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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Massimo Tavoni (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Politecnico di Milano); Detlef van Vuuren (PBL and Utrecht University) |
| Abstract: | Carbon budgets have emerged as a robust metric of warming, but little is known about the usefulness of regional carbon budgets as indicators of policy. This article explores the potential of regional carbon budgets to inform climate policy. Using the large database of scenarios from IPCC AR5 WGIII, we show that regional budgets are important metrics of the long term contribution to climate change and the effort required to mitigate it. However, their value appears to be more limited for informing short term courses of actions, and for predicting the economic consequences of emission reduction policies. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Budgets, Climate Policy, IPCC |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.71&r=env |
| By: | Olivier Durand-Lasserve (OECD Environmental Directorate, France); Lorenza Campagnolo (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Italy); Jean Chateau (OECD Environmental Directorate, France); Rob Dellink (OECD Environmental Directorate, France) |
| Abstract: | This report develops an analytical framework that assesses the macroeconomic, environmental and distributional consequences of energy subsidy reforms. The framework is applied to the case of Indonesia to study the consequences in this country of a gradual phase out of all energy consumption subsidies between 2012 and 2020. The energy subsidy estimates used as inputs to this modelling analysis are those calculated by the International Energy Agency, using a synthetic indicator known as “price gaps”. The analysis relies on simulations made with an extended version of the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. The phase out of energy consumption subsidies was simulated under three stylised redistribution schemes: direct payment on a per household basis, support to labour incomes, and subsidies on food products. The modelling results in this report indicate that if Indonesia were to remove its fossil fuel and electricity consumption subsidies, it would record real GDP gains of 0.4% to 0.7% in 2020, according to the redistribution scheme envisaged. The redistribution through direct payment on a per household basis performs best in terms of GDP gains. The aggregate gains for consumers in terms of welfare are higher, ranging from 0.8% to 1.6% in 2020. Both GDP and welfare gains arise from a more efficient allocation of resources across sectors resulting from phasing out energy subsidies. Meanwhile, a redistribution scheme through food subsidies tends to create other inefficiencies. The simulations show that the redistribution scheme ultimately matters in determining the overall distributional performance of the reform. Cash transfers, and to a lesser extent food subsidies, can make the reform more attractive for poorer households and reduce poverty. Mechanisms that compensate households via payments proportional to labour income are, on the contrary, more beneficial to higher income households and increase poverty. This is because households with informal labour earnings, which are not eligible for these payments, are more represented among the poor. The analysis also shows that phasing out energy subsidies is projected to reduce Indonesian CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by 10.8% to 12.6% and GHG emissions by 7.9% to 8.3%, in 2020 in the various scenarios, with respect to the baseline. These emission reductions exclude emissions from deforestation, which are large but highly uncertain and for which the model cannot make reliable projections. |
| Keywords: | Computable General Equilibrium Model, Households’ Heterogeneity, Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms, Distributional Impacts, Indonesia |
| JEL: | C68 H23 O53 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.68&r=env |
| By: | W. A. Brock (Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, and Department of Economics, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA); A. Xepapadeas (Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece) |
| Abstract: | Human economies and ecosystems form a coupled system coevolving in time and space, since human economies use ecosystems services and at the same time affect ecosystems through their production and consumption activities. The study of the interactions between human economies and ecosystems is fundamental for the efficient use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. This necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. In developing this chapter, our objective was to focus on a segment of rapidly developing literature on coupled ecological/economic models with an emphasis on climate change. The advantage of this approach is that it introduces the reader to a very important current research topic, but it also allows, by using climate as the reference ecosystem, the exploration of new modeling approaches which are relevant and useful for the modeling of other types of coupled ecological/economic systems. These include modeling of deep structural uncertainty by using robust control methods, exploring modeling through cumulative carbon budgeting, studying spatial transport phenomena and spatial aspects in economic/ecological modelling. |
| Keywords: | Coupled Ecological/Economic Models, Climate Change, Deep Uncertainty, Robust Control, Cumulative Carbon Budgeting, Energy Balance Climate Models, spatial Aspects in Ecological/Economic Modeling |
| JEL: | Q20 Q40 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.66&r=env |
| By: | Michael Jakob (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Chang and Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Impact Research); Claudine Chen (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Sabine Fuss (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Annika Marxen (Technical University Berlin and Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Narasimha Rao (International Institute of Systems Analysis); Ottmar Edenhofer (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Impact Research and Technical University Berlin) |
| Abstract: | Introducing a price on greenhouse gas emissions would not only contribute to reducing the risk of dangerous anthropogenic climate change, but would also generate substantial public revenues. Some of these revenues could be used to cover investment needs for infrastructure providing access to water, sanitation, electricity, telecommunications and transport. In this way, emission pricing could promote sustainable socio-economic development by safeguarding the stability of natural systems which constitute the material basis of economies while at the same time providing public goods that are essential for human well- being. An analysis of several climate scenarios with different stabilization targets and technological assumptions reveals that emission pricing has a substantial potential to close existing access gaps. |
| Keywords: | Q31, H54 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.94&r=env |
| By: | Milan Šcasný (Charles University in Prague, Environment Center); Emanuele Massetti (Georgia Institute of Technology, CESIfo and FEEM); Jan Melichar (Charles University in Prague, Environment Center); Samuel Carrara (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents estimates of the economic benefit of air quality improvements in Europe that occur as a side effect of GHG emission reductions. We consider three climate policy scenarios that reach radiative forcing levels in 2100 of three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). These targets are achieved by introducing a global uniform tax on all GHG emissions in the Integrated Assessment Model WITCH, assuming both full as well as limited technological flexibility. The resulting consumption patterns of fossil fuels are used to estimate the physical impacts and the economic benefits of pollution reductions on human health and on key assets by implementing the most advanced version of the ExternE methodology with its Impact Pathway Analysis. We find that the mitigation scenario compatible with +2°C reduces total pollution costs in Europe by 76%. Discounted ancillary benefits are more than €2.5 trillion between 2015 and 2100. The monetary value of reduced pollution is equal to €22 per abated ton of CO2 in Europe. Less strict climate policy scenarios generate overall smaller, but still considerable, local benefits (14 € or 18 € per abated ton of CO2). Without discounting, the ancillary benefits are in a range of €36 to €50 per ton of CO2 abated. Cumulative ancillary benefits exceed the cumulative additional cost of electricity generation in Europe. Each European country alone would be better off if the mitigation policy was implemented, although the local benefits in absolute terms vary significantly across the countries. We can identify the relative losers and winners of ancillary benefits in Europe. In particular, we find that large European countries contribute to as much as they benefit from ancillary benefits. The scenarios with limited technology flexibility do deliver results that are similar to the full technology flexibility scenario. |
| Keywords: | Ancillary benefits, External costs, Climate change mitigation, Integrated Assessment Models, ExternE, Impact Pathway Analysis |
| JEL: | Q47 Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.84&r=env |
| By: | Fabio Grazi (Agence Française de Développement, Research Directorate); Henri Waisman (Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an integrated model of urban agglomeration economies within a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of global economic activity, energy use and carbon emissions to explore the theoretical and empirical nature of the interdependence of cities and the world economy in a climate policy context. Based on calibration data for 74 major OECD agglomerations, the integrated model is used to gauge the long-term impact of: i) global carbon pricing on urban systems and the economic activity; ii) urban infrastructure development on the economic costs of curbing carbon emissions. Importantly, it is found that combining urban infrastructure and carbon pricing allows for stringent emissions reduction targets, while still avoiding the economic and welfare costs of the carbon price only. |
| Keywords: | Calibration, Cities, Hybrid Energy-Economy Modeling, New Economic Geography, Trade and Transport, Urban Infrastructure, Welfare |
| JEL: | C68 R12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.61&r=env |
| By: | Elorri Igos (Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies and Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg); Benedetto Rugani (Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies and Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg); Sameer Rege (Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies and Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg); Enrico Benetto (Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies and Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg); Laurent Drouet (Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies, Luxembourg Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy); Dan Zachary (Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Resource Centre for Environmental Technologies and Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, USA) |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, many countries adopt an active agenda to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions by moving towards less polluting energy generation technologies. The environmental costs, directly or indirectly generated to achieve such a challenging objective, remain however largely underexplored. Until now, research has focused either on pure economic approaches such as computable general equilibrium (CGE) and partial equilibrium (PE) models, or on (physical) energy supply scenarios. These latter could be used to evaluate the environmental impacts of various energy saving or cleaner technologies via life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. These modelling efforts have, however, been pursued in isolation, without exploring the possible complementarities and synergies. In this study, we have undertaken a practical combination of these approaches into a common framework: on the one hand, by coupling a CGE with a PE model, and, on the other hand, by linking the outcomes from the coupling with a hybrid input-output-process based life cycle inventory. The methodological framework aimed at assessing the environmental consequences of two energy policy scenarios in Luxembourg between 2010 and 2025. The study highlights the potential of coupling CGE and PE models but also the related methodological difficulties (e.g. small number of available technologies in Luxembourg, intrinsic limitations of the two approaches, etc.). The assessment shows both environmental synergies and trade-offs due to the implementation of energy policies. For example, despite the changes in technologies towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, only marginal improvements are observed in the climate change mitigation scenario as compared to the business-as-usual. The energy related production and imports are indeed expected to increase over time and represent a large contribution to the country’s impacts. Interestingly, side effects on other impacts than climate change or fossil resource depletion (e.g. ionising radiation and water depletion) may also occur mainly due to the use of nuclear energy in neighbouring countries. |
| Keywords: | Computable General Equilibrium Model, Partial Equilibrium Model, Energy Policy Life Cycle Assessment, Consequential, Input-Output |
| JEL: | Q40 C67 C68 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.62&r=env |
| By: | Isabella Alloisio (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC)); Alessandro Antimiani (INEA); Simone Borghesi (University of Siena and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM)); Enrica De Cian (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC)); Maria Gaeta (Studies and Strategy Unit, ENEA); Chiara Martini (Energy Efficiency Unit, ENEA); Ramiro Parrado (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC)); Maria Cristina Tommasino (Studies and Strategy Unit, ENEA); Elena Verdolini (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC)); Maria Rosa Virdis (Studies and Strategy Unit, ENEA) |
| Abstract: | The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP), an initiative of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI), aims to demonstrate how countries can transform their energy systems by 2050 in order to achieve a low-carbon economy and significantly reduce the global risk of catastrophic climate change. Built upon a rigorous accounting of national circumstances, the DDPP defines transparent pathways supporting the decarbonization of energy systems while respecting the specifics of national political economy and the fulfillment of domestic development priorities. The project comprises 16 Country Research Teams, composed of leading research institutions from countries representing about 70% of global GHG emissions and at very different stages of development. These 16 countries are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. “Pathways to Deep Carbonization in Italy” contributes to the national debate on climate-change mitigation, and the importance of deep decarbonization, by examining three alternative pathways that could reduce Italian CO2 emissions by at least 40% in 2030 and 80% in 2050, compared to 1990. It analyzes the challenges the Italian energy system faces, and possible future technological developments that will need to be pursued. |
| Keywords: | Decarbonization, Low-carbon Economy, Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.80&r=env |
| By: | Achim Hagen (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany); Klaus Eisenack (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether global cooperation for emission abatement can be improved if asymmetric countries can sign different parallel environmental agreements. The analysis assumes a two-stage game theoretical model. Conditions for self-enforcing sets of agreements and the resulting total emission abatement are determined. We allow for multiple coalitions with multiple types of asymmetric countries. We then analyze the effect of multiple coalitions for the case of increasing marginal costs of abatement as well as for decreasing marginal benefits of abatement more generally. The results are sensitive to the assumptions on the benefits from abatement. For constant marginal benefits, the possibility of multiple agreements increases the number of cooperating countries and total abatement (compared to the standard case with a single agreement). For decreasing marginal benefits, total emissions are independent of the number of admitted agreements. The paper thus contributes to the emerging discussion on the scope and limits of climate clubs. |
| Keywords: | Multiple International Environmental Agreements, Coalition Formation |
| JEL: | Q54 C72 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.58&r=env |
| By: | Yonky Indrajaya (Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Wageningen University (The Netherlands)); Edwin van der Werf (Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Wageningen University (The Netherlands) and CESifo (Germany)); Hans-Peter Weikard (Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Wageningen University (The Netherlands)); Frits Mohren (Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University (The Netherlands)); Ekko C. van Ierland (Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Wageningen University (The Netherlands)) |
| Abstract: | We study the potential of tropical multi-age multi-species forests for sequestering carbon in response to financial incentives from REDD+. The use of reduced impact logging techniques (RIL) allows a forest owner to apply for carbon credits whereas the use of conventional logging techniques (CL) does not. This paper is the first to develop a Hartman model with selective cutting in this setting that takes additionality of carbon sequestration explicitly into account. We apply the model using data for Kalimantan, Indonesia. RIL leads to less damages on the residual stand than CL and has lower variable but higher fixed costs. We find that a system of carbon credits through REDD+ has a large potential for carbon storage. Interestingly, awarding carbon credits to carbon stored in end-use wood products does not increase the amount of carbon stored and reduces Land Expectation Value. We also observe that the level of the carbon price at which it becomes optimal not to harvest depends on the interpretation of the steady state model. |
| Keywords: | REDD+, Carbon Credits, Carbon Sequestration, Sustainable Forest Management, Reduced Impact Logging, Optimal Forest Management, Carbon Price |
| JEL: | Q2 Q23 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.81&r=env |
| By: | Niel Gardner, Devon O.; Alleyne, Dillon; Gomes, Charmaine (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Guyana, like many CARICOM countries continues to depend on imported oil that fuels the electricity and transport sectors. Simultaneously, the high level of expenditure on oil reduces the financial resources available to invest in social development, environmental protection, adaptation to climate change and improving food security. The electricity sector in Guyana, in particular, offers significant opportunities for achieving reductions in fossil imports. However, fiscal and regulatory barriers to energy efficiency and renewable energy use are apparent in Guyana. This document seeks to identify these barriers and propose strategies that may be utilised to remove them. Consultations were held with experts from the energy agency as well as the ministries of finance and utilities in order to obtain data and information that will inform the analysis. It was found that an increasing demand for reliable, cost effective, accurately priced energy supplies is a major challenge to sustainable economic development in Guyana and the country experiences difficulties in accessing capital especially for smaller firms and lower to middle income households. The limited knowledge of the technical risks associated with renewable energy and energy efficiency projects limit local investments and opportunities for foreign capital and are affected by high transaction costs. Furthermore, the strategic removal of energy subsidies continue to undermine the economic case for improved energy efficiency and increased renewable energy use. Planning for renewable energy use within the Guyana energy sector remains wedded to utility scale hydropower replacement of fossil based thermal generation, as well as remote solar PV systems. However, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is indicative of other cost effective options. The substantive goal of the Government of Guyana should be related to the creation of a country in which there is equitable availability of energy intensive goods and services to its people that harmonizes economic growth, social progress and environmental stewardship. |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:35913&r=env |
| By: | ZhongXiang Zhang (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University and School of Economics, Fudan University, China) |
| Abstract: | The Chinese central government has approved the seven pilot carbon trading schemes. These seven pilot regions are deliberately selected to be at varying stages of development and are given considerable leeway to design their own schemes. These pilot trading schemes have features in common, but vary considerably in their approach to issues such as the coverage of sectors, allocation of allowances, price uncertainty and market stabilization, potential market power of dominated players, use of offsets, and enforcement and compliance. This article explains why China opts for emissions trading, rather than carbon or environmental taxes at least initially, discusses the key common and varying features of these carbon trading pilots and their first-year performance, draws the lessons learned, discusses the potential pathways for evolution of regional pilot carbon trading schemes into a nationwide carbon trading scheme, and raises fundamental issues that must be addressed in order to make such an emissions trading scheme to work reliably and effectively and with an increasingly expanded coverage and scope. |
| Keywords: | Pilot Carbon Trading Schemes, Environmental Taxes, Compliance, Carbon Offsets, Energy Prices, China |
| JEL: | H23 O13 P28 Q43 Q48 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.38&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The current global development style is not sustainable considering its simultaneous impact on economic, social and environmental conditions, as reflected fully in the climate change challenge. Climate change, which is being brought about essentially by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, is already discernible in such phenomena as a rise in average global temperatures, alterations in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, the shrinking cryosphere and changes in the pattern of extreme weather events (IPCC, 2013). There is evidence that the mean global temperature rose by 0.85°C over the period from 1880 to 2012 and, in the most probable scenarios, the average is projected to climb by between 1°C and 3.7°C during this century, with the increase amounting to between 1°C and 2°C by 2050. Some extreme regional scenarios predict even higher temperature rises. To date insufficient progress has been made in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to stabilize climate conditions, and the effects of climate change that are expected to arise during this century therefore appear to be increasingly unavoidable. The only possible solution to climate change entails a global agreement in which all countries take part. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:37056&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Longden (Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies - The University of Sydney Business School Faculty of Business and Economics - Macquarie University) |
| Abstract: | Previous studies have found an inverse (or negative) correlation between urban population density and per capita emissions from land transport. In contrast, this paper finds a positive relationship between per capita CO2 emissions from transport and population density using a dataset of over 200 cities from 28 countries. This positive relationship holds when a range of variables are accounted for and the specification of the regression analysis captures the distinction between country level differences, high/low emission intensity or city specific fixed effects. Separating the cities into two groups based on the clustering that occurs on either side of a crucial point of three tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita highlights the peculiarity of the higher emission intensity of North American cities. Rather than finding a consistent relationship across all cities, this paper finds that cities in North America are distinct from those located in other countries and that the estimated relationship between urban population density and emissions from transport is different across the two groups of countries. The results of this paper have consequences for policy prescriptions that are related to previous results that find that a reduction in per capita emissions tends to occur with an increase population density. |
| Keywords: | Transport, CO2 Emissions, Population Density |
| JEL: | R40 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.47&r=env |
| By: | Delavane B. Diaz (Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, USA) |
| Abstract: | Greenhouse gas policies confront the trade-off between the costs of reducing emissions and the benefits of avoided climate change. The risk of uncertain and potentially irreversible catastrophes is an important issue related to the latter, and one that has not yet been well incorporated into economic models for climate change policy analysis. This paper demonstrates a multistage stochastic programming framework for catastrophe modeling with endogenous uncertainty, applied to a benchmark integrated assessment model. This study moves beyond recent catastrophe or tipping point studies with arbitrary risk, instead investigating the specific threat of the uncertain collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), characterized in accordance with recent expert elicitations, empirical results, and physical relationships. The stochastic DICE-WAIS model introduced here informs risk management strategies that balance uncertain future climate change impacts with the costs of mitigation investments today. This work finds that accounting for the consequences of the possible WAIS collapse in a stochastic setting with endogenous uncertainty leads to more stringent climate policy recommendations (increasing the CO2 control rate by an additional 4% of global emissions and raising the social cost of carbon by $10), reflecting the need to hedge against uncertainties with downside risk as well as pursue precautionary mitigation. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Policy, Sea Level Rise, Ice Sheet Collapse, Endogenous Uncertainty, Stochastic Optimization, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Risk Management |
| JEL: | C61 D61 D81 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.64&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This document summarizes the regional implementation meeting on access rights and sustainable development in the Caribbean and the workshop on enhancing access to information on climate change, natural disasters and coastal vulnerability: leaving no one behind held in Rodney’s Bay, Saint Lucia, from 24 to 26 August 2015. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:39049&r=env |
| By: | Frédéric Branger (CIRED and AgroParistech ENGREF, France); Misato Sato (LSE, UK) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an innovative solution to distribute free allowances to the cement sector under emissions trading systems, called hybrid output-based allocation (OBA). We demonstrate that unlike many of the allocation methods currently being used, our design provides incentives which are aligned with the mitigation options available to this sector in the short to medium term. Specifically, it increases the incentive to improve the carbon intensity of clinker production; reduces the incentive to import clinker to avoid carbon costs; increases the incentive to use more low-carbon clinker alternatives to produce cement; and finally it reduces excess allocation and reduces incentives to inflate production volumes to obtain more free allowances. The hybrid OBA does not, however, provide incentives to reduce the consumption of cement or to bring about break-through technologies, hence should be considered as a mid-term solution to aid the decarbonization of the cement sector in conjunction with other support mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | Emissions Trading, Output-based Allocation, Climate Policy, Cement sector, Clinker Dilemma |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 H23 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.85&r=env |
| By: | ZhongXiang Zhang (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University) |
| Abstract: | China has realized that for its own sake and from the international community’s perspective, it cannot afford to continue along the conventional path of encouraging economic growth at the expense of the environment. Accordingly, the country has placed ecological goals at the same level of priority as policies on economic, political, cultural and social development. Specifically, to meet the grand goal involves not only capping China’s nationwide coal consumption to let it peak before 2020 and carbon emissions peak around 2030, but also putting in place a variety of flagship programs and initiatives, prices and policies. This paper argues that the 2030 carbon emissions peak goal is ambitious but achievable and concludes by arguing why China’s anti-pollution outcomes this time might be different from the previous ones. |
| Keywords: | Low-Carbon Economy, Carbon Emissions Peaks, Coal Consumption, Carbon Pricing, Energy Prices, Resource Tax Reform, Renewable Energy, China |
| JEL: | H23 P28 Q42 Q43 Q48 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.95&r=env |
| By: | Jaroslav Mysiak (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, Venice, Italy); Swenja Surminski (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom); Annegret Thieken (Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften Geographie und Naturrisikenforschung, Universität Potsdam, Germany); Reinhard Mechler (Risk Policy and Vulnerability Program, International Institute for Applied Risk Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria); Jeroen Aerts (Water and Climate Risk, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | In March 2015, a new international blueprint for disaster risk reduction (DRR) has been adopted in Sendai, Japan, at the end of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR, March 14-18, 2015). We review and discuss the agreed commitments and targets, as well as the negotiation leading the Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR) and discuss briefly its implication for the later UN-led negotiations on sustainable development goals and climate change. |
| Keywords: | Disaster Risk, World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction |
| JEL: | Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.70&r=env |
| By: | H. Pollitt; J. -F. Mercure |
| Abstract: | This paper outlines a critical gap in the assessment methodology used to estimate the macroeconomic costs and benefits of climate policy. It shows that the vast majority of models used for assessing climate policy use assumptions about the financial system that sit at odds with the observed reality. In particular, the models' assumptions lead to `crowding out' of capital, which cause them to show negative impacts from climate policy in virtually all cases. We compare this approach with that of the E3ME model, which follows non-equilibrium economic theory and adopts a more empirical approach. While the non-equilibrium model also has limitations, its treatment of the financial system is more consistent with reality and it shows that green investment need not crowd out investment in other parts of the economy -- and may therefore offer an economic stimulus. The implication of this finding is that standard CGE models consistently over-estimate the costs of climate policy in terms of GDP and welfare, potentially by a substantial amount. These findings overly restrict the range of possible emission pathways accessible using climate policy from the viewpoint of the decision-maker, and may also lead to misleading information used for policy making. Improvements in both modelling approaches should be sought with some urgency -- both to provide a better assessment of potential climate policy and to improve understanding of the dynamics of the global financial system more generally. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1512.02912&r=env |
| By: | Su-Mei Chen; Ling-Yun He |
| Abstract: | Taking environmental tax rate as given, is there an optimal allocation of tax revenues to benefit economic variables? This paper analyzes this issue in an overlapping-generations model with the pollution-related health damage. It finds the optimal allocations towards pollution abatement and labor income to maximize the steady-state lifetime welfare and per-worker output, respectively. Moreover, a greater shift towards labor income might enhance steady-state welfare while reducing per-worker output. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1512.01626&r=env |
| By: | Yannis Petrohilos-Andrianos; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of compliance of firms in a setup of taxable emissions. Firms can either choose to comply with the emissions rule or violate it. Violation is considered either as a single option or is let to vary between low and high emissions, inducing a different level of fine if the firm gets caught. The firms can switch between strategies according to an evolutionary proportional rule and the conditions for stability are investigated accounting for two distinct types of probability of inspection. |
| Keywords: | Emission taxes, compliance, replicator dynamics. |
| Date: | 2015–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1519&r=env |
| By: | Jussi Lintunen (Natural Resources Institute Finland); Olli-Pekka Kuusela (Natural Resources Institute Finland) |
| Abstract: | We examine the optimal management of emission permit markets when banking but not borrowing of permits is allowed. The regulator maximizes expected social welfare through an optimal allocation rule in an infinite horizon setting. The policy is second-best as the emission cap is set before the uncertainty about the current state of the economy is resolved. In this setting, the role of banking is to decrease the regulator’s risk as it generates an endogenous price floor in the permit markets. We show that the regulator’s optimal policy adjusts the emissions cap irrespective of the existing number of permits in the bank, with the implication that the regulator neutralizes the effect of the existing bank on future permit prices. We derive the optimality conditions for the second-best emission cap with banking and solve the model analytically in the case of IID shocks. Our results show that the discount factor together with the slopes of the marginal damages and benefits determine the welfare gains from allowing baking of permits. Finally, to address the current state of the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and guide the design of future permit markets, we solve the model numerically with persistent shock process and show that the optimal emission cap is positively correlated with business cycles, meaning that during downturns the regulator should tighten the cap. The expected emissions and permit prices also correlate positively with economic activity |
| Keywords: | Cap and Trade, Climate Change, Business Cycle, Second Best, Prices vs. Quantities |
| JEL: | E32 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.48&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The two main forces affecting economic development are the ongoing technological revolution and the challenge of sustainability. Technological change is altering patterns of production, consumption and behaviour in societies; at the same time, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ensure the sustainability of these new patterns because of the constraints resulting from the negative externalities generated by economic growth and, in many cases, by technical progress itself. Reorienting innovation towards reducing or, if possible, reversing the effects of these externalities could create the conditions for synergies between the two processes. Views on the subject vary widely: while some maintain that these synergies can easily be created if growth follows an environmentally friendly model, summarized in the concept of green growth, others argue that production and consumption patterns are changing too slowly and that any technological fix will come too late. These considerations apply to hard technologies, essentially those used in production. The present document explores the opportunities being opened up by new ones, basically information and communication technologies, in terms of increasing the effectiveness (outcomes) and efficiency (relative costs) of soft technologies that can improve the way environmental issues are handled in business management and in public policy formulation and implementation. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37158&r=env |
| By: | Delavane B. Diaz (Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, USA) |
| Abstract: | The costs of coastal sector impacts from sea level rise (SLR) are an important component of the total projected economic damages of climate change, a major input to decision-making and design of climate policy. Moreover, the ultimate costs to coastal resources will depend strongly on adaptation, society's response to cope with the impacts. This paper presents a new model to assess coastal impacts from SLR, combining global scope with high spatial resolution to fill a gap between very detailed local studies and aggregate global estimates. The Coastal Impact and Adaptation Model (CIAM) determines the optimal strategy for adaptation at the local level, evaluating over 12,000 coastal segments, as described in the DIVA database (Vafeidis et al, 2006), based on their socioeconomic characteristics and the potential impacts of relative sea level rise and uncertain storm surge. An application of CIAM is then presented to demonstrate the model's ability to assess local impacts and direct costs, choose the least-cost adaptation, and estimate global net damages for several probabilistic SLR scenarios (Kopp et al, 2014). CIAM finds that there is large potential for coastal adaptation to reduce the expected impacts of SLR compared to the alternative of no adaptation, lowering global net present costs by a factor of 10 to less than $1.5 trillion over the next two centuries, although this does not include initial transition costs to overcome an under-adapted current state. In addition to producing aggregate estimates, CIAM results can also be interpreted at the local level, where we find that retreat (e.g., relocate inland) is often a more cost-effective adaptation strategy than protect (e.g., construct physical defenses). |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Coastal Impacts, Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, Storm Surge, Flooding |
| JEL: | C61 Q25 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.63&r=env |
| By: | Luca Lambertini (University of Bologna, Italy); Joanna Poyago-Theotoky (La Trobe University, Australia); Alessandro Tampieri (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | We examine the relationship between competition and innovation in an industry where production is polluting and R&D aims to reduce emissions ("green" innovation). We present an n-firm oligopoly where firms compete in quantities and decide their investment in "green" R&D. When environmental taxation is exogenous, aggregate R&D investment always increases with the number of firms in the industry. Next we analyse the case where the emission tax is set endogenously by a regulator (committed or time-consistent) with the aim to maximise social welfare. We show that an inverted-U relationship exists between aggregate R&D and industry size under reasonable conditions, and is driven by the presence of R&D spillovers. |
| Keywords: | "Green" R&D, R&D Spillovers, Emission Taxation, Time-Consistent Emission Tax, Pre-Commited Emission Tax |
| JEL: | Q55 Q56 O30 L13 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.73&r=env |
| By: | Chase, Vasantha; Cherry-Fevrier, Norma; Moore, Winston; Louisy, Luvette; Harris, Maxine; Stuart, Sheila; Gomez, Charmaine; Gonzales, Candice; Thompson, Elizabeth (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Twelve years into the 21st Century, Caribbean countries continue to face considerable challenges on their path towards sustainable development and the creation of a post-2015 agenda. These include redefining their niche in the global market place in line with significant shifts in global production systems and trade, recovering from burdensome fiscal deficits and coping with climate change and the negative effects of more frequent natural disasters. In some countries poverty levels are increasing after years of decline. Most have defined a vision for development into the next 20 years, but in light of the global recession these targets may be hard to attain. Caribbean SIDS will require continued international support in the medium-term. This is a paper in 6 parts. It reviews a number of factors and issues of importance to Caribbean society, economy and ecology as countries in the region seek to grapple with the fall out from the crises in food, fuel and finance, consider the emerging challenges, and halt any resultant derailment of their development trajectory. It gives a status analysis of socioeconomic and socio-environmental conditions in the Caribbean, analyzes the results of Rio+20, the Secretary General’s High Level panels on Global Sustainability (GSP) and Post 2015 Development (HLP) Reports for the Caribbean and looks forward to the SIDS 2014 Conference and the post-2015 development agenda. |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:35916&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The regionwide study of the effects of climate change in the coastal areas of Latin America and the Caribbean has been divided into four main parts in line with the comprehensive risk-assessment methodology that was developed as research progressed. The outputs of this regional study are presented in four core documents: an analysis of the factors that are driving climate change, a study on the vulnerability of coastal areas, an evaluation of the impacts of climate change and an exploration of how all these different factors can be brought together in an assessment of the risks associated with some of the impacts of climate change on the region’s coastal areas. |
| Date: | 2015–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37955&r=env |
| By: | Simon Levin (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics and RFF University); A. Xepapadeas (Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of International and European Economic Studies and Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics) |
| Abstract: | We seek to explain the emergence of spatial heterogeneity regarding development and pollution on the basis of interactions associated with the movement of capital and polluting activities from one economy to another. We use a simple dynamical model describing capital accumulation along the lines of a ?fixed-savings-ratio Solow-type model capable of producing endogenous growth and convergence behavior, and pollution accumulation in each country with pollution diffusion between countries or regions. The basic mechanism underlying the movements of capital across space is the quest for locations where the marginal productivity of capital is relatively higher than the productivity at the location of origin. The notion that capital moves to locations of relatively higher productivity but not necessarily from locations of high concentration to locations of low concentration, does not face difficulties associated with the Lucas paradox. We show that, for a wide range of capital and pollution rates of flow, spatial heterogeneity emerges even between two economies with identical fundamental structures. These results can be interpreted as suggesting that the neoclassical convergence hypothesis might not hold under differential rates of fl?ow of capital and polluting activities among countries of the same fundamental structure. |
| Keywords: | Transboundary Flows, Capital, Pollution, Diffusion, Turing Instability, Spatial Heterogeneity |
| JEL: | O44 R12 Q52 C65 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.69&r=env |
| By: | Wei Jin (School of Public Policy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China); ZhongXiang Zhang (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China) |
| Abstract: | In creating a level playing field that facilitates the deployment of renewable energy technology (RET), the traditional energy policy regime based on eliminating RET’s cost gaps versus fossil energy technology (FET) may be not sufficient. Building on an economic model of energy technology adoption that features network externality, this paper takes an explicit account of the potential importance of network externality in the design of RET adoption policies. We argue that as incumbent FET has established pervasive deployment and installed base advantages within the existing energy production, distribution and service network, it would create a network externality mechanism that makes it difficult to dislodge the dominant FET-based technological regime, leading to an inertia against the adoption of newly emerging RET even if energy policy regulations have been put in place to eliminate RET’s cost disadvantage. We hence propose that a reformulation of RET policy paradigm should consider extending the traditional scheme centring on eliminating cost gap to a new one that corrects for both cost and network externality gaps |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Deployment, Energy Technology Adoption, Network Externality, Climate Technology Policies |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q48 Q54 Q55 Q58 H23 O13 |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.76&r=env |
| By: | Joseph E. Aldy (Harvard Kennedy School) |
| Abstract: | Inadequate policy surveillance has undermined the effectiveness of multilateral climate agreements. To illustrate an alternative approach to transparency, I evaluate policy surveillance under the 2009 G-20 fossil fuel subsidies agreement. The Leaders of the Group of 20 nations tasked their energy and finance ministers to identify and phase-out fossil fuel subsidies. The G-20 leaders agreed to submit their subsidy reform strategies to peer review and to independent expert review conducted by international organizations. This process of developed and developing countries pledging to pursue the same policy objective, designing and publicizing implementation plans, and subjecting plans and performance to review by international organizations differs considerably from the historic approach under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This paper draws lessons from the fossil fuel subsidies agreement for climate policy surveillance. |
| Keywords: | Transparency, Pledge and Review, International Environmental Agreements |
| JEL: | F53 H23 Q40 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.83&r=env |
| By: | Gomes, Charmaine; Hosein, Wendy (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Small island developing States (SIDS) are a special case in terms of environmental conservation and development. Many international meetings and conferences assisted SIDS in achieving the much needed recognition of their special circumstances and the severe challenges they face. In 1994, the United Nations Global Conference on Sustainable Development of SIDS resulted in the formulation of the Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) which encompassed specific policies, actions and measures required at the national, regional and international levels over the short, medium and long term to address these special challenges. In 2005, the 10 year review of the BPoA took place, in Mauritius, where constraints associated with implementation of the BPoA were identified. The outcome of this review was the formulation of the Mauritius Strategy for Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for Small Island Developing States (MSI). A previous study by ECLAC, in 2006, identified challenges that SIDS may be encountering in the implementation of the BPoA and the MSI. The present study was conducted to further identify the barriers to their implementation and to propose strategies for their removal. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:37052&r=env |
| By: | Cristina Cattaneo (FEEM and CMCC); Giovanni Peri (University of California, Davis) |
| Abstract: | Climate change, especially the warming trend experienced by several countries, could affect agricultural productivity. As a consequence, rural incomes will change, and with them the incentives for people to remain in rural areas. Using data from 116 countries between 1960 and 2000, we analyze the effect of differential warming trends across countries on the probability of either migrating out of the country or from rural to urban areas. We find that higher temperatures increased migration rates to urban areas and other countries in middle income economies. In poor countries, higher temperatures reduced the probability of migration to cities or to other countries, consistent with the presence of severe liquidity constraints. In middle-income countries, migration represents an important margin of adjustment to global warming, potentially contributing to structural change and even increasing income per worker. Such a mechanism, however, does not seem to work in poor economies. |
| Keywords: | Global Warming, Emigration, Rural-Urban Migration, Agricultural Productivity |
| JEL: | F22 Q54 O13 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.87&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Vona (OFCE SciencesPo and SKEMA Business School, France); Giovanni Marin (IRCrES-CNR, Italy and OFCE-SciencesPo, France); Davide Consoli (Ingenio CSIC-UPV, Spain); David Popp (Department of Public Administration and International Affairs, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University, US) |
| Abstract: | While policymakers talk of ‘green skills’, there is little systematic empirical research on the demand for skills that will be needed to operate and develop green technology. We propose a data-driven methodology to identify green skills and to gauge the ways in which the demand for these competences respond to environmental regulation. We find that green skills are high-level analytical and technical know-how related to the design, production, management and monitoring of technology. Environmental regulation triggers technological and organizational changes that increase the demand for these skills. Our analysis suggests also that this is not just a compositional change in skill demand due to job losses in sectors highly exposed to trade and regulation. |
| Keywords: | Green Skills, Environmental Regulation, Task Model, Workforce Composition, Structural Shocks |
| JEL: | J24 Q52 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.72&r=env |
| By: | Orellana, Marcos A. (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | At the second meeting of the focal points appointed by the Governments of the signatory countries of the Declaration on the application of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, which was held in Guadalajara, Mexico, on 16 and 17 April 2013, a decision was made to form working groups to advance towards the creation of a regional instrument. Thus, a working group on access rights and the regional instrument was formed for the purpose of gaining more in-depth knowledge on access rights in order to make a proposal on the nature and scope of the application of a regional instrument. At its first meeting, the working group determined that a study describing the different types of international instruments would be useful in helping it achieve its objective. This report explores the different types of instruments that are used in public international law, with an emphasis on the instruments that are relevant to Principle 10. The report has three chapters, which are as follows. The first chapter analyses the term “international instrument” and discusses the distinction between binding and non-binding legal instruments, illustrated with examples. The second chapter describes the function of implementation and compliance mechanisms in an international instrument, providing examples of these mechanisms. The third chapter presents the multilateral and regional instruments relevant to access rights regarding information, participation and justice in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:37186&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:39404&r=env |
| By: | Erin Baker (University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States); Valentina Bosetti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Bocconi University, Italy); Laura Diaz Anadon (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States); Max Henrion (Lumina Decision Systems, Los Gatos, CA, United States); Lara Aleluia Reis (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Italy) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we standardize, compare, and aggregate results from thirteen surveys of technology experts, performed over a period of five years using a range of different methodologies, but all aiming at eliciting expert judgment on the future cost of five key energy technologies and how future costs might be influenced by public R&D investments. To enable researchers and policy makers to use the wealth of collective knowledge obtained through these expert elicitations we develop and present a set of assumptions to harmonize them. We also aggregate expert estimates within each study and across studies to facilitate the comparison. The analysis showed that, as expected, technology costs are expected to go down by 2030 with increasing levels of R&D investments, but that there is not a high level of agreement between individual experts or between studies regarding the technology areas that would benefit the most from R&D investments. This indicates that further study of prospective cost data may be useful to further inform R&D investments. We also found that the contributions of additional studies to the variance of costs in one technology area differed by technology area, suggesting that (barring new information about the downsides of particular forms of elicitations) there may be value in not only including a diverse and relatively large group of experts, but also in using different methods to collect estimates. |
| Keywords: | Expert Elicitation, Energy Technology Cost, R&D Investments |
| JEL: | O30 O32 Q40 Q55 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.45&r=env |
| By: | David García-León (Universidad de Alicante) |
| Abstract: | Some recent papers by Dell et al. (2009) and Dell et al. (2012) (DJO) relating weather and economic outcomes, have delivered meaningful messages with clear implications to the effects of a changing climate. In a nutshell, the authors claim that a 1°C increase in global average temperatures would harm both the level and growth capacities of relatively poor countries, leaving rich countries basically unaffected. In this study, we make use of a detailed weather and economic dataset covering the main regions of the five largest economies in the Euro area in an attempt to refute the previous affirmation. In particular, we find in our sample that global warming affects, although in a modest manner, all regions within well-developed countries in the long-term (level effect). As in DJO, the level effect in poor regions is exacerbated. The latter regions also suffer from a slight negative short-term effect (growth effect). We claim also that the larger short-time response of these regions to a climate shock is partially adapted in the long-run. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth, Weather, Ricardian Analysis, Developed Economies, Climate Change, Adaptation, NUTS |
| JEL: | O1 O4 Q51 Q54 Q59 R11 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.39&r=env |
| By: | Lorenza Campagnolo (FEEM and CMCC); Carlo Carraro (University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, FEEM and CMCC); Fabio Eboli (FEEM and CMCC); Luca Farnia (FEEM and CMCC) |
| Abstract: | The FEEM project APPS – Assessment, Projections and Policy of Sustainable Development Goals – focuses on the quantitative assessment of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations at the end of September 2015. The project consists of two phases. The first, retrospective, computes indicators for all SDGs in 139 countries and then derives a composite multi-dimensional index and a worldwide ranking of current sustainability. This allows informing on strengths and weaknesses of today socio-economic development, as well as environmental criticalities, all around the world. The second phase, prospective, aims at evaluating the future trends of sustainability in the world by 2030. The assessment of the SDGs is carried out by means of an extended version of the recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium ICES macro-economic model that includes social and environmental indicators. The final goal is to highlight future challenges left unsolved in the next 15 years of socio-economic development and to analyze costs and benefits of specific policies to support the achievement of proposed targets. This paper presents the methodology and the results of the retrospective assessment. Five main steps are described: i) screening of indicators eligible to address the UN SDGs; ii) data collection from relevant sources; iii) organization in the three pillars of sustainability (economy, society, environment); iv) normalization to a common metrics; v) aggregation of the 25 indicators in composite indices by pillars as well as in the multi-dimensional index. The final ranking summarizes countries’ sustainability performance. As expected, Middle-North European countries are at top of the ranking (Sweden, Norway and Switzerland the first three), with the most industrialized European countries such as Germany and UK, however, penalized by insufficient environmental performance. Other highly developed countries are between 24th (Canada) and 52nd place (United States). The emerging nations are scattered in our sustainability ranking. Brazil (43rd) and Russia (45th) precede China (80th) and India (102nd), the latter two especially penalized because of their social complexity. The worst performances, in terms of overall sustainability, are in Sub-Saharan Africa (Comoros, the Central African Republic and Chad occupy the last places in the ranking). |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, Composite Index, Ranking, Indicators |
| JEL: | O44 O57 Q01 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.89&r=env |
| By: | Ginzo, Héctor Daniel (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El sector de uso del suelo,cambio en el uso del suelo y silvicultura (USCUSS) tiene una particular relevancia para la evolución futura de las emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de la Argentina por dos motivos: hay superficie apta para plantar montes destinados a la captura de CO2 y hay una decreciente superficie de montes nativos como consecuencia de su talado.. En el presente documento se desarrollan tres escenarios —(referencial (ER), de limitación hídrica (LH) a partir de 2050 y de adaptación genética (AD) a partir de 2030)— para una plantación de dos especies hipotéticas: una destinada a generar títulos de reducción de emisiones y la otra especie para para proveer una renta con la cual sufragar los costos de implantación y gestión de la plantación de la especie destinada a la acumulación de carbono. |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:39135&r=env |
| By: | Sheng Yang; Ling-Yun He |
| Abstract: | China's rapid economic growth resulted in serious air pollution, which caused substantial losses to economic development and residents' health. In particular, the road transport sector has been blamed to be one of the major emitters. During the past decades, fluctuation in the international oil prices has imposed significant impacts on the China's road transport sector. Therefore, we propose an assumption that China's provincial economies are independent "economic entities". Based on this assumption, we investigate the China's road transport fuel (i.e., gasoline and diesel) demand system by using the panel data of all 31 Chinese provinces except Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. To connect the fuel demand system and the air pollution emissions, we propose the concept of pollution emissions elasticities to estimate the air pollution emissions from the road transport sector, and residents' health losses by a simplified approach consisting of air pollution concentrations and health loss assessment models under different scenarios based on real-world oil price fluctuations. Our framework, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to address the transmission mechanism between the fuel demand system in road transport sector and residents' health losses in the transitional China. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1512.01742&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This document reviews laws and institutional frameworks that safeguard Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992, which refers to access to information, participation and justice in environmental matters, in the 33 countries of Lat tin America and the Caribbean. In addition to the information that was collected, a questionnaire on implementation of Principle 10 at the national level was circulated in the first quarter of 2013, which was completed by 16 countries in the region and 10 civil society organizations. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:21758&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Since 2008 we have supported the collaborative initiative "Economics of Climate Change in Central America" aimed at demonstrating the impacts of climate variability and change and fostering a discussion on public policies in key sectors. The initiative has been led by the Ministries of Environment and Treasury or Finance of Central America, with the support of their ministerial councils, CCAD, COSEFIN, and Economic Integration Secretariat, SIECA. The Ministries of Agriculture and of Health, with their councils, CAC and COMISCA, have also joined the effort; and the Dominican Republic came on board in 2015. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39150&r=env |
| By: | Roson, Roberto (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The Caribbean region remains highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In order to assess the social and economic consequences of climate change for the region, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean( ECLAC) has developed a model for this purpose. The model is referred to as the Climate Impact Assessment Model (ECLAC-CIAM) and is a tool that can simultaneously assess multiple sectoral climate impacts specific to the Caribbean as a whole and for individual countries. To achieve this goal, an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) with a Computable General Equilibrium Core was developed comprising of three modules to be executed sequentially. The first of these modules defines the type and magnitude of economic shocks on the basis of a climate change scenario, the second module is a global Computable General Equilibrium model with a special regional and industrial classification and the third module processes the output of the CGE model to get more disaggregated results. The model has the potential to produce several economic estimates but the current default results include percentage change in real national income for individual Caribbean states which provides a simple measure of welfare impacts. With some modifications, the model can also be used to consider the effects of single sectoral shocks such as (Land, Labour, Capital and Tourism) on the percentage change in real national income. Ultimately, the model is envisioned as an evolving tool for assessing the impact of climate change in the Caribbean and as a guide to policy responses with respect to adaptation strategies. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:38256&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this publication is to document the current state of urban climate change adaptation practice in Latin America. It is a summary of the three workshops of the Regional Learning Network that was set up under the ClimateAdaptationSantiago project (CAS), encompassing six large Latin American cities (Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Lima, Mexico City, São Paulo and Santiago). It aims to synthesize information on the manifestations and impacts of climate change in those Latin American cities that participated in the network, and above all, governance in the form of concrete actions. The publication is based on information obtained from the participants in the three workshops, but also includes additional scientific input and reflections by the editors. All of this information makes a major contribution to highlighting the different paths these six cities are pursuing in response to climate change. To that end, the publication discusses the various courses of action on climate change adaptation, with the aim of learning from these cases and highlighting practical examples. |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:35898&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This document summarizes the development and conclusions of the sixth meeting of the working group on access rights and the regional instrument held virtually on August 1st, 2014. The meeting, which was for information purposes only, had the aim of advancing in the discussions on the nature of the regional instrument by holding a round table discussion with the renowned experts in Public International Law. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:37506&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Bosello (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change (CMCC) and Università degli Studi di Milano); Shouro Dasgupta (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia and Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change (CMCC)) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the determinants of climate related disasters and attempts to estimate the presence of adaptive capacity in terms of per capita income and population density elasticities. We find evidence of adaptive capacity in a “weak” form both in terms of income and population density elasticities over our entire sample. That is, damages are in fact increasing with income and population, but less than proportionally. There is also evidence of countries improving their adaptive capacity over the long run, but of maladaptation occurring in the short run. Repeating the analysis splitting the sample by per-capita income levels, we find that higher income countries show adaptive capacity in a “strong form”, i.e. damages decrease with GDP, while lower income countries highlight exactly the opposite behavior. Finally, using Granger causality tests for panel data, we find evidence of increase in GDP per capita Granger causing climate related damages for lower income countries, but not in higher income countries. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Damages, Adaptation, Panel Granger Causality |
| JEL: | C19 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.97&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Este estudio aborda cómo el cambio climático afectaría la actividad económica nacional, evaluando las potenciales modificaciones en la disponibilidad de los recursos naturales y las actividades productivas más sensibles a cambios en el clima (agricultura, ganadería altoandina, minería, energía hidroeléctrica, turismo y pesca), tanto en términos físicos como sociales. También se analizan dos sectores transversales, la infraestructura y la salud, que son condicionantes para el desempeño productivo. El citado documento es resultado de una investigación a nivel de país basada en la metodología establecida en el Informe Stern (2007) y en diversos estudios realizados en distintos países de América Latina y el Caribe en el marco del proyecto de la Economía del Cambio Climático en América Latina y el Caribe, coordinado por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Así, mediante el uso de escenarios y modelos climáticos globales, los impactos económicos del calentamiento global en la economía nacional se calculan como la diferencia entre el PBI con ausencia y presencia del cambio climático, en un periodo de análisis que se extiende hasta el año 2100. Además de caracterizar los principales impactos sectoriales, se identifican opciones de adaptación y mitigación que contribuyan al desarrollo sostenible del país. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37419&r=env |
| By: | Flores, José Luis (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Las actividades económicas generan, de forma colateral, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que conforman el fenómeno del cambio climático. En este sentido, la teoría económica sugiere diversas soluciones de política pública en donde destacan el uso de impuestos a las emisiones de CO2, la conformación de un mercado de emisiones a través de la creación de un sistema de permisos comercializables o el uso de regulaciones especificas que limita las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero . Cada una de estas opciones tiene desde luego ventajas y desventajas. En este contexto, existen diversas propuestas que buscan apuntalar el uso de algún tipo de impuesto al carbono; en particular en la modalidad de un impuesto al carbono en referencia a las importaciones de los países desarrollados. Este mecanismo gravaría a las importaciones hacia los países desarrollados atendiendo al contenido de carbono de los productos. En este sentido, resulta relevante identificar la viabilidad y consecuencias potenciales de la imposición de este tipo de impuesto en América Latina. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37611&r=env |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin; Ivanov, Bodjidar |
| Abstract: | This paper is a part of a research project for a bilateral academic cooperation between Bulgaria and China on "Governance and Assessment of Agrarian Sustainability - Experiences, Challenges and Lessons from Bulgaria and China" (http://bg-china.alle.bg/). The goal of this intermediary report is to suggest a "Framework for Analyzing and Assessing the System of Governance and Levels of Agrarian Sustainability", which is to be applied during the second stage to analyze and assess the system of governance of agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria and China. First, evolution of the understanding of "concept" of agrarian sustainability and the approaches of its assessment is reviewed. After that a framework for assessing the system of governance of agrarian sustainability consisting of institutional environment, market, private, collective and public modes is proposed. Finally, a specific framework for assessing the social, economic, ecological and integral levels of agrarian sustainability in Bulgarian and Chinese agriculture is worked out. Тази разработка е част от научно-изследователски проект за двустранно научно-техническо сътрудничество между България и Китай на тема „Управление и оценка на аграрната устойчивост – опит, предизвикателства и уроци от България и Китай“ (http://bg-china.alle.bg/). Целта на този междинен етап е да се разработи „Подход за анализ и оценка на системата за управление и на равнището на аграрна устойчивост“, който да се приложи през втория етап на проекта за анализ и оценка на системата за управление и на равнището на аграрна устойчивост в България и Китай. Най-напред се прави анализ на подходите за дефиниране и оценка на аграрната устойчивост, на базата на което се прави и работна дефиниция за целите на проекта. След това се разработва подход за анализ и оценка на системата за управление на аграрнатаустойчивост, включваща институционалната среда, пазарните, частни, колективни и обществени форми. Най-накрая се предлага адегватен за съвремените условия на развитие на българското и китайско селскко стопанство подход за оценка на равнището на социална, икономическа, екологическа и интегрална устойчивост на селското стопанство. |
| Keywords: | agrarian sustainability, governance, assessment, institutional environment, market, private, public modes, social, economic, ecological, integral levels |
| JEL: | Q12 Q13 Q18 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:68251&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El actual estilo de desarrollo mundial no es sostenible debido a su impacto simultáneo en las condiciones económicas, sociales y ambientales, que se refleja plenamente en el desafío del cambio climático. El cambio climático, originado fundamentalmente por las emisiones de origen antropogénico, produce modificaciones ya discernibles en el clima, tales como el aumento de la temperatura media global, las alteraciones en los patrones de precipitación, el alza del nivel del mar, la reducción de la criósfera y los cambios en los patrones de los eventos climáticos extremos. Los avances en los procesos de mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero aún son insuficientes para estabilizar las condiciones climáticas, por lo que parece inevitable que esos cambios ocurran durante este siglo. Solo un acuerdo global con la participación de todos los países sería congruente con la solución al problema del cambio climático. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:37471&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Tal vez el principal canal de transmisión de los impactos del cambio climático sobre las actividades económicas y humanas es a través de la disponibilidad de los recursos hídricos. Reconociendo la necesidad de generar políticas que permitan gestionar los riesgos que imponen las nuevas condiciones climáticas sobre los recursos hídricos desde los sectores público y privado, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en conjunto con el International Development Research Centre (IDRC) de Canadá, el Programa CEPAL-BMZ/GIZ y la Cámara Internacional de Comercio (ICC), organizó los días 29 y 30 de octubre el Seminario “Recursos hídricos bajo incertidumbre y riesgo al cambio climático: herramientas para los tomadores de decisión del sectores público y privado” donde se expusieron y debatieron distintas propuestas de análisis e instrumentos económicos para la gestión del riesgo en el sector hídrico frente al cambio climático. Este documento, que reúne cuatro de los trabajos discutidos en el seminario, busca impulsar esta agenda de adaptación al cambio climático del sector hídrico considerando una gestión de riesgos apropiada. |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:38274&r=env |
| By: | Ruiz Nápoles, Pablo (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Una de las maneras de enfrentar el cambio climático es a través del cambio tecnológico. Para inducir entre los productores de bienes y servicios un cambio tecnológico que reduzca las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), los gobiernos cuentan con una variedad de instrumentos y medidas de política a aplicar: programas orientados al mercado, medidas regulatorias, acuerdos voluntarios, impulso a la investigación y desarrollo en áreas específicas y medidas de apoyo en infraestructura, entre otros. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión y análisis de las principales sectores y opciones para la adopción de tecnologías orientadas a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en Argentina y en Brasil, como parte de una estrategia de crecimiento bajo en carbono, con base en el análisis de las matrices de insumo producto. Con este propósito se analizan las matrices de insumo-producto de estos países con el fin de determinar las ramas o sectores económicos estratégicos y que generan la mayor cantidad de emisiones de GEI en cada una de estas economías. Estos sectores serían objeto fundamental de cambio tecnológico para reducir las emisiones de GEI. Para simular las trayectorias de las emisiones de GEI sin y con cambio tecnológico se utiliza un modelo Ambiental de Insumo-Producto (AIP) aplicado. |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:36800&r=env |
| By: | Kreuzer, Fabian Maximilian; Wilmsmeier, Gordon (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Much analysis and proposals on sustainable transport policies have been developed around the world, both at government and research institutions. It is clear that no action will provide the single solution and it is imperative to act simultaneously on: i) improvement of technology in vehicles, leading to increased energy efficiency; ii) the change in driver behavior, to use less fuel per kilometer; iii) reducing the distances traveled per vehicle; and iv) a change in the type of travels towards more sustainable modes of transport.In general, the recommendations for energy efficiency in transport are mainly focused on the first two priorities on the list, while the portfolios of policies —instrumental to the needs of the countries— should use trans-sectoral and multi-dimensional approaches, such as public transport planning and land use. In ECLAC, we consider that the time has come to provide Latin American and Caribbean countries with a deeper understanding and a more strategic vision (and adapted to the realities of the region) on these issues; in this sense, we hope that this document will help countries to improve and further expand their portfolios of energy efficiency policies in the transport sector, in order to achieve the ambitious goals of energy efficiency, needed to ensure a sustainable energy future. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37148&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El estudio de la economía del cambio climático en la Argentina se enmarca en una iniciativa regional cuyo principal objetivo es demostrar la importancia económica que tiene el cambio climático para las sociedades, los sistemas productivos y el patrimonio natural de los países de la región, a fin de que los responsables de la toma de decisiones en los planos nacional y local tengan una herramienta que les permita tomar en consideración los costos y beneficios pertinentes en sus análisis. El estudio para la Argentina es una primera aproximación a la valorización monetaria de los efectos previstos del cambio climático y de los diferentes aspectos de la vulnerabilidad a este fenómeno que presentan los sectores, sistemas y regiones del país analizados en este estudio, como así también de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación identificadas. Por consiguiente, el propósito del presente informe no es establecer lineamientos de políticas ni proponer la adopción de determinadas estrategias respecto del cambio climático, responsabilidad que recae en los organismos y dependencias correspondientes del Estado, sino ofrecer información y datos concretos para la toma de decisiones. |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:35901&r=env |
| By: | Samaniego, Joseluis; Schneider, Heloísa (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Cuantificar los recursos movilizados para enfrentar el cambio climático, permite reconocer la situación de la región en estas materias y advertir las posibilidades que estos ofrecen. Es una forma de entregar antecedentes a los países para avanzar y prepararse para cumplir con los objetivos de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Disponer de información actualizada y fidedigna respecto a los flujos de financiamiento climático permite a los países definir sus estrategias de migración hacia escenarios más sustentables, de desarrollo con menor huella ambiental y a los agentes financieros reconocer las brechas entre la oferta y la demanda de instrumentos financieros específicos. Se espera que para los proveedores y los gestores de recursos financieros la inversión en lo sustentable y de menor huella ambiental ya no sea excepcional o una anomalía, sino un modelo de negocio que vaya desasociando el desarrollo económico, la inversión y la inclusión social de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:39367&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Esta publicación tiene el objetivo de presentar un resumen de los análisis y de las discusiones sobre opciones de políticas públicas generadas en el marco de la Iniciativa de la Economía del Cambio Climático en Centroamérica (ECC CA) a partir de 2008. Estas discusiones evolucionaron en el tiempo hacia un consenso que prioriza la adaptación con un enfoque de sostenibilidad e inclusión y en cuyo marco se pueden integrar esfuerzos para una transición a economías ambientalmente más sostenibles y bajas en emisiones de gases GEI y otros contaminantes. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:39149&r=env |
| By: | Vicari, Ricardo (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En este estudio se analizaron las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y su mitigación en el sector residuos. Se examinó la producción de residuos sólidos urbanos y aguas residuales domésticas e industriales, observándose una relación significativa entre ésta y el Producto Interno Bruto. Las emisiones de GEI en el sector se calcularon mediante el método de descomposición de primer orden en las ciudades con datos de actividad sobre los residuos y en las restantes con el método por defecto. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:39360&r=env |
| By: | Galindo, Luis Miguel; Samaniego, Joseluis; Alatorre, José Eduardo; Ferrer, Jimy (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El análisis económico y social del cambio climático es un insumo fundamental para diseñar políticas públicas para una estrategia eficiente que permita transitar a un desarrollo sostenible. Sin embargo, este análisis es una tarea compleja, con un alto nivel de incertidumbre, que abarca una gran diversidad de temas y de métodos de investigación. Así, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es presentar algunas reflexiones metodológicas sobre el análisis de los impactos económicos y sociales del cambio climático a nivel general ilustrando estos puntos con algunos ejemplos. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37608&r=env |
| By: | Gomes, Charmaine; Chase, Vasantha (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) was held in Bridgetown, Barbados, from the 25 April – 6 May 1994. This culminated in the Declaration of Barbados and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. Ten years later an International Meeting to Review Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States was held in Port Louis, Mauritius, from 10–14 January 2005. This international meeting, in turn, resulted in the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (MSI). |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:37102&r=env |
| By: | Boninsegna, Jose; Llop, Armando (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Mendoza y San Juan son las provincias de la región de Cuyo con recursos hídricos de origen netamente cordilleranos. El hidrograma de los ríos cuyanos se está modificado debido principalmente al aumento de la temperatura. De incrementarse la tendencia observada en la temperatura esta alteración podría tener un alto impacto en el manejo y regulación de los caudales. En este documento se muestran los resultados de dos estudios para esta región. El primero evalúa el comportamiento de las tendencias en la variabilidad de las precipitaciones, la temperatura, los caudales y el hidrograma frente a escenarios de cambio climático. Las cuencas más afectadas serían aquellas ubicadas hacia el sur de la región porque son las más bajas, en las cuales la disminución de las superficies alcanzaría porcentajes entre el 75% y 80% para fines de este siglo, con respecto a las superficies actuales. En estas condiciones es previsible una disminución de la superficie de los glaciares, con un fuerte retroceso de los mismos y la pérdida consiguiente de la reserva de agua en ellos almacenada. En la segunda parte del documento se cuantifica el impacto socioeconómico del cambio climático en las cuencas de Mendoza y San Juan. La reducción de los derrames de los ríos (oferta), el aumento de la demanda y los procesos de degradación del agua, determinaría el aumento del valor social marginal del agua. Mediante modelos de simulación se trazó el valor de corte entre oferta y demanda en el tiempo. La posición y trayectoria temporal del valor social marginal del agua, revelará la magnitud de la escasez, y la velocidad con que esta se incrementa. Estos indican el costo social de la escasez y robustez de la sustentabilidad en cada caso. Se realizan distintas corridas bajo escenarios alternativos para cada cuenca, lo que permite identificar políticas óptimas. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:39140&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The Third Caribbean Development Roundtable (23-24 April 2014) was held under the theme “Exploring strategies for sustainable growth and development in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS)”. The Roundtable focused on challenges faced in stimulating growth and creating a capacity for resilience among the Caribbean SIDS. The conference examined the continuing challenge of igniting robust growth in Caribbean Small States, and at the same time, mitigating structural and cyclical risks and uncertainty. The presentations made at the Roundtable can be placed under six themes which comprise the sections of this report, namely: Macroeconomic reorganisation in the context of risk and uncertainty; fiscal adjustment, stabilisation and debt management; services, public/private partnership and development; social protection; human capital formation; and environmental protection. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:37275&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | La medición del gasto en protección ambiental permite evaluar el desempeño, la eficacia y el impacto de políticas, planes, programas e instrumentos económicos de gestión ambiental. Sin embargo, para medir los progresos y realizar ajustes a las políticas ambientales es necesario que estas mediciones sean sistemáticas, continuas y estandarizadas. En América Latina y el Caribe existen experiencias de cálculo del gasto en protección ambiental del sector público, aunque la mayoría no ha perdurado en el tiempo. Las mayores dificultades en la medición de este gasto se asocian con la falta de uniformidad de conceptos y clasificaciones, la doble contabilidad y los escasos registros administrativos existentes. Para abordar los retos mencionados es necesario un marco ordenador, basado en estándares internacionales, que permita fortalecer las capacidades técnicas de los países y calcular el gasto en protección ambiental de manera regular. Por ello, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) de México han elaborado esta guía metodológica, con el fin de apoyar los esfuerzos de los países vinculados a la generación y difusión de estadísticas oficiales sobre el gasto en protección ambiental. |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37738&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Desde a sua popularização no final da década de 1980, o conceito do desenvolvimento sustentável tem sido objeto de inúmeras discussões e controvérsias, referentes tanto aos seus conteúdos teóricos quanto a iniciativas de implementação e concretização através de políticas públicas. A presente avaliação das experiências de implementação de politicas públicas no Estado do Acre a partir de 1999 aborda esta temática no contexto específico da região amazônica, onde a mesma está associada ao desafio da conservação das florestas tropicais. Com a análise do Acre pretende-se, além de contribuir para a evolução da implementação destas políticas no próprio estado, gerar reflexões que permitam inserir as experiências do estado no contexto maior da Amazônia, buscando identificar as particularidades que favoreceram ou dificultaram a implementação das políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável no estado, mas também as lições. |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37245&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2014–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:38734&r=env |
| By: | Johannes Emmerling (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the optimal extraction of a non-renewable resource under uncertainty using a discrete-time approach in the spirit of the literature on precautionary savings. We find that boundedness of the utility function, in particular the assumption about U(0), gives very different results in the two settings which are often considered as equivalent. For a bounded utility function, we show that in a standard two-period setting, prudence is no longer sufficient to ensure a more conservationist extraction policy than under certainty. If on the other hand we increase the number of periods to infinity, we find that prudence is not anymore not anymore necessary to induce a more conservationist extraction policy and risk aversion is sufficient. These results highlight the importance of the specification of the utility function and its behavior at the point of origin. |
| Keywords: | Expected Utility, Non-Renewable Resource, Prudence, Uncertainty |
| JEL: | Q30 D81 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.49&r=env |
| By: | Calvo, Juan José (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El presente documento busca aportar elementos para la construcción de una política social en el contexto del cambio climático en América Latina. En efecto, uno de los aspectos centrales del cambio climático es su impacto desigual tanto por países como en la población. El cambio climático se caracteriza por una asimetría fundamental en donde los países con una mayor contribución histórica en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero son los que sufren las menores consecuencias de las transformaciones climáticas. Además, esta desigualdad a nivel global y nacional se amplifica por las diferencias en capacidad y recursos para aplicar medidas de adapatación que minimicen los daños. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37609&r=env |
| By: | Ariane Cassoli Alvarenga (IPC-IG); Ana Rosa Soares (IPC-IG); Lívia Maria da Costa Nogueira (IPC-IG) |
| Abstract: | "Du 27 avril au 22 mai 2015, en vue de la tenue prochaine à Bangkok de la conférence sur les CNE, la Communauté de pratique (CoP) sur les Capacités nationales d'évaluation (CNE) a organisé avec le soutien du Centre international de politiques pour la croissance inclusive (IPC-IG) du PNUD et du Bureau indépendant de l'évaluation (BIE) du PNUD une discussion en ligne intitulée « Incorporer les principes de lévaluation aux pratiques de développement peut renforcer les capacités nationales dévaluation et permettre de développer et datteindre les Objectifs du développement durable ». Les idées suivantes ont été formulées par des participants sur la façon dont les gouvernements peuvent développer et consolider les capacités d'évaluation nécessaires à l'évaluation du développement humain durable, mais aussi sur ce que pourrait être le processus le plus efficace pour identifier les indicateurs relatifs à des questions transversales."(...) |
| Keywords: | Capacités Nationales, dÉvaluation pour évaluer, développement humain durable |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipc:opfran:306&r=env |
| By: | Alencastro, Liliana (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El principal objetivo de este estudio es analizar las estrategias o programas de adaptación al cambio climático y sus costos explícitos reconocidos en las finanzas públicas en Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Uruguay |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37625&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | La presente guía busca apoyar a los países de la región en la identificación y caracterización de los instrumentos económicos, principalmente fiscales, utilizados en la gestión ambiental y de los recursos naturales. Mediante su aplicación se procura contar con información sistematizada de impuestos, cargos, tarifas, subsidios, sistemas de depósito-reembolso, sistemas de permisos transables y enfoques voluntarios que apoyan la gestión ambiental.. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37676&r=env |
| By: | López-Feldman, Alejandro (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El objetivo principal de este estudio es estimar los impactos que el cambio climático podría tener sobre la pobreza y la desigualdad en México. La metodología que se utiliza hace uso de regresiones de sección cruzada con microdatos a nivel de hogar, permitiendo con ello capturar de forma más adecuada el impacto del cambio climático en el ingreso de los hogares, en la pobreza y la desigualdad. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:36777&r=env |
| By: | Moore, Winston; Phillips, Willard (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:38356&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El Estudio de Impactos Económicos del Cambio Climático (EIECC), liderado por el Departamento Nacional de Planeación de Colombia (DNP), busca hacer frente a dicho reto asumiendo la Impactos Económicos del Cambio Climático en ese país y avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los posibles impactos económicos del cambio climático en los ámbitos nacional, sectorial y regional. El estudio es un proyecto de largo alcance que, desde 2009, inició con el diagnóstico de la información y el conocimiento disponible en el país para estimar los impactos económicos del cambio climático. La primera entrega del análisis se realizó en colaboración con el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) a través de la publicación “Panorama del Cambio Climático en Colombia”. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37879&r=env |
| By: | Shack Yalta, Nelson (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En este documento se desarrolla un estudio sobre tres aspectos fundamentales en torno a los mecanismos que propone El Salvador como respuesta a los inminentes cambios que trae consigo el cambio climático. Por un lado, presenta la política de cambio climático a través de la revisión de la Estrategia de Cambio Climático desarrollada por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) y una síntesis de investigaciones asociadas a los costos en los que incurriría la sociedad salvadoreña ante al cambio climático y la variabilidad de los fenómenos climatológicos.Por el otro, desarrolla una metodología sencilla de clasificación del gasto de las entidades en materia ambiental, tratando de cuantificar el gasto público relacionada al CC en materia de mitigación, adaptación, reparación o compensación sobre la base del Presupuesto General del Estado correspondiente al año fiscal 2012. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col037:37219&r=env |
| By: | Taccari, Daniel; Stockins, Pauline (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This document proposes a conceptual and methodological framework for analysing discrepancies between indicator values for monitoring Millennium Development Goals (MDG) used globally and those used by Latin American and Caribbean countries in their national MDG reports. It includes an implementation exercise on a small set of indicators for specific MDG targets (employment, education, child mortality, maternal mortality and water and sanitation). Both the proposed methodology and the analysis made after comparing these values were presented for discussion at the fifth annual seminar on advances and challenges in statistical reconciliation for monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goals in Latin America, held in Buenos Aires (Argentina) on 5-6 November 2009, and at the sixth annual seminar on Millennium Development Goal indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean, in Mexico City, on 1-2 December 2011. |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col027:36747&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Como parte integrante de una iniciativa regional, el presente estudio mantiene los mismos lineamientos técnicos y organizativos de los demás análisis sobre economía del cambio climático desarrollados por la CEPAL en la región. Como principio metodológico, se consideró que la influencia del clima se difunde de manera directa e indirecta en el escenario socioeconómico y que ese efecto se extiende sobre los sectores que conforman el estudio. En el caso del Paraguay se consideraron los siguientes sectores: el de los recursos hídricos, el agropecuario, el de la salud, el de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y el de la diversidad biológica. En el estudio también se incluye un capítulo sobre el sector energético paraguayo y, de manera sucinta, un análisis del sector no energético. Finalmente, se esbozan lineamientos de políticas que podrían servir de insumos a los encargados de la adopción de decisiones en el momento de formular la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37101&r=env |
| By: | Coronado, Harold; Jaime, Haider; Gamba, Paloma (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático por sus impactos económicos, sociales y sobre la biodiversidad constituye uno de los principales retos globales de este siglo. América Latina por su alta vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y, a pesar de contribuir en términos relativos poco a las emisiones globales, requiere realizar medidas de adaptación y de mitigación de sus emisiones, que le permita transitar hacia una senda de crecimiento bajo en carbono. En este contexto, este trabajo tiene por objetivo identificar las estrategias de mitigación y adaptación más utilizadas en Perú, Bolivia, Colombia y Nicaragua, que contribuyan a generar una senda de crecimiento económico baja en emisiones de carbono. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37614&r=env |
| By: | Jaimurzina, Azhar; Pérez-Salas, Gabriel; Sánchez, Ricardo J. (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El documento que se presenta en esta ocasión es el resultado de un largo trabajo llevado adelante en el seno de la División de Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura de la CEPAL, durante varios programas de trabajo bianuales. En dicho trabajo se ha podido constatar la realidad imperante en la gran mayoría de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, como fruto de numerosos estudios, reuniones, entrevistas, seminarios, conferencias y talleres de trabajo llevados a cabo junto a diversos gobiernos de países e iniciativas de integración de la región, como así también con miembros de la sociedad civil, la academia y el sector empresarial. Debe destacarse, entre tales antecedentes, el estudio de las experiencias internacionales de cambios de políticas que lograron un nivel de éxito notorio en los objetivos de política. |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col042:39427&r=env |
| By: | Rodríguez, Adrián G.; Meza, Laura C.; Cerecera, Francisco (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En este estudio se analiza la producción científica en agricultura y cambio climático en América Latina y el Caribe, a partir de información derivada de la base de datos bibliométrica Scopus, durante el período 1990-2012. SU principal objetivo es incluir en las agendas de investigación y desarrollo e innovación agrícola temas vinculados con la identificación de las mejores alternativas en el sector agrícola para la adaptación al cambio climático, para la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y para la captura de estos. A partir de estadísticas descriptivas se presentan comparaciones con la producción científica global en agricultura y en agricultura y cambio climático, se analizan tendencias globales y regionales en los volúmenes de producción, así como en materia de colaboración y de multidisciplinariedad. Y utilizando técnicas de análisis de redes se examinan tendencias en colaboración y multidisciplinariedad a nivel subregional (Región Sur, Mesoamérica y Región Andina) y para el agregado regional, a partir de una base de datos creada específicamente para dicho propósito. |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:38120&r=env |
| By: | Lanzilotta M., Bibiana (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar elementos de información para determinar la factibilidad y beneficios de la implementación de impuestos verdes en Uruguay. Primeramente, de acuerdo a los estudios ambientales disponibles, se identifican los principales problemas ambientales en Uruguay. Sobre la base de la experiencia internacional y tomando como punto de partida la estructura impositiva actual, se analizan y determinan las actividades económicas (de consumo o productivas) pasibles de ser gravadas con impuestos ambientales. Se identifican los sectores de actividad y la actividad gravable, así como los eventuales problemas para su implementación, la institucionalidad y la economía política asociada a los mismos. |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col032:38655&r=env |
| By: | Almeida, María Dolores (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Las actividades económicas generan diversos beneficios económicas y sociales pero, por desgracia, tienen también consecuencias negativas tanto en las mimas actividades económicas como en el bienestar de la población y el medio ambiente. Este conjunto de efectos negativos, desde la óptica de la literatura económica, se derivan de fallas de mercado que ocasiona estas externalidades negativas. Esto es, las actividades económicas generan efectos colaterales tales como emisiones o desechos que son depositados en el medio ambiente sin costo económico alguno y que generan impactos negativos.Las políticas públicas buscan reducir o eliminar estas externalidades negativas a través de la aplicación de diversas regulaciones o del uso de algún incentivo económico en donde destacan por su importancia el uso de diversos impuestos de corte ambiental. Estos impuestos ambientales tiene su fundamento teórico en el impuesto Pigou, que busca internalizar el costo de las externalidades negativas generadas por los agentes económicos.Este tipo de impuesto permite fundamentar la utilidad de aplicar impuestos verdes o ambientales para controlar o reducir las externalidades negativas y obtener incluso otros efectos positivos a través de los subsidios. Por desgracia, en América Latina es aún incipiente la aplicación de algunos de estos instrumentos fiscales. El principal objetivo de este documento es presentar la aplicación de este tipo de impuestos ambientales para automóviles y para botellas de plástico en Ecuador. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37433&r=env |
| By: | Murgida, Ana María; Travasso, María Isabel; González, Silvia; Rodríguez, Gabriel R. (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | La región de estudio abarca la mayor parte de la zona apta para la producción de cultivos extensivos en la República Argentina (25° a 39° lat. S y 60º a 65º long. O). La agricultura se desarrolla esencialmente bajo condiciones de secano, con elevada tecnología y uso de insumos. Las anomalías del clima, especialmente las relacionadas con las lluvias, suelen ser la principal causa de la variabilidad interanual de la productividad. La región incluye las principales zonas productoras de trigo, maíz y soja, contribuyendo con el 99 % de la producción nacional de trigo y el 97 % de las de maíz y soja. La soja es el principal cultivo con 16 M ha sembradas, y le siguen en orden de importancia el trigo (5,7 M ha) y el maíz (4 M ha). En este estudio, se evaluaron los impactos del clima futuro sobre la producción de cultivos mediante modelos biofísicos de estimación del desarrollo, crecimiento y rendimiento final de los cultivos de trigo, maíz y soja, previamente calibrados y validados para las condiciones argentinas. Se utilizaron los escenarios climáticos regionales provistos por el INPE para 1961-2100 y, debido a las incertidumbres sobre las proyecciones anteriores a 2070, también se consideraron las del MCG Hadley CM3. |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:37197&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En este informe se presenta un análisis exhaustivo de los efectos del cambio climático en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y se analizan los impactos anuales desde 2000 hasta 2100 en los sectores donde se esperan repercusiones significativas. Estas estimaciones están basadas en cálculos a nivel municipal, lo que permite tomar en cuenta la gran heterogeneidad existente en el país. En el estudio se calculan los efectos previstos sobre la estructura socioeconómica para cada año en el futuro, tomando en cuenta varios probables cambios en el país durante las próximas décadas, tales como.el aumento de la población, el crecimiento económico, la expansión de la infraestructura pública y privada, la migración rural-urbana, la transición demográfica y los aumentos en los niveles educativos, entre otros. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37280&r=env |
| By: | Erin Baker (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA); Olaitan Olaleye (Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA); Lara Aleluia Reis (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM)) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we provide an overview of decision frameworks aimed at crafting an energy technology Research & Development portfolio, based on the results of three large expert elicitation studies and a large scale energy-economic model. We introduce importance sampling as a technique for integrating elicitation data and large IAMs into decision making under uncertainty models. We show that it is important to include both parts of this equation – the prospects for technological advancement and the interactions of the technologies in and with the economy. We find that investment in energy technology R&D is important even in the absence of climate policy. We illustrate the value of considering dynamic two-stage sequential decision models under uncertainty for identifying alternatives with option value. Finally, we consider two frameworks that incorporate ambiguity aversion. We suggest that these results may be best used to guide future research aimed at improving the set of elicitation data. |
| Keywords: | Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Climate Change, Stabilization Pathways, Energy technology, Ambiguity Aversion |
| JEL: | Q42 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.42&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En este documento, producto del programa de trabajo conjunto de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y los Ministerios de Agricultura de los países miembros del Consejo Agropecuario Centroamericano del Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA), coordinado con su Secretaría Ejecutiva (SECAC) y su Grupo Técnico de Cambio Climático y Gestión Integral de Riesgo, se estudia la relación de la temperatura y la precipitación y otras variables con los rendimientos en 95 unidades geográficas subnacionales productores del café en los siete países de Centroamérica en la década del 2000. Valiéndose del método de funciones de producción, se estiman los impactos potenciales del cambio climático sobre estos rendimientos durante el presente siglo, utilizando dos escenarios del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC), una con una trayectoria de alza de emisiones menor (B2) y otra de emisiones crecientes e inacción global cercana a la trayectoria endencial actual (A2). |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:37456&r=env |
| By: | Lentini, Emilio; Fierro, Gonzalo (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Este publicación es fruto de la Reunión de Expertos sobre Políticas Tarifarias y Regulatorias en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el Derecho Humano al Agua y al Saneamiento, organizada por la CEPAL en la Sede de la Comisión en Santiago de Chile, el 8 de julio de 2013. El objetivo principal del evento fue analizar los temas actuales de desarrollo del sector de agua potable y saneamiento en América Latina y el Caribe, a saber, el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM); los desafíos de regulación y control bajo modelo público de la prestación (prestadores de propiedad del Estado y municipal); las tendencias regionales y el estado del arte en políticas tarifarias, autofinanciamiento y subsidios; y las implicaciones del reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua y al saneamiento (DHAS), tanto para políticas sectoriales como para metas de desarrollo post 2015. Asimismo, se intercambiaron experiencias entre los organismos de regulación de los países de la región (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay) con relación a las temáticas identificadas y se definieron prioridades de trabajo y cooperación a futuro con énfasis en nuevos temas de la agenda sectorial (eficiencia energética e hídrica, adaptación al cambio climático, manejo de cuencas de captación, nuevas fuentes de agua, entre otros). |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col042:36621&r=env |
| By: | Vicuña, Sebastián (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El presente estudio tiene como objetivo princial analizar la calidad de los inventarios nacionales de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero realizados en América Latina, determinando las principales fuentes de emisiones en los países, hacer un análisis crítico de las metodologías y datos utilizados para estimar estas emisiones y analizar los reportes realizados, tomando como referencia las últimas publicaciones disponibles. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37624&r=env |
| By: | Cabral y Bowling, Roberto B. (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En el presente trabajo se brinda un análisis comprensivo del funcionamiento de los principales fondos existentes y los instrumentos para el financiamiento del cambio climático, con el acento en el flujo de recursos principalmente de origen público, y teniendo como objetivo poner a disposición del lector una descripción de todas las características relevantes de cada uno de esos fondos, entre ellas, su origen, gestión y destino. El trabajo es una presentación integrada de la información disponible al público de los principales fondos que operan con la intención de contribuir al cumplimento de los compromisos de los países del Anexo B del Protocolo de Kioto. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col035:37217&r=env |
| By: | Galindo, Luis Miguel; Samaniego, Joseluis; Alatorre, José Eduardo; Ferrer, Jimy (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático tiene efectos significativos en las actividades económicas, el bienestar de la población y los ecosistemas. La evidencia disponible actualmente sugiere que es prácticamente inevitable un aumento de 2ºC de temperatura durante la primera mitad de este siglo, con sus consecuentes impactos climáticos adicionales. En este sentido, América Latina durante este siglo deberá reconocer la importancia de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones climáticas a modo de reducir los impactos climáticos y buscar, al mismo tiempo, transitar a una senda de desarrollo sostenible. Así, el principal objetivo de este documento es identificar algunos patrones regulares dentro del conjunto de los procesos de adaptación tomando como referencia América Latina y el Caribe. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37613&r=env |
| By: | Lo Vuolo, Rubén M. (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre la articulación entre cambio climático, crecimiento económico y política social. Algunos de los temas abordados son los efectos de la transición hacia una economía más verde, los efectos distributivos del cambio climático, una visión alternativa del cambio climático como un nuevo tipo de riesgo social estructural, el concepto de vulnerabilidad social y algunas de sus dimensiones que incorporan el mercado laboral, lo demográfico, la salud y la educación, y la necesidad de una “integración” de las políticas que aborden conjuntamente las decisiones ambientales, económicas y sociales. |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:36807&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Este documento es el primero de una serie de textos que se han elaborado en el marco del Estudio regional de los efectos del cambio climático en la costa de América Latina y el Caribe. La zona de estudio comprende una longitud total de costa de aproximadamente 72.182 km distribuidos en cuatro zonas geográficas: Norteamérica, Centroamérica, Sudamérica y las Islas del Caribe. En el dominio de estudio se han analizado los cambios detectados en las dinámicas costeras, la influencia de la variabilidad climática, información diversa sobre la vulnerabilidad presente en las costas de la región, abarcando tanto el medio físico como el socioeconómico, la configuración física de las mismas y los impactos y riesgos previsibles en el futuro. En este volumen se muestra un atlas de las condiciones físicas actuales y de los cambios detectados en variables costeras tales como el nivel medio del mar, temperatura superficial del mar, salinidad, oleaje, marea astronómica, anomalía de la temperatura del aire, viento y huracanes. sta descripción, que muestra la información disponible para la región, constituye el primer paso para emprender un estudio de cómo han cambiado las distintas variables y cuáles podrían ser los efectos en las costas ante variaciones futuras. Este conocimiento es vital para la ingeniería de costas y puertos, los análisis de vulnerabilidad de los asentamientos humanos en zonas de litoral y la gestión integral del medio ambiente en el borde costero, entre otros. Además, en el documento se analizan las posibles tendencias de cambio a futuro de las distintas variables para los años de corte a 2040, 2050 y 2070 definiéndose los valores medios y la incertidumbre o variabilidad esperable, incluyendo el análisis de eventos extremos asociados a algunas variables. Se estudian también patrones de variabilidad climática interanual, tales como el fenómeno ENOS (El Niño {lcub}u2013{rcub} Oscilación del Sur). Este estudio supone una primera aproximación al respecto en la región para un amplio abanico de dinámicas y patrones climáticos. La información que se provee en este volumen es el punto de apoyo para el análisis de la vulnerabilidad, exposición e impactos derivados del cambio climático en las costas del litoral de América Latina y el Caribe que se detallan en los siguientes documentos. |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:3955&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2014–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:36812&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | La infraestructura en América Latina enfrenta un doble desafío, por un lado requiere incrementar con urgencia su dotación de infraestructura económica para hacer frente al crecimiento y desarrollo nacional, mientras que al mismo tiempo se demandan reformas profundas en la acción del Estado para reducir las externalidades negativas del transporte, promover un desarrollo más equitativo y avanzar hacia una economía con bajo contenido de carbono que posibilite una desarrollo con conciencia inter generacional. Para hacer frente a estos retos, es fundamental incorporar criterios de sostenibilidad tanto en las políticas públicas de provisión de infraestructura como de operación y regulación de los servicios de transporte. Sólo así, se podrá abordar los complejos problemas que América Latina registra tanto en movilidad urbana como en la logística de sus cargas internas y regionales. Resulta evidente que la sostenibilidad en las políticas de transporte, va mucho más allá de los meros aspectos vinculados a las emisiones de carbono, sino que considera concurrentemente las implicancias económicas, sociales, ambientales e institucionales de una medida, buscando como fin último el bienestar integral de toda la población presente y futura. Conscientes de que la infraestructura es un factor crítico para el crecimiento económico, la productividad y el desarrollo territorial equilibrado, es fundamental actuar sobre los servicios de transporte que utilizan la infraestructura existente, como sobre la planificación de nueva infraestructura. El desarrollo de infraestructura baja en carbono por tanto, requiere introducir criterios de sostenibilidad para lograr un desarrollo social y equitativo a nivel nacional y regional. Sin la adecuada articulación de estos componentes, el desarrollo económico potencial no será suficiente para solucionar los problemas de conectividad, acceso a los mercados de trabajo o servicios básicos necesarios para cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) y que posibilitan las mejoras concretas sobre la calidad de vida de la población más pobre. |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:36855&r=env |
| By: | Brandt R., Arturo; Westendarp Z., Cristóbal (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El principal objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar e identificar, de forma preliminar, las opciones que tendría un sistema de permisos comercializables de reducción de emisiones de carbono en países de América Latina, atendiendo a sus potenciales ventajas y desventajas para países específicos como Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Perú y Venezuela. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37338&r=env |
| By: | Castañeda Sabido, Alejandro; Villagómez Amezcua, Alejandro (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Existen varias formas para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que ocasionan el cambio climático. En este documento se analiza una propuesta específica para la reducción de emisiones de GEI consistente en la subasta de bonos de carbono. Este esquema ha sido utilizado en algunos países o regiones como por ejemplo en la Comunidad Europea. Su aplicación se ha concentrado en lo que se conoce como industrias corriente arriba, como son el sector energético y algunas industrias pesadas como el cemento y acero. Este documento tiene como objetivo proponer un mecanismo de subastas de bonos de carbono, para la reducción de emisiones en Chile y México. De este modo, el documento busca contribuir al desarrollo de mecanismos que permitan asignar los bonos de carbono a los emisores. En muchos casos estas asignaciones se realizan de manera libre buscando reducir los potenciales efectos perniciosos sobre la industria. Sin embargo, estudios recientes han indicado que asignar gratis estos bonos sólo aumenta las utilidades de las industrias involucradas. En este documento se propone entonces subastar por lo menos un 85% de los bonos entre los emisores con el fin de usar estos ingresos para reducir impuestos que son más distorsionantes. |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:36901&r=env |
| By: | Revollo, Daniel; Ferrer, Jimy (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El cambio climátio tiene impactos significativos sobre las actividades económicas, las condiciones sociales y los escosistemas a través de diversos canales de transmisión. El objetivo de esta publicación es brindar una aproximación sobre la magnitud de estos efectos en el empleo en la región. |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37606&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Los textos reunidos en este documento se basan en las ponencias y discusiones presentadas por los expertos que participaron en el cuarto Seminario Regional de Agricultura y Cambio Climático: economía y modelación, realizado el 13 de noviembre en la sede de la CEPAL y el 14 de noviembre de 2014 en la Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, en Santiago de Chile. |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:37911&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Date: | 2014–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:38733&r=env |
| By: | Orellana, Marcos A. (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | En la segunda reunión de los Puntos Focales designados por los Gobiernos de los Países Signatarios de la Declaración sobre la aplicación del principio 10 de la Declaración de Río sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, que tuvo lugar en Guadalajara (México) los días 16 y 17 de abril de 2013, se decidió la creación de grupos de trabajo para avanzar hacia la consecución de un instrumento regional. Así, se estableció un grupo de trabajo sobre derechos de acceso e instrumento regional, con el objetivo de profundizar en el conocimiento de los derechos de acceso con miras a proponer la naturaleza y contenidos del instrumento regional. En su primera reunión, el grupo de trabajo consideró que un estudio descriptivo acerca de la tipología de instrumentos internacionales sería útil para alcanzar su objetivo. En este informe se estudian los diferentes tipos de instrumentos que se utilizan en el derecho internacional público, con énfasis en aquellos relativos al Principio 10. El informe está estructurado en tres capítulos, de la siguiente manera: En el primer capítulo se analiza el término "instrumento internacional" y se distingue entre instrumentos vinculantes y no vinculantes, presentando ejemplos ilustrativos. El segundo capítulo describe la función de mecanismos de cumplimiento e implementación en un instrumento internacional, a la vez que aporta ejemplos de dichos mecanismos. En el tercer capítulo se presentan los instrumentos multilaterales y regionales pertinentes a los derechos de acceso a la información, participación y justicia en asuntos ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:37184&r=env |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Este documento aborda introductoriamente el desarrollo metodológico de las cuentas de protección del medio ambiente y se presenta la experiencia regional en esta materia. A partir de un cuestionario enviado a los países se analiza el estado de la generación y difusión de estadísticas relacionadas con la medición del gasto en protección ambiental. Dentro de los hallazgos destacan la heterogeneidad con que metodológicamente se abordan las estimaciones de gasto en protección ambiental y la disgregación de las fuentes de información. Por ello, se resalta la necesidad de fortalecer una estructura institucional específica que pueda desarrollar esta línea de investigación. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37294&r=env |
| By: | Galindo, Luis Miguel; Samaniego, Joseluis; Alatorre, José Eduardo; Ferrer, Jimy; Reyes, Orlando (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | El principal objetivo de este estudio es entonces analizar los efectos potenciales del cambio climático sobre la pobreza en América Latina (AL) derivados de la evolución del sector agrícola; ello a través de identificar los impactos del cambio climático sobre el producto agrícola y los efectos del crecimiento agrícola sobre la pobreza en América Latina. |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37045&r=env |