|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2017‒08‒13
twenty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Cammelli, Federico (School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Angelsen, Arild (School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Despite a fall in deforestation, frequency and severity of fires in the Brazilian Amazon are rising, causing huge carbon emissions, biodiversity losses and local economic costs. The ignition sources are anthropogenic and mostly related to the accidental spread of agricultural fires. Fire risk mitigation is a coordination problem with strategic complementarities: a farmer’s benefit of mitigation depends on complementary action of other farmers. We experimentally assess ex-ante the impact of two different policies under varying exogenous drought risk scenarios. Command and control is more effective than payments for environmental services in promoting coordination, possibly because of participants’ risk aversion (to the fine) and a local demand for justice and law enforcement. We also find evidence of a human-mediated self-reinforcing loop of drought and fires: droughts increase the exogenous component of fire risk, giving farmers less incentives to mitigate fire risk coming from their own farms. |
| Keywords: | Brazilian Amazon; forest fires; climate change; framed field experiment; coordination games |
| JEL: | C93 Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nlsseb:2017_004&r=env |
| By: | Yalew, Amsalu W.; Hirte, Georg; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Tscharaktschiew, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Quantifying the economic effects of climate change is a crucial step for planning adaptation in developing countries. This study assesses the economy-wide and regional effects of climate change induced productivity and labor supply shocks in agriculture in Ethiopia. The study shows, in worst case scenario, the effects on national GDP may add up to -8% with uneven regional effects ranging from -10% in agrarian regions (e.g. Amhara) to +2.5% in urbanized regions (e.g. Addis Ababa). Cost-free exogenous structural change scenarios in labor markets and transaction costs may offset about 20-30% of the ripple effects of climate change. Therefore, the ongoing structural transformation in the country may underpin the resilience of the economy to climate change. Nevertheless, given the role of agriculture in the current economic structure of the country and the potency of biophysical impacts of climate change, adaptation in the sector is indispensable. Otherwise, climate change may hamper economic progress of the country, and make rural livelihood unpredictable. |
| Keywords: | climate change,agriculture,migration,CGE model,Ethiopia |
| JEL: | C68 D58 J21 J43 J62 O55 Q54 Q56 R11 R13 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tudcep:1017&r=env |
| By: | Tamaki, Tetsuya; Nozawa, Wataru; Managi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the economic impacts of climate change, including those on ecosystems, and whether a new backstop technology should be used under conditions of strict temperature targets. Using the dynamic integrated climate-economy (DICE) model, we developed a new model to calculate the optimal path by considering new backstop technologies, such as CO2 capture and storage (CCS). We identify the effects of parameter changes based on the resulting differences in CO2 leakage and sites, and we analyse the feasibility of CCS. In addition, we focus on ocean acidification and consider the impact on economic activity. As a result, when CCS is assumed to carry a risk of CO2 leakage and acidification is considered to result in a decrease in utility, we find that CCS can only delay the effects of climate change, but its use is necessary to achieve strict targets, such as a 1.5C limit. This observation suggests that if the target temperature is too tight, we might end up employing a technology that sacrifices the ecosystem too greatly. |
| Keywords: | climate change; ocean acidification; economic impact; CCS; CEEM |
| JEL: | O33 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80549&r=env |
| By: | William D. Nordhaus; Andrew Moffat |
| Abstract: | The present study has two objectives. The first is a review of studies that estimate the global economic impacts of climate change using a systematic research synthesis (SRS). In this review, we attempt to replicate the impact estimates provided by Tol (2009, 2014) and find a large number of errors and estimates that could not be replicated. The study provides revised estimates for a total of 36 usable estimates from 27 studies. A second part of the study performs a statistical analysis. While the different specifications provide alternative estimates of the damage function, there were no large discrepancies among specifications. The preferred regression is the median, quadratic, weighted regression. The data here omit several important potential damages, which we estimate to add 25% to the quantified damages. With this addition, the estimated impact is -2.04 (± 2.21) % of income at 3 °C warming and -8.06 (± 2.43) % of income at 6 °C warming. We also considered the likelihood of thresholds or sharp convexities in the damage function and found no evidence from the damage estimates of a sharp discontinuity or high convexity. |
| JEL: | C8 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23646&r=env |
| By: | Schöttker, Oliver; Wätzold, Frank |
| Abstract: | Cost-effective implementation of measures to conserve biodiversity is often a major target of conservation organisations, and choosing the correct mode of governance can be important in this context. Nature conservation organisations can, in principle, choose between two distinct modes of governance to implement conservation activities: they can (1) buy desired areas of interest and implement conservation measures themselves (buy option), or (2) offer payments to landowners to incentivize them to voluntarily preserve or create habitat on their land (compensation option). In this paper we analyse the cost-effectiveness of these two modes of governance in a case study on a conservation project in a Natura 2000 area in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The actual costs of the buying option are compared with the potential costs of implementing the compensation option. We developed a costing framework to compare the costs of both options over time, given they generate the same ecological results on an identical project area. We find that the cost-effective solution depends, among other things, on the conservation timeframe considered and on cost components such as transaction costs, leasehold rent and land prices. |
| Keywords: | agri-environment scheme; biodiversity; conservation payments; grassland; make-or-buy decision; mode of governance; payments for ecosystem services; conservation costs |
| JEL: | Q15 Q24 Q57 Q58 R14 |
| Date: | 2017–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80661&r=env |
| By: | Hancevic, Pedro; Nuñez, Héctor; Rosellón, Juan |
| Abstract: | Mexico plans to implement a national program to support the adoption of distributed photovoltaic generation (DPVG) among qualified households. The main objectives of such a program would be to reduce the burden of the substantial federal energy subsidy and increase the share of renewable energy sources used to generate electricity. In this paper we assess the current conditions under which the Mexican residential electricity sector operates, and quantify the potential effects that the massive adoption of DPV systems would have on household expenditure and welfare, subsidy reduction, pollution and water resource usage. Based on the positive results in terms of both economic and environmental effects, our paper provides a significant support for further design and implementation of a DPVG program. |
| Keywords: | Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1027&r=env |
| By: | Barragán, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Ecuador, al igual que otros países de América Latina, posee abundantes recursos naturales que han sustentado desde hace décadas el desarrollo del país, principalmente basado en la expansión de las actividades extractivas. A la par, el marco constitucional aprobado en 2008 imprime una visión de vanguardia al reconocer derechos a la naturaleza y el derecho de la población a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado que garantice el buen vivir, como un modelo de desarrollo armónico del ser humano con la naturaleza. Este reconocimiento de la importancia de garantizar la sostenibilidad ambiental convive con el impulso de políticas que promueven el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales, entre ellos los relacionados al sector de la minería, lo cual genera una creciente conflictividad socio-ambiental, relacionada justamente con el manejo y la explotación de los recursos naturales y la forma en que la ciudadanía, y en especial los pueblos indígenas, participa en la toma de estas decisiones. En este marco, esta publicación aborda la relación de los derechos de acceso a la información, a la participación y a la justicia en asuntos ambientales, consagrados en el Principio 10 de la Declaración de Río de 1992, y el sector minero, de modo de rescatar buenas prácticas y recomendaciones que permitan profundizar en la gestión sostenible de los recursos mineros y en la prevención de los conflictos socioambientales y promuevan un aumento continuo de la rendición de cuentas y la transparencia. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, JUSTICIA, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, DERECHO AMBIENTAL, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, PARQUES Y RESERVAS NACIONALES, RENDICION DE CUENTAS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ENVIRONMENT, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, JUSTICE, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVES, ACCOUNTABILITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:41985&r=env |
| By: | FAKHRI, ISSAOUI; HASSEN, TOUMI; WASSIM, TOUILI; BILEL, AMMOURI |
| Abstract: | In This paper we try to investigate the impact of CO2 emissions on a set of socioeconomic variables (GDP, health expectancy, life expectancy, urbanization, time, and a composite variable showing the effects post the earth summit of johansburg) in eight countries covering all world economic groups (Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, France, Norway, Bresil, USA, China and Australia). The empirical results have showed that the GDP continue to be the principal variable which is inciting to the CO2 emission. Also we have demonstrated that it exists actually a voluntary act at the world scale to substitute pollutant energy sources by other sources more clean and pure. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets Curve, CO2, energy consumption, growth |
| JEL: | I1 I15 I3 I31 |
| Date: | 2016–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80702&r=env |
| By: | William D. Nordhaus (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Andrew Moffat (U.S. Department of State) |
| Abstract: | The present study has two objectives. The first is a review of studies that estimate the global economic impacts of climate change using a systematic research synthesis (SRS). In this review, we attempt to replicate the impact estimates provided by Tol (2009, 2014) and find a large number of errors and estimates that could not be replicated. The study provides revised estimates for a total of 36 usable estimates from 27 studies. A second part of the study performs a statistical analysis. While the different specifications provide alternative estimates of the damage function, there were no large discrepancies among specifications. The preferred regression is the median, quadratic, weighted regression. The data here omit several important potential damages, which we estimate to add 25% to the quantified damages. With this addition, the estimated impact is -2.04 (+ 2.21) % of income at 3 °C warming and -8.06 (+ 2.43) % of income at 6 °C warming. We also considered the likelihood of thresholds or sharp convexities in the damage function and found no evidence from the damage estimates of a sharp discontinuity or high convexity. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Damages, Impacts, Survey of impacts |
| JEL: | Q5 Q54 C8 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2096&r=env |
| By: | Frohmann, Alicia |
| Abstract: | The Latin American and Caribbean Coffee Environmental Footprint Network initiative is a unique case of participation by public and private sector stakeholders from developing countries in the definition of environmental standards in the European Union. The purpose of this initiative is to involve stakeholders in defining standards that will affect their trade and competitiveness in the European market, rather than simply adapting and obliging coffee suppliers to adjust once standards are implemented. |
| Keywords: | COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIA VERDE, AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, UNION EUROPEA, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, CAFE, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GREEN ECONOMY, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION, EUROPEAN UNION, CASE STUDIES, COFFEE, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:41987&r=env |
| By: | Annaluru, Rajeev; Garg, Amit |
| Abstract: | Power grids operators around the world have been experiencing challenges in operating the grid with increasing penetration of Variable Generation (VG) sources like Solar PV and Wind. Variability in one form of generation must always be compensated with other forms of generation at all times to ensure grid stability. This paper focuses on the diurnal variability introduced into the Indian power grid and the consequent increase in ramping requirements due to the 175GW by 2022 renewable energy target enunciated by the Government of India. Ramping requirements were quantified for 3 potential renewable energy penetration levels on the grid by the year 2027. Nine separate solution alternatives are created using Coal, Natural Gas and Renewable & Emerging technologies as solution options to meet the identified ramping needs. Energy-mix and carbon prices are calculated for each of the solution scenarios and compared with the baseline scenario computed from the Intended Nationally determined Contribution (INDC) adopted by India in COP22. The paper concludes that the most energy cost and carbon price efficient paths for India to integrate ambitious RE capacity into India’s power grid would be to convert and operate existing coal plants as peaker plants instead of as base load plants. |
| Date: | 2017–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14575&r=env |
| By: | Dacuycuy, Connie B.; Baje, Lora Kryz |
| Abstract: | Weather is an integral part of our life and weather shocks can have severe implications on income and household consumption. Given evidence that points to altered patterns of weather parameters resulting from climate change, this paper aims to contribute to poverty studies in the Philippines by analyzing the effects of geographic attributes, like weather variability, on chronic and transient poverty. Based on the estimates of the generalized linear model, higher than normal rainfall contributes to a modest increase in chronic total and chronic food poverty in both urban and rural areas. In addition, asset ownership and college education have the most impact on the reduction of both types of poverty. |
| Keywords: | Philippines, weather variability, poverty dynamics, components approach, chronic poverty, transient poverty, food poverty |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2017-24&r=env |
| By: | Álvarez Espinosa, Andrés Camilo; Burgos Salcedo, Javier Darío; Sierra Cárdenas, Diana Carolina |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático es uno de los mayores retos de la actualidad, siendo un tema de primera línea para los países y gobiernos comprometidos con generar políticas, materializadas en estrategias de desarrollo compatible con el clima. En este contexto, se requieren el surgimiento de nuevas formas de conocimiento, que brinden una perspectiva amplia sobre las consecuencias de la toma de decisiones en los diferentes planos del desarrollo, tomando en cuenta la realidad macro y micro para cada país; para este segundo tipo de escala, y asociado al tema del cambio climático, el sector energético se encuentra en un punto neurálgico, en tanto este/éste es la base para el crecimiento de la economía, pero, a su vez se constituye en el origen de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). En pos de ofrecer un cuadro de la economía y la influencia del sector de generación eléctrica (así como su relación), en un escenario de incorporación de energías no convencionales dentro de la matriz energética nacional para Colombia, se crea y corre un modelo de equilibrio general de naturaleza híbrida, que permite evaluar el efecto de medidas de política enfocadas a la reducción de emisiones de GEI sobre la matriz energética y el impacto sobre variables macroeconómicas. Primordialmente, los resultados de la política de cuota de penetración de energéticos renovables, exponen que se puede incrementar la actividad económica al fomentar la inversión, hay una entrada de energéticos renovables en la matriz energética, no obstante, estos sustituyen la generación hídrica y se mantiene la participación térmica, y, en lo que atañe a la dimensión ambiental, la reducción de GEI no es destacada a menos que se incorpore un precio al carbono sobre los hidrocarburos. En este último caso, se cumple el objetivo ambiental y hay un efecto positivo sobre la economía dependiendo qué usos se les dará el valor recaudado. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Economía, Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1049&r=env |
| By: | Matthew A. COLE; Robert R.J. ELLIOTT; OKUBO Toshihiro; Liyun ZHANG |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether firms that engage in outsourcing improve their environmental performance using Japanese firm-level data for the period 2009-2013. To identify the causal effect of production outsourcing on firm carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission intensities, we employ a non-parametric approach combining propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DiD). Our results show that, relative to the control group, the growth in CO₂ emission intensities (relative to the year before treatment) of new production outsourcers is 5.1% lower in the year when they start outsourcing, and 6.6% and 9.5% lower one and two years after outsourcing, respectively. When we decompose firms' outsourcing activities into domestic and foreign according to the destination of the outsourced production, we find that the effects on emission intensity growth are driven by overseas outsourcing. Firms that outsource part(s) of their production overseas have a 7.3% lower emission intensity growth when they start outsourcing and a 7.7% reduction in the following year. We also investigate whether the decision to import or export has an impact on firm level environmental performance as predicted by the more traditional pollution halo hypothesis (PHH) literature. Firms are found to have a 3.3% lower growth rate of CO₂ emission intensity when they start to import, but no significant impact is found for exporting. |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:17096&r=env |
| By: | Yalew, Amsalu W.; Hirte, Georg; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Tscharaktschiew, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. This is because its important economic sector, agriculture, is virtually rain-fed. The role of the sector in the current economic structure and the potency of the anticipated biophysical impacts of climate change necessitates proactive adaptation in agriculture. This, however, breeds questions of adaptation costs and adaptation finance. This study attempts to derive plausible range of planned adaptation costs in agriculture along with their economy-wide and regional effects in Ethiopia. It also assess the economy-wide and regional effects of the likely options available to a government of a least-developed country to finance adaptation in agriculture. The results show that planned public adaptation in agriculture puts pressure on government surplus, impedes on manufacturing and private services, and GDP of urbanized regions. As such, it may strain the current macroeconomic endeavors of the country which puts government driven structural transformation and reducing fiscal deficit relative to GDP at the center. Government of Ethiopia may reconcile this by laying out incentives to urban agriculture and private investment in agriculture. Besides, foreign support in the form of biotechnology transfer and debt-relief may help to control the side effects of grants on foreign exchange market and trade balance. |
| Keywords: | climate change,agriculture,public adaptation,CGE model,Ethiopia |
| JEL: | C68 D58 H50 H60 O55 Q16 Q28 Q54 Q56 Q58 R11 R13 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tudcep:1117&r=env |
| By: | Miller, Justin; Viscidi, Lisa |
| Abstract: | Clean energy research and commercialization have taken off over the last decade. The annual number of clean technology patent documents more than tripled between 2000 and 2014,while venture capital (VC) investment in the clean tech sector overall doubled in 2010-2014 compared to the previous five years, with most clean tech research and investment focused on energy. But more needs to be done. Governments must triple annual spending on energy research and development (R&D) to more than $50 million to meet climate change mitigation goals, according to the International Energy Agency. This report examines clean energy technology development in Brazil, Mexico and Chile, which are among the Latin American countries with the greatest potential to expand clean energy research and commercialization. All three countries are part of “Mission Innovation,” a global initiative to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation, which was launched during the 2015 United Nations climate talks in Paris. Member countries have committed to double clean energy research and development spending over the five years to 2020. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Energía, Innovación, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:839&r=env |
| By: | Jaime, Mónica; Chávez, Carlos; Gómez, Walter |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes empirically the determinants of fuel choices and intensity of fuelwood use for residential heating and cooking in central-southern Chile. By using information from a sample of 2,761 households in nine urban areas, we first investigate households’ choices of the main fuel used for heating by means of multinomial models. Then we examine the intensity of fuelwood use through fractional probit models; these models allow analyzing interdependence of fuel use by households while taking account of households’ individual heterogeneity. Results indicate that households’ fuel choices are mainly driven by monetary incentives such as income and fuel prices. In contrast, while there is a component of fuelwood use that cannot be influenced by energy policies such as meteorological conditions across the country, there is a number of characteristics that influence the share households’ energy production that is generated by fuelwood. Factors range from socioeconomic characteristics to households’ perceptions regarding the link between air pollution and use of fuelwood in the county of residence. The knowledge of these factors brings an opportunity for the design of future policy interventions aimed at incentivizing the adoption of cleaner devices. |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Energía, Investigación socioeconómica, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:1051&r=env |
| By: | Williams, John C. (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) |
| Abstract: | Presentation to the Economic Club of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, John C. Williams, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, August 2, 2017 |
| Date: | 2017–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfsp:181&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Bloess; Wolf-Peter Schill; Alexander Zerrahn |
| Abstract: | Flexibly coupling power and heat sectors may contribute to both renewable energy integration and decarbonization. We present a literature review of modelbased analyses in this field, focusing on residential heating. We compare geographical and temporal research scopes and identify state-of-the-art analytical model formulations, particularly concerning heat pumps and thermal storage. While numerical findings are idiosyncratic to specific assumptions, a synthesis of results generally indicates that power-to-heat technologies can cost-effectively contribute to fossil fuel substitution, renewable integration, and decarbonization. Heat pumps and passive thermal storage emerge as particularly favorable options. |
| Keywords: | Power-to-heat, renewable energy, decarbonization, heat pump, thermal energy storage |
| JEL: | C61 D62 Q42 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1677&r=env |
| By: | Robert, Ruszkowski |
| Abstract: | The European Football Championship (Euro 2012) organized in Poland became the pretext for a number of infrastructural changes at a total cost of 100 billion PLN2012. Such high expenditure makes the Polish event the most expensive among events of this magnitude. The fact that these changes were 100% financed by public means raises the question whether these funds were used in a substantiated way. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) among the community of the Pomeranian region, in connection with intangible benefits and costs stemming from hosting the Euro 2012 in Gdansk. A survey conducted among 407 respondents was the source of information. The results of the study show that the average value of WTPbenefit for the whole sample was 45,72 PLN2012 and WTPcost was 3,86 PLN2012. The aggregate values for the whole region was in terms of benefits and costs 396,6 million PLN2012 and 33,49 million PLN2012 respectively. The results thus confirm the existence of both intangible benefits and costs associated with the event. However, it should be noted that the importance of the net benefits is insignificant and does not compensate for the massive expenditure from public sources. |
| Keywords: | Mega sport event, Football arena, CVM, WTP |
| JEL: | H42 |
| Date: | 2017–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:80581&r=env |
| By: | Julien Xavier Daubanes (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines an industry whose economic activity uses a natural capital on which its profit also relies. When such a productive natural capital has a limited capacity to recover from its exploitation, a free market tends to over-exploit it, calling for public intervention. The analysis is relevant, among other examples, to the case of naturebased tourism. I study the sustainable management of a productive natural capital: the conditions under which its exploitation generates maximum long-run social benefits; the various ways in which a regulator can implement such an exploitation; the rent that it generates for the industry; the effect of social discounting and operators’ short-termism, etc. Particular attention is given to situations in which the regulator gives more importance to the industry than it does to consumers, as when consumers are foreigners or when the industry generates needed tax revenues. In those contexts, I find that the industry should make more efforts of conservation, rather than less. |
| Keywords: | Renewable natural resources; Over-exploitation; Optimal regulation; Proindustry regulation; Public revenue needs; Optimum taxation; Nature-based tourism |
| JEL: | Q2 L1 H5 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2017_08&r=env |
| By: | Miller, Justin; Visicdi, Lisa |
| Abstract: | La investigación y comercialización de energías limpias se ha incrementado rápidamente durante la última década. La cantidad anual de patentes en tecnología limpia se ha más que triplicado entre el 2000 y el 2014, mientras que la inversión de capital en dicho sector se duplicó durante el mismo período en comparación con los cinco años anteriores, con la mayoría de estas inversiones destinadas a la energía. Sin embargo, más inversiones son necesarias. Los gobiernos deben triplicar sus inversiones anuales en investigación y desarrollo de energía. Según la Agencia Internacional de Energía, estas inversiones deberían superar los $50 millones para poder alcanzar las metas de mitigación de cambio climático. Este informe demuestra que América Latina enfrenta numerosas barreras para el desarrollo de tecnologías de energía limpia. Entre las barreras principales se encuentran el acceso al capital, los incentivos gubernamentales inadecuados y la falta de vínculos entre la industria y la academia. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Cambio climático, Energía, Innovación, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:838&r=env |
| By: | Konstantin Löffler; Karlo Hainsch; Thorsten Burandt; Pao-Yu Oei; Claudia Kemfert; Christian von Hirschhausen |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a path for the global energy system up to 2050, presenting a new application of the open source energy systems model OSeMOSYS to the community. It allows quite disaggregate energy and emission analysis: GENeSYS-MOD (Global Energy System Model) uses a system of linear equations of the energy system to search for lowestcost solutions for a secure energy supply, given externally defined constraints, mainly in terms of CO2-emissions. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) version of OSeMOSYS is updated to the newest version and, in addition, extended and enhanced to include e.g. a modal split for transport, an improved trading system, and changes to storages. The model can be scaled from small-scale applications, e.g. a company, to cover the global energy system. The paper also includes an application of GENeSYS-MOD to analyze decarbonization scenarios at the global level, broken down into 10 regions. Its main focus is on interdependencies between traditionally segregated sectors: electricity, transportation, and heating. Model calculations suggests that in order to achieve the 1.5°-2° C target, a combination of renewable energy sources provides the lowest-cost solution, solar photovoltaic being the dominant source. Average costs of electricity generation in 2050 are about 4 €cents/kWh (excluding infrastructure and transportation costs). |
| Keywords: | Energy System Modeling, Decarbonization, OSeMOSYS, GENeSYS-MOD, Renewables, Energy Policy, Energy Transformation |
| JEL: | C61 Q4 L9 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1678&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | COOPERACION REGIONAL, PREPARACION PARA CASOS DE DESASTRES, DESASTRES NATURALES, DESARROLLO DE CAPACIDAD, CENSOS, SERVICIOS ESTADISTICOS, CONFERENCIAS, TRANSPORTE MARITIMO, TURISMO, FINANCIACION, PEQUEÑAS EMPRESAS, EMPRESAS MEDIANAS, DEUDA PUBLICA, CONDICIONES POLITICAS, CULTURA, REGIONAL COOPERATION, DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, NATURAL DISASTERS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CENSUSES, STATISTICAL SERVICES, CONFERENCES, MARITIME TRANSPORT, TOURISM, FINANCING, SMALL ENTERPRISES, MEDIUM ENTERPRISES, PUBLIC DEBT, POLITICAL CONDITIONS, CULTURE |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:41992&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | MACROECONOMIA, CONDICIONES ECONOMICAS, CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO, POLITICA MONETARIA, PROTECCION DEL CONSUMIDOR, ELABORACION DE POLITICAS, RECOMENDACIONES, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, RENDIMIENTO ENERGETICO, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, DEUDA PUBLICA, CONFERENCIAS, CONDICIONES POLITICAS, CULTURA, MACROECONOMICS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, MONETARY POLICY, CONSUMER PROTECTION, POLICY-MAKING, RECOMMENDATIONS, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PUBLIC DEBT, CONFERENCES, POLITICAL CONDITIONS, CULTURE |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:42004&r=env |
| By: | Arrosa, María Laura; Gandelman, Néstor |
| Abstract: | We use a life satisfaction approach for the valuation of public goods and amenities in Latin American cities. We apply a homogenous database of seventeen cities gathered by the Development Bank of Latin America CAF. Using the estimated monetary value for several public goods and neighborhood amenities we construct a city level quality of life index. We find that access to electricity, access to running water and security are the three largest valued urban characteristics in terms of life satisfaction and housing satisfaction. The monetary equivalent valuations represent more than duplicating the household per capita income. Lacking access to them has a tremendous impact on quality of life. We also show that although richer households have more access, public good and amenities are a source for reductions in quality of life disparities. |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Investigación socioeconómica, Servicios públicos, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblpap:979&r=env |