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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2015‒06‒05
thirty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Vassiliki Manoussi; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | We study a dynamic game of climate policy design in terms of emissions and solar radiation management (SRM) involving two heterogeneous countries or group of countries. Countries emit greenhouse gasses (GHGs), and can block incoming radiation by unilateral SRM activities, thus reducing global temperature. Heterogeneity is modelled in terms of the social cost of SRM, the environmental damages due to global warming, the productivity of emissions in terms of generating private benefits, the rate of impatience, and the private cost of geoengineering. We determine the impact of asymmetry on mitigation and SRM activities, concentration of GHGs, and global temperature, and we examine whether a tradeoff actually emerges between mitigation and SRM. Our results could provide some insights into a currently emerging debate regarding mitigation and SRM methods to control climate change, especially since asymmetries seem to play an important role in affecting incentives for cooperation or unilateral actions. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, mitigation, solar radiation management, cooperation, differential game, asymmetry, feedback Nash equilibrium |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1511&r=env |
| By: | Fujii, Hidemichi; Managi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | To mitigate the effects of climate change, countries worldwide are advancing technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper proposes and measures optimal production resource reallocation using data envelopment analysis. This research attempts to clarify the effect of optimal production resource reallocation on CO2 emissions reduction, focusing on regional and industrial characteristics. We use finance, energy, and CO2 emissions data from 13 industrial sectors in 39 countries from 1995 to 2009. The resulting emissions reduction potential is 2.54 Gt-CO2 in the year 2009, with former communist countries having the largest potential to reduce CO2 emissions in the manufacturing sectors. In particular, basic material industry including chemical and steel sectors have a lot of potential to reduce CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Resource reallocation,CO2 emissions,Data envelopment analysis, Manufacturing sector |
| JEL: | Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64703&r=env |
| By: | Libo Wu (School of Economics, Fudan University); Weiqi Tang (School of Economics, Fudan University) |
| Abstract: | Energy conservation and greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement have been included in the national development strategy of China. However, the rigidity in command-and-control mechanisms and arbitrariness in assignment of GHG abatement burden across regions have caused unnecessary losses in both economic efficiency and social equity. In this paper, we use an Inter-Regional Dynamic CGE (IRD-CGE) model to simulate economic and welfare impacts of climate policies on national and regional level, including carbon intensity targets, regional emission constraints and cap-and-trade mechanism. Comparison among alternative emission reduction policy mechanisms indicates that emission trading scheme can not only moderate the economic and social welfare losses, but also improve social equity by decoupling the allocation of emission permits from economic optimization of emission reduction scheme. From this perspective, emissions trading bridges the concerns for economic efficiency and social equity, since emission permits could be reallocated as an income transfer so as to promote inter-regional equity, while economic efficiency is maintained. Keywords: greenhouse gas emissions; energy conservation; emission reduction; pollution; cap-and-trade mechanism |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1505&r=env |
| By: | Lisa Anouliès (Université Paris-Sud, RITM) |
| Abstract: | Cap-and-trade programs are presently the cornerstone of climate change policies and proposals in many countries. I investigate the economic and environmental effects of different designs for this policy in a general equilibrium setting when firms are heterogeneous and in monopolistic competition. This study first predicts that the cap on emissions perfectly defines the environmental quality but has no effect on firms’ profits and decisions to enter or exit the market. On the contrary, increasing the share of free allocation of emissions allowances reallocates resources among firms toward the most productive ones: the initial allocation of allowances therefore impacts firms’ entry and exit decisions and aggregate economic variables but not the environment. Firm heterogeneity magnifies this economic effect of a change in the initial allocation of allowances. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading, Heterogeneous firms, Monopolistic competition |
| JEL: | Q58 D43 H23 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2015.10&r=env |
| By: | Das, Rituparna; Das, Mononita |
| Abstract: | Amidst the perils of industrialization in the forms of environmental impacts of mining and use of energy and destruction of urban biodiversity, it became imperative for the Latin American countries to design environmental policies in accordance with the respective historicity, demography, and polity of each nation. But in resolving a tussle between eco-environmental maintenance and vigorous industrialization while trying to find a choice between eco-friendly environment or prosperous economic growth, the Indian judiciary accepted that neither the eco-environment alone nor the industrial and economic growth by itself will meet the human needs in the global competition. It is necessary for the policy makers in framing any environmental policy or for legislators in enacting any environmental law to have an appropriate frame of environmental impact assessment. In this context, this study sheds light on the fusion of legal and economic elements with regard to deforestation in Brazil and water pollution in India. Part I of this study is theoretical modeling and Part II is estimation of the models. This paper is Part I. |
| Keywords: | Externality, Pigovian Tax, Subsidy, Deforestation, Water Pollution, Social Cost |
| JEL: | K32 |
| Date: | 2014–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64671&r=env |
| By: | Alessandro Tavoni; Simon Levin |
| Abstract: | Sustainably managing coupled ecological–economic systems requires not only an understanding of the environmental factors that affect them, but also knowledge of the interactions and feedback cycles that operate between resource dynamics and activities attributable to human intervention. The socioeconomic dynamics, in turn, call for an investigation of the behavioural drivers behind human action. We argue that a multidisciplinary approach is needed in order to tackle the increasingly pressing and intertwined environmental challenges faced by modern societies. Academic contributions to climate change policy have been constrained by methodological and terminological differences, so we discuss how programmes aimed at cross-disciplinary education and involvement in governance may help to unlock scholars' potential to propose new solutions. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2014–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:60823&r=env |
| By: | Chatterjee, Nilendu; Gupta, Kausik; Chatterjee, Tonmoy |
| Abstract: | The present paper throws light on the famous “tax versus standard” debate in the sphere of environmental economics by using general equilibrium framework and tries to examine which of the two, i.e., tax or standard is the better way to deal with pollution. The present paper has done so in the presence of a waste recycling sector which is the unique feature of it and has shown the impact of tax and standard separately on different polluting and non-polluting sectors of the economy. The paper has developed a unique as well as an interesting result that in the presence of a waste recycling sector in the economy, both pollution tax and environmental standard have the same impact. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Regulation, Green Capital, Waste Management and General Equilibrium |
| JEL: | D58 F11 F18 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64709&r=env |
| By: | Anna Bartczak (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw; Warsaw Ecological Economics Center); Katarzyna Metelska-Szaniawska (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the possibility of forest policy changes in Poland. The main objective is to investigate whether, and to whom, the society would be willing to pay for providing biodiversity enhancement in private forests. The empirical evidence is derived from a stated preference survey conducted on the national level and analyzed using a multinomial logit model (MNL). Our findings show a rather strong potential for the implementation of payments for ecosystem services (PES) in private forests, even though historical and institutional conditions are not favorable. The results also indicate a significant role of environmental attitudes in viewing the national and local governments as those responsible for financing the implementation of changes in private forests. They allow to provide recommendations for planning authorities and decision-makers not only in Poland but also in the other Central and Eastern European countries, where payments for ecosystem services have no long tradition. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, environmental attitudes, forest policy, payments for ecosystem services, private forests |
| JEL: | D01 H4 Q23 Q51 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2015-20&r=env |
| By: | Aljona Karlõševa (Stockholm Environmental Institute); Sulev Nõmmann (Stockholm Environmental Institute); Tea Nõmmann (Stockholm Environmental Institute); Evelin Urbel-Piirsalu; Wiktor Budziński (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Nick Hanley (University of St Andrews) |
| Abstract: | The drive to increase renewable electricity production in many parts of Europe has led to an increasing concentration of location of new sites at sea. This results in a range of environmental impacts which should be taken into account in a benefit-cost analysis of such proposal. In this paper, we use choice modelling to investigate the relative gains and losses from siting new windfarms off the coast of Estonia, relative to the option of creating a new marine protected area. Methodologically, the paper makes a contribution by showing the ability of the latent class mixed logit model to represent both within-and between-class preference heterogeneity, and thus its power to provide a more sophisticated representation of preference heterogeneity than latent class or mixed logit approaches. The paper is also the first to use the latent class mixed logit in willingness-to-pay space for environmental goods. |
| Keywords: | discrete choice experiment, off-shore wind energy, marine protected areas, willingness to pay, renewable energy |
| JEL: | Q51 O13 Q56 Q58 Q42 Q48 Q25 Q28 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2015-19&r=env |
| By: | Luz Dary Yepes Rubiano |
| Abstract: | Este documento de investigación tiene como finalidad proporcionar a los usuarios elementos conceptuales para entender y dimensionar el desarrollo de la contabilidad ambiental económica en términos de la cuenta de emisiones al aire, a partir de un ejercicio piloto de cuantificación de la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) ilustrada por el cálculo de la emisión de metano por la fermentación entérica del ganado bovino para el periodo 2000-2010. Igualmente, se pretende indicar la necesidad de estructurar la cuenta de emisiones al aire como una herramienta a ser usada dentro de la implementación de la política de cambio climático para orientar la Estrategia Colombiana de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono, y fortalecer los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. ****** The finality of this investigation document is to provide to the users some conceptual elements to understand and dimension the development of the SEEA in terms of the emissions to the air, starting from a pilot exercise of quantification of the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) illustrated by the calculation of the methane emission produced by the enteric fermentation of the cattle for the period 2000-2010. Likewise, to indicate the necessity of structuring the Air Emissions Accounts, like a tool to be used in the implementation of the climate change policy for orienting the low Carbon Development Strategy and strengthening the National GHG Inventories. |
| Keywords: | emisiones al aire, fermentación entérica, gases de efecto invernadero, metano, cambio climático. |
| Date: | 2013–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000482:012674&r=env |
| By: | Grebitus, Carola; Steiner, Bodo; Veeman, Michele |
| Abstract: | This study explores influences of human values and trust on stated preferences for food labeled with environmental footprints. We apply survey data to assess influences of these individual-specific characteristics on German consumers’ stated choices of potatoes, through an attribute-based choice experiment in which product alternatives are described by footprint labels and prices. We find that accounting for consumers’ value systems, but not generalized trust beliefs, aids in understanding choices and identifying possible markets for footprint-labeled food products. |
| Keywords: | carbon footprint, ecological, Rokeach Value Survey, environmental sustainability, mixed logit |
| JEL: | C25 C9 M31 Q5 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64630&r=env |
| By: | Cheng, Zhiming; Wang, Ben |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impacts of subjective and objective measures of environmental quality on happiness and willingness to pay higher prices in China. We find that a higher level of happiness is associated with better air quality, but not necessarily with better water quality. The government can encourage willingness to pay for the former, but can only substitute it for the latter. Although perceived environmental quality is important for willingness-to-pay, it plays little role in rating happiness. However, a more highly perceived government effort increases both people’s life satisfaction and willingness-to-pay. |
| Keywords: | China; happiness; willingness-to-pay; environmental issues |
| JEL: | O13 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64676&r=env |
| By: | Zouabi, Oussama |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the direct and indirect effect of precipitation and temperature on the citrus production of governorate i and neighboring governorates by using a spatial modeling to allow for spatial effects, as well as individual and temporal effects of spatial autocorrelation. Results from Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR) and Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) prove that the groundwater of the governorate i can be an effective solution for the farmer as long as the means are implemented so that he can exploit. Results also show that the effect of temperature through the hydric resources of governorate i and the neighboring governorates represent a negative spillover effect. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, spatial Econometrics, Agriculture, Tunisia. |
| JEL: | C21 Q1 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64715&r=env |
| By: | Frédéric Branger (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech, AgroParisTech); Jean-Pierre Ponssard (Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X); Oliver Sartor (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Misato Sato (LSE - London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates incentives for firms to increase output above the activity level thresholds (ALTs) in order to obtain more free allowances in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. While ALTs were introduced in order to reduce excess free allocation to low-activity installations, for installations operating below the threshold, the financial gain from increasing output to reach the threshold may outweigh the costs. Using installation level data for 246 clinker plants, we estimate the effect of ALTs on output decisions. The ALTs induced 5.8Mt of excess clinker production in 2012 (4% of total EU output), which corresponds to 5.2Mt of excess CO2 emissions (over 5% of total sector emissions). As intended, ALTs do reduce overallocation (by 6.6million allowances) relative to a scenario without ALTs, but an alternative output based allocation would further reduce overallocation by 39.5million allowances (29% of total cement sector free allocation). Firms responded disproportionately to ALTs in countries with low demand, especially in Spain and Greece. The excess clinker output lead to increased EU clinker and cement exports, production shifting between plants and also an increase in clinker content of cement thus reducing the carbon efficiency of cement production. |
| Date: | 2014–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-01072736&r=env |
| By: | BEN ZAIED, YOUNES; Zouabi, Oussama |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes to model the long run impact of climate change on olive output in Tunisia, the third largest olive-oil producing country in the world, using panel cointegration techniques. The long run analysis reveals that temperature increase and inappropriate working tools reduce olive output in semi arid areas. Therefore, we propose an appropriate training for workers to develop their skills and public policy subsidizing the innovation of used capital stock at least in the south. We propose encouraging the development of drought tolerant olive trees, especially in the south of Tunisia where global warming has caused a severe drought . |
| Keywords: | Olive output, Tunisia, Panel cointegration, climate change, adaptation |
| JEL: | C1 Q1 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:64711&r=env |
| By: | Benjamin Michallet (EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS); Giuseppe Gaeta (University of Naples); François Facchini (UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Why do parties offer environmental policies in their political programs? While a number of papers examine the determinants of citizens' pro-environmental behaviour, we know little about the extent to which political parties adjust their platform towards environmentalism. We investigate this process through data provided by the Manifesto Project Dataset (CMP) for 20 European countries over the period 1970-2008. Following the literature on public concern towards environment, we examine economic, environmental and political determinants. Our findings provide evidence that political parties' environmental concern is strongly correlated with their political ideology and with country-level economic conditions. |
| Date: | 2015–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-01154006&r=env |
| By: | Richard Dutu |
| Abstract: | Indonesia abounds with natural resources. But the unique nature of its geography, coupled with the lack of transport infrastructure, makes their exploitation challenging. Moreover, a lack of investment, protectionism and an unwieldy regulatory environment are all inhibiting the sector from reaching its full potential. Agriculture has been held back by low productivity, under-investment, unclear property rights on land, ill-advised trade regulations, misplaced support for staples and restrictions on foreign ownership. By pursuing crop diversification, encouraging co-operation between smallholders and large estates and easing constraints on foreign investment, Indonesia could raise its farmers’ productivity. Fossil fuels have become central to Indonesia’s energy policy and its main source of export revenues. Growing environmental concerns, both domestically and internationally, combined with subsiding coal prices and the on-going shale gas revolution, call into question the sustainability of such a strategy. Indonesia should increase its energy efficiency and further develop gas to plug the gap until sufficient renewable energy, especially geothermal, comes on line. Government control over the oil industry via state-owned Pertamina should be gradually reduced. Clarifying, streamlining and publicising simple regulations in energy and minerals, especially regarding land rights and on-shore processing, and removing foreign-ownership restrictions will help bring much needed investment. The pressure on the environment that natural resource exploitation is creating should be addressed by increasing the share of gas and renewables in the energy mix, properly defining property rights and regulations regarding forest land, and implementing a positive implicit carbon price. More resources should be devoted to combating widespread illegal mining and deforestation. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-indonesia.htm)<P>Exploiter au mieux les ressources naturelles en Indonésie<BR>L’Indonésie dispose de ressources naturelles abondantes, mais leur exploitation est rendue difficile par la géographique particulière du pays qui se conjugue au manque d’infrastructures de transport. De plus, l’absence d’investissement, le protectionnisme et la complexité de l’environnement réglementaire sont autant de facteurs qui empêchent ce secteur d’atteindre son plein potentiel. L’agriculture pâtit de la faiblesse de la productivité, du sous-investissement, des incertitudes entourant les droits de propriété des terres, de réglementations commerciales peu judicieuses, de mesures inadéquates de soutien aux produits de première nécessité et de restrictions sur les participations étrangères. La productivité des agriculteurs indonésiens pourrait être stimulée par différentes mesures visant à encourager la diversification des cultures, favoriser la coopération entre les petits propriétaires et les grandes exploitations et alléger les contraintes pesant sur l’investissement étranger. Les combustibles fossiles ont pris une place centrale dans la politique énergétique de l’Indonésie et représentent aujourd’hui sa principale source de revenus d’exportation. La montée des préoccupations environnementales, au plan intérieur comme international, qui vient s’ajouter à la diminution des prix du charbon et à la révolution en cours liée au gaz de schiste, appellent à s’interroger sur la viabilité d’une telle stratégie. L’Indonésie pourrait accroître son efficacité énergétique et continuer à développer le gaz pour combler le déficit jusqu’à pouvoir disposer de suffisamment d’énergies renouvelables, notamment géothermique. Le contrôle de l’industrie pétrolière exercé par l’État via l’entreprise publique Pertamina devrait être progressivement réduit. Clarifier, rationaliser et simplifier la réglementation dans les secteurs de l’énergie et des minéraux, en particulier du point de vue des droits fonciers et du traitement terrestre, et lever les restrictions pesant sur les participations étrangères contribueront à attirer les investissements si nécessaires. Les pressions exercées sur l’environnement par l’exploitation des ressources naturelles devraient être allégées par une augmentation de la part du gaz et des énergies renouvelables dans le bouquet énergétique, par une définition adéquate des droits de propriété et des réglementations relatives aux terrains boisés et par la mise en place d’un prix implicite du carbone positif. Il conviendrait de consacrer des ressources plus importantes à la lutte contre les exploitations minières et la déforestation illégales. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de l’Indonésie, 2015 (www.oecd.org/fr/eco/etudes/etude-econom ique-indonesie.htm) |
| Keywords: | environment, gas, natural resources, agriculture, Indonesia, coal, minerals, energy, oil, pétrole, environnement, énergie, charbon, Indonésie, minerais, agriculture, ressources naturelles, gaz |
| JEL: | O13 O53 Q01 |
| Date: | 2015–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1236-en&r=env |
| By: | Bojan Krstic, Milica Tasic, Vladimir Ivanovic (University of Niš, Faculty of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Lifecycle analysis is one of the techniques for assessing the impact of enterprise on the environment, by monitoring environmental effects of the product along its lifecycle. Since the cycle can be seen in stages (extraction of raw materials, raw materials processing, final product production, product use and end of use of the product), the analysis can be applied to all or only some parts of the aforementioned cycle, hence the different variants of this technique. The analysis itself is defined in phases according to the of ISO 14040 standard series, and involves defining the objectives and scope of analysis, life cycle inventory data analysis, life cycle impact assessment and lifecycle interpretation. Although its use is characterized by certain disadvantages, it can be said that this is still a very valuable management tool without which one cannot imagine the process of effective environmental decision-making in the modern enterprise, and consequently the complete adoption of environmentally responsible way of doing business. |
| Keywords: | lifecycle analysis, ISO 14040, environmental responsibility |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esb:casctr:2014-402&r=env |
| By: | Korkeala, Outi Kaarina |
| Abstract: | Climate variability and climate change have become important research topics also in economics. The objective of this thesis is not to forecast the future but to learn from the past by studying how two important climate change-related topics have affected Indonesian households. Delayed monsoon onset, El Niño, will become more frequent with climate change whereas palm oil production is a contributor to climate change. The first essay examines how variability in monsoon onset affects rural households' welfare in terms of household expenditure and farm profits. Using the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data I find that households in the middle tercile of the expenditure distribution face the biggest albeit temporary losses from delayed monsoon onset. Half of the expenditure decline is due to increase in household size. Conditional on onset, rainfall intensity has only minor effects. The second essay uses the IFLS data to study how schooling and child labour are affected by delayed monsoon onset. The probability of continuing from primary to secondary school is reduced when a delayed onset coincides with the transition year. In other respects, monsoon onset does not affect education of rural children. However, riskier distribution of rain postpones school entry for young children. Moreover, delayed onset increases child labour. Using district-level data on palm oil production and area planted and national household survey (SUSENAS) the third essay studies the impact of oil palm expansion on household expenditure and health. Instrumental variable estimates exploit the historical production and district forest area as an exogenous source of variation. I find that smallholder production has a weak negative impact on household expenditure but this effect is not present among rural households. More, total production increases incidence of asthma in Kalimantan. The findings suggest that palm oil is not a panacea to increase rural welfare. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susphd:0612&r=env |
| By: | 高橋, 大樹 |
| Abstract: | 本稿は，既存の主要なイノベーション研究が暗黙のうちに立脚している視座を指摘し，それによって研究の発展の方向性が受けてきた影響を論じる．技術革新と競争構造の変化の関連性を論じた多くの研究は，初期の段階では，環境適応的視座に基づいていたものの，次第に環境淘汰的な視座に立脚するようになった．そのために，いかにして既存企業が急激な技術革新に適応すべきかという知見が十分に蓄積されてきていない可能性がある．, This article discusses the shift of perspective of innovation research. The research which explore relationship between innovation and structural change of the competition in an industry have shifted their perspective from environmental adaptation perspective to environmental selection one. This silent shifting could restrict the direction of development of such innovation research. |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hjbswp:195&r=env |
| By: | Davide Consoli (INGENIO CSIC-UPV, Valencia (Spain)); Giovanni Marin (Catholic University of Milan (Italy) & SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton (UK).); Francesco Vona (OFCE-SciencesPo and SKEMA Business School, Sophia Antipolis (France).); Alberto Marzucchi (Catholic University of Milan (Italy) & SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton (UK)) |
| Abstract: | This paper elaborates an empirical analysis of labour force characteristics associated to environmental sustainability. Using data from the United States we compare green and non-green occupations to detect differences in terms of skill content and of human capital. The empirical profiling proposed here reveals that green jobs use non-routine (resp. routine) cognitive skills significantly more (resp. less) than non-green jobs. Green occupations also exhibit higher levels of formal education, work experience and on-the-job training. While preliminary, our exploratory exercise seeks to call attention to an underdeveloped theme, namely the labour market implications associated with the transition towards green growth. |
| Keywords: | Skills, Green Jobs, Task Model, Human Capital |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2015-16&r=env |
| By: | Huang, Daisy J. (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology); Leung, Charles Ka Yui (City University of Hong Kong); Qu, Baozhi (China Merchants Group) |
| Abstract: | Based on Chinese city-level data from 1999 to 2012 and controlling for geological, environmental, and social diversity, this study suggests that credit plays a significant role in driving up house prices after the Great Recession, whereas property prices only influence bank lending before 2008. Local amenities such as higher education, green infrastructure, healthcare, and climate also positively affect house prices. Moreover, the impacts of bank loans on housing prices tend to be related to the level of amenities, suggesting an integrated approach (i.e. combining macroeconomic and urban economic variables) of housing market for the future research. |
| JEL: | G21 O18 R11 |
| Date: | 2015–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddgw:230&r=env |
| By: | Marijana Jovanoviæ, Savo Vuckoviæ, Djuro Pajcin (Institute of Agricultural Economics Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Production of forage crops, besides of the beneficial effects which manifest during consummation, manifest and qualitative effects on soil on which it is grown. This type of crops production is multipurpose, which is the same level placed the need to create sustainable habitats and biodiversity conservation; economic justification and realization of profit; and retrieve demographic conditions that are particularly pronounced in rural areas, which account for almost 80% of the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The roomier using of forage plants of all types (grasses, legumes, cereal residues), it is economically possible to justify the need for the renewal of livestock, which in recent decades rapidly decreasing. |
| Keywords: | forage crops, sustainable development, Republic of Serbia |
| JEL: | Q10 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esb:castrc:2014-316&r=env |
| By: | Perge, Emilie |
| Abstract: | Poverty within forests is often acknowledged but poorly assessed through economic evidence. To some extent, this lack of evidence explains why even if forest conservation has positive effects on households' welfare, such benefits are quite limited. This thesis is aimed at investigating in three steps how forest conservation can help poor forest households to improve their welfare. A first chapter deals with assessing poverty of forest households in Bolivia looking at their asset accumulation and allowing for a poverty trap mechanism that may arise, preventing households to be better off. The empirical analysis does not find evidence for the existence of a poverty trap. Households are slowly accumulating assets over time but such an accumulation does not lead to any improvements in their welfare. Households would remain persistently poor. A second chapter focuses on forest households' labour supply and allocations. Using primary data I collected in Cameroon, a non-separable agricultural household model is employed to identify factors influencing household labour supply and allocations into diverse activities. The empirical results shows that leisure is an inferior good, households working more when having greater income. Furthermore, households participating in forest activities have higher levels of welfare than households that do not. Increasing prices of forest resources helps households to improve their welfare. The last chapter deals with designing payments for forest conservation so as to encourage forest households to internalise externalities. These payments are theoretically analysed using a principal-agent game in order to define incentives such that a forest group plants and conserves a great number of trees. Payments are non-zero when observing such conservation levels and equal to zero in all other cases. Doing so creates a virtuous circle on forest resources. Pro-poor conservation schemes as opposed to non-pro poor, are achievable with lower payments. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susphd:0211&r=env |
| By: | Bradford Mills (Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University); Joachim Schleich (Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Fraunhofer ISI - Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research - Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Grenoble Ecole de Management - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)) |
| Abstract: | New energy efficient lighting technologies can significantly reduce household electricity consumption, but adoption has been slow. A unique dataset of German households is used in this paper to examine the factors associated with the replacement of old incandescent lamps (ILs) with new energy efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). The 'rebound' effect of increased lamp luminosity in the transition to energy efficient bulbs is ana-lyzed jointly with the replacement decision to account for household self-selection in bulb-type choice. Results indicate that the EU ban on ILs accelerated the pace of transition to CFLs and LEDs, while storage of bulbs significantly dampened the speed of the transition. Higher lighting needs and bulb attributes like energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and durability spur IL replacement with CFLs or LEDs. Electricity gains from new energy efficient lighting are mitigated by 23% and 47% increases in luminosity for CFL and LED replacements, respectively. Model results suggest that taking the replacement bulb from storage and higher levels of educa-tion dampen the magnitude of these luminosity rebounds in IL to CFL transitions. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:hal-01076005&r=env |
| By: | Mayula Chaikumbung; Hristos Doucouliagos; Helen Scarborough |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the first comprehensive synthesis of economic valuations of wetlands in developing countries. Meta-regression analysis (MRA) is applied to 1432 estimates of the economic value of 379 distinct wetlands. We find that wetland size has a negative effect on wetland values, marine wetlands are more valuable than estuarine wetlands, and per capita GDP has a positive effect on wetland values. Wetland services for water treatment and biodiversity are valued more highly than recreation. Wetland values estimated by stated preferences are lower than those estimated by market price methods. The MRA benefit transfer function has an average transfer error of 31%, with a median transfer error of 17%. Overall, MRA appears to be useful for deriving the economic value of wetlands at policy sites in developing nations. |
| Keywords: | meta-regression analysis, valuing ecosystem services, value transfer, wetlands |
| JEL: | Q25 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2015–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dkn:econwp:eco_2015_10&r=env |
| By: | Robert J R Elliott; Eric Strobl; Puyang Sun |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of typhoons on local economic activity in coastal China. To capture potential damages from an individual typhoon we use historical typhoon track data in conjunction with a detailed wind-field model. We then combine our damage proxy with satellite derived nightlight intensity data to contact a panel data set that allows us to estimate the impact of typhoons at a spatially highly disaggregated level (approx. 1km). Our results show that typhoons have a negative and significant, but short term, impact on local activity - a typhoon that is estimated to destroy 50% of the property reduces local economic activity by 20% for that year. Over our period of analysis (1992-2010) total net economic losses are estimated to be in the region of US$28.34 billion. To assess the damage risk from future typhoons we use simulated probability distributions of typhoon occurrence and intensity and combine these with our estimated effects. Results suggest that expected annual losses are likely to be around US$0.54 billion. |
| Keywords: | China, typhoons, wind field model, economic impact, nightlight imagery |
| JEL: | O17 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bir:birmec:15-11&r=env |
| By: | Cashin, Paul (International Monetary Fund); Mohaddes, Kamiar (University of Cambridge); Raissi, Mehdi (International Monetary Fund) |
| Abstract: | This paper employs a dynamic multi-country framework to analyze the international macroeconomic transmission of El Niño weather shocks. This framework comprises 21 country/region-specific models, estimated over the period 1979Q2 to 2013Q1, and accounts for not only direct exposures of countries to El Niño shocks but also indirect effects through third-markets. We contribute to the climate-macroeconomy literature by exploiting exogenous variation in El Niño weather events over time, and their impact on different regions cross-sectionally, to causatively identify the effects of El Niño shocks on growth, inflation, energy and non-fuel commodity prices. The results show that there are considerable heterogeneities in the responses of different countries to El Niño shocks. While Australia, Chile, Indonesia, India, Japan, New Zealand and South Africa face a short-lived fall in economic activity in response to an El Niño shock, for other countries (including the United States and European region), an El Niño occurrence has a growth-enhancing effect. Furthermore, most countries in our sample experience short-run inflationary pressures as both energy and non-fuel commodity prices increase. Given these findings, macroeconomic policy formulation should take into consideration the likelihood and effects of El Niño weather episodes. |
| JEL: | C32 F44 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddgw:239&r=env |
| By: | Milorad Filipovic, Danijela Despotovi (University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The concept of sustainable competitiveness of a country is a newly created category by the World Economic Forum 2011. In the paper, an empirical analysis of sustainable competitiveness of European countries has been carried out, according to the World Economic Forum data for the year 2012-2013. The key research question regarding the trade-off between the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and the Sustainability-Adjusted Global Competitiveness Index (SCI) of European countries in 2013, has led to a negative answer, i.e., the empirical analysis did not confirm the negative relationship between these two phenomena. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, components of sustainable development, environment, competitiveness, sustainable competitiveness |
| JEL: | O44 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esb:casctr:2014-408&r=env |
| By: | Gilles Debizet (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Caroline Gauthier (Grenoble Ecole de Management - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)); Stéphane La Branche (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Philippe Menanteau (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Valérie Ambroise-Renault (Chercheur Indépendant); Odile Blanchard (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Sylvie Blanco (Grenoble Ecole de Management - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)); Nicolas Buclet (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Antoine Dore (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Fabrice Forest (INNOVACS); Bettina Gilomen (Grenoble Ecole de Management - Grenoble École de Management (GEM)); Olivier Labussière (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Xavier Long (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Patrice Schneuwly (CEA/LITEN/DTNM/LT - CEA, CEA-LITEN-DTS); Antoine Tabourdeau (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | Funded by ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency) the NEXUS project aims at identifying innovations in energy storage and management (especially of intermittent renewables) at the level of eco-districts or city blocks. The multidisciplinary analysis involves technological, sociological, economic, city planning and political dimensions 1. The research analyses socio-energy nodes (SEN) at district or block level. SENs are seen as the place of the coordination among district stakeholders, from real estate, energy and city planning actors to constructors or investors. Deploying appropriate technical systems, SENs are supposed to be more or less replicable from a territory to another. The project studies the arrangement and deployment conditions of SENs at district level and describes them through a portfolio of contrasted scenarios (including smart grids) in view of a 2040 goal of dividing greenhouse gases by 4. These scenarios will propose visions of districts or blocks able to smoothen energy intermittencies, using assumptions about economic constraints, technological capacities, regulatory context and political decisions at local and national scales. |
| Date: | 2014–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:hal-01133254&r=env |
| By: | Andrzej Chodyñski, Wojciech Huszlak (Andrzej FryczModrzewski Krakow University, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Poland) |
| Abstract: | A number of events of terrorist nature and disasters in the early 21st century resulted in enhancing the role of security in many areas of social and business life, including also those concerning the functioning of businesses. The execution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) premises in the context of ensuring ecological security is reflected in many management approaches and concepts. The objective of this paper is the presentation of relationships of ecological security with various management concepts which take CSR premises into consideration. As a research method, the critical analysis of the existing theoretical concepts related to ecological security issues and the CSR concept has been assumed. Then, the connections of these concepts in the executed business models taking into account the process approach and creating the value of the business based on ecological criteria was analysed. |
| Keywords: | corporate social responsibility, ecological security, sustainability |
| JEL: | M14 Q5 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esb:casctr:2014-401&r=env |