focused on pecuniary aspects but also take into account the wide diversity of farmers in terms of both characteristics and attitudes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2017–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258648&r=env |
| By: | Lanz, Bruno; Dietz, Simon; Swanson, Tim |
| Abstract: | The world is banking on a major increase in food production, if the dietary needs and food preferences of an increasing, and increasingly rich, population are to be met. This requires the further expansion of modern agriculture, but modern agriculture rests on a small number of highly productive crops and its expansion has led to a significant loss of global biodiversity. Ecologists have shown that biodiversity loss results in lower plant productivity, while agricultural economists have linked biodiversity loss on farms with increasing variability of crop yields, and sometimes lower mean yields. In this paper we consider the macro-economic consequences of the continued expansion of particular forms of intensive, modern agriculture, with a focus on how the loss of biodiversity affects food production. We employ a quantitative, structurally estimated model of the global economy, which jointly determines economic growth, population and food demand, agricultural innovations and land conversion. We show that even small effects of agricultural expansion on productivity via biodiversity loss might be sufficient to warrant a moratorium on further land conversion. |
| Keywords: | agricultural productivity; biodiversity; endogenous growth; food security; land conversion; population |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:84194&r=env |
| By: | Davino, Cristina (University of Macerata); Esposito Vinzi, Vincenzo (ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School); Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania (ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School); Vrancanu, Radu (ESSEC Research Center, ESSEC Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the determinants of individual attitudes towards environmental action by means of an original PLSPM model of Environmental Awareness-Social Capital-Action (EASCA). Estimates build on survey data on 34.612 individuals from 42 different countries, as provided in the fifth wave of the World Value Survey (2005-2009). Besides the benchmark global estimates, we perform subsample analysis for developed and developing countries, as well as country analyses for four major economies: China, India, Germany and the United States. Doing so allows us to underline structural differences between countries or main groups of countries. In particular, we find that environmental awareness and trust in not-for profit organizations are the main determinants of individual action in support of environmentally friendly policies. The quality of environmental policymaking should improve if these cultural differences are better understood and taken into account. |
| Keywords: | Environmental attitudes; Environmental policies; Development; Culture; Multivariate Analysis; Partial Least Squares |
| JEL: | Q56 Q58 Z13 |
| Date: | 2017–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:essewp:dr-17003&r=env |
| By: | Buckley, Cathal; Daatselaar, C.H.G; Hennessy, Thia; Vrolijk, Hans |
| Abstract: | Policymakers are increasingly interested in the sustainability of milk production due to the intensive nature of the production system and the associated risk to the environment. This study uses national extensions of the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network to derive nationally representative farm gate level nitrogen use efficiency indicators for specialist dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands between 2006 and 2014. The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands are of particular interest as dairy production is an important sector in both countries and milk production has grown in these two Member States following the removal of the EU milk quota regime in 2015. Results indicate relatively similar N balances per hectare across both countries with the Netherlands returning significantly higher N use efficiency and lower N surplus per kg of milk solids produced. Results generally show improvements in nutrient use over the study period across both countries, due to efficiency gains, but highlight differences between a grazed grass system and a more concentrate feed high input orientated system and illustrate the need for the development of a life-cycle analysis approach to fully capture the full scale environmental efficiency of differing systems of milk production. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2017–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258616&r=env |
| By: | Laure Despres (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes) |
| Date: | 2018–08–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01863558&r=env |
| By: | Vivian Dépoues (ADEME) |
| Abstract: | Ce texte se propose de revenir sur les problèmes soulevés par le changement climatique sur les pratiques de gestions de végétation pour SNCF et sur ce qu'ils nous apprennent des dynamiques d'adaptation dans l'entreprise. |
| Date: | 2018–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01865207&r=env |
| By: | Argys, Laura M. (University of Colorado Denver); Averett, Susan L. (Lafayette College); Yang, Muzhe (Lehigh University) |
| Abstract: | This is the first study that uses a direct measure of skyglow, an important aspect of light pollution, to examine its impact on infant health at birth. We find evidence of reduced birth weight, shortened gestational length and even preterm births. Specifically, increased nighttime brightness, characterized by being able to see only one-third to one-fourth of the stars that are visible in the absence of artificial light, is associated with an increase in the likelihood of a preterm birth by as much as 12.8 percent, or an increase of approximately 45,000 preterm births nationwide annually. Our findings add to the literature on the impact of in utero and early-life exposure to pollution, which thus far has focused primarily on air pollution. The unique feature of our identification strategy to determine a causal effect is the application of Walker's Law in physics, which provides a scientific basis to estimate skyglow. We use estimated skyglow as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity problem associated with the skyglow variable. In addition, our study shows that increased skyglow is associated with less sleep, indicating a likely biological mechanism that links sleep deprivation to light-pollution induced circadian disruption. This result, combined with the literature on the adverse effects of sleep disorders, completes the causal chain underlying our finding on the adverse health impact of skyglow. Our study has important policy implications for current installation of LED streetlights in many U.S. municipalities, highlighting the necessity of minimizing skyglow contributed by streetlights. |
| Keywords: | light pollution, skyglow, sleep deprivation, birth outcomes |
| JEL: | I10 I12 I18 Q59 R11 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11703&r=env |
| By: | Brunella Bonetti (CNR-IRCRES, National Research Council, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, via Real Collegio 30, Moncalieri (TO) – Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyse the presence of foreign and immigrant individuals or groups that are financially, socially and geographically disadvantaged in small villages of Central Italy. The essay focuses on Castel di Tora, a village situated in Turano valley, in the Province of Rieti, Lazio, Italy. Castel di Tora is a mountainous hamlet of the central Appennino, and today it is significantly depopulated due to the economic crisis. The current inhabitants are groups of foreigners from different countries who work in various fields. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential added value represented by foreigners for development of the community in the professional, economic, social, cultural and environmental areas. The project assumes that the relations between foreigners and locals stimulate a virtuous circle and encourage both the renaissance of the villages and the integration of foreigners. Moreover, the work of immigrants may help in the recovery of traditions in cross-cultural and sustainable methods at the environmental and social level. The project uses an anthropological perspective and ethnographic method for gathering qualitative data from the field. The assumptions made will serve as theoretical reference the ecological anthropology of Gregory Bateson. |
| Keywords: | Anthropology, tradition, innovation, immigrants, work, sustainability, relationship, integration, community, development |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201713&r=env |
| By: | Mann, Stefan |
| Abstract: | The socioeconomic discourse on varieties of capitalism has revealed remarkable insights into prevailing macroeconomic patterns. This paper transforms this macro approach and uses the agricultural sector to test its applicability for the sectoral (meso) level. Agricultural policy indicators, environmental variables, average farm size, self-sufficiency and per capita food expenditures are used to cluster developed countries. Three groups emerge: one group consists of active exporters with large farms and low, if any, subsidies and a high level of emissions per output, while another group combines a high level of public support and high food expenditure with low self-sufficiency and good environmental performance. As the third group is mostly situated in between the other two, we conclude that the varieties of capitalist agriculture are largely placed on a one-dimensional scale. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:261983&r=env |
| By: | ASPIRES Team |
| Abstract: | Tanzania has been food self-sufficient in staples such as maize and rice in normal years. However, reoccurring draughts in cycles of about 7-10 years have resulted in occasional food shortages. In recent years, the predictability of food availability has become more complex because of climate change leading to draughts and floods, often associated with El Nino and La Nina, respectively. Also, as markets become more regionally integrate d (through EAC or SADC), price shocks arising from food deficit in neighboring countries could be transmitted to Tanzanian markets. The Government of Tanzania has been responding to food price increase by releasing food stocks from National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) or by restricting food trade. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2016–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:262832&r=env |
| By: | Gaus, Cord-Christian; Urso, Lisa-Marie; Minßen, Till-Fabian; de Witte, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Today’s agricultural production systems with large machinery are facing limits due to problems with road regulations, soil compaction, social acceptance as well as nutrient and pest management. At the same time, current developments in the field of digitalization and automatization have the potential to lead to the development of small autonomous agricultural robots for seeding, cultivating and harvesting, which could help to overcome those limitations. This study evaluates a first concept of mechanical weeding by a swarm of small field robots within a new plant production system. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2017–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi17:262169&r=env |
| By: | Sibiko, Kenneth W.; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Weather risk is a serious issue in the African small farm sector, which will further aggravate due to climate change. Farmers typically react by using low amounts of agricultural inputs. Low input use can help to minimize financial loss in bad years, but is also associated with low average yield and income. Increasing small farm productivity and income is an important prerequisite for rural poverty reduction and food security. Crop insurance could incentivize farmers to increase their input use, but indemnity-based crop insurance programs are plagued by market failures. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on the role of weather index insurance (WII). While a few studies have used experimental approaches to analyze WII impacts, research with observational data is scant. We use data from a survey of farmers in Kenya, where a commercial WII scheme has been operating for several years. Regression models with instrumental variables are used to analyze WII uptake and effects on input use and crop productivity. Results show that WII uptake contributes to higher use of chemical fertilizer and improved seeds, and thus also to higher yields. We conclude that upscaling WII programs may help to spur agricultural development in the small farm sector. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2017–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gagfdp:256214&r=env |
| By: | Was, Adam; Sulewski, Piotr |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa162:272049&r=env |
| By: | Cozzi, Elena; Arfini, Filippo; Donati, Michele; Guareschi, Marianna; Mancini, Maria Cecilia; Menozzi, Davide; Veneziani, Mario |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa166:276211&r=env |
| By: | Cullen, Paula; O’Donoghue, Cathal; Ryan, Mary; Kilgarriff, Paul; Hynes, Stephen |
| Abstract: | Designing agri-environment schemes (AESs), the European Union’s main policy tool to improve the environmental performance of farms, that result in participation in the areas of most need is a challenge faced by policymakers. A number of high level options are available to policy makers including the use of voluntary and mandatory measures, top-down versus participatory approaches, collaborative versus coordinated participation, and whether to target the schemes or apply them horizontally. Using Ireland as a case study, this paper assesses the evolving structure of AES design in the context of changing environmental targets, by creating an institutional framework to analyse past and current AESs and other measures. This information is then used in a spatial analysis comparing the location of important environmental public goods to participation in agri-environment schemes. The analysis shows that although higher uptake in extensive farming areas may not result in additionality, due to their extensive nature, these areas may contain high concentrations of areas of environmental concern. However, the optimal design of an AES depends on whether the specific public good targeted is global or localised as the distribution of areas of environmental concern does not always follow strong spatial patterns. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa166:276201&r=env |
| By: | Legg, Wilfred |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2017–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc17:258657&r=env |
| By: | Puls, Thomas; Oberst, Christian |
| Abstract: | In deutschen Großstädten kommen heute gerade einmal gut drei Elektroautos auf einen Ladepunkt. Die Betreiber der Ladestationen können daher mit dem Stromverkauf kein profitables Geschäft machen. Doch ohne eine flächendeckende Ladeinfrastruktur bleibt die Anschaffung eines Elektrofahrzeugs für die meisten Autofahrer unattraktiv - obwohl die Hersteller immer mehr Elektroautos anbieten. Eine deutliche Senkung der CO2-Emissionen im Straßenverkehr wird aber nur mit einem spürbaren Markthochlauf von Elektrofahrzeugen gelingen können. Ohne eine entsprechend ausgebaute Ladeinfrastruktur werden die europäischen Klimaschutzziele im Straßenverkehr daher kaum zu erreichen sein. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:542018&r=env |
| By: | Blaudin de Thé, Camille; Carantino, Benjamin; Lafourcade, Miren |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of urban form on households' fuel consumption and car emissions in France. We analyze more particularly three features of cities commonly referred to as the `three D's' (Cervero and Kockelman, 1997): Density, Design and an innovative measure of Diversity. Individual data allow us to circumvent selection issues, as some households may live in a location consonant to their socioeconomic characteristics or travel predispositions, while instrumental variables help control for other endogeneity issues. The results suggest that, by choosing to live at the fringe of a metropolitan area instead of its city-center, our mean-sample household would bear an extra-consumption of approximatively six fuel tanks per year. More generally, doubling residential Density would result in an annual saving of approximatively two tanks per household, a gain that would be much larger if compaction were coupled with better Design (stronger jobs centralization, improved rail-routes or buses transiting to job centers and reduced pressure for road construction), and more Diversity (continuous morphology of the built-up environment). Another important finding is that the relationship between metropolitan population and car emissions is not linear but bell-shaped in France, contrary to the US, which suggests that small cities do compensate lack of Density by either a better Design or more Diversity. |
| Keywords: | car emissions; carbon footprint; public transport; Smart Cities; Sprawl |
| JEL: | Q4 R1 R2 R4 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13086&r=env |
| By: | Sidibe, Y.; Williams, T.O. |
| Abstract: | Large-scale irrigation schemes producing food and commercial crops in West Africa typically charge a flat rate per hectare for water use. Economic theory suggests that this pricing system is ineffective in promoting efficient water use practices that value water as an economic good. With looming water scarcity partly due to climate change and partly because of growing demands for water due to population, urbanization and industrial-sector growth, there is mounting pressure for implementation of pricing systems that would promote efficiency and cost recovery on irrigation schemes. This paper evaluates the merits of volumetric water pricing system, as an alternative, to the flat rate area-based pricing system currently in use in Office du Niger (ON) irrigation scheme in Mali and Bagré irrigation scheme in Burkina Faso. Results showed that, in contrast to the current situation, adoption of a uniform volumetric water pricing system will enable both schemes to cover the cost of water supply but impact on total water consumption and farmers’ profit will differ by scheme, with Bagre scheme adversely affected. Adoption of an increasing block tariff volumetric system in Bagre will ameliorate the negative effects, suggesting the need for context-specific rather than blanket prescription of a water pricing system. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276017&r=env |
| By: | Chan, Kemin; Hong, Yu |
| Abstract: | Floating wind turbines are subjected to stochastic wind and wave loadings. Wind and wave loadings are not essentially aligned. The misalignment between wind and wave loadings affects the dynamical response of the floating wind turbines which needs to be studied. For this purpose, the nonlinear equations of motion of the spar-type floating wind turbine is derived using the Newton’s second law and conservation of angular momentum theory. The aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, mooring and buoyancy forces are determined and coupled with the system. The dynamic responses of the system are calculated and compared for different wind-wave misalignment angles. The simulation results demonstrate the importance of consideration of wind-wave misalignment angle on the dynamic response for the floating offshore wind turbine. |
| Keywords: | Spar floating wind turbine; conservation of angular momentum; wind-wave misalignment |
| JEL: | C15 C22 L0 L00 Y80 Z10 |
| Date: | 2018–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:88777&r=env |
| By: | Saowaluk Srinark,Suwanna Praneetvatakul,Kobkiat Pongput (Department of Agricultural and Resource Faculty of Economics,Kasetsart University) |
| Abstract: | Urban flooding crisis in Bangkok plays an important role in the lives of people. Sponge City is a concept to alleviate the problem. The paper aims to estimate the willingness to pay of people in Bangkok to initiate a Sponge City project. According to a study of 300 respondents by the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results show that the average of willingness to pay for Sponge city per person is 145 – 158 baht. Furthermore, the factors that contributed to the willingness to pay for the project were the initial bid and the opinion on the future flooding problem. The results indicate that the socio-economic characteristics including anxiety is important in carrying out activities for people to participate. Therefore, to enhance people participation in the Sponge city, the project should start during the period of economic expansion or launch in the areas with high demand or good economic zones. As well, policy makers should promote the project through various channels and should promote to make people aware of the problem. |
| Keywords: | Sponge City, Willingness to Pay, Bangkok |
| JEL: | Q25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kau:wpaper:201805&r=env |
| By: | Amadou Diarra and Steven Haggblade |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, International Development |
| Date: | 2017–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miffpb:270648&r=env |
| By: | Lütkenhors, Wilfried |
| Keywords: | POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, POLITICA ENERGETICA, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDIES, ENERGY POLICY |
| Date: | 2017–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:43943&r=env |
| By: | Penelope Daignault (Laval University); Valeriane Champagne St-Arnaud (Laval University); Maxime Boivin (Laval University) |
| Abstract: | This study is part of a larger research project related to the recent creation of the first French Canadian Web media dedicated to promoting action to fight climate change (CC). This media, called ?unpointcinq? (onepointfive), primarily targets adults of the French province of Quebec who are generally interested in the subject of CC, but find it either too complex or far from their personal concerns. It disseminates various contents about the province?s diverse initiatives ? individual, community-based, governmental, etc. ? regarding the fight against CC. The originality of this media relates to its positive tone. Information about CC often presents fear-inducing messages that stress its negative consequences, using an apocalyptic rhetoric (Benjamin et al., 2016; Spence & Pidgeon, 2010). However, research in environmental psychology and environmental communication show that negative framing can be ineffective for engaging and mobilizing publics around CC issues (Jang, 2013; Cox & Depoe, 2013), encouraging researchers and practitioners to test other communication strategies, including different types of positive frames. This mixed-methods research is divided in two parts. First, before the Web media was launched, we conducted a segmentation study using a quantitative questionnaire sent to 1200 Quebeckers, assessing attitudes and behaviours regarding CC, but also perceived relevance and interest towards different themes and frames potentially covered by ?unpointcinq?. This study allowed us to identify priority segments to target, as well as the most efficient frames to use in the media. In the second qualitative phase, we conducted five semi-directed focus groups within the first four months of the media being launched. A total of 40 participants from the segments most receptive to the media evaluated its first contents. These interviews were conducted in the spirit of a living lab and in an iterative manner, where participants and researchers both made recommendations to the editorial and production team to better frame the information. In this present conference, we propose to present the most salient results of the two phases of this ongoing research project. |
| Keywords: | Environmental communication; climate change; positive framing; web media; mixed methods |
| JEL: | Q54 L82 |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7708405&r=env |
| By: | Silva Vargas, Carmen Mariela; Granados Martínez, Lucía |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, PLANIFICACION DE LA ENERGIA, ZONAS RURALES, ESTUDIOS FUTUROS, DESARROLLO RURAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENERGY PLANNING, RURAL AREAS, FUTURE STUDIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:43878&r=env |
| By: | Cullen, Paula; Ryan, Mary; O'Donoghue, Cathal; Kilgariff, Paul |
| Abstract: | Efficient agri-environment schemes (AESs), the European Union’s main policy tool to improve the environmental performance of farms, address environmental concerns in a way which maximises the social benefit while minimising the cost. To design such schemes, policymakers are faced with a wide range of options. These include using voluntary or mandatory measures, top-down versus participatory approaches, collaborative versus coordinated participation, and whether to target the schemes or apply them horizontally. The efficiency of each of these options is dependent on the context and appropriateness of the application. Using Ireland as a case study, this paper assesses the evolving structure of AES design in the context of changing environmental targets, by creating an institutional framework to analyse past and current AESs and other measures. This is then compared to participation in AESs and the location of environmental public goods in order to determine the relative efficiency of policy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2018–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc18:273499&r=env |
| By: | Giuseppe Cornelli |
| Abstract: | The brief contribution presented in the next pages aims at rigorously defining what is meant for economic sustainability by a theoretical point of view. It is true that many authors in the last decades have discussed in terms of sustainability in the broad sense but at the same time it is true that from a strictly economic point of view today there is no a rigorous definition of sustainability: in fact it’s a common mistake to confuse the economic sustainability with the financial one. The following pages aim to put order in this regard. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Economic sustainability, Sustainable development, Intergenerational equity |
| JEL: | O40 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201710&r=env |