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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | SCHÖNHART, MARTIN; SINABELL, FRANZ; SCHMID, ERWIN |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses fundamental challenges on agricultural production and the environment. Case studies at different spatial scales indicate heterogeneous climate change impacts and adaptation responses. Consequently, spatial heterogeneity has to be taken into account in order to derive efficient mitigation and adaptation strategies for private land users and public authorities. We apply an integrated modelling framework IMF at the farm level in a grassland region in Austria to analyze climate change impacts on land use management and its economic, abiotic, and biotic effects. Three climate change scenarios cover a range of future precipitation patterns but a unique temperature trend of +1.5°C up to 2040. Policy scenarios are modelled to prove the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation measures. Our results show that the direct impacts of climate change and the impacts of modelled adaptation responses on farm gross margins as well as abiotic and biotic environmental indicators (e.g. CO2 emissions, changes in soil organic carbon) can be substantial. Assuming future price and cost trajectories from the literature, gross margins increase between 2% and 4% on average. A closer look to individual farms reveals the need to coordinate mitigation and adaptation policies in order to reduce adverse environmental and ecological effects, i.e. trade-offs, and increase synergies between environmental outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land use modelling, climate change, adaptation, mitigation, landscape, optimization, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212675&r=env |
| By: | Green, Stuart; O’Donoghue, Cathal; Moran, Brian |
| Abstract: | This is the abstract section. One paragraph only (Maximum 200 words). The environment both affects agricultural production, via soils, weather, water availability etc and agriculture affects the environment via its impact locally on landscape, water, soil nutrition and biodiversity and more widely via its impact on climate change. Locating agriculture within its spatial environment is thus very important in making decisions by farmers, policy makers and other stakeholders. Within the EU, countries collect detailed farm data to understand the technical and financial performance of farms as part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network. However knowledge of the spatial-environmental context of these farms is very limited as the spatial location of farms within these surveys is very limited. In this paper we develop a methodology to geo-reference farms in this data. We chose Ireland as a case study as the dominant farm systems are pasture based mainly animal systems. Thus the local environment is particularly relevant to output. Agriculture in Ireland is also amongst the largest as a proportion of the size of the economy and thus the environmental impact is likely to be more important. Applying this methodology has a number of challenges because Ireland does not have a system of post codes. In addition there are complications in relation to place names which may be in English or Irish or indeed a combination, often with non harmonised spellings and often with non-unique place names. The methodology we develop in this paper overcomes these difficulties allowing us to link, using resulting GIS coordinates, localised environmental to the individual farm data. The primary objective of the survey is to provide a nationally representative picture of farm outputs and outcomes. As a result the survey may not necessarily be representative spatially or the pattern of environment x farm system. Within the paper we assess the relative spatial representativity. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212678&r=env |
| By: | Garnache, Cloe; Swinton, Scott M.; Herriges, Joseph A.; Lupi, Frank; Stevenson, R. Jan |
| Abstract: | Despite the success of efforts to reduce phosphorus (P) pollution from point sources, P from non-point agricultural sources remains a vexing problem with many U.S. water bodies having impairments. Key to solving the P pollution puzzle is to take stock of progress to date, the puzzle pieces available, and the gaps to be filled. In this paper, we synthesize the state of knowledge on P pollution, discuss the state of existing public programs, and review economists’ contributions to informing P pollution policies. We review the water quality valuation literature, identifying limitations in the linkages to policy-relevant environmental quality metrics. We examine how and why P is used agriculturally, along with recent advances in market-based policy design and field testing. We survey new knowledge in biology and engineering, including improved understanding of the fate and transport of P. In light of recent learning and persistent knowledge gaps, we recommend directions for economic research to add needed pieces to the puzzle of how to protect our water bodies. Puzzle gaps meriting attention include mechanisms to target public funds more effectively in voluntary abatement programs, policy design for emerging mitigation technologies, new ways to implement performance-based policies, means to leverage social norms and behavioral cues, changes in the “pay-the-polluter” paradigm, and application of state-of-the-art evaluation methods to conservation programs. Beyond the realm of public policy lies that of private supply chains, where establishment of environmental standards holds additional promise. Rich research opportunities exist for economists in tandem with biologists, engineers, and others |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Ecosystem services, Nonpoint source pollution control, Phosphorus pollution, Valuation, Water quality, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q18, Q51, Q53, Q58, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa16:212841&r=env |
| By: | Sara Moarif |
| Abstract: | Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are currently negotiating a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. At the centre of the new agreement are nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These are the objectives and actions relating to mitigation or other aspects of climate change responses that countries are willing to put forward internationally and be bound by in some way. This paper seeks to clarify and discuss ideas contained in the draft agreement and draft decision text for the 2015 agreement that may serve to enhance the dynamism and ambition of nationally determined mitigation contributions or commitments (NDMCs). Provisions for ambition and dynamism are included in the procedures framing NDMCs, namely common, regular communications and the requirement that NDMCs become more ambitious over time. Several multilateral processes are also proposed, which might influence the ambition of NDMCs in terms of their content and implementation. The paper discusses proposals for a clarification exercise, a regular global stocktake, and individual assessment and review processes contained with the transparency system and a potential facilitative compliance and implementation system. There are implementation challenges associated with all proposals, though overall these could encourage countries to maximise effort, and provide an opportunity for countries to revise and update their contributions and commitments at regular intervals. Établissement de cycles pour les contributions ou les engagements en matière d'atténuation déterminées au niveau national Les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) négocient actuellement un accord climatique qui devrait être adopté à la 21e Conférence des Parties en décembre 2015. Au centre de ce nouvel accord figurent les contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN). Il s’agit des objectifs et mesures ayant trait à l’atténuation ou d’autres aspects des actions que les pays sont disposés à proposer au niveau international pour faire face au changement climatique, et pour lesquels ils sont prêts à prendre une forme d’engagement. Ce document vise à clarifier et examiner les idées contenues dans le projet d’accord et le texte du projet de décision concernant l’accord de 2015, qui pourraient servir à renforcer le dynamisme et l’ambition des contributions ou engagements en matière d’atténuation déterminés au niveau national. Des dispositions relatives au niveau et au rythme des efforts sont inscrites dans les procédures encadrant l’établissement de ces contributions ou engagements, à savoir des communications régulièrement présentées par toutes les Parties, et l’obligation de relever progressivement le niveau d’ambition des contributions. Plusieurs processus multilatéraux sont aussi proposés, qui pourraient influer sur le degré d’ambition des contributions ou engagements en matière d’atténuation, en termes de contenu et de mise en oeuvre. Ce document examine diverses propositions : un exercice de clarification, un bilan régulier à l’échelle mondiale, et des processus d’évaluation et de révision individuels liés au cadre de transparence et à un mécanisme potentiel de facilitation du respect et de la mise en oeuvre. Si des difficultés de mise en oeuvre sont associées à toutes ces propositions, dans l’ensemble, celles-ci pourraient inciter les pays à pousser leurs efforts au maximum, et leur offrir l’occasion de réviser et d’actualiser leurs contributions et engagements à intervalles réguliers. |
| Keywords: | climate change, mitigation, UNFCCC, 2015 agreement, greenhouse gas |
| JEL: | F53 H87 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/6-en&r=env |
| By: | Katrina Mullan |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the scale of the potential co-benefits for residents of developing countries of protecting forest ecosystems in order to mitigate climate change. The objective is to improve understanding among development practitioners of the ways in which services provided by forest ecosystems can also make important contributions to achieving development objectives such as improvements to health and safety, and maintenance of food and energy security. This is achieved by reviewing empirical studies that estimate the value of specific ecosystem services derived from forests in order to evaluate and describe the current state of knowledge on how the wellbeing of local people is likely to be affected by the introduction of global mechanisms for avoided deforestation in developing countries. There are four main ways in which wellbeing can be affected: 1) forests provide soil protection and water regulation services, which in turn reduce waterborne diseases, maintain irrigation water supply, and mitigate risks of natural disaster; 2) forests provide habitat for birds, fish, mammals and insects that affect human health and income generation opportunities; 3) clearing forest through use of fire can lead to respiratory illness and property damage, particularly if the fires spread accidentally; and 4) tropical forests are particularly high in biodiversity, making them important locally as well as globally as a potential source of genetic material for new crop varieties and pharmaceuticals. Evidence on the size of these benefits suggests that while they are highly variable, households in or near forests and poor households benefit most from forest ecosystem services. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Ecosystem services, Energy, Food, Forests, Health, REDD+, Valuation, Water |
| JEL: | Q23 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:379&r=env |
| By: | O'Donoghue, Cathal; Buckley, Cathal; Chyzheuskaya, Aksana; Grealis, Eoin; Green, Stuart; Howley, Peter; Hynes, Stephen; Upton, Vincent |
| Abstract: | This paper, using Ireland as a case study, examines the relationship between economic activities and river water quality. The stipulation from the EU water framework directive (WFD) that all surface waters in the EU must be of ‘good ecological status’ by 2015 necessitate a quantitative understanding of the major determinants of water quality. Within this context, this paper combines a number of spatial datasets relating to agricultural, residential and industrial activities as well as the level of forest cover to examine the major economic influences on the ecological quality of water resources. It is hoped that providing a comprehensive understanding of the effect of a variety of economic activities that influence the ecological quality of water will be an important tool in the management of risk and will allow for more appropriate land use planning aimed at restoring and maintaining water quality as required by the WFD. Results indicate that the level of forestry, industrial activity, the intensity and type of agricultural activity and the type of wastewater treatment in an area are all critical factors affecting the quality of our water resources. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of a spatial dimension to any analysis as the principal factors affecting water quality often differ across river catchments. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212665&r=env |
| By: | Rabotyagov, Sergey; Valcu, Adriana; Kling, Catherine L. |
| Abstract: | We assess the tradeoffs and synergies involved in reducing agriculture-generated nutrient loads with different levels of resilience. We optimize the selection of least-cost patterns of agricultural conservation practices for both the expected performance of the conservation actions and its variance. Securing nutrient loads with a higher level of resilience is costly, with marginal costs of resilience generally declining with lower loads. We find that the main tradeoff dimension is between cost of conservation investments and ecosystem service objectives, as opposed to pronounced mean-variance or between- nutrient objectives tradeoffs. We find relative synergies in agricultural conservation investments aimed at nutrient reductions. |
| Keywords: | agricultural conservation practices, agricultural nonpoint-source pollution, ecosystem services tradeoffs, multi-objective optimization, evolutionary algorithms, safety-first, resilience, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Q25, C63, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa16:212815&r=env |
| By: | Davide Forcella; Guja Lucheschi |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation is the result of complex human-environmentdynamics, often sustained by socio-economic inequalities. Recently microfinancehas been proposed to be an interesting tool to support environmental protectionstrategies that aim at once to foster rural development and promote ecosystemsconservation or adaptation to climate change.In this paper we provide one of the first analysis of the link betweenmicrofinance and ecosystems conservation. We base our analysis on theassessment of the first large-scale microfinance programme for biodiversityconservation: Proyecto CAMBio. Our empirical analysis exploits a unique set ofsecondary and primary data collected by the authors in Nicaragua andGuatemala. We introduce a theoretical framework and a practical methodology toassess such programme, and we apply it to our case studies. Even if withdifferent peculiarities, the two cases studied show that microfinance forecosystems conservation has good potentialities to introduce environmentalelements in the rural activities of small farmers and in the products provided bymicrofinance institutions, and it is an interesting path to pursue. However, theyalso underline that choices and actions of rural households and local financialintermediary institutions are strongly influenced by habits and local dominantdevelopment pathways, which are among the main causes of socio-economicinequalities and environmental degradation. Green Microfinance per se does notseem to be able to revert such dangerous dynamics while, interacting with themwithout a proactive strategy, it risks to have no effect or eventually support thecauses of environmental degradation.We then call for a renewed proactive role of green microfinance for ecosystemsthat, articulating with local actors and territorial dynamics, should aim not onlyat providing a green product to individual farmers, but instead support newalliances and collective, socially informed, actions to redirect the habits thatsupport environmental degradation towards environmentally friendly and socioeconomicinclusive rural development. |
| Keywords: | Microfinance; Green Microfinance; Rural Development; Payments for Environmental Services; Agricultural microfinance; Central America; Proyecto CAMBio |
| JEL: | Q57 Q01 O13 O15 Q12 Q14 Q15 Q23 G21 |
| Date: | 2016–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/224879&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Lamperti (Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna); Mauro Napoletano (OFCE Sciences Po and Skema Businnes School); Andrea Roventini (Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna) |
| Abstract: | The aper compares the e?ects of market-based and command-and-control climate policies on the direction of technical change and the prevention of environmental disasters. Drawing on the model proposed in Acemoglu et al. (2012, American Economic Review), we show that market-based policies (carbon taxes and subsidies towards clean sectors) exhibit bounded win- dow of opportunities: delays in their implementation make them completely ine?ective both in redirecting technical change and in avoiding environmental catastrophes. On the contrary, we ?nd that command-and-control interventions guarantee policy e?ectiveness irrespectively on the timing of their introduction. As command-and-control policies are always able to direct technical change toward "green" technologies and to prevent climate disasters, they constitute a valuable alternative to market-based interventions |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Command and Control, Carbon Taxes, Disasters |
| JEL: | O33 O44 Q30 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:1531&r=env |
| By: | Venkatachalam ANBUMOZHI (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | The year 2015 is a defining year for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). As the region journeys forward in forging the ASEAN Community, the field of disaster management continues to face challenges and opportunities brought about by increasingly complex disasters and the evolving humanitarian landscape. This year also ushers in global conversations that impact national and regional initiatives in disaster management and, conversely, provide opportunities for the ASEAN to inform and influence these discussions. These conversations include, among others, the development of the successor framework to the Hyogo Framework for Action, the review and subsequent development of the post-2015 sustainable development goal, the ongoing debates on climate change, and other emerging issues on protection such as the Nansen Initiative on disasterinduced cross-border displacement, and the potential occurrence of natural disasters in conflict areas. At the regional level, the role of regional organisations in disaster management is deepening and becoming more pronounced and relevant to the member states and the international community. Large-scale disasters such as Cyclone Nargis and Typhoon Haiyan underscored the necessity of enhancing and strengthening synergy and cooperation between and among various stakeholders across multiple sectors. In reaching out to other stakeholders and sectors, ASEAN strives to maintain its centrality and leadership through the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management Emergency Response while, at the same time, being open and flexible to changes. As regional and global forces converge, it is fast becoming an imperative for communities--the peoples of ASEAN--to become more resilient. Attaining a shared analysis and understanding of issues, existing and emerging, in disaster management would better equip the ASEAN member states, ASEAN as a regional organisation together with its ministerial and sectoral bodies, and the communities, to continue building resilient communities post-2015. This paper identifies key thematic areas arising from ongoing and emerging regional and global discussions on disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, development of the post-2015 sustainable development goals, and protection issues arising from natural disasters, under the larger framework of resilience. It scans and analyses regional and global trends in disaster management, underscoring the emerging imperative of cross-sectoral and multistakeholder approaches, with a growing focus on issues of vulnerable groups and protection. The paper then five critical steps viz, strengthened legal framework, implementing integrated risk management, establishing a monitoring and evaluation framework, capitalizing private finance and capacity development as key components for formulating the post-2015 disaster management blueprint. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, disaster risk management, resilience, sustainable development |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2016-02&r=env |
| By: | Robert C. Schmidt (Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin); Eugen Kovac (University of Duisburg-Essen) |
| Abstract: | A standard result from the game theoretic literature on international environmental agreements is that coalitions are either 'broad but shallow' or 'narrow but deep'. Hence, the stable coalition size is small when the potential welfare gains are large. We modify a standard climate coalition game by adding a – seemingly – small but realistic feature: we allow countries to delay climate negotiations until the next 'round' if a coalition forms but decides to remain inactive. It turns out that results are surprisingly different under this modication. In particular, a large coalition with deep emissions cuts forms if countries are sufficiently patient. Our results also indicate that countries should try hard to overcome coordination problems in the formation of a coalition. A more cooperative outcome may then be reached, and it may be reached more quickly. |
| Date: | 2015–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdp:wpaper:2015017&r=env |
| By: | Palm-Forster, Leah H.; Swinton, Scott M.; Lupi, Frank; Shupp, Robert S. |
| Abstract: | In a world free of transaction costs, reverse auctions can cost-effectively allocate payment for environmental service contracts by targeting projects that provide the most benefit per dollar spent. However, auctions only succeed if enough farmers choose to bid so that the auctioneer can evaluate numerous projects for targeted funding. A 2014 conservation auction to allocate payments for phosphorus reduction practices in NW Ohio experienced very thin bidding. According to a follow-up survey, auction participation was deterred by the complexity of the bidding process and the need to negotiate with renters. Due to low participation, the actual conservation auction made payments for phosphorus reduction that were surprisingly costly at the margin. Applying a farmer behavioral model to the Western Lake Erie Basin, we simulate participation choice and cost-effectiveness of environmental outcomes in reverse auctions and uniform payment conservation programs. Results reveal that when perceived transaction costs of bid preparation are high, reverse auctions are less cost-effective than spatially targeted, uniform payment programs that attract higher participation. Keywords: reverse auctions, transaction costs, cost-effective, conservation programs, endogenous participation |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa16:212816&r=env |
| By: | Wei Jin (School of Public Policy and Management, Zheijang University); ZhongXiang Zhang (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University) |
| Abstract: | Whether China continues its business-as-usual investment-driven, environment-polluting growth pattern or adopts an investment and innovation-driven, environmentally sustainable development holds important implications for both national and global environmental governance. Building on a Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans growth model that features endogenous technological change induced by R&D and knowledge stock accumulation, this paper presents an exposition, both analytically and numerically, of the mechanism underlining China’s economic transition from an investment-driven, pollution-intensive to an investment and innovation-driven, environmentally sustainable growth path. We show that if R&D technological innovation is incorporated into China’s growth mechanism, then at some tipping point in time when marginal welfare gain of R&D for knowledge accumulation becomes equalized with that of investment for physical asset deployment, China’s economy will launch capital investment and R&D simultaneously and make a transition to a sustainable growth path along which consumption, capital investment, and R&D have a balanced share of 5: 4: 1, consumption, capital stock, and knowledge stock all grow at a rate of 4.9%, and environmental quality improves at a rate of 2.5%. In contrast, if R&D technological innovation is not harnessed as a new growth engine, then China’s economy will follow its business-as-usual investment-driven growth path along which standalone accumulation of dirty physical capital stock will lead to a more than 200-fold increase in environmental pollution. |
| Keywords: | endogenous technological change; sustainable development; economic growth model; China’s economic transition |
| JEL: | Q55 Q58 Q43 Q48 O13 O31 O33 O44 F18 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1601&r=env |
| By: | Gocht, Alexander; Espinosa, Maria; Leip, Adrian; Lugato, Emanuele; Schroeder, Lilli Aline; Van Doorslaer, Benjamin; Gomez y Paloma, Sergio |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the impact of an EU-wide policy to expand grassland area and increase carbon sequestration in soils. The paper uses the economic Common Agricultural Policy Regionalized Impact (CAPRI) model which represents the EU Agriculture by 2,450 mathematical programming farm type models in combination with the biogeochemistry model CENTURY which determines the carbon sequestration at a high resolution level. Both models are linked at the NUTS3 level using the location information in the Farm Accounting Data Network. We simulated a grassland premium such that farmers increase grassland by 5% cost efficiently, whereas we assumed that farmers with lower costs can contribute more. Our findings are that the GHG mitigation potential and costs depend on carbon sequestration rates, the land market and the induced land use changes, and the regional agricultural production structure. The overall net effect in Europe simulated with the model is a reduction of 4.3 Mio t CO2e (equivalents) when converting 2.9 Mio ha into grassland. A premium was calculated so that farmers increase grassland voluntary. It amounts on average to 238 EUR/ha, summing up to a total cost of 417 Mio EUR. The net abatement costs are based on the premium payments and account on average 97 EUR/t CO2e. Substantial carbon sequestration (28% of the total sequestration) can be achieved already with 50 EUR/t CO2e. The carbon sequestration would be most effective in regions in France, Italy and Spain, the Netherlands and Germany. Larger farms and farm types specialized in cereals and protein crops, mixed field cropping, granivores and the mixed crops-livestock farming have the highest potential to relatively low costs. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212651&r=env |
| By: | William Pizer, Joseph Aldy, and Keigo Akimoto |
| Abstract: | A natural outcome of the emerging pledge and review approach to international climate change policy is the interest in comparing mitigation efforts among countries. Domestic publics and stakeholders will have an interest in knowing if “comparable” or “peer” countries are undertaking (or planning to undertake) “comparable” effort in mitigating their greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, if the aggregate effort is considered inadequate in addressing the risks posed by climate change, then this will likely prompt interest in identifying opportunities for greater effort by individual countries – an assessment that requires metrics of effort and comparisons among countries. We propose a framework for comparing mitigation effort, drawing from a set of principles for designing and implementing informative metrics. We present a template for organizing metrics on mitigation effort, for both ex ante and ex post review of effort. We also provide preliminary assessments of effort along emissions, price, and cost metrics for post-2020 climate policy contributions by China, the European Union, and the United States. We close with a discussion of the role of academics and civil society in promoting transparency and facilitating the evaluation and comparison of effort. |
| Keywords: | climate change, emissions mitigation, climate pledges, evaluation, climate change policy. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q3 Q52 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:419&r=env |
| By: | Marigold Norman and Smita Nakhooda |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a thorough synthesis of available data to illuminate the current global state of finance for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). It adds to a growing body of work that seeks to understand the size and composition of finance for REDD+ initiatives, as well as the delivery of climate finance more generally. The analysis shows that aggregate pledges of both public and private finance are significant, at more than US $8.7 billion for the period between 2006 and March 2014, but the pace of new pledges slowed after 2010. The public sector contributes nearly 90% of reported REDD+ finance, with the preponderance of funding concentrated among a relatively small number of donors and recipient countries. The paper analyzes early experience with performance-based finance, although such finance represents less than two-fifths of pledges to date. The extent to which new institutions in the climate finance architecture such as the Green Climate Fund will provide a new and effective channel for increasing support for REDD+ remains to be seen. |
| Keywords: | REDD+, deforestation, climate finance |
| JEL: | D F35 Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:378&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Eichner; Rüdiger Pethig |
| Keywords: | climate coalition, deposit, fuel, Nash, self-enforcing IEA |
| JEL: | C72 Q38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sie:siegen:176-15&r=env |
| By: | Cisilino, Federica; Marangon, Francesco; Troiano, Stefania |
| Keywords: | ecosystem, services, payments, CAP, collective approach, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa147:212247&r=env |
| By: | Avendaño-Cantor, Diego F.; García-Arias, Ana Isabel; Ónega, Francisco; Pérez-Fra, Mar |
| Abstract: | Agri-environment policy in Europe has been applied for more than two decades, reaching great importance both economically and at spatial level. There is a debate in the academy about the tangible environmental benefits achieved with this policy. The present work analyses a whole Agri-environmental Program (6,523 beneficiary farms) for the community support period 2007-2013, focusing on its incidence and effects in the Galician province of Lugo, as well as the degree of implementation in relation to demographic, economic and agricultural structure. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the distribution in the territory of Agri-environmental Schemes (AES) and grant amount. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the effects of different variables on the proportion of AES, using Akaike's Information Criterion procedure. The results show that population dynamics have significant incidence in explaining the spatial distribution of AES In mountain areas with lower population density and higher aging rateAES reveals to support the income of the least productive and marginal farms and, at the same time, the conservation of Nature, especially tackling the proliferation of forest fires. Some were widely adopted in the province, while others focused on specific geographical areas. The ecological improvement of the physical environment under Natura 2000 measures has the least impact on the territory. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212642&r=env |
| By: | Aditi Bhattacharyya (Department of Economics and International Business, Sam Houston State University); Daisy Das (North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of different types of cooking fuels on the technical efficiency of household meal production in rural India. Rural households in India use for cooking either traditional fuels like firewood, dung, crop residue, and coal or modern fuels like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene, or a combination of both traditional and modern fuels. Using the stochastic frontier method, this paper estimates the influence of different types of cooking fuel and other household level characteristics on the technical efficiency of household meal production. We use a representative sample of 3880 rural households from the India Human Development Survey, 2008. Our results indicate that efficiency of meal preparation is significantly higher when households use either a traditional or a combination of both traditional and modern fuels than if they use modern fuels alone. Thus, results of this paper shed light on reasons other than cost behind the overwhelming popularity of traditional fuels in spite of their adverse health and environmental effects. This result is likely to be driven by the capacity constraint imposed by LPG and kerosene burners in cooking a large quantity of food at a time. Our study identifies use of traditional fuel as a viable option for reducing energy poverty in rural India, and recommends extensive policy for supplying improved wood burning cook stoves and afforestation to reduce the harmful pollution effects of open fire. The policy makers should also emphasize on provision of biogas plant and biomass gasifier along with afforestation. Further, our study recognizes the need for developing and supplying more efficient cooking stoves for modern fuels to promote higher use of clean energy sources. Our results also suggest policy intervention in improving women’s education, household income, provision of ration card, and providing government support in acquiring improved cooking stoves for increasing efficiency of meal production at the household level. |
| Keywords: | Meal production; Modern fuel, Technical efficiency; Traditional fuel; Stochastic frontier analysis |
| JEL: | Q40 D24 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shs:wpaper:1604&r=env |
| By: | Sneha Master |
| Abstract: | Green Accounting is basically adoption of valuation of natural capital integration in planning for development. Incorporating green accounting into national economic accounts could provide a measure of sustainability; however, considerable advanced methods of measurement and valuation are needed. There are, of course, no substitutes for the life-sustaining services of nature and the question of when and how to account for this fact is the source of many ongoing debates in green accounting. Key words: Green accounting, accounting, legal, Critical |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2015-09-08&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This report was published with the goal of discussing, disseminating and using the results of this initiative in the formulation of national and regional strategies and have been presented at national and regional events with civil servants, representatives of non-governmental organizations, trade unions, the private sector, universities and research centers. The results have served as inputs in the training of national committees on climate change and negotiating teams, as well as in the preparation of the Regional Climate Change Strategy, several international financing projects and various national policies. The results have been presented in coordination with the Ministries of Environment at the last three Conferences of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:39089&r=env |
| By: | Norton, Daniel; Hynes, Stephen |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212663&r=env |
| By: | Yoko Nobuoka; Jane Ellis; Sarah Pyndt Andersen |
| Abstract: | Limiting the increase in global average temperature to below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels will require ambitious mitigation action by a broad range of actors including Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), i.e., national governments, and non-party stakeholders (NPS). This paper focuses on three types of NPS, namely, sub-national governments, the private sector and financial institutions, and examines how the 2015 agreement could help the NPS encourage increased mitigation actions as well as the financing for such actions. The paper identifies five barriers that can prevent NPS from enhancing their actions and assesses how the current process under the UNFCCC is addressing these barriers for the pre-2020 period. It also explores options to establish or enhance links between the UNFCCC and NPS in the 2015 agreement for post-2020, in order to further address the barriers and enhance actions by NPS. Encourager les acteurs non-Parties à la CCNUCC à renforcer leur action climatique L’objectif de contenir l’élévation de la température moyenne de la planète en dessous de 2°C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels exigera des actions d’atténuation ambitieuses de la part d’un large éventail d’acteurs. Ceci inclus notamment les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), c’est-à-dire les administrations nationales, ainsi que les acteurs non-Parties à la CCNUCC. Ce rapport, qui est axé sur trois catégories d’acteurs non-Parties – les administrations infranationales, le secteur privé et les institutions financières –, examine par quels moyens l’accord de 2015 pourrait contribuer à encourager les acteurs non-Parties à renforcer les actions d’atténuation ainsi que leur financement. Il recense cinq obstacles susceptibles d’empêcher les acteurs non-Parties de renforcer leurs actions et évalue la façon dont le processus en cours dans le cadre de la CCNUCC s’attaque à ces obstacles pour la période pré-2020. L’étude explore aussi les moyens envisageables pour établir ou consolider les liens entre la CCNUCC et les acteurs non-Parties dans le cadre de l’accord de 2015 pour la période post-2020, dans le but de lever les obstacles et d'accroitre l’action climatique des acteurs non-Parties. |
| Keywords: | climate change, mitigation, 2015 agreement, accord de 2015, atténuation, CCNUCC, changement climatique |
| JEL: | F53 H72 O19 O44 Q54 Q58 R11 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2015/5-en&r=env |
| By: | Aydin, Erdal (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, energy conservation has been a hot topic of debate among policy makers and researchers due to the concerns about global climate change and energy dependency. From a policy perspective, residential sector has been an important target for energy conservation policies as it is a major contributor to the total energy consumption and has a high potential for saving energy through efficiency measures. This dissertation focuses on three main research topics that are associated to the assessment and design of residential energy conservation policies. The first chapter investigates the impact of residential energy efficiency policies on household energy consumption. The second chapter examines the magnitude of rebound effect in residential energy consumption. Finally, the last chapter investigates the capitalization of energy efficiency in the housing market and examines the impact of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) on the capitalization rate. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:b9cedba8-1310-4097-90fb-b6b5c3f5b9ee&r=env |
| By: | Dylan Minor (Harvard Business School, Strategy Unit) |
| Abstract: | We explore the relationship between managerial incentives and misconduct using the setting of environmental harm. We find that high powered executive compensation can increase the odds of environmental law-breaking by 40-60% and the magnitude of environmental harm by over 100%. We document similar results for the setting of executive compensation and illegal financial accounting. Finally, we outline some managerial and policy implications to blunt these adverse incentive effects. |
| Keywords: | executive compensation, corporate governance, misconduct, environmental performance, accounting scandal, sustainable finance |
| JEL: | G01 G31 J33 K32 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:16-076&r=env |
| By: | Muminov, Sherzod |
| Abstract: | More than 80% of Uzbekistan’s agriculture is irrigated and low water quality as well as insufficient water quantity is the main challenges for its development. Transition to a market economy requires reforms in agriculture and especially in water sector. The principal basis for transition to a market economy is introduction of paid water use. The main source of funding for water management in Uzbekistan is the state budget. Allocations from state funds in recent years have grown substantially. Considerable part in the total amount of funding for operational needs accounts for electricity, the cost of which is growing much faster than the increase in appropriations in water sector in general. Fundamental aspects of economic management system should be a mechanism for financing water management organizations, both at the expense of the state budget and at the expense of water users through setting water fees. Payment for water will be a major pre-requisite to save water resources. In Uzbekistan transition to paid water use will allow the more economical use of water resources, and will help to resolve many political, social, economic and environmental problems. Moreover it will solve technical problems which will improve the soil conditions. |
| Keywords: | Uzbekistan, agricultural sector, strategic crops, water management, water consumers association, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamc14:212558&r=env |
| By: | Dominique Bianco (Université Nice Sophia Antipolis); Evens Salies (OFCE) |
| Abstract: | Few endogenous growth models have focused attention on the strong Porter hy-pothesis, that stricterenvironmental policies induce innovations, the benefits ofwhich exceed the costs. A key assumption in this hypothesis is that policy strict-ness pushes firms to overcome some obstacles to profit maximization. We model this hypothesis by incorporating pollution and taxation in the Aghion and Griffith (2005) analysis of growth with satisficing managers. Our theoretical results predictthe strong Porter hypothesis. Moreover, they suggest that the stringency of environmental policy should adjust to changes in the level of potential competition in the intermediate inputs sector. |
| Keywords: | Strong porter analysis; Environmental Policy; Endogenous growth |
| JEL: | D43 E3 O31 O41 O4 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/c6vaci757938qr0fmnuq9kd0e&r=env |
| By: | Van Bo, Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Ensuring food security is not merely an economic or humanitarian activity: it also actively contributes to national and global socio-political stability. During the last 25 years of implementing its Renovation Policy, Vietnam has achieved national food security, actively contributing to the goals of eliminating hunger, alleviating poverty, and ensuring regional and global food security. Vietnam is changing from a net food importer to an exporter of many agricultural commodities. However, Vietnam is an agriculture-based economy with more than 70% of its population engaged in agriculture. A very high proportion of many of the commodities it produces are exported: 25% of its rice production, 90% of coffee, rubber, cashew nut and cassava, and 95% of black pepper. Any fluctuation on the international market can adversely affect its agricultural industries. Difficulties and challenges will face the country in the years to come: rapid population growth; decreasing farm areas and water resources; natural disasters, floods, droughts; decreasing levels of investment in agricultural production; barriers to agricultural international trade; low incomes of the poor, reducing their access to food; food demand increasing for other purposes, including the production of bio-energy; and climate change. Vietnam’s agriculture restructuring policy aims at higher competitiveness and ensuring food security in the context of climate change. Efforts are focused on policies to stabilise the area of land devoted to rice cultivation; increasing investment in water management infrastructure; and promotion of mechanisation in rice production and processing. It will apply scientific and technological advances to varietal improvement; natural resource management; pest and disease control; and post-harvest technologies. It will also re-organise the institutional set up for agricultural production, linking production with processing and marketing. This will raise the incomes of rice growers, modernise rural life and enhance farmers’ livelihoods. At the same time, it will actively seek to mitigate the impacts of climate change, especially of rising sea levels. With sound policies to guarantee its national food security, Vietnam is ready to cooperate with its neighbours, share its experiences in agricultural development with the international community; and actively contribute to ensuring food security globally. Halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015 is one of the eight Millennium Development Goals agreed to by many nations more than a decade ago. With many difficulties and challenges still facing food security, achieving this goal will require the effort of every nation, and especially active support from developed countries and international organisations. This demands coordinated action at regional levels as well as on a global scale |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp14:225580&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | This report summarizes the investments in clean energy made by the operations departments of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 2014, condensing information from project databases and formal reports in an easy-to-reference format. This report was prepared by ADB’s Clean Energy Program which provides the cohesive agenda that encompasses and guides ADB’s lending and nonlending assistance, initiatives, and plan of action for sustainable growth in Asia and the Pacific. |
| Keywords: | energy, clean energy, renewable energy, energy efficiency, solar, wind, clean energy program, investments, loans, grants, technical assistance, 2014 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt157381-2&r=env |
| By: | Tomas Havranek (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Smetanovo nabrezi 6, 111 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic; Czech National Bank); Roman Horvath (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Smetanovo nabrezi 6, 111 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic); Ayaz Zeynalov (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Smetanovo nabrezi 6, 111 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | An important question in development studies is how abundance of natural resources affects long-term economic growth. No consensus answer, however, has yet emerged, with approximately 40% of empirical papers finding a negative effect, 40% finding no effect, and 20% finding a positive effect. Does the literature taken together imply the existence of the so-called natural resource curse? In a quantitative survey of 402 estimates reported in 33 studies, we find that overall support for the resource curse hypothesis is weak when potential publication bias and method heterogeneity are taken into account. Our results also suggest that three aspects of study design are especially effective in explaining the differences in results across studies: 1) including an interaction between natural resources and institutional quality, 2) controlling for the level of investment activity, and 3) distinguishing between different types of natural resources. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources, economic growth, institutions, publi- cation selection bias, meta-analysis |
| JEL: | Q30 O13 C51 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2016_03&r=env |
| By: | Xuan Huang; Bruno Lanz |
| Abstract: | Using a dual-market sorting model of workers' location decisions, this paper studies the capitalization of air pollution in wages and property prices across Chinese cities. We exploit quasi-experimental variations in particulate matter (PM10) concentration induced by a policy subsidizing coal-based winter heating in northern China, specifying a regression discontinuity design based on cities' location relative to the policy boundary. We estimate that the elasticity of wages and house prices with respect to PM10 concentration is 0.41 and -0.71 respectively. Our results are robust to the use of an alternative source of exogenous variation in PM10 concentration (sandstorms), supporting the view that the local effect we measure provides policy-relevant information on the value of air quality improvements in China. |
| Keywords: | Hedonic model; Air pollution; Labor market; Housing prices; Local public goods. |
| JEL: | H41 J31 R31 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:ciesrp:cies_rp_38&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Eichner; Rüdiger Pethig |
| Keywords: | climate coalition, fossil fuel, deposits, extraction, fuel caps |
| JEL: | Q31 Q38 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sie:siegen:178-15&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Since 2008 we have supported the collaborative initiative "Economics of Climate Change in Central America" aimed at demonstrating the impacts of climate variability and change and fostering a discussion on public policies in key sectors. The initiative has been led by the Ministries of Environment and Treasury or Finance of Central America, with the support of their ministerial councils, CCAD, COSEFIN, and Economic Integration Secretariat, SIECA. The Ministries of Agriculture and of Health, with their councils, CAC and COMISCA, have also joined the effort; and the Dominican Republic came on board in 2015. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:39150&r=env |
| By: | Mofya-Mukuka, Rhoda; Simoloka, Asunta |
| Abstract: | Zambia is among the countries with the highest levels of under-nutrition in the world (see IFPRI 2014), and these levels have remained high—around 40%—even when the country has achieved significant growth in agricultural production. About 60% of Zambia’s population lives in the rural areas where poverty levels are estimated to be as high as 75%. This aspect alone makes most rural households highly dependent on agriculture, the natural forests, and woodlands for their livelihoods including food provision and income generation. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:midcwp:229598&r=env |
| By: | Ankamah-Yeboah Isaac (Department of food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark); Max Nielsen (Department of food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark); Rasmus Nielsen (Department of food and Resource Economics, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark) |
| Abstract: | The year 2016 is groundbreaking for organic aquaculture producers in EU, as it represents the deadline for implementing a full organic life cycle in the aquaculture production. Such a shift induces production costs for farmers and if it should be profitable, they must receive higher prices. This study identifies the price premium on organic salmon in the Danish retail sale sector using consumer panel scanner data for households by applying the hedonic price model. A premium of 20% for organic salmon is found. Since this premium is closer to organic agriculture products than to ecolabelled capture fisheries products, it indicates that consumers consider organic salmon as an agriculture product more than fisheries product. |
| Keywords: | price premium, organic seafood, fisheries ecolabel, salmon; price premium, organic seafood, fisheries ecolabel, salmon |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irf:wpaper:003&r=env |
| By: | Katrin Zander (Thuenen Institute of Market Analysis, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig); Doreen Bürgelt (Thuenen Institute of Market Analysis, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig); Inken Christoph-Schulz (Thuenen Institute of Market Analysis, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig); Petra Salamon (Thuenen Institute of Market Analysis, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig); Daniela Weible (Thuenen Institute of Market Analysis, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig) |
| Abstract: | Increasing shares of fish products are sold as sustainably caught. This contribution tackles consumers’ specific knowledge on, interest in and expectations about sustainable fisheries and its products, their awareness of existing sustainability labels on fish as well as the purchase relevance of these labels in Germany. We conducted in total 12 focus groups with fish consumers in different German cities. The results show that consumers expect sustainable fisheries to avoid by-catches, overfishing and not to use dynamite. Knowledge about fisheries was mostly low and for many of the discussants this topic was new. When asked in an unprompted manner for their awareness of different labels of sustainably caught wild fish, the label of the Marine Stewardship Council was the only one known by some of the participants. It turned out that participants were skeptical about food labeling and standard setting in general. Accordingly, many participants stated not to look for sustainability labels when purchasing fish products. In order to tackle with consumers’ limited knowledge of fish and low interest in additional information, communication of sustainability in fisheries should be short, simple and reliable. Sustainability standards which clearly differentiate from noncertified fisheries are required. |
| Keywords: | consumer behaviour, consumer attitudes, sustainable fisheries; consumer behaviour, consumer attitudes, sustainable fisheries |
| JEL: | Q13 Q22 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irf:wpaper:004&r=env |
| By: | François Libois (CRED, University of Namur) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analytical framework to understand why some communities successfully manage their renewable natural resources and some fail to do it. We develop a N-players, two-period non-cooperative game where a community can impose some exogenous amount of sanctions. We first show that rules preventing dynamic inefficiencies may exist even though static inefficiencies still remain. Second, an increase in the initial value of the resource may lower the utility of all users. The model develop a nuanced view on Ostrom conjecture stating that conservation is harder to implement than sharing. |
| Keywords: | Common-pool resource ; Renewable resource ; Conservation ; Sanctions ; Institutions |
| JEL: | Q2 O13 D02 D23 P48 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nam:wpaper:1601&r=env |
| By: | George Adu and Paul Alagidede |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the incentive for developing adaptation technology in a world with changing climate within the directed technical change framework. Consistent with the market size effect, we show that technological change will tend to be biased in favour of the sector that employs the greater share of the work force over time, when the inputs are sufficiently substitutable. An economy with dominant climate sensitive sector can maintain sustained economic growth if it is capable of undertaking frontier innovations in the form of adaptation technology that increases the productivity of the inputs employed in the climate sensitive sector. |
| Keywords: | climate change, Climate sensitive sector, economic growth, Technological change |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O33 O44 Q55 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:wpaper:572&r=env |
| By: | Dar, William D. |
| Abstract: | The global production and use of biofuels have increased dramatically in the past few years due to volatile and increasing oil prices, and environmental concerns. The main feedstocks for ethanol are sugarcane, maize and, to a lesser extent, wheat, sugarbeet and cassava. Biodiesel oil-producing crops include rapeseed and oil palm. All divert land away from food production to energy production. This has in turn triggered the food versus energy debate, with several studies attributing the rising food prices to the feedstock diversion to biofuels, hurting poor consumers and net food-importing countries. To overcome the food– fuel trade-off several countries are promoting feedstocks that can grow on marginal lands and hence do not compete with food production. At ICRISAT we launched a global pro-poor ‘BioPower Initiative’ focusing on biomass sources and approaches that do not compete with, but rather enhance food and nutritional security. Sweet sorghum is one such ‘smart’ multipurpose crop that does not compromise on food security while producing energy. The grain is used for food and the stalk is used for juice extraction for bioethanol. It is encouraging that the Western Australian Government in partnership with Kimberley Agricultural Investments has plans to grow sweet sorghum on 13,400 hectares of land for processing into bioethanol. Further, the use of sweet sorghum in existing sugar mills as biofuel feedstock provides a win–win situation for both farmers and industry. Data from India, the Philippines, China and Brazil indicate that sweet sorghum is an economically viable, socially equitable, environmentally sustainable and resilient smart crop. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp14:225568&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | This report was produced under the technical assistance project Promoting Renewable Energy, Clean Fuels, and Energy Efficiency in the Greater Mekong Subregion (TA 7679). It provides outlines of business models relevant to pursuing the renewable energy and energy efficiency targets adopted by the five Greater Mekong Subregion countries: Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Business models for investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency provide policy makers and investors with alternative business methods for the deployment of new technologies, or for the application of well-established technologies and practices in new settings. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, business models, renewable energy, gms, asian development bank, cambodia, lao pdr, myanmar, thailand, viet nam, lahmeyer internationa gmbh, cambodia ministry of mines and energy, lao pdr ministry of energy and mines, myanmar ministry of energy, thailand department of alternative energy development and efficiency, electricity regulatory authority of viet nam, climate change, public-private partnership, ownership business models, multiparty ownership, lease or hire purchase model, dealer credit business model, user cooperative business model, energy performance contracting, decentralized systems, centralized grid-scale systems, build-own-operate-transfer, energy service company, community biogas |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt146842-2&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | This report was produced under the technical assistance project Promoting Renewable Energy, Clean Fuels, and Energy Efficiency in the Greater Mekong Subregion (TA 7679). It focused on renewable energy developments and potential in five countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It assessed the potential of solar, wind, biomass, and biogas as sources of renewable energy. Technical considerations include the degree and intensity of solar irradiation, average wind speeds, backup capacity of grid systems, availability and quality of agricultural land for biofuel crops, and animal manure concentrations for biogas digester systems. Most GMS governments have established plans for reaching these targets and have implemented policy, regulatory, and program measures to boost solar, wind, biomass, and biogas forms of renewable energy. Incentives for private sector investment in renewable energy are increasingly emphasized. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy developments in the gms, renewable energy, environment sustainability, greater mekong subregion (gms), asian development bank, cambodia, lao pdr, myanmar, thailand, viet nam, solar energy potential, wind energy potential, biogas energy potential, clean fuel, biofuel, biogas, food-energy-water nexus, renewable energy regulatory, biomass energy resources, cambodia ministry of mines and energy, lao pdr ministry of energy and mines, myanmar ministry of energy, thailand department of alternative energy development and efficiency, electricity regulatory authority of viet nam, lahmeyer internationa gmbh, climate change, photovoltaic, bio-digester, energy sector institutional framework, renewable energy targets |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt146841-2&r=env |
| By: | Sánchez, Luis (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Reyes, Orlando (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El principal objetivo de este documento es, atendiendo al contexto del cambio climático en América Latina y el Caribe, sintetizar algunas de las principales medidas de política pública de adaptación y mitigación utilizadas y/o consideradas en la región. Esta revisión se hace con base en las Comunicaciones Nacionales presentadas a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y/o los planes/estrategias nacionales sobre cambio climático. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39781&r=env |
| By: | López-Feldman, Alejandro (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El presente documento tiene como objetivo presentar una síntesis de la evidencia de los efectos potenciales del cambio climático sobre el sector agropecuario, con énfasis en América Latina. Su publicación pretende ser un aporte para el diseño de políticas públicas que contribuyan a reducir dichos efectos y favorezcan los procesos de adaptación. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39824&r=env |
| By: | Chakir, Raja; Lungarska, Anna |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to compare land use models based on three different proxies for agricultural land rent: farmers’ revenues; land price and shadow price of land derived from a mathematical programming model. We estimate a land use shares model of France at the scale of a homogeneous grid (8 km x 8 km). We consider five land use classes: (1) agriculture, (2) pasture, (3) forest, (4) urban and (5) other uses. We investigate the determinants of the shares of land in alternative uses using economic, physical and demographic explanatory variables. Data on land use is derived from the remote sensing database Corine Land Cover. We model spatial autocorrelation between grid cells and compare the prediction accuracy as well as the estimated elasticities between different model specifications. Our results show that the three rent proxies give similar results in terms of prediction quality of different models. Our results also show that including spatial autocorrelation in land use models improve the quality of prediction (RMSE indicators). One of our econometric land use models is used to simulate the effects of a nitrogen tax as well as to project land use changes in France under two IPCC climate scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Land use share model, spatial autocorrelation, land rent, prediction., Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212641&r=env |
| By: | Chyzheuskaya, Aksana; O’Donoghue, Cathal; O’Neill, Stephen; Hynes, Stephen |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa150:212669&r=env |
| By: | Samaniego, Joseluis (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Montero, Laetitia (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Ruiz-Tagle, María Teresa (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático tendrá importantes consecuencias sobre el desarrollo urbano de los países de América Latina durante el presente siglo, y las necesidades de limitar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones climáticas impondrán desafíos que incidirán significativamente en las formas de desarrollo urbano y territorial en la región. En este contexto, resulta fundamental para las ciudades construir sendas de desarrollo urbano bajo en carbono, para transitar hacia economías que sean verdes y, a la vez, resilientes. El presente estudio mira los avances que han realizados los gobiernos nacionales y locales de la región para transitar hacia un desarrollo urbano bajo en carbono. Tiene como principal objetivo identificar y proponer medidas sectoriales específicas adicionales que contribuyan a la construcción de una senda de desarrollo baja en carbono en ciudades de América Latina; para ello se seleccionan las ciudades de Santiago-Chile, Sao Paulo-Brasil y Ciudad de México-México. Asimismo, se realiza una evaluación econométrica de las medidas propuestas para cada una de las ciudades, donde se analiza su contribución respecto de los niveles de emisiones de GEI y su costo. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39843&r=env |
| By: | Gómez, José Javier (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:39620&r=env |
| By: | Galindo, Luis Miguel (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Samaniego, Joseluis (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Alatorre, José Eduardo (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Ferrer, Jimy (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Reyes, Orlando (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Sánchez, Luis (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El principal objetivo de este artículo es argumentar que el cambio climático es un fenómeno complejo que representa uno de los grandes retos del siglo XXI atendiendo a sus características, causas y consecuencias globales y asimétricas y que esta indefectiblemente ligado al estilo de desarrollo. Esta estrecha relación entre cambio climático y el estilo de desarrollo queda plasmada en 8 tesis: i) El cambio climático está induciendo modificaciones ya discernibles en el clima. ii) El cambio climático, consecuencia de una extemalidad negativa, es consustancial al actual estilo de desarrollo global. iii) El cambio climático contiene una paradoja temporal, esto es, sus efectos serán más intensos en la segunda mitad del siglo XXI pero resolver el problema requiere actuar en lo inmediato. iv) El cambio climático es un fenómeno global pero doblemente asimétrico para América Latina. Esto es, América Latina contribuye con el 9% de las emisiones globales pero es particularmente vulnerable a los efectos climáticos y además, la población pobre es la más vulnerable. v) La adaptación al cambio climático implica transitar de lo inevitable a lo sostenible. Esto es, las manifestaciones del cambio climático son prácticamente inevitables y se intensificaran durante este siglo y por tanto es indispensable instrumentar procesos de adaptación al cambio climático. vi) El actual estilo de desarrollo en América Latina no representa un desarrollo sostenible como lo ejemplifican los patrones de consumo donde se observa, por ejemplo, un tránsito del trasporte público al privado con el consecuente aumento del consumo de gasolinas y de contaminación atmosférica en las áreas. vii) El cambio climático requiere una apropiada administración de riesgos que solo será posible en el contexto de un desarrollo sostenible. viii) El desafío del cambio climático es el desafío del desarrollo sostenible. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39840&r=env |
| By: | Saborío, Milagro (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:39611&r=env |
| By: | Giampaolo Gabbi (University of Siena and SDA Bocconi Banking and Insurance Department); Elisa Ticci (University of Siena) |
| Abstract: | : Over the last thirty years, the historical increasing expansion of financial systems has experienced a phase of acceleration, the second one after the industrial revolution. During this phase of financialisation, the logic of finance has acquired a significant role in economic decisions of all broad institutional elements: financial and non-financial corporations, government and households. Usually formulated with a negative connotation, the notion of financialisation as an “excessive” growth of finance, however, remains elusive and with vague operative implications. We first discuss different features, manifestations and processes which are encompassed in the second financialisation. We then review the literature on its implications by distinguishing the effects on endogenous sustainability, namely on the functioning of financial systems, and the effects on the social and economic spheres: productive investments, human capital, distribution, resilience and exposure to shocks and to systemic risks. Finally, our critical survey focuses on a recent hot debate on the role of financialisation in shaping the incentives for environmental protection, and in restructuring the interests and power equilibrium among different stakeholders on the uses – current, future and speculative – of environmental goods and services. |
| Keywords: | financialisation, sustainability. |
| JEL: | N20 O16 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–08–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fes:wpaper:wpaper47&r=env |
| By: | Tapasco, Jeimar (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:39609&r=env |
| By: | Dörre, Andrei |
| Abstract: | Kyrgyzstan’s grasslands have an economic importance as well as crucial ecological meanings. The hypothesis to be explored here is that formal institutions, especially top-down-initiated legal rules implemented since 1991, are decisively contributing to the formation of socio-ecological pasture-related challenges. It is misleading to explain these problems through the neo-Malthusian argument that a growing population necessarily leads to overexploitation and degradation of natural resources. The causes are much more complex. Utilization practices applied by the actors can be understood as results of the interplay of economic necessities, weak legal institutions, legal uncertainty and a related lack of reliable planning opportunities. In this way, inappropriate and unstable legal arrangements are stimulating the processes of socioeconomic stratification and disintegration of the society as well as those of pasture degradation. Based on findings obtained during field studies in Kyrgyzstan’s south-western walnut-fruit forest region, this paper advocates for the principles of an integrated sustainable development of Kyrgyzstan’s agricultural sector. Management responsibilities, access and utilization rights need to be matched to the specifics of local contexts and legitimized through participatory approaches. Including the local population in the institution-building process can make a decisive contribution to social development by balancing different interests. |
| Keywords: | Pastoralism, Political Ecology, Post-socialist transition, Socio-ecological challenges, Legislation, Kyrgyzstan, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Development, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamc14:212553&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This draft final assessment report presents an assessment of the Development Account project “Improving the Management of Resources for the Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean”. commissioned by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The report is made up of the following sections: Introduction, assessment management,findings and analysis. and lessons learnt, best practices and recommendations. |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:39819&r=env |
| By: | Camacho, Micaela (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39722&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:39243&r=env |
| By: | Kazakova-Mateva, Yanka; Radeva-Decheva, Donka |
| Keywords: | Agroecology, Agroecosystems, Diversity, Sustainability, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa147:212250&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El documento que la CEPAL da a conocer en esta ocasión profundiza en la línea de la igualdad de los presentados en sus dos anteriores períodos de sesiones: La hora de la igualdad: brechas por cerrar, caminos por abrir (2010, Brasilia), y Cambio estructural para la igualdad: Una visión integrada del desarrollo (2012, El Salvador). Bajo el título Pactos para la igualdad: hacia un futuro sostenible, el actual documento de posición plantea los dos grandes retos que enfrenta el desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe: lograr mayores grados de igualdad y procurar sostenibilidad en la dinámica del desarrollo de cara a las nuevas generaciones. En sus capítulos se resumen las restricciones a la sostenibilidad en materia social, económica, ambiental y de gobernanza de los recursos naturales y los desafíos que estas plantean en las opciones estratégicas de desarrollo; se profundiza el enfoque de igualdad desarrollado por la CEPAL en sus anteriores períodos de sesiones, considerando el mundo del trabajo como un espacio fundamental; se analiza el consumo en su vinculación con las esferas económica, social y ambiental, destacando su potencial expansión del bienestar así como las externalidades problemáticas de sostenibilidad ambiental, de pacto fiscal y de estructura productiva, entre otras, y se expone sobre las dinámicas entre estructuras productivas e instituciones, subrayando cómo la organización eficiente de estas últimas es relevante para maximizar la contribución al desarrollo. Concluye con un conjunto de propuestas de política de mediano y largo plazo que debieran plasmarse en pactos sociales, instrumentos políticos para implementar, en un contexto democrático, las políticas y reformas institucionales que los países de América Latina y el Caribe requieren para responder a la encrucijada en que se encuentran. |
| Keywords: | ACUERDOS FISCALES, IGUALDAD, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DERECHOS ECONOMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES, IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS NATURALES, TAX TREATIES, EQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:36692&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (South Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (South Asia Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Keywords: | india, kerala, kochi, kollam, kozhikode, thiruvananthapuram, thrissur, gender, gender equality, case study, women, women participation, health, water access, urban infrastucture, urban managements, livelihood, sanitation services, business initiatives |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt157386&r=env |
| By: | Sánchez, Ricardo J.; Jaimurzina, Azhar; Wilmsmeier, Gordon; Pérez-Salas, Gabriel; Doerr, Octavio; Pinto, Francisca (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | La evolución del paradigma de desarrollo sostenible hacia la enumeración integrada de las áreas económicas, sociales y ambientales, las cuales en su conjunto impactan sobre la calidad de la vida humana, facilita una mejor articulación entre el desempeño económico, social y ambiental del sector transporte y el progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenible. En la actualidad, más que continuar a sostener y justificar el vínculo general entre transporte y desarrollo, hace falta identificar cómo y bajo cuáles condiciones el sector de transporte puede brindar una contribución necesaria al logro de los objetivos post-2015. En este contexto, el presente documento busca ofrecer una visión del transporte marítimo basada en el contexto y los requerimientos del nuevo paradigma de desarrollo sostenible. Desde esta perspectiva, el documento evalúa los retos para los puertos de la región de América Latina, enfocándose en el desafío de la sostenibilidad en su sentido más amplio, y plantea la necesidad de cambios profundos de las políticas portuarias —cambios paradigmáticos que requieren una nueva gobernanza portuaria en la región. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col042:39708&r=env |
| By: | Heres, David (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En el presente estudio se analizan los principales resultados encontrados en la literatura concerniente al mercado de la energía y su relación con el cambio climático en Latinoamérica, buscando definir diferentes tópicos relacionados al tema y clasificar la literatura disponible. Para tal fin, el trabajo hace referencia a los principales determinantes de la oferta y la demanda de energía encontrados en la literatura para América Latina y el Caribe, explora las trayectorias posibles de la oferta y la demandade energía con referencia al cambio climático descritas por la literatura, y describe los principales mecanismos o instrumentos de política aplicadas relacionadas con la producción y el consumo de energía y cambio climático en la región. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39751&r=env |
| By: | Ivanov, Bozhidar; Malamova, Nona; Sokolova, Emilia |
| Keywords: | green, redistributive, CAP, Bulgaria, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa147:212245&r=env |
| By: | Heerman, Kari; Sheldon, Ian |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats15:229236&r=env |
| By: | Aylin Topal (Middle East Technical University); Ozlem Celik (Middle East Technical University); Galip Yalman (Middle East Technical University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines transformation of urban development in its repercussions in urban politics in Ankara since the 1920s with particular emphasis on the post-1980 period. It focuses on management mentality and finance mechanisms of housing policy in the city. This case study paper on Ankara shows that integration of urban land and housing with financial markets has been one of the central tendencies of neoliberal political economy particularly in the 2000s. The paper also notes that the case study epitomizes changing role of the state in creating urban rent and enabling and fortifying the link between the construction and banking sectors. |
| Keywords: | Ankara, housing, city planning, financialization, built environment, TOKI, Justice and Development Party. |
| JEL: | E44 R31 R21 G21 |
| Date: | 2015–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fes:wpaper:wpaper116&r=env |
| By: | Lo Vuolo, Rubén (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El presente estudio analiza la relación entre los estilos de desarrollo y los problemas del cambio climático en la región de América Latina con el fin de demostrar el modo en que los problemas del cambio climático enriquecen el debate sobre los estilos de desarrollo de los países y el necesario cambio estructural de los mismos. Usando la noción de estilos de desarrollo como base metodológica, se busca identificar aquellas relaciones que explicarían los motivos por los cuales, pese al crecimiento económico, los países de la región sufren recurrentes crisis, no logran homogeneizar estructuras productivas eficientes, se insertan de modo subordinado en la economía mundial y registran estructuras distributivas muy desiguales. En tal sentido, se destaca el hecho que los problemas del cambio climático no han ocupado un lugar central en los debates acerca de los estilos de desarrollo en la región de América Latina, lo cual puede definirse como una percepción equivocada, ya que los problemas del cambio climático potencian las debilidades históricas de los estilos de desarrollo en la región. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39752&r=env |
| By: | Bohman, Mary |
| Keywords: | global food system, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa148:229260&r=env |
| By: | Magrin, Graciela (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Los países de la región han avanzado en la incorporación de la protección ambiental en los procesos de toma de decisiones, en particular en términos de las instituciones ambientales y la legislación, pero todavía hay dificultades para incorporar eficazmente los temas ambientales en las políticas públicas pertinentes. Uno de los principales desafíos de la agenda climática en el sector agropecuario y forestal será lograr la articulación entre las políticas climáticas y las políticas de desarrollo, ordenamiento territorial y sectoriales. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39842&r=env |
| By: | Solazzo, Roberto; Pierangeli, Fabio |
| Keywords: | CAP reform, Internal convergence, Greening, Penalties, Positive mathematical programming (PMP), Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa147:212246&r=env |
| By: | Rossignolo, Darío (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar una evolución detallada del impacto económico y macrofiscal de los recursos naturales en América Latina y el Caribe. Dado el crecimiento importante experimentado por los mismos, que constituyen la principal fuente de exportaciones de los países de la región, se analizará en este trabajo la manera en que los países de la región han utilizado los ingresos adicionales con fines de aprovechamiento fiscal y su consecuente efecto económico (desigualdad, crecimiento) en términos de instrumentos fiscales (recursos tributarios), gobernanza de los recursos naturales y el establecimiento de fondos de estabilización. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col037:39625&r=env |
| By: | Lorenzo, Fernando (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo presenta un análisis de las potencialidades de las reformas fiscales ambientales en el contexto de América Latina. El análisis de las potencialidades incorpora consideraciones del ámbito político y de la efectividad desde el punto de vista ambiental para reducir la degradación ambiental. En el trabajo se destaca que para que una reforma ambiental pueda ser viable, es necesario tomar en cuenta las particularidades de los sistemas tributarios en América Latina. De esta manera, en este trabajo se analizan diferentes aspectos relacionados con los procesos políticos que van desde la elaboración de las propuestas de reforma hasta la etapa de implementación, pasando por el proceso de discusión pública y por la tramitación de la iniciativa en el Parlamento. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39750&r=env |