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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Laurence J. Kotlikoff; Andrey Polbin; Andrey Zubarev |
| Abstract: | The 2015 Paris Accord is meant to control our planet’s rising temperature. But it may be doing the opposite in gradually, rather than immediately reducing CO2 emissions. The Accord effectively tells dirty-energy producers to "use it or lose it." This may be accelerating their extraction and burning of fossil fuels and, thereby, be permanently raising temperatures. Our paper uses a simple OLG model to illustrate this long-noted Green Paradox. Its framework treats climate damage as a negative externality imposed by today’s generations on tomorrow’s – an externality that is, in part, irreversible and can tip the climate to permanently higher temperatures. In our model, delaying abatement can lead to larger changes in climate than doing nothing, reducing welfare for all generations. In contrast, immediate policy action can raise welfare for all generations. Finally we question the standard use of infinitely-lived, single-agent models, which assume, unrealistically, intergenerational altruism in determining optimal abatement policy. Their prescriptions can differ, potentially dramatically, from those needed to correct the negative climate externality today’s generations are imposing on tomorrow’s. |
| JEL: | F0 F20 H0 H2 H3 J20 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22731&r=env |
| By: | Thi Thanh Xuan Tran (CREM - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Management - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to introduce factors which are linked to the sources of CO2 emissions using a standard scale, technique and composition approach. In their early work, Grossman & Krueger (1991) suggest that the impact of economic factors such as growth and trade on the environment can be decomposed into scale, technique and composition effects. Later work of Antweiler et al. (1998) provides a well-completed theoretical guideline that allows researchers to estimate separately these 3 effects. However, studies of Cole & Elliott (2003) and Managi et al. (2009), while providing partial support for Antweiler et al., show that the relationship between economic factors and pollution vary by pollutant given the differences between many common pollutants, "particularly with regards to their sources" (Cole & Elliott (2003)). Thus, this study contributes to this literature and pay attention to variables which are linked to the sources of CO2 emissions. Since electricity production and the conversion of land use into agricultural land are two main single sources of carbon dioxide emissions, I examine these impact on per capita CO2 emissions. The results of estimation for a panel of 99 countries spanning the period 1971-2010 indicate that :(1) increasing the share in electricity production from nuclear and renewable sources can decrease CO2 emissions whereas (2) the conversion of land use into agriculture land raises the amount of carbon emitted. |
| Keywords: | Trade openness, Nuclear energy, Agricultural land, CO2 emissions,Renewable energy, Scale-technique-composition |
| Date: | 2016–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01300383&r=env |
| By: | Louison Cahen-Fourot (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - Université Paris 13 - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We investigate national greenhouse gases mitigation objectives, labeled as carbon voluntarism, in the context of contemporary globalized finance-led capitalism. Using principal components analysis and clustering, we delineate a typology of OECD and BRICS countries from the standpoint of the assumed underpinnings of carbon voluntarism: the productive structure of the economy, the relative position in global GHG chains, the levels of income and capitalist development, the political demand for the environment, the class structure of GHG emissions and financialization. The least carbon voluntary countries appear to be at the beginning of global GHG chains and to rely heavily on the primary sector. They have a weak political demand for the environment and a more unequal class structure of emissions. The most carbon voluntary countries have a higher political demand for the environment, a more equal class structure of emissions, weaker financialization, and greater reliance on the tertiary sector. These countries are also net importers of GHG emissions. |
| Abstract: | On s’intéresse dans ce travail aux objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), que l’on désigne par le terme volontarisme carbone, dans le contexte du capitalisme globalisé et tiré par la finance. A partir d’une analyse en composante principale et d’une classification, on esquisse une typologie des pays de notre échantillon (OCDE et BRICS) du point de vue des déterminants hypothétiques du volontarisme carbone : le tissu productif des économies, la position relative dans les chaines globales de GES, le niveau de revenu et de développement capitaliste, la demande politique d’environnement, la structure de classe des émissions et le processus de financiarisation. Les pays les moins volontaristes sont ceux situés au début des chaines globales de GES et dont le secteur primaire est le plus important. Ils ont une faible demande politique d’environnement et une structure de classe des émissions plus inégale. Les pays les plus volontaires ont une demande politique d’environnement supérieure, une structure de classe des émissions plus égalitaire, la financiarisation y est moins importante et la tertiarisation plus poussée. Ils sont également importateurs nets de GES. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change,Capitalism,Carbon voluntarism,Financialization,GHG emission,GHG emissions reduction |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cepnwp:hal-01378638&r=env |
| By: | Ameer, Ayesha; Munir, Kashif |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to examine the impact of trade openness, urban population, technology and economic growth on environment of Asian economies i.e. Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The specific objectives of this study are tend to evaluate the effect of trade openness, technology, urbanization and economic growth on surroundings and environment (CO2 and SO2 emission). This study measures environmental effect through Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology framework in selected Asian developing countries. Data covers the time period from 1980 to 2014. This study utilize panel unit root, panel cointegration, DOLS estimator and causality tests in order to establish the association between environment and selected macro-economic variables. The results obtain from carbon dioxide emissions model show the significant impact of growth and technology on carbon emissions. While results of sulfur dioxide emissions model indicates the existence of inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis. The study concluded that there should be research and development programs at public and private level to control pollution through new technologies. |
| Keywords: | Trade, Population, Technology, Growth, Environment, Panel Data, Asia |
| JEL: | C23 F62 O44 O53 |
| Date: | 2016–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74571&r=env |
| By: | Roger Alejandro Banegas-Rivero (Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales 'José Ortiz Mercado' (IIES-JOM), Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno.); Jorge Salas Vargas (Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales 'José Ortiz Mercado' (IIES-JOM), Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno.) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of economic growth on environmental pollution by mechanism transmission channel. The results show that the real growth of the economy is explained by physical capital contribution {59%} and by labor factor (human capital) {23%} and technological change {18%}{1951-2011}. The main challenge for the Bolivian economy is to balance the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution: for every 1 % increase in per capita income, per capita emission of carbon dioxide increases between 1.5 and 1.7 % (unbalanced elastic growth) according to econometric estimates (OLS, 2SLS, MMG) between 1970 and 2011. It is also shown that the source of variability of environmental pollution are due to savings rate (investment) as the main positive factor (+){40%} , followed by the rate of depreciation of capital stock (-){26%}, population growth (-){18%} and technological change(+){10%}according to Solow-Swan factors. |
| Keywords: | Investment-saving, sustainable growth. |
| JEL: | O14 O16 O44 O47 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grm:wpaper:201608&r=env |
| By: | Kristine Pakalniete (AKTiiVS Ltd., Latvia); Juris Aigars (Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology); Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economi Sciences, University of Warsaw); Solvita Strake (Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology); Ewa Zawojska (Faculty of Economi Sciences, University of Warsaw); Nick Hanley (University of St Andrews, Department of Geography and Sustainable Development) |
| Abstract: | The ecological status of coastal and marine waterbodies world-wide is threatened by multiple stressors, including nutrient inputs from various sources and increasing occurrences of invasive alien species. These stressors impact the environmental quality of the Baltic Sea. Each Baltic Sea country contributes to the stressors and, at the same time, is affected by their negative impacts on water quality. Understanding who benefits from improvements in coastal and marine waters is key to assessing public support for policies aimed at achieving such changes. We propose a new approach to account for variability in benefits related to differences in socio-demographics of respondents, by using a structural model of discrete choice. Our method (1) provides a convenient way of incorporating a wide range of socio-demographics as explanatory variables in conditional multinomial logit models without the risk of collinearity, and (2) is more statistically efficient than the alternative, typically used approaches. The new technique is applied in a study which examines the preferences of Latvian citizens towards improvements of the coastal and marine environment quality that could help the Baltic Sea waters of Latvia reach Good Environmental Status as required by the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Applying the discrete choice experiment method, we find that overall, Latvians are willing to pay for reducing losses of biodiversity, for improving water quality for recreation by reduced eutrophication, and for reducing new occurrences of invasive alien species. A significant group within the sample seems not to value environmental improvements in the Baltic Sea, and, thus, is unwilling to support costly measures for achieving such improvements. The structural model of discrete choice reveals substantial heterogeneity among Latvians towards changes in the quality of coastal and marine waters of Latvia. |
| Keywords: | good environmental status; coastal and marine water quality; biodiversity; invasive alien species; eutrophication; discrete choice experiment; observed preference heterogeneity; socio-demographic characteristics; hybrid choice model |
| JEL: | C35 D12 H41 Q25 Q26 Q51 Q53 Q57 R50 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2016-26&r=env |
| By: | Hélène Benveniste (Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Patrick Criqui (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Olivier Boucher (LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - Polytechnique - X - INSU - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Francois-Marie Breon (Laboratoire des sciences du Climat de l'Environnement (UMR 8212) - Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives); Celine Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emmanuel Prados (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - INPG - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble); Sandrine Mathy (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Laetitia Chevallet (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Laureline Coindoz (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Hervé Le Treut (UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6) |
| Abstract: | Considering that limiting global warming to below 2°C implies a CO2 budget not to be exceeded and near-zero emissions by 21OO (IPCC), we can assess global 2030 greenhouse gas emissions implied by INDCs in comparison to long-term trajectories. Ahead of the COP21, we estimate that submitted INDCs would bring global greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 55 to 64 GtC02eq in 2030. Under this assumption,global emissions in 2030 are thus higher than the level of 51GtC0 2eq for the year 2012. However, this is not in contradiction with a peaking of global emissions that can only be expected after 2020, given in particular the projected dynamics of emissions in China and other developing countries. The published INDCs represent a significant step towards trajectories compatible with the 2°C goal,but remain insufficient to join trajectories presenting a reasonable probability of success. ln order to increase the chance of meeting the 2°C objective, the ambition of the short-term contributions needs to be strengthened in future negotiations. ln order to sustain a high pace in emissions reductions after 2030,structural measures are also needed, which, in order to have a rapi impact, should be prepared as early as possible. Continued efforts are needed to accelerate the development of low carbon solutions on the one hand,and demonstrate the feasibility of negative emissions on the other hand. |
| Keywords: | CLIMATE NEGOCIATIONS , EMISSIONS REDUCTION, COP21 ,INDC |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01245354&r=env |
| By: | Rezai, Armon; van der Ploeg, Frederick |
| Abstract: | Climate change must deal with two market failures: global warming and learning by doing in renewable energy production. The first-best policy consists of an aggressive renewables subsidy in the near term and a gradually rising and falling carbon tax. Given that global carbon taxes remain elusive, policy makers might have to rely on a second-best subsidy only. With credible commitment the second-best subsidy is higher than the social benefit of learning to cut the transition time and peak warming close to first-best levels at the cost of higher fossil fuel use in the short run (weak Green Paradox). Without commitment the second-best subsidy is set to the social benefit of learning. It generates smaller weak Green Paradox effects, but the transition to the carbon-free takes longer and cumulative carbon emissions are higher. Under first best and second best with pre-commitment peak warming is 2.1 - 2.3 °C, under second best without commitment 3.5°C, and without any policy 5.1°C above pre-industrial levels. Not being able to commit yields a welfare loss of 95% of initial GDP compared to first best. Being able to commit brings this figure down to 7%. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax; commitment; learning by doing; Ramsey growth; renewables subsidy |
| JEL: | H21 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11552&r=env |
| By: | Levente Timar (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | In contrast to most economic drivers of land-use change, climate-related drivers display substantial geographic variation. Accounting for this spatial heterogeneity is important in simulations of the land-use response to climate change. I use a discrete choice model to estimate the relationship between pasture yields and rural land use. Land-use predictions from the model respond to climate change through its effects on pasture yields. This econometric model provides the foundation for the development of a new module of the Land Use in Rural New Zealand (LURNZ) model, the Yield Change Module. In addition to enabling simulations of overall land-use change under different climate scenarios, the module also draws on the estimation results to allocate land-use change spatially. I employ the Yield Change Module to perform illustrative mid-century and end-of-century simulations of land use in a climate scenario characterised by a high level of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP 8.5). Yield changes in this scenario lead to an expansion (by nearly 600,000 hectares) of dairy area and a fall (by over 800,000 hectares) of sheep-beef area by the end of the century. The implied rate of land-use change is modest relative to that observed in New Zealand’s recent past |
| Keywords: | Land use, climate change, pasture production, LURNZ, Yield Change Module |
| JEL: | Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:16_15&r=env |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | This article highlights the challenge of environmental inequality in France within the framework of social-ecology, an approach relating ecological crises to social issues, especially inequality. It starts by defining the notions of environmental inequality and environmental justice within the framework of the ‘capability approach’ and then reviews recent empirical studies that show how air pollution, chemical and noise pollutions, access to environmental resources and exposure to social-ecological disasters are socially differentiated in France and can be understood, under the definition adopted in this article, as a form of injustice. It concludes by reviewing issues raised by environmental inequality in France and exploring policy solutions able to address this challenge. |
| Keywords: | Environmental inequality; Air pollution; Risk noise and chemical pollution |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/2f3sn23fl59gkp5mjk6q2rp062&r=env |
| By: | Sang-Chul Suh (Department of Economics, University of Windsor) |
| Abstract: | Despite decades of international negotiations, little progress has been made in reducing the level of the Green House Gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. The understanding of the climate change problem in economic theory as an allocation failure of common resources is explained in "the tragedy of the commonsÉ by Hardin (1968). We start with a simple prisoners’ dilemma game (PD game) that represents the essence of Hardin’s "the tragedy of the commons". We argue that the PD game model is not adequate for explaining the failure of the climate negotiations. As an alternative explanation, we claim that countries’ irrational decision making, rather than misdirected incentives of rational countries in the PD game, is the main cause of the failure of climate negotiations. The irrationality of a government originates from ignoring the well-being of the poor and the future generations who are mostly excluded from the market activities, and hence receive the least economic benefit, contribute least to the climate problem, and yet are forced to pay most of the non-economic costs of climate change. The current paper tries to keep the resolution of the climate problem in the realm of economic discussion, while following Gardiner’s (2011) view that regards the issue of climate change as a moral problem of ignoring the wellbeing of the poor and the future generations. The immediate challenge of this approach is to measure the non-economic losses of the poor and the future generations due to climate change and to reflect them in climate change related decisions |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Negotiation, Game, Irrationality, Income Inequality, Intergenerational Conflict. |
| JEL: | Q54 C72 D62 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wis:wpaper:1607&r=env |
| By: | von Wühlisch, Georg |
| Abstract: | In der jüngsten Bundeswaldinventur (Thünen-Institut für Waldökosysteme, Bundeswaldinventur) werden die Flächenanteile ohne Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) im Jahr 2012 wie folgt angegeben: Aspe 81000 ha, Schwarz-Pappel + Hybriden 38500 ha, Graupappel 5500 ha, Silberpappel 2600 ha, Balsampappel 19200 ha, insgesamt 147000 ha. Der aktuelle Anbau von Pappeln und Weiden beschränkt sich weitgehend auf KUP, deren Anbaufläche sich im Berichtszeitraum kaum ausgedehnt hat. Dafür verantwortliche Faktoren sind attraktive Alternativkulturen, insbesondere Maisanbau für Biogas, verbunden mit dem weitgehenden Verbot der Umwandlung von Grünland sowie mangelnde Impulse aus der auf EU-Ebene 2014 beschlossenen Greening-Verordnung. In ihr wird geregelt, dass Pappeln und Weiden in Form von KUP oder Agroforstsysteme (AFS) als Ökologische Vorrangflächen, maximal mit dem Faktor 0,3 angerechnet werden können. Die Gesamtfläche mit KUP ist in Deutschland deshalb nur auf ca. 7.000 ha angestiegen und nimmt derzeit kaum zu. Die in KUP jährlich erzeugte Holzmenge von ca. 50.000 t atro ist vergleichsweise unbedeutend im Verhältnis zum Brennholzverbrauch in privaten Haushalten von 34 Mio. m3 und den Importmengen an Holzpellets, die mehrere Mio. t ausmachen. Anstrengungen wurden fortgesetzt, die in Relikten mit überalterten Bäumen verbliebenen Schwarz-Pappel-Vorkommen durch in situ und ex situ Maßnahmen zu sichern und Ausgangsbestände zur Gewinnung von Vermehrungsgut für den Zweck der Generhaltung nach dem Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz (FoVG) zuzulassen. Mit molekulargenetischen Methoden wird sichergestellt, dass nur artreines Vermehrungsgut zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Zur Artbestimmung sind artspezifische Single Nucleotid Polymorphism (SNP)s/InDels im Chloroplastengenom für 11 der 14 Pappelarten, und zur Identifizierung von Pappelkultivaren umfangreiche Sets molekularer Marker entwickelt worden. Zur Identifizierung von Kultivaren der Gattung Populus sind 24 nukleare Simple Sequence Repeats (nSSR) und für die Gattung Salix 12 nSSR-Marker etabliert, die laufend ergänzt werden. Die Marker ermöglichen auch die Identifizierung von Mehrfachhybriden und die Auflösung der Genealogie von Hybriden bis zur Elterngeneration. Nach Vorgaben des Gesetzes über forstliches Vermehrungsgut (FoVG) wurden in der Kategorie 'Geprüft' drei Pappelklone, Matrix 11, 24 und 49 aus der Nordwestdeutschen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt sowie vier Hybridaspen-Kultivare und zwei Hybridaspen-Familien (jeweils P. tremula × P. tremuloides) seitens des Thünen-Instituts für Forstgenetik, Großhansdorf, zur Zulassung gebracht. Über 50 verschiedene Forschungsprojekte wurden durch Drittmittel an 26 Institutionen in Deutschland zur Genetik und Züchtung, Anbau, Physiologie, Resistenzen von Pappeln, Weiden sowie Ernte und Verwertung ihres Holzes gefördert. Über 180 wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung und sieben Bücher sind im Bericht erfasst. |
| Abstract: | The most recent National Forest Inventory (Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, National Forest Inventory) subdivides the areas not devoted to short rotation coppice (SRC) as follows: Aspen 81,000 ha, black poplar & hybrid varieties 38,500 ha, grey poplar 5,500 ha, white poplar 2,600 ha, balsam poplar 19,200 ha, in total 147,000 ha. During the period under review, the area cultivated by poplars and willows as SRC has hardly extended. Several factors are responsible for this: attractive alternative crops, in particular maize production for biogas, combined with the far-reaching ban on converting grassland and a lack of incentives from the Regulation on Greening decided at EU level in 2014. With regard to the cultivation of poplars and willows greening stipulates that their cultivation as SRC or agro-forestry-system may be counted as ecological focus area, yet only with a factor of 0.3. The total SRC surface in Germany has hence only increased to some 7,000 hectares and is currently almost stagnating. The woody biomass of approx. 50,000 t that is annually produced in SRCs is insignificant as compared to the quantities of fuel wood used in private households of 34 million m3 and the imported wood pellets, which amount to several million tonnes. Efforts have been continued to preserve the remaining pure black poplar occurrences, consisting mostly of relict stands with over-mature trees through in situ and ex situ measures and to approve black poplar stands for harvesting reproductive material for conservation purposes in accordance with the Act on Forest Reproductive Material (Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz - FoVG). Using molecular-genetic methods the species purity of the reproductive material is safeguarded. For 11 of the 14 poplar species, species-specific SNPs/InDels in the chloroplast genome and for identification of poplar cultivars sets of genetic markers have also been developed. For the identification of cultivars of the Section Populus 24 nuclear SSRs and for the identification of willow cultivars 12 nuclear SSRs were established, which are developed further continually. These markers also facilitate the unequivocal identification of multiple hybrid varieties and the resolution of the genealogy of hybrids up to the parental generation. Under the provisions of the Act on Forest Reproductive Material three poplar clones, Matrix 11, 24, and 49 from the Northwest German Forest Research Station (NW-FVA) and four hybrid aspen cultivars and two hybrid aspen families (in each case P. tremula × P. tremuloides) by the Thünen Institute for Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, were approved for the production of forest reproductive material in the category "Tested". Over 50 research projects, carried out at 26 institutions on genetics and breeding, cultivation, physiology, resistance of poplar and willows as well as wood utilisation were funded by third parties and have been included in the report. Also, over 180 scientific publications and seven book titles are listed in the report. |
| Keywords: | Pappel,Weide,Anbaufläche,Kurzumtriebsplantage,Holzproduktion,Biomasseproduktion,Kultivare,Forschungsprojekte,poplar,willow,cultivated area,short rotation coppice,wood production,biomass production,cultivars,research projects |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:62&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Polomé (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon) |
| Abstract: | The results of a survey of private forest owners on adoption of a number of current programs, that include biodiversity protection to some degree, are presented. Adoption amounts to 22% for all the programs jointly, and is shown to depend on economic, social and ethical motives, with significant crowding-out between the economic and ethical motives, but not with social motives. Adoption of each program is strongly negatively correlated to each other. Nearly no respondent adopted the Natura 2000 program. The results constitute a test of the " reputational crowding-out " theory of Bénabou and Tirole (2006) |
| Keywords: | adoption decision, motivation crowding-out,Non-indutrial private forest owner, biodiversity program |
| Date: | 2016–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01323475&r=env |
| By: | von Wühlisch, Georg |
| Abstract: | The most recent National Forest Inventory (Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, National Forest Inventory) subdivides the areas not devoted to short rotation coppice (SRC) as follows: Aspen 81,000 ha, black poplar & hybrid varieties 38,500 ha, grey poplar 5,500 ha, white poplar 2,600 ha, balsam poplar 19,200 ha, in total 147,000 ha. During the period under review, the area cultivated by poplars and willows as SRC has hardly extended. Several factors are responsible for this: attractive alternative crops, in particular maize production for biogas, combined with the far-reaching ban on converting grassland and a lack of incentives from the Regulation on Greening decided at EU level in 2014. With regard to the cultivation of poplars and willows greening stipulates that their cultivation as SRC or agro-forestry-system may be counted as ecological focus area, yet only with a factor of 0.3. The total SRC surface in Germany has hence only increased to some 7,000 hectares and is currently almost stagnating. The woody biomass of approx. 50,000 t that is annually produced in SRCs is insignificant as compared to the quantities of fuel wood used in private households of 34 million m3 and the imported wood pellets, which amount to several million tonnes. Efforts have been continued to preserve the remaining pure black poplar occurrences, consisting mostly of relict stands with over-mature trees through in situ and ex situ measures and to approve black poplar stands for harvesting reproductive material for conservation purposes in accordance with the Act on Forest Reproductive Material (Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz - FoVG). Using molecular-genetic methods the species purity of the reproductive material is safeguarded. For 11 of the 14 poplar species, species-specific SNPs/InDels in the chloroplast genome and for identification of poplar cultivars sets of genetic markers have also been developed. For the identification of cultivars of the Section Populus 24 nuclear SSRs and for the identification of willow cultivars 12 nuclear SSRs were established, which are developed further continually. These markers also facilitate the unequivocal identification of multiple hybrid varieties and the resolution of the genealogy of hybrids up to the parental generation. Under the provisions of the Act on Forest Reproductive Material three poplar clones, Matrix 11, 24, and 49 from the Northwest German Forest Research Station (NW-FVA) and four hybrid aspen cultivars and two hybrid aspen families (in each case P. tremula × P. tremuloides) by the Thünen Institute for Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, were approved for the production of forest reproductive material in the category "Tested". Over 50 research projects, carried out at 26 institutions on genetics and breeding, cultivation, physiology, resistance of poplar and willows as well as wood utilisation were funded by third parties and have been included in the report. Also, over 180 scientific publications and seven book titles are listed in the report. |
| Abstract: | In der jüngsten Bundeswaldinventur (Thünen-Institut für Waldökosysteme, Bundeswaldinventur) werden die Flächenanteile ohne Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) im Jahr 2012 wie folgt angegeben: Aspe 81000 ha, Schwarz-Pappel + Hybriden 38500 ha, Graupappel 5500 ha, Silberpappel 2600 ha, Balsampappel 19200 ha, insgesamt 147000 ha. Der aktuelle Anbau von Pappeln und Weiden beschränkt sich weitgehend auf KUP, deren Anbaufläche sich im Berichtszeitraum kaum ausgedehnt hat. Dafür verantwortliche Faktoren sind attraktive Alternativkulturen, insbesondere Maisanbau für Biogas, verbunden mit dem weitgehenden Verbot der Umwandlung von Grünland sowie mangelnde Impulse aus der auf EU-Ebene 2014 beschlossenen Greening-Verordnung. In ihr wird geregelt, dass Pappeln und Weiden in Form von KUP oder Agroforstsysteme (AFS) als Ökologische Vorrangflächen, maximal mit dem Faktor 0,3 angerechnet werden können. Die Gesamtfläche mit KUP ist in Deutschland deshalb nur auf ca. 7.000 ha angestiegen und nimmt derzeit kaum zu. Die in KUP jährlich erzeugte Holzmenge von ca. 50.000 t atro ist vergleichsweise unbedeutend im Verhältnis zum Brennholzverbrauch in privaten Haushalten von 34 Mio. m3 und den Importmengen an Holzpellets, die mehrere Mio. t ausmachen. Anstrengungen wurden fortgesetzt, die in Relikten mit überalterten Bäumen verbliebenen Schwarz-Pappel-Vorkommen durch in situ und ex situ Maßnahmen zu sichern und Ausgangsbestände zur Gewinnung von Vermehrungsgut für den Zweck der Generhaltung nach dem Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz (FoVG) zuzulassen. Mit molekulargenetischen Methoden wird sichergestellt, dass nur artreines Vermehrungsgut zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Zur Artbestimmung sind artspezifische Single Nucleotid Polymorphism (SNP)s/InDels im Chloroplastengenom für 11 der 14 Pappelarten, und zur Identifizierung von Pappelkultivaren umfangreiche Sets molekularer Marker entwickelt worden. Zur Identifizierung von Kultivaren der Gattung Populus sind 24 nukleare Simple Sequence Repeats (nSSR) und für die Gattung Salix 12 nSSR-Marker etabliert, die laufend ergänzt werden. Die Marker ermöglichen auch die Identifizierung von Mehrfachhybriden und die Auflösung der Genealogie von Hybriden bis zur Elterngeneration. Nach Vorgaben des Gesetzes über forstliches Vermehrungsgut (FoVG) wurden in der Kategorie 'Geprüft' drei Pappelklone, Matrix 11, 24 und 49 aus der Nordwestdeutschen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt sowie vier Hybridaspen-Kultivare und zwei Hybridaspen-Familien (jeweils P. tremula × P. tremuloides) seitens des Thünen-Instituts für Forstgenetik, Großhansdorf, zur Zulassung gebracht. Über 50 verschiedene Forschungsprojekte wurden durch Drittmittel an 26 Institutionen in Deutschland zur Genetik und Züchtung, Anbau, Physiologie, Resistenzen von Pappeln, Weiden sowie Ernte und Verwertung ihres Holzes gefördert. Über 180 wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung und sieben Bücher sind im Bericht erfasst. |
| Keywords: | poplar,willow,cultivated area,short rotation coppice,wood production,biomass production,cultivars,research projects,Pappel,Weide,Anbaufläche,Kurzumtriebsplantage,Holzproduktion,Biomasseproduktion,Kultivare,Forschungsprojekte |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:63&r=env |
| By: | Mariana Conte Grand |
| Abstract: | GDP linked targets have the potential to favor green growth and avoid “hot air” in uncertain backgrounds, like those of many developing economies. Even if they are not a guarantee of emissions reduction as required by the 2 degree Celsius Copenhagen goal because emissions´ intensity can decrease even when emissions do not. A few countries have submitted at some point of international negotiations a target based on this type of metric. Argentina is one of them, together with Chile, China, India, Singapore, Tunisia, Uruguay and Turkmenistan. As is the case of all target forms, it requires good monitoring and forecast of emissions. But, as the literature has shown, one of the GDP-related target weaknesses is that it relies on a second indicator: the GDP. This article shows concretely how GDP biases influence intensity targets monitoring, using as a base the case of Argentina. |
| Keywords: | climate change, intensity targets, target metrics, developing countries, Latin America, Argentina |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cem:doctra:599&r=env |
| By: | Herman, Christoph. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, economic recovery, employment creation, green jobs, environmental protection, equal rights, développement durable, reprise économique, création d'emploi, emplois verts, protection de l'environnement, droits égaux, desarrollo sostenible, recuperación económica, creación de empleos, empleos verdes, protección ambiental, igualdad de derechos |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:994871163402676&r=env |
| By: | albagoury, samar |
| Abstract: | With the announcement of the new sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in March 2016, many countries start to adopt a new development strategies focus on what is called Inclusive Green Growth. This term was first used in the UN Rio+20 conferences, in attempt to merge the interest of the world in green growth as well as in inclusive growth. The World Bank defines Inclusive Green Growth as “the economics of Sustainable Development”. Ethiopia is one of the first countries in Africa to develop a green inclusive growth strategy. Ethiopia’s leadership, and its early attempts through greening its economy to achieve more inclusive growth, are of real interest for a world in which alternative growth models for long-term sustainable development and social equity have rapidly become a priority in government, business and civil society. This paper aimed to clarify the meaning of the concept of Inclusive Green Growth (IGG) as a new pathway to achieve sustainable growth, and methods of measuring it applied on Ethiopia as a case study. |
| Keywords: | Inclusive growth, Green growth, Sustainable growth, Ethiopia. |
| JEL: | F63 Q01 |
| Date: | 2016–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74364&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Ning; Wu, Tao; Wang, Bing; Dong, Liang; Ren, Jingzhen |
| Abstract: | Poyang Lake suffers from a severe shortage of water, due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam and other hydropower stations along the upper Yangtze River. In this paper, we propose a two-sector endogenous growth model to investigate the effects of extractive water use and impoundment activities on the optimal sustainable growth path. To offset the negative impact of the extractive use on the regenerative capacities of water resources, the impoundment activities should grow at a constant rate. We also provide a numerical example to illustrate the mechanisms of the endowment and the regenerative capacities of water resources on the long-run economic growth path. We find out some theoretical evidence to support the construction of a water conservancy project to restore regeneration capacities of Poyang Lake. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous economic growth; Renewable water resources; Poyang Lake; Extractive use; Impoundment activities; Water sustainability |
| JEL: | O13 O4 |
| Date: | 2015–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73457&r=env |
| By: | Losada Rodríguez, Íñigo J.; Izaguirre Lasa, Cristina |
| Abstract: | En este documento de síntesis se presenta el Resumen para Gestores del proyecto “Generación e integración de bases de datos climáticos históricos y de proyecciones de cambio climático para la gestión de riesgos costeros en el estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil)”, financiado por el acuerdo de cooperación técnica entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente del Brasil, "Desarrollo sostenible y su integración con América del Sur", coordinado por la Oficina de la CEPAL en Brasilia. |
| Keywords: | CLIMA, BASES DE DATOS, EVALUACION DE RIESGOS, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, CLIMATE, DATABASES, CLIMATE CHANGE, COASTS, RISK ASSESSMENT |
| Date: | 2016–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:40642&r=env |
| By: | Can Askan Mavi (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to present another explanation for environmental inequalities, by the presence of catastrophic environmental events. We develop a simple dynamic model in which economy is subject to risk of catastrophic events. We show that implementing only adaptation policy could cause multiple equilibria, which we interpret it as an environmental inequality accross different regions or countries. Contrary to this result, it is shown that mitigation policy could save an economy from multiple equi-libria. As a result, we show that adaptation and mitigation policy represents a trade-off concerning environmental inequalities. Based on this elements, we analyze the optimal policy mix of adaptation and mitigation activities, which could avoid these inequalities and show how optimally the policy mix can be implemented with taking into account the catastrophe probability. Our simulation results show that when economy faces a higher risk, both of policies increases but adaptation investment increases much more relatively to mitigation activity. |
| Keywords: | Occurence Hazard,Abrupt damage,Adaptation,Inequality,Multiple Equilibria,Mitigation |
| Date: | 2016–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01275174&r=env |
| By: | Taupo, Tauisi; Cuffe, Harold; Noy, Ilan |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the vulnerability of households to climatic disasters in the low-lying atoll nation of Tuvalu. Small Island Developing States, particularly the atoll islands, are considered to be the most vulnerable to climatic change, and in particular to sea-level rise and its associated risks. We construct poverty and hardship profiles for households on the different islands of Tuvalu, and combine these with geographic and topographic information to assess the exposure differentials among different groups using spatial econometric models. Besides the observation that poor households are more vulnerable to negative shocks because they lack the resources to respond, we also find that they are also more likely to reside in highly exposed areas to disasters (closer to the coasts and at lower elevation) and have less ability to migrate (between and within the islands). |
| Keywords: | Vulnerability, Exposure, Poverty, Hardship, Tuvalu, Atoll, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vuw:vuwecf:5319&r=env |
| By: | Noël Bonneuil (EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales, INED - Institut national d'études démographiques); Raouf Boucekkine (IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales) |
| Abstract: | Two countries produce goods and are penalized by the common pollution they generate. Each country maximizes an inter-temporal utility criterion, taking account of the pollution stock to which both contribute. The dynamic is in continuous time with possible sudden switches to less polluting technologies. The set of Nash equilibria, for which solutions also remain in the set of constraints, is the intersection of two manifolds in a certain state space. At the Nash equilibrium, the choices of the two countries are interdependent: different productivity levels after switching lead the more productive country to hasten and the less productive to delay the switch. In the absence of cooperation, efforts by one country to pollute less motivate the other to pollute more, or encourage the country that will be cleaner or less productive country after switching to delay its transition. |
| Keywords: | pollution,dynamic game,Nash,viability theory |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01341983&r=env |
| By: | Guy Meunier (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - Polytechnique - X - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Juan-Pablo Montero (PUC - Departamento de Economia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); Jean-Pierre Ponssard (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - Polytechnique - X - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We study pollution permit markets in which a fraction of permits are allocated to firms based on their output. Output-based allocations, which are receiving increasing attention in the design of carbon markets around the world (e.g., Europe, California, New Zealand), are shown to be optimal under demand and supply volatility despite the output distortions they may create. In a market that covers multiple sectors, the optimal design combines auctioned permits with output-based allocations that are specific to each sector and increasing in its volatility. When firms are better informed about the latter or must self select, the regulator resort to some free (i.e., lump-sum) allocations to sort firms out. Numerical exercises illustrate the policy relevance of our results: the gains from considering output-based allocations can be substantial. |
| Keywords: | pollution markets, output-based allocations, market volatility, selfselection, climate policy |
| Date: | 2016–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01321372&r=env |
| By: | Christine Mee Lie (TIK Centre, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | This article investigates the impact of green innovation on employment growth, employing firm-level survey data from South Korea. We focus especially on the industry-dimension, investigating whether displacement or compensation effects vary across industries and according to subtypes of green process innovations. Results demonstrate that both green and non-green product innovations are associated with significant employment increases: a 1% increase in sales growth from new products is associated with a less than 1% increase in employment. Finally results are found to vary across industries, especially when simultaneously accounting for subtypes of green process innovations. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20161014&r=env |
| By: | Lutz Sager |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the causal effect of increased ambient air pollution on the frequency of road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2014. An instrumental variable approach is applied, exploiting atmospheric temperature inversions as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in daily air pollution levels. The paper estimates the local average treatment effect for a geographic grid cell (1° X 1º) as an increase of 0:3 accidents per day for each additional 1μg=m³ in the daily concentration of NO2. The effect is equivalent to an increase of 2% relative to the average number of daily accidents. The results appear robust to multiple sources of potential confounding, measurement error and co-emission bias. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsg:lsgwps:wp251&r=env |
| By: | Clive L. Spash; Hendrik Theine |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2016_04&r=env |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-García (Banco de la República); Adolfo Meisel-Roca (Banco de la República) |
| Abstract: | Cartagena atraviesa por un momento de auge económico importante debido al dinamismo de sectores como la industria, el turismo y la actividad portuaria. En el presente documento se analiza la exclusión social y la vulnerabilidad ambiental en Cartagena en el escenario de crecimiento económico actual. Se describen los principales indicadores socioeconómicos de la ciudad, comparándola con las demás ciudades principales y sus áreas metropolitanas, lo que refleja un rezago relativo de Cartagena en materia de pobreza y cobertura de servicios públicos básicos. En términos ambientales, la vulnerabilidad es mayor en las zonas donde habita la población de menos ingresos que coincide con los barrios con mayor proporción de afrodescendientes. Por medio del análisis por componentes principales, se construye un indicador de exclusión social en el que Cartagena ocupa el primer lugar entre las trece principales ciudades. Este resultado refleja la necesidad de aprovechar la coyuntura actual y diseñar políticas que permitan que la ciudad reduzca la exclusión social al tiempo que se prepare mejor para afrontar el cambio climático. Classification JEL:C65, D63, I32, I38 |
| Keywords: | Cartagena, exclusión social, vulnerabilidad ambiental, análisis por componentes principales |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:246&r=env |
| By: | Baran Doda |
| Abstract: | The decomposition of changes in a country’s carbon emissions into contributions from changes in the sector-level carbon intensity, value-added share of sectors and level of GDP illustrates their relative importance for observed emissions. Using data from 34 sectors in 39 countries covering 1995-2009, I find that shifting composition of output towards low-carbon sectors and improvements in sector-level carbon intensity were instrumental in constraining emissions in most countries. In contrast, increases in economic activity pushed emissions up in all countries. These observations suggest structural change can be as important as cleaning up carbon intensive sectors and motivate a closer look at high (HCI) and low (LCI) carbon intensity sectors. I document the large cross-country variation in the average carbon intensity of HCI and LCI sets and of individual HCI and LCI sectors. HCI sectors tend to (i) account for a smaller share of employment; (ii) be more capital intensive; and (iii) employ a workforce with a lower average skill level. In the full sample, and in subsamples by level of development, employment declined in HCI sectors and increased in LCI sectors with its composition shifting towards high-skilled workers in both. Capital intensity growth was faster but multifactor productivity growth was slower in HCI sectors. Moreover, the pace of change was typically greater in the LCI sectors of the developing country subsample. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsg:lsgwps:wp252&r=env |
| By: | Alexandre Mornet (SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1); Thomas Opitz (BIOSP - Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)); Michel Luzi (Allianz); Stéphane Loisel (SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1) |
| Abstract: | Models and forecasts of damage from wind storms are a major issue for insurance companies. In this article, we focus on the calculation sensitivity of return periods for extreme events. Numerous elements come into play, such as data quality (location of insured buildings, weather report homogeneity), missing updates (history of insurance portfolios, change of ground roughness, climate change), the evolution of the model after an unprecedented event such as Lothar in Europe and temporal aggregation (events defined through blocks of 2 or 3 days or blocks of one week). Another important aspect concerns storm trajectories, which could change due to global warming or sweep larger areas. We here partition the French territory into 6 storm zones depending on extreme wind correlation to test several scenarios. We use a storm index defined in \cite{Ma} to show the difficulties met to obtain reliable results on extreme events. |
| Date: | 2016–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01299692&r=env |
| By: | Issaka Dialga (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | Ce papier propose une synthèse critique des méthodes statiques d’évaluation économique des biens et services environnementaux et des impacts résultant des activités anthropiques. A la suite de l’analyse critique des méthodes traditionnelles, nous développons une approche dynamique de l’évaluation environnementale. La méthode dynamique permet la pris en compte simultanée de trois effets de l’impact de l’activité humaine sur l’environnement : un effet quantité lié à la multiplication des activités polluantes ; un effet temporel lié à l’accumulation des impacts au cours du temps et un effet de coût de l’inaction relatif au report des efforts ou des investissements dans les mesures de remédiation. La combinaison de ces trois effets permet d’établir une trajectoire des impacts cumulatifs des activités humaines sur l’environnement et d’identifier des éventuels seuils d’irréversibilité des impacts environnementaux. |
| Keywords: | biens et services environnementaux , évaluation dynamique, impacts cumulatifs , coût de l’inaction , seuil d’irréversibilité |
| Date: | 2016–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01308755&r=env |
| By: | René De Quenaudon (DRES - Droit, religion, entreprise et société - Université de Strasbourg - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Comment concilier de façon équitable les conflits d'intérêts sans sacrifier les priorités d'un développement durable ? Cette question peut-elle s'adresser au droit ? Le développement durable et le droit entretiennent-ils des liens ? Le premier est-il soluble dans le second ? Cette interrogation ne reçoit pas une réponse unanime de la part des juristes. Pour notre part, nous faisons le pari que le développement durable est en partie soluble dans le droit. Pour étayer notre thèse, il nous faut dire ce que ces deux ordres imaginaires ont en commun et en quoi ils se différencient. Il faut surtout trouver/imaginer les outils juridiques qui peuvent servir à la résolution du conflit d'intérêts ou, tout au moins, à la hiérarchisation des intérêts en présence. Sommaire I.- Le développement durable, la RSE et le droit : des ordres imaginaires A) Le développement durable et la RSE : des ordres imaginaires utopiques 1)Le développement durable et la RSE, des utopies paradoxales 2)Le développement durable et la RSE, des utopies interstitielles B) Le droit, un ordre imaginaire normatif II.- La solubilité du développement durable et de la RSE dans le droit A)La controverse sur la solubilité B)Comment la solubilité s’opère-t-elle ? III.- Le droit, un élément de réponse aux problèmes de conflits d’intérêts soulevés par le développement durable et la RSE A)Des outils d’aujourd’hui au service de la résolution des conflits d’intérêts au cœur du développement durable et de la RSE 1)Deux outils au service de la résolution des conflits d’intérêts au cœur du développement durable a)La théorie du bilan b)Le principe d’action préventive 2)Trois outils au service de la résolution des conflits d’intérêts au cœur de la RSE a)La référence aux standards RSE mondiaux b)Les dispositifs en matière de vigilance dans le cadre des chaînes d’approvisionnement α) Le devoir de vigilance imposé par la loi β) Le devoir de vigilance prévu par le contrat c)Le recours au dialogue social et sociétal B)Des outils de demain au service de la résolution des conflits d’intérêts au cœur de la RSE |
| Keywords: | CSR, sustainable development, utopia project, Condorcet, imaginary order, normative, Renault,RSE, développement durable, utopie, projet, ordre imaginaire, ordre normatif |
| Date: | 2016–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01322694&r=env |
| By: | Cathrine Ulla Jensen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Toke Emil Panduro (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Thomas Hedemark Lundhede (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen); Kathrine von Graevenitz (Department of Environmental and Resource Economics, Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW)); Bo Jellesmark Thorsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | We analyse the housing markets in a suburb north of the Danish capital Copenhagen. We find that households sort themselves in relation to nature area. The concentration of affluent households decreases rapidly with distance to nature. This indicates that a welfare change generated by a change in the supply of urban nature could be skewed due to a systematic difference in preference that is highly correlated with demographics. In this paper we assess if and to what extent this is the case. We conduct a second-stage hedonic house price study and recover household-specific preferences for availability of nature. Preference parameters are identified locally through restrictions on household utility-functions. First, we assess the relation between demographic factors and household WTP for nature. Households with higher incomes and wealth have a 0.9% higher WTP per 1.000 EUR and this figure is slightly higher at the low end of the distribution. Interestingly, education mainly impacts the centre of the distribution and impacts the tails less. We conduct a policy simulation to illustrate how heterogeneity in preferences and local supply of nature areas can drive the outcome of a welfare economic assessment of a policy change. Our study contributes to the discussion of the distributional aspects of environmental benefits. This is a discussion mainly fuelled by stated-preference methods, and we contribute with results based on a revealed-preference method. Our results show that socio-economic distribution is a relevant factor to consider when evaluating nature area policies. |
| Keywords: | public policy, green space, 2nd stage hedonic regression, quantile regression |
| JEL: | R21 Q51 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2016_07&r=env |
| By: | Paunić, Alida |
| Abstract: | Paper states that investments in renewable energy - Africa north (Sahara) -contributes to growth, poverty reduction and social economical gain not just for Africa but for Europe too. It brings (wind) long term electricity input stability, price reduction, industry potential growth through cooperation with Africa(CS),input and long term solution (after oil) with algae to obtain biodiesel for car industry. With renewables in hand many innovation and day to day possibilities increase quality of life (wind supported with PV, magnets to increase efficiency), CS in respect of cooking, solar in transport (train, car), help in education. Opinion about long term sustainable growth is given as relation of known/unknown long term space matter constant 1 in which only variables are those in relation to person to person, person to positive (God) aspect. |
| Keywords: | energy, renewables, Africa, growth |
| JEL: | O40 O44 Q20 Q4 Q40 |
| Date: | 2016–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74515&r=env |
| By: | Nolazco Cama, Jose Luis; Bravo-Ortega, Claudio |
| Abstract: | The goal of this paper is twofold. First, the impact of institutions, the human and physical capital on economic growth when a country depends on natural resources is evaluated. Second, a methodology to correct deficiencies in previous studies used. The results for a sample of 64 countries indicate that if the institutions are bad (excellent), countries should increase the rate of growth of per capita GDP by 0.56 (1.01) 0.45 (1.02) 0.24 (0.40) if increases exports of food, agricultural raw materials and primary by a standard deviation respectively. In the case of gold and metals, with bad (excellent) institutions the growth rate of GDP per capita decreased by 1.34 (1.18) to an increase in such exports by one standard deviation. The study provides evidence that the technical appropriability of resources is met. Finally, those countries with better institutions counteract the negative effect caused by the curse of natural resources (institutional appropriability). |
| Keywords: | institutions, natural resources, economic growth, human and physical capital. |
| JEL: | C33 O43 O44 O47 |
| Date: | 2015–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74421&r=env |
| By: | Roger Alejandro Banegas-Rivero (Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales 'José Ortiz Mercado' (IIES-JOM), Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno.); Reyna Vergara (Facultad de Economía, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) |
| Keywords: | Fiscal stance, price shocks, assignment of fiscal revenues, public spending |
| JEL: | E31 E62 E64 H50 H63 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grm:wpaper:201606&r=env |