|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2015‒01‒26
ninety-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Gilbert Kollenbach |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Climate Target, Unilateral Climate Policy |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sie:siegen:172-14&r=env |
| By: | Piroli, Giuseppe; Rajcaniova, Miroslava; Ciaian, Pavel; Kancs, d'Artis |
| Abstract: | This is the first paper that econometrically estimates the impact of rising Bioenergy production on global CO2 emissions. We apply a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) approach to time series from 1961 to 2009 with annual observation for the world biofuel production and global CO2 emissions. We find that in the medium- to long-run biofuels significantly reduce global CO2 emissions: the CO2 emission elasticities with respect to biofuels range between -0.57 and -0.80. In the short-run, however, biofuels may increase CO2 emissions temporarily (elasticity 0.57). Our findings complement those of life-cycle assessment and simulation models. However, by employing a more holistic approach and obtaining more robust estimates of environmental impact of biofuels, our results are particularly valuable for policy makers. |
| Keywords: | Biofuels, C02 emissions, environmental impact, SVAR, Environmental Economics and Policy, C14, C22, C51, D58, Q11, Q13, Q42, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182804&r=env |
| By: | Blanco, Maria; Ramos, Fabien; Van Doorslaer, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | Projections for world food production and prices play a crucial role to evaluate and tackle future food security challenges. Understanding how these projections will be affected by climate change is the main objective of this study. By means of a bio-economic approach we assess the economic impacts of climate change on agrifood markets, providing both a global analysis and a regionalised evaluation within the EU. To account for uncertainty, we analyse the IPCC emission scenario A1B for the 2030 horizon under several simulation scenarios that differ in (1) the climate projection, from HadleyCM3 (warm) or ECHAM5 (mild) global circulation models; and (2) the influence of CO2 effects. Results of this study indicate that agrifood market projections to 2030 are very sensitive to climate change uncertainties and, in particular to the magnitude of the carbon fertilization effect. |
| Keywords: | climate change, agrifood markets, bio-economic modelling, food prices, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182826&r=env |
| By: | Frank, Stefan; Witzke, Heinz-Peter; Zimmermann, Andrea; Havlík, Petr; Ciaian, Pavel |
| Abstract: | We present and integrated supply and demand side analysis of climate change impacts on the agricultural sector from a European perspective based on a joint application of two European focused global partial equilibrium models. Results show that climate change would considerably affect agricultural supply and demand quantities as well as producer prices. Nevertheless, adaptation mechanism such as reallocation of production or intensification can help to absorb the initial climate shock so that impacts on the demand side are eventually significantly smaller. Differences between the two models applied are negligible when comparing results to the output spectrum from other global partial and general equilibrium models running the same scenarios. |
| Keywords: | climate change, Europe, agriculture, modelling, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183025&r=env |
| By: | Elmarzougui, Eskandar; Larue, Bruno; Tamini, Lota, D. |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to study the impact of growth and trade openness on the environment at the regional level. We find support for the environmental Kuznet Curve hypothesis for CO2 emissions in Africa, Asia and OECD countries. We find that the pollution haven hypothesis is supported for CO2 in Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, the former United Socialist Soviet Republic and Eastern Europe, and South America, but not for Asia, for which the pollution halo hypothesis could not be rejected. The pollution haven hypothesis is also supported for SO2 emissions in South America while the pollution halo holds for SO2 emissions in Africa. We show that local investment is contributing significantly to both CO2 and SO2 emission increases in most regions while trade openness matters only in OECD and South America. |
| Keywords: | CO2 and SO2 emissions, domestic investment, foreign direct investment, trade openness, ARDL |
| JEL: | C3 F18 F21 Q5 |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61332&r=env |
| By: | Xu, Ying; Huang, Qiuqiong; West, Grant |
| Abstract: | Water shortage is likely intensified by climate change. Although advanced irrigation technologies and agricultural water management practices are widely promoted, farmers’ adoption behavior is not well understood in the climate change context. This study helps fill this gap by assessing how climate risk affects such adoption. We construct moment-based climate risk measures that better reflect its volatility and extremes and apply them in multiple discrete choice modeling procedures. We also extend existing literature focusing solely on irrigation technologies to include conservation practices such as the Best Management Practices (BMPs), thereby providing a more complete picture of conservation practices. Jointly using the Arkansas subset of USDA Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey and Census of Agriculture over years and multiple climate records, we find climate risk plays a role in the adoption of advanced irrigation technologies and BMPs, and suggest the policy relevance of the consideration of climate risk in understanding farmers’ technology adoption. |
| Keywords: | irrigation technology, Best Management Practices (BMPs), adoption, climate risk, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196693&r=env |
| By: | Zhong, Jia; Yu, T. Edward; English, Burton; Larson, James |
| Abstract: | The low efficiency of feedstock storage and transportation hinders commercialization of a switchgrass-based biofuel industry although the feedstock has various environmental benefits. This study develops a sustainable switchgrass supply chain that balances its economic and environmental performance, including soil erosion, and GHG emissions using a multi-objective optimization model based on high-resolution spatial data in Tennessee. Results suggest that the best preferred location for biorefinery, plantation area, and the type of land converted to switchgrass are crucial to trade-off relation between industrial cost and environmental performance of the feedstock supply chain. |
| Keywords: | Switchgrass, Biofuel, Supply Chain, Greenhouse Gas, Soil Erosion, Tradeoff, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q16, Q24, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196898&r=env |
| By: | Robert, Huber |
| Abstract: | Mountain regions provide essential ecosystem goods and services (EGS). Global change however endangers the capacity of mountain ecosystems to provide key services. The ‹Mountland› project is focusing on three case study regions in the Swiss Alps and aims at proposing land-use practices and alternative policy solutions to ensure the provision of EGS under climate and land-use changes. In ‹Mountland› an integrative approach is applied, com-bining methods from agricultural economics and the political and natural sciences to analyse ecosystem functioning from a holistic human-environment system perspective. In this poster paper, I give a short introduction to the project and summarize those results which are based on the socio-economic land-use model ALUAM which provided a platform for the integration of different inter- and transdisciplinary data and knowledge on a common scale. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, land-use change, landscape models, economic modelling, policy analy-sis, social-ecological systems, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183040&r=env |
| By: | Caspar Sauter (Institute of economic research IRENE, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland); Jean-Marie Grether (Institute of economic research IRENE, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland); Nicole A. Mathys (Federal Office for Spatial Development, Bern, Switzerland and Institute of economic research IRENE, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | The major greenhouse gases, CO2 and CH4, are uniformly mixing, but spatial inequalities in emissions do matter in terms of both efficiency and equity of environmental policy formation and implementation. As the recent evidence has mainly focused on convergence issues between countries, this paper extends the empirical analysis by taking into account within-country inequalities in emissions of three major atmospheric pollutants: CO2, SO2 and CH4 over the 1970-2008 period. Using Theil-index decompositions, we show that within-country inequalities account for the bulk of global inequality, and tend to increase over the sample period, in contrast with diminishing between-country inequalities. An original extension to include differences across sectors reveals that between-sector inequality matters more than between-country inequality, and becomes the dominant source of global inequality at the end of the sample period in the CO2 and SO2 cases. A final exercise suggests that social tensions arising from the disconnection between emissions and future damages are easing for CO2 but rather stable for CH4. These orders of magnitude should be kept in mind while discussing the efficiency and fairness of alternative paths in combating global warming. |
| Keywords: | Global spatial emission inequality, sub-national emission inequality, CO2, SO2, CH4 |
| JEL: | O13 D63 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:15-01&r=env |
| By: | Chakir, Raja; De Cara, Stéphane; Vermont, Bruno |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the effects of input and output prices on French GHG emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) at the NUTS2 level. Reduced-form, random-effect spatial error models are estimated for four emissions categories (nitrogen use, manure management, enteric fermentation, and land use, land-use change and forestry) in order to account for both spatial autocorrelation and spatial unobserved heterogeneity. The main findings are: (i) price impacts on emission levels are found to be significant, although sign and magnitude vary from one emission category to the other, (ii) estimated price effects are more apparent when emission categories are analyzed separately rather than aggregated, and (iii) the spatial dimension is found to play an important role. The estimated models are then used to simulate the effects of a doubling of crop prices on AFOLU emissions. The results indicate that this would lead to an 11%-increase in agricultural sources. |
| Keywords: | AFOLU, greenhouse gas emissions, spatial autocorrelation, panel data, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q15, Q54, C31, C33, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182770&r=env |
| By: | Ben Jebli, Mehdi; Ben Youssef, Slim |
| Abstract: | We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for cointegration with structural breaks and the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality approach in order to investigate relationships between per capita CO2 emissions, GDP, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and international trade (exports or imports) for Tunisia during the period 1980-2009. We show the existence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from trade, GDP, CO2 emission and non-renewable energy to renewable energy. Our long-run estimates show that non-renewable energy and trade have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, whereas renewable energy impacts weakly and negatively CO2 emission when using the model with exports and this impact is statistically insignificant when using the model with imports. The inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported graphically and analytically in the long-run. This means that Tunisia has not yet reached the required level of per capita GDP to get an inverted U-shaped EKC. Our main policy recommendations for Tunisia are the following: (i) to radically reform the subsidies system granted by the Tunisian government for fossil fuels consumption; (ii) to encourage the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency by reinforcing actual projects and regulatory framework; (iii) to locate ports near exporting industrial zones (or vice versa) to reduce emission of pollution caused by the transport of merchandise; (iv) to elaborate a strategy for maximizing its benefit from renewable energy technology transfer occurring when importing capital goods; (v) to encourage the creation of renewable energy projects for export to the EU with a proportion of production for national consumption. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Kuznets curve; Renewable and non-renewable energy; International trade; Autoregressive distributed lag; Tunisia. |
| JEL: | C22 F14 Q42 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–01–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61282&r=env |
| By: | Martinovska-Stojcheska, Aleksandra; Chanevski, Zlatko; Hristov, Jordan; Surry, Yves |
| Abstract: | Considering the scale of global warming, we make an attempt to assess the impact of climate change on Macedonian agriculture. Farmers’ adaptation is taken into account by using an alternative specification of the Ricardian model based on the use of aridity indices to capture the non-linear response of farmland values to temperature and precipitation. Econometric results indicate that winter and spring aridity indices influence unit gross returns of crop farms. A decomposition analysis of aridity indices between temperatures and precipitations results in the derivation or marginal responses of unit gross returns of crop farms to seasonal temperatures and precipitations. |
| Keywords: | Ricardian model, climate change, Macedonian agriculture, aridity index, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183042&r=env |
| By: | Skevas, Ioannis; Zhu, Xueqin; Shestalova, Victoria; Emvalomatis, Grigorios |
| Abstract: | The intensification of the dairy sector and the associated detrimental impacts on the environment has geared agri-environmental policies towards fulfilling environmental objectives. This study examines the impact of such policies and intensification on the hyperbolic efficiency of Dutch dairy farms which provides a measure for their joint technical and environmental performance. The results indicate that the introduction of decoupled payments reduced the hyperbolic efficiency of farms highlighting greater losses in technical than environmental performance, while agri-environmental subsidies have no impact on our efficiency measure. Finally, intensification increases hyperbolic efficiency implying that under appropriate nutrient-management practices, intensification can be sustainable. |
| Keywords: | intensification, agri-environmental policies, hyperbolic efficiency, Dutch dairy farms, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182934&r=env |
| By: | Pokhrel, Bijay; Paudel, Krishna |
| Abstract: | Identification of critical source areas (CSAs) helps to reduce best management practices (BMPs) adoption cost to meet the desired level of water quality in a given watershed. We used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to identify critical source areas within the Saline Bayou Watershed (HUC 11140208), Louisiana. SWAT model was calibrated and validated for discharge and sediment pollution. We then followed up with MAPSHED to assess the effectiveness of implementing different best management practices to reduce nutrient and sediment pollution. Optimization results show that nutrient management and agricultural land retirement can reduce most of the phosphorus runoff in the watershed at the lowest cost. Results are robust to change in parameter sensitivity and alternative weather (dry, normal, and wet) scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Best management practices, cost, optimization, MAPSHED, phosphorus, SWAT, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, C61, Q52, Q53, |
| Date: | 2015–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:197034&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Schwirplies (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the interrelation between adaptation and climate protection efforts of individuals in a cross-country comparison. The theoretical predictions based on a subjective utility framework demonstrate that, at the individual level, private adaptation and climate protection activities are determined by different factors and thus cannot be substitutes. Considering seven climate protection and four adaptation measures, these theoretical predictions are tested empirically using representative data from more than 3400 citizens in China, Germany, and the USA. The empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical predictions that the engagement in adaptation and climate protection activities tends to be positively related. While climate protection efforts seem to be mainly driven by their benefits (e.g., financial advantages or feelings of warm glow), adaptation activities are significantly influenced by a higher income and the individual evaluation of the risk that negative consequences from climate change occur. There is also some evidence that a perceived lack of public engagement in climate protection is compensated by increased private adaptation and climate protection efforts. Preferences for public adaptation and climate protection are significantly determined by individuals’ beliefs about the efforts of others, social norms, feelings of warm glow, and confidence in the effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, climate protection, climate change, policy preferences |
| JEL: | H41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201502&r=env |
| By: | Toma, Luiza; Barnes, Andrew Peter; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar; Tsitsoni, Viktoria; Glenk, Klaus |
| Abstract: | The paper analyses the impact that European Union citizens’ access to information on climate change has on their awareness of carbon capture and storage (CCS), perceived risks and benefits of using CCS and stated choice of preferred CCS options. We use Eurobarometer data about awareness/acceptance of CCS and run structural equation models for twelve EU countries with an average sample size of 1100 observations per country. Results between the different countries are comparable and, alongside other determinants, access to information sources significantly impacts CCS awareness, perceived risks and benefits of CCS and preferences towards options of CCS. |
| Keywords: | CO2 capture and storage, EU citizens’ CCS knowledge and attitudes, structural equation models., Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183048&r=env |
| By: | Tadashi Matsumoto; Loïc Daudey |
| Abstract: | The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities.<P> This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth. |
| Keywords: | transport, Asia, water, government policy, climate change, cities, land use, green growth, solid waste management, energy |
| JEL: | O18 O19 Q53 Q54 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2015–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:govaab:2015/1-en&r=env |
| By: | Ioannou , Christos A.; Sadeh, Jana |
| Abstract: | The design and evaluation of environmental policy requires the incorporation of time and risk elements as many environmental outcomes extend over long time periods and involve a large degree of uncertainty. Understanding how individuals discount and evaluate risks with respect to environmental outcomes is a prime component in designing effective environmental policy to address issues of environmental sustainability, such as climate change. Our objective in this study is to investigate whether subjects' time preferences and risk aversion across the monetary domain and the environmental domain differ. Crucially, our experimental design is incentivized: in the monetary domain, time preferences and risk aversion are elicited with real monetary payoffs, whereas in the environmental domain, we elicit time preferences and risk aversion using real (bee-friendly) plants. We find that subjects' time preferences are not significantly different across the monetary and environmental domains. In contrast, subjects' risk aversion is significantly different across the two domains. More specifically, subjects (men and women) exhibit a higher degree of risk aversion in the environmental domain relative to the monetary domain. Finally, we corroborate earlier results, which document that women are more risk averse than men in the monetary domain. We show this finding to, also, hold in the environmental domain. |
| Date: | 2014–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stn:sotoec:1422&r=env |
| By: | Interis, Matthew; Petrolia, Daniel |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, non-market valuation, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196610&r=env |
| By: | Boutwell, Luke; Westra, John |
| Abstract: | Communities along the US coast are highly vulnerable to coastal storms. Trends in population growth, climatic events and land use are likely to exacerbate future damages. Coastal management entities are faced with decisions about how to manage resources in a manner that improves environmental quality and provides the maximum benefit for coastal populations. This is particularly true along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, where coastal storms are common, land loss is rapid and billions of dollars are allotted for coastal restoration projects. Many of these projects are intended to mitigate hurricane damages by using wetlands as storm buffers. The physical science literature shows that wetlands do provide situational protection from storm surge. However, little economic analysis has explored the effect of wetlands on economic losses. This analysis uses hurricane simulation data to estimate county- or parish-level damages based on observed damages from coastal storms making landfall in Louisiana from 1995-2008. A model describing these damages as a function of wetland area, socio-economic conditions and storm intensity allows the estimation of the value of wetlands for their protective ecosystem services under various contexts and future scenarios. Potential sources of error are discussed and examples are analyzed. The implications of these finding are significant for coastal restoration decisions in a changing environment. |
| Keywords: | wetlands, hurricanes, economic damage, resilience, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Public Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q24, Q54, Q56, Q57, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196854&r=env |
| By: | Jürgen Blazejczak; Dietmar Edler |
| Abstract: | Environmental employment is an issue with high interest to the public and to policy makers. Yet, the debate is blurred by a great number of distinct definitions and hence estimates of environmental employment. Therefore it is essential to carefully document delimitations and methods used in any attempt to quantify environmental employment. This paper presents a method for estimating gross environmental employment, i.e. the number of persons who do have a job due to environmental protection activities which has been used in a number of studies for Germany by DIW Berlin. Our paper first outlines the delimitation of environmental employment used in these studies, relating it to Eurostat’s CEPA and CReMA classifications. It then describes the approaches used to estimate environmental employment. Environmental employment originating from the production of environmental goods is estimated by a demand side approach using Input-Output techniques. Environmental employment stemming from the provision of services is quantified by a supply side approach based on a large number of data sources. The paper explains which dimensions of environmental employment are presented in the above mentioned studies and concludes with some reflections on additional dimensions which may of interest. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Protection, Employment, Methods and Classifications, Germany |
| JEL: | C82 J21 Q52 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwddc:dd76&r=env |
| By: | Anonymous; Jayet, Pierre-Alain |
| Abstract: | The cross-sectional approach to the assessment of climate change impacts on agriculture is a widely used technique. It is based on land prices and supposes a perfect mobility of agricultural activities following climate evolution. Theory and our empirical study of the French land market show that land prices do not only reflect the land rent related to productivity. We argue, that geographical labeling represents a component of land prices which is space invariant. Thus, present rents related to geographical labeling cannot be transferred to new regions, as a cross-sectional analysis would suggest. |
| Keywords: | cross-sectional approach, climate change, land rent, agriculture, labeling, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182746&r=env |
| By: | Hargita, Yvonne |
| Abstract: | The international community has committed itself to adopt a global climate agreement in Paris in 2015, which shall enter into force in 2020. Common guidelines and commitments have to be developed for two distinctive groups of countries. On the one hand, there are developed countries with comprehensive emission reporting guidelines and - depending on national ambitions - emission reduction commitments, the so called Annex I countries. On the other hand, there is the group of Non-Annex I countries. This group consists of emerging economies and least developed countries, with different economic and technical capacities regarding emission reporting and accounting. At the same time, the group of Non-Annex I countries significantly contributes to global emissions, inter alia with deforestation and non-sustainable forest management. In the light of ongoing negotiations, we dissolve the given distinction between Annex I and Non- Annex I countries and ask, which countries are actually relevant for an effective climate agreement for the forest sector. To assess the countries' relevance, we assign public available data sets to a set of criteria and indicators and combine these C&I with flexible weighting. In a second step we use the same method but different C&I, to assess the countries' capacities regarding a common emission reporting for the forest sector. The results show that climate relevant countries are distributed all over the world and cannot be narrowed down to one group or continent. Further, we identified countries which might not be climate relevant on the global scale, but which are highly engaged under climate negotiations because of national circumstances. The capacity assessment shows that some developing countries, including the emerging economies, should have the capacities to report reliably on forest related emissions from 2020 onwards. However, the majority of developing countries will rely on capacity building programs financed by the international community. With increasing capacities, more and more countries will be able to reduce emissions and demand for result-based payments. Thus, a common and effective climate agreement post 2020 depends on reliable financial commitments. |
| Abstract: | Die Staatengemeinschaft hat sich vorgenommen 2015 in Paris ein globales Klimaabkommen zu verabschieden, welches ab 2020 in Kraft treten und alle Mitgliedstaaten zu verbindlichen Emissionsreduktionen verpflichten soll. Dabei ist die Ausgangslage für gemeinsame Pflichten und Regeln durch die historische Unterscheidung zwischen Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern geprägt; auf der einen Seite die Industrieländer (Annex I) mit umfassenden Berichts- und je nach Ambitionen- Anrechnungsverpflichtungen, auf der anderen Seite Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer (Non-Annex I) mit unterschiedlichsten ökonomischen und technischen Kapazitäten hinsichtlich der Erfassung und Beeinflussung von Emissionen. Dabei tragen gerade diese Länder durch Rodung und nicht nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung von Wäldern in nicht unerheblichem Maße zur Erhöhung der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre bei. Im Lichte des neuen Abkommens lösen wir die historische Unterscheidung zwischen Annex I und Non-Annex I Ländern auf und schauen, welche Länder aufgrund ihrer Waldausstattung tatsächlich relevant wären für ein effektives Klimaabkommen. Dabei werden öffentlich zugängliche Daten verschiedenen Kriterien und Indikatoren zugeteilt, und mit unterschiedlichen Wichtungen kombiniert. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Kapazitäten dieser relevanten Länder hinsichtlich einer umfassenden Berichterstattung bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass klimarelevante Waldländer über die ganze Welt verteilt sind und sich nicht auf eine homogene Gruppe von Ländern beschränken lassen. Dabei werden auch solche Länder identifiziert, die zwar auf globaler Ebene keine Rolle spielen, aber aufgrund ihrer nationalen Abhängigkeit von vorhandenen Waldressourcen im Verhandlungsprozess besonders engagiert sind. Hinsichtlich der Kapazitäten gibt es eine Handvoll sogenannter Schwellenländer, die ab 2020 in der Lage sein sollte umfassend über Emissionen aus Wäldern zu berichten. Die Mehrheit wird jedoch weiterhin auf Investitionen für den Aufbau von nationalen Kapazitäten angewiesen sein. Durch den Aufbau von Kapazitäten werden mit der Zeit mehr und mehr Länder in der Lage sein, den monetären Gegenwert für Emissionsminderungen durch den Rückgang von Entwaldung einzufordern. Somit stellt die Bereitstellung von Finanzmitteln, sei es für Kapazitätsaufbau oder in der Folge für ergebnisabhängige Zahlungen, eine Kernvoraussetzung für ein umfassendes und damit effektives Abkommen dar. |
| Keywords: | UNFCCC,Klimarelevanz,Berichterstattung,Kapazitäten,Non-Annex I,Kriterien und Indikatoren,post 2020,Wald,Landsektor,REDD+,FAO-FRA,climate relevance,reporting,capacities,criteria and indicators,forest,land sector |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:36&r=env |
| By: | Siqueira, Tiago Teixeira da Silva |
| Abstract: | This work studies the environmental impacts and economic performances of an Amazonian traditional beef farm, using a production cost and profitability analysis (Matsunaga et al., 1976) and a Life Cycle Assessment Standards Model (ISO 14044, 2006). The results reveal that economic and environmental performances share the same kind of determinants – low productivity of animals and land – which are major problems in Brazilian extensive livestock farms. Better management practices and technical efficiency associated with an “ecological intensification” of the production system could be a “win-win” strategy (Porter, 1991; Porter and van der Linde, 1995) in order to improve both performances. |
| Keywords: | Environmental economics, performance, Amazonian beef farm, win-win strategy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182921&r=env |
| By: | Murphy, Geraldine; O’Donoghue, Cathal; Hynes, Stephen; Murphy, Eithne |
| Abstract: | Understanding what influences farmers’ decisions to participate in a voluntary agri-environmental scheme(AES) is essential for gauging scheme success. The Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) was a voluntary AES that was available to all Irish farmers from 1994 to 2009. This paper models the participation decision of Irish farmers in REPS using a 15-year panel dataset. The approach taken is novel: actual values for gross outputs, direct costs and working hours are compared to simulated counterfactual values using a conditional logit framework. Model results show that Irish farmers behave rationally by maximising utility from both consumption and leisure but that their preferences differ by region and over time. In addition, the participation functions of viable and non-viable farmers are dissimilar in a number of ways. Policy makers may therefore need to target both groups of farmers using separate schemes in the future. |
| Keywords: | Agri-Environmental Schemes, Choice Modelling, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183069&r=env |
| By: | Jeroen van den Bergh |
| Abstract: | The debate on growth versus the environment is usually summarized as optimists believing in limitless growth versus pessimists seeing environmental and resource limits to growth. This opposition defines the main strategies: namely, striving for green growth versus some anti-growth approach. In this paper I argue that we should not feel obliged to choose between these polarized opinions, as there is in fact a third option. I call this the “agrowth” strategy, and it offers a way out of the impasse that characterizes the growth-versus-environment debate. I will define this agrowth strategy, motivate its rationality, and examine its premises, implications, advantages, political feasibility and practical steps. I suggest that an agrowth strategy follows logically from accepting the shortcomings of GDP (per capita) as an indicator of social welfare. It will be graphically shown that both anti-growth and pro-growth goals represent avoidable, unnecessary constraints on our search for human betterment, which lead to lower realizations of social welfare than are in fact feasible. I will further discuss the idea of green agrowth, notably in the context of avoiding dangerous climate change. Finally, a pragmatic approach to selecting alternative macro indicators is proposed. |
| Keywords: | climate change, degrowth, GDP paradox, green growth, growth debate, macro indicators |
| JEL: | E6 I13 O4 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfeppr:y:2015:m:1:d:0:i:19&r=env |
| By: | Rees, Gwen; Stephenson, Kurt; Taylor, Daniel B. |
| Abstract: | The cost estimates to meet agriculture reduction goals for the Bay run into the billions. Most cost models, however, are based on simplifying behavioral assumptions about public transaction costs, adoption rates, and implementation costs of agricultural nutrient-reducing practices (called best management practices or BMPs). Relatively little systematic research has been conducted on the transaction costs of implementing agricultural conservation programs. Similarly, watershed scale cost models typically assume constant and uniform costs for different BMPs. The objective of this paper is to examine the cost implications of including transaction costs and differential BMP costs and adoption rates associated with reducing nitrogen and phosphorus loads from agricultural sources in Virginia. The paper uses math programming to estimate the minimum cost of achieving agricultural nutrient reductions under a number of different cost scenarios that include transaction costs and differential adoption rates. Transaction costs are found to comprise between 13 and 27% of the total costs. The inclusion of plausible maximum BMP adoption rates increase costs substantially above conventional model estimates. |
| Keywords: | Nonpoint source, implementation costs, transaction costs, BMPs, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q52, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196834&r=env |
| By: | Campus, Daniela |
| Abstract: | The present paper describes the role of organic farming measures in the safeguard of the High Nature Value in Tuscany. Using National Census of Agriculture data (2010) the probability of program enrolment has been computed, through a Probit model. After, a Propensity Score Matching approach has been implemented, to verify what would have happened if treated farms would not have participated to the program. Hence, a control group with similar characteristics as the treated one has been built. Finally, the Average Treatment on the Treated has been computed, revealing organic farming measures have not statistical relevance in enhancing biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | agri-environmental payments, biodiversity, Tuscany, treatment effect, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182919&r=env |
| By: | Meng, Ting; Anna M., Klepacka; Florkowski, Wojciech; Kristine, Braman |
| Abstract: | Environmental horticulture firms provide a variety of commercial/residential landscape products and services encompassing ornamental plant production, design, installation, and maintenance. The companies generate tons of waste including plastic containers, trays, and greenhouse/field covers, creating the need to reduce and utilize plastic waste. Based on survey data collected in Georgia in 2013, this paper investigates determinants of the environmental horticulture firms’ recycling decision (plastic containers, flats, and greenhouse poly) as well as factors influencing total quantity of recyclable materials discarded by firms. Our findings indicate that the decision to discard vs. recycle plastic containers, flats, and greenhouse poly is significantly influenced by firm scope, size, location, and partnership with recycling providers, as well as whether recycling providers offer additional waste pickup services. In terms of total quantity of discarded waste, high revenue firms with a focus on landscape maintenance and plant nurseries are found to throw away more recyclable materials compared to firms with another business focus. Insights from this study are of use to local governments and environmental organizations interested in increasing horticultural firm participation in recycling programs and lowering the volume of plastic destined for landfills. |
| Keywords: | urban, plastic waste, probit model, firm charateristics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q3, Q5, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196761&r=env |
| By: | Cho, Seong-Hoon; Kim, Taeyoung; Armsworth, Paul R. |
| Abstract: | This research analyzes how the size of protected areas influences the ecological and economic effectiveness through a return-on-investment in conservation (ROI) to help conservation organizations prioritize protected areas. Using the case study, we focus on whether the size variation has implications on ROI that is estimated by local richness (i.e., the total number of target species represented within a set of protected areas) divided by acquisition cost. We found that (i) local richness on a dollar invested to acquire a parcel is greater for smaller parcels than larger parcels and (ii) almost a half of the total effect of protected size on ROI is spillover effects. Our findings suggest that smaller land parcels should be prioritized for protection as part of an ecological and economic conservation strategy with understanding of spatial spillover effect of size of protected area on ROI. |
| Keywords: | Ecological and economic effectiveness, Return-on-investment, Size of protected area, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Q5, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196875&r=env |
| By: | Jongeneel, Roel; Polman, Nico |
| Abstract: | The latest reform of the CAP, CAP towards 2020, opens up the possibility to arrange agri-environmental service provision via contracting groups of farmers, rather than contracting individual farmers. The Dutch government decided to fully switch to a farmer group service provision system in 2016. The paper analyses the new organisational framework that now is derived and links it to the Dutch tradition of environmental cooperatives. Issues of collective action, transaction costs, information problems, effectiveness, accountability, and procurement efficiency are analysed in a qualitative way. It is concluded that the Dutch model is promising, although not without risks. Its implementation path seems properly chosen. However, in order to fully reap the benefits possible under the new system one need to reduce restrictions and increase incentives. |
| Keywords: | agri-environmental scheme, collective action, transaction costs, procurement, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Political Economy, |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:186674&r=env |
| By: | Was, Adam; Zawalinska, Katarzyna; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the potential impacts of the post 2013 EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, which aims to improve the environmental performance of agriculture, called “greening” the CAP. Using the well-established CAPRI model, the economic and environmental consequences of the reform on agriculture are estimated for selected EU countries. The results indicate that ‘greening’ causes a decline in the area of the main crops, increase crop prices and slightly intensify production on the remaining areas. Farm income would increase, but due to the low intensity of agriculture - like in the Baltic countries - this increase would be rather limited. |
| Keywords: | greening, sustainability of agriculture, Common Agricultural Policy reform, CAPRI model, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:186374&r=env |
| By: | Ahtiainen, Heini; Pouta, Eija; Liski, Eero; Assmuth, Aino; Myyrä, Sami |
| Abstract: | This paper summarizes information on the importance of the objectives of agriculture and agricultural policies based on previous studies. We focus on studies that examine stakeholder preferences and provide relative weights for the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Descriptive and meta-analysis are used to evaluate the 34 identified studies. The findings show the equal importance of the economic, social and environmental objectives of agriculture, but also that the general public emphasizes social values, while economic considerations are highlighted in nation-wide studies. Of the environmental objectives, those pertaining to sustainable resource management have received most weight. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, multifunctionality, objectives, sustainability, weighting, Agricultural and Food Policy, Political Economy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182792&r=env |
| By: | Xu, Ying; Kovacs, Kent; Nalley, Lanier; Popp, Michael |
| Abstract: | Groundwater use plays an important role in agriculture where the lack of timely rainfall can lower yields. Policy makers strive to conserve ecosystem services, such as groundwater supply, while at the same time providing for economic growth. We develop a spatially explicit landscape level model for analyzing the ecosystem service and economic consequences of alternative crop mix patterns. The spatially explicit ecosystem service model uses initial aquifer thickness, hydro-conductivity of the aquifer, a digital elevation model, and soil characteristics, among other data, to predict the value of groundwater, surface water quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. The spatially explicit economic model incorporates site characteristics and location to predict economic returns for a variety of potential crop types. By thinking carefully about the arrangement of activities, we find crop mix and surface water storage systems that sustain high levels of ecosystem services and economic returns. Compared to the current crop mix, we show that both ecosystem service conservation and the value of economic activity could be increased substantially. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, On-farm reservoirs, Spatial-dynamic optimization, Land Economics/Use, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196778&r=env |
| By: | Quintana-Ashwell, Nicolas E.; Peterson, Jeffrey M. |
| Abstract: | A class of dynamic models is developed to assess potential gains from management of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions in the presence of technical change. The aquifer is a common-pool resource (CPR) because users typically hold the right to pump groundwater but do not own the water contained in the aquifer and since groundwater is a fugitive resource, the stock available to an irrigator depends dynamically on the levels of extraction by neighboring irrigators. Allocations result from profit maximizing behavior of irrigating farmers. Competitive outcomes are obtained from periodic profit maximization while planning, or management, outcomes result from maximization of the net present value of the stream of profits over the lifetime of the aquifer. The divergence between these two outcomes over time indicates the magnitude of the common-pool resource externality. Dynamical systems govern the evolution of the aquifer, the climate, and the rate of technical progress. These dynamical systems may be dependent upon periodic allocations, as in the case of the aquifer, or independent of the periodic allocations, as in the case of precipitation. A simplified example of the model incorporating only deterministic aquifer and technical change dynamics is presented as a linear-quadratic optimal control problem. |
| Keywords: | Ogallala, Aquifer, Optimal Control, Technical change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196891&r=env |
| By: | De Silva, Nirodha; Williams, Ryan |
| Abstract: | Abstract The decline of the groundwater in the Ogallala Aquifer may create an uncertainty for water availability in the associated states in the future. Effective policy reforms are essential to determine efficient present and future use of water resources. Therefore, this study explores the option value for reducing current groundwater use to ensure the water availability in the Ogallala aquifer for future use. A double- bounded referendum format contingent valuation survey was carried out to investigate households’ preferences and the mean willingness to pay (WTP) of households for conserving the groundwater is empirically examined using a censored regression model. The estimated mean WTP to conserve one million acre feet of water for future use is $17.66 and the total willingness to pay is $28.96 million. The results indicate education and prior knowledge about the aquifer are significant determinants that are positively related to WTP whereas age is a significant factor that is negatively related to WTP in conserving the groundwater in the Ogallala Aquifer. This study provides policy makers with valuable information for building effective and sustainable policies, and the value estimates provided by this study will help future studies of groundwater use on the Texas High Plains. |
| Keywords: | Contingent Valuation, Willingness to pay, Groundwater, Ogallala Aquifer, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q50 Q51 Q58 Q59, |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196921&r=env |
| By: | Giannis Vardas; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | The evolution of renewable resources is characterized in many cases by different time scales where some state variables such as biomass, may evolve relatively faster than other state variables such as carrying capacity. Ignoring this time scale separation means that a slowly changing variable is treated as constant over time. Management rules designed without accounting for time scale separation will result in inefficiencies in resource management. We call this inefficiency time scale externality and we analyze renewable resource harvesting when carrying capacity evolves slowly, either in response to exogenous forcing or in response to emissions generated by the industrial sector of the economy. We study cooperative and non-cooperative solutions under time scale separation. Using singular perturbation reduction methods (Fenichel 1979), we examine the role of different time scales in environmental management and the potential errors in optimal regulation when time scale separation is ignored. |
| Keywords: | optimal resource harvesting, fast slow dynamics, singular perturbation, regulation, open loop, closed loop. |
| JEL: | D81 Q20 |
| Date: | 2015–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1501&r=env |
| By: | J. Scott Holladay (Department of Economics, University of Tennessee); Michael Price (Department of Economics, Georgia State University); Marianne Wanamaker (Department of Economics, University of Tennessee) |
| Abstract: | In periods of high energy demand, utilities frequently issue "emergency" appeals for conservation over peak hours to reduce brownout risk. We estimate the impact of such appeals using high-frequency data on actual and forecasted electricity generation, pollutant emission measures, and real-time prices. Our results suggest a perverse impact; while there is no significant reduction in grid stress over superpeak hours, such calls lead to increased off-peak generation, CO2 emissions, and price volatility. We postulate that consumer attempts at load shifting lead to this result. |
| Keywords: | Energy Demand, Air Pollution, Conservation, Media |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 D8 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ten:wpaper:20141&r=env |
| By: | Verspecht, Ann; Van Huylenbroeck, Guido; Buysse, Jeroen |
| Abstract: | Risk management in agriculture has been implemented probably as long as agriculture exists. One of the factors why researchers and policymakers recently are more interested in farm risk management is the vulnerability farmers face towards extreme events (EWE) linked to climate change. This article is based on a survey with Belgian farmers to analyze how they perceive EWE and what actions they undertake to mitigate these risks. Overall it seems that on the one hand policy based recovery measures like disaster funds do not obstruct farmers to take risk prevention measures. On the other hand, 25-30% of the farmers have no strategies implemented towards EWE. |
| Keywords: | risk management, extreme weather events, risk perception, Belgium, disaster relief fund, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183050&r=env |
| By: | Gracia, Azucena; Barreiro-Hurlé, Jesús; Pérez y Pérez, Luis |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the intention to use (pure) biodiesel under different scenarios. A model of the intention to use biodiesel has been developed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and estimated using data from a survey conducted in Spain in 2010. Results show that the intention to use biodiesel depends on the price and availability of the biodiesel in the market. Even when biodiesel would be available in the market at the same price and widely spread through the current fuelling network less than 50% of all motorists would purchase biodiesel. These percentages diminish when consumers are required to pay higher prices or change behavior. |
| Keywords: | Intention to use, ordered probit, biofuels, consumer behaviour, theory of planned behaviour, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182802&r=env |
| By: | Grammatikopoulou, Ioanna; Pouta, Eija; Myyrä, Sami |
| Abstract: | In Finland, water conservation policy sets equal incentive regardless of the condition of the environment. Before any policy reform, it is vital to investigate landowners’ tendency for adoption. In this study we were particularly interested in examining the tendency for adoption if the soil quality implies a high leaching risk or water quality is already poor. For this purpose, survey data were combined with GIS data. Furthermore the aim was to analyse the effect of farm and farmer characteristics and attitudes on adoption. The findings derived by probit models indicated that, for active farmers, financial variables were the key determinants. For passive owners, adoption was also explained by attitudes. Contrary to our expectations, there is no spontaneous tendency for water conservation in deteriorated areas. Targeted agri-environmental measures, even though costly, cannot be avoided. |
| Keywords: | water eutrophication, conservation, GIS data, probit model, Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182703&r=env |
| By: | Cimino, Orlando; Henke, Roberto; Vanni, Francesco |
| Abstract: | The paper analyses the effects of greening measures on farm income in Italy focusing on two specialised farming systems that will be largely affected by the introduction of green payments: the maize production system, localized mainly in Northern regions, and the durum wheat production system, especially localised in Central and Southern regions. Data show that in the case of the farms specialised in maize production, the green payments generally do not compensate the reduction of the farm gross margin, while for the farms specialised in durum wheat, the green payments would cover the reduction of farm gross margin determined by the introduction of the greening obligations. |
| Keywords: | CAP reform, direct payments, CAP greening, Italian farming systems, FADN, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182701&r=env |
| By: | Mamardashvili, Phatima; Jan, Pierrick |
| Abstract: | Beside desirable outputs, farming generates environmentally harmful by-products. In this article, we include nitrogen surplus of farms in the representation of the production technology and assessed performance of farms. We measure environmental efficiency (EE) in the framework of a translog output distance function. EE shows by how much a farm can reduce its nitrogen surplus, given multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The study use bookkeeping data on dairy farms in the mountainous region of Switzerland. The analyses show that considering nitrogen surplus has a minor effect on the ranking of farms in terms of technical efficiency. Further, the results indicate relatively low average values for EE, suggesting a need for additional policy measures to reduce farm nitrogen surpluses. |
| Keywords: | efficiency analysis, environmental performance, nitrogen pollution, dairy farms, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182962&r=env |
| By: | Jan, Pierrick; Calabrese, Chiara; Lips, Markus |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the determinants of nitrogen surplus and of its two components – nitrogen intensity and nitrogen-inefficiency – at farm level in Swiss agriculture. Our analysis is based on a cross-section of 210 farms from the year 2010. The nitrogen balance of each farm is estimated according to the OECD soil-surface approach. The determinants are analysed by means of a three-equation regression model estimated using a robust SUR approach. Farm size, part-time farming, organic farming, arable cropping and farmer’s age are found to negatively affect nitrogen surplus, whilst dairy, pig and poultry farming are associated with a higher nitrogen surplus. |
| Keywords: | environmental performance, nitrogen surplus, farming, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182930&r=env |
| By: | Li, Xiaogu; Jensen, Kimberly L.; Clark, Christopher D.; Lambert, Dayton M. |
| Abstract: | Beef is the most commonly consumed red meat and a major source of protein for US consumers. High-quality beef products are sold with substantial premiums, but the specific beef attributes by which high-quality standards are determined remain ambivalent. Most attribute studies have focused on palatability characteristics such as tenderness, juiciness, fatness, or marbling. More recent research finds increasing consumer interest in beef attributes that are not directly taste-related, such as food safety, organic, environmental impacts, local production, or DNA traceability. However, these studies have focused on a single non-taste attribute. Questions remain as to which of those attributes might have more of an influence on consumer preferences for beef products and whether there are interactions between these attributes in terms of consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the beef product in question. This study uses results from a national survey of consumers to examine how the presence of multiple quality indicators of attributes influence WTP for beef products, which of these attributes have a relatively greater impact on consumer choice, and how these impacts vary based on consumer demographics. A WTP space modeling framework is used to analyze the survey data, allowing for variability and scaling of preferences. |
| Keywords: | Beef, Choice Experiment, Label, Willingness-to-Pay Space, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries, Q18, Q54, Q56, Q58, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196719&r=env |
| By: | Zhong, Hua; Hu, Wuyang |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this article is to explore how much farmers may engage their lands in Best Management Practices (BMPs) through a water quality trading (WQT) program in Kentucky. We conducted a survey of farmers in the Kentucky River watershed from 2011 to 2012. The questions in our survey are whether and how much farmers may adopt the BMPs (in addition to what they have already used) if they are offered compensation through WQT. About 20% of respondents with respect to five different types of BMPs did not indicate how much they will adopt. We compare three strategies to handle the missing data: deleting the observations with missing value, simple imputation by imputing the mean of the observed value, and Multiple Imputation (MI). Follow these missing data treatments, we estimate the factors affecting how much farmers may engage in BMPs using Tobit model. The results show that increasing the compensation for using BMPs are more likely to encourage farmers to adopt riparian buffers, animal fences and nutrient management. Besides, land area, rent area, farming revenue, percentage of reinvestment to farms from household income, water quality near the farm, participation in government programs, and current experience of BMPs will affect BMPs adoption. The results by using the MI are more promising and reasonable than using the deletion method and mean imputation method. |
| Keywords: | Best management practices, water quality trading, multiple imputation, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Q52, Q56, C89, |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196962&r=env |
| By: | Kazuyuki Iwata; Toshi H. Arimura; Tetsuya Shimane |
| Abstract: | Governments in developed countries have implemented various regulations to manage air pollutants from automobiles, such as emission standards and subsidies for low emission vehicles. Japan is a unique example of a country that has overcome the severe air pollution of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) through the mandatory retirement of old, high emission vehicles in metropolitan areas. To date, however, it is not clear which policy instruments have been effective in mitigating the air pollution from automobiles. The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the effectiveness of policy instruments in attaining cleaner air in Japanese metropolitan areas. Using data from 1990 to 2005, we estimate the concentration functions of NOx and PM using a spatial econometric model. We find that most regulations and subsidies decreased the concentration levels of both pollutants. Traditional emission standards were found to be more effective than other policy instruments. Vehicle replacement subsidies were more cost-effective than those for PM-removal equipment. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that the effect of subsidies for vehicle replacement on one municipality¡¯s air had spillover effects by improving the pollutant concentrations in the surrounding municipal areas. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e77&r=env |
| By: | Alvarez, Sergio; Solis, Daniel; Thomas, Michael |
| Abstract: | The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) is the insect vector of a fatal disease for citrus known as Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. HLB has been responsible for significant economic losses in Asia and Africa with crop losses between 30 to 100% in many production areas. In 1998, HLB was first detected in Florida and by 2005 this pest had spread to most commercial citrus groves in the State, threatening the sustainability of Florida’s Citrus industry. Since no cure for this disease is yet available, the only way to prevent HLB is to stop the ACP. Two alternative management strategies exist to control the ACP: heavy pesticide use and bio-control. In Florida, heavy use of pesticides has been the preferred strategy used by growers. This strategy is affecting Florida’s biodiversity, water quality, and important ecosystem services like pollination by honeybees. To cope with this issue the State of Florida started an ACP bio-control program in 1998 using parasitic wasps from Asia. In this study, we conduct an economic analysis of the ACP bio-control program. In doing so, we document the cost of the program, assess the private and public benefits and conduct a cost-benefit analysis under alternative scenarios. |
| Keywords: | Bio-control, citrus industry, Florida, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q51, Q57, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196685&r=env |
| By: | Neill, Clinton Lee; Williams, Ryan B |
| Keywords: | Milk packaging, Consumer preference, Willingness to pay, Perception, Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196651&r=env |
| By: | Martinet, Vincent |
| Abstract: | Ecologists discuss the “food versus biodiversity” trade-offs in the fol- lowing terms: what is the land use configuration that minimizes biodiver- sity loss for a given food production target. This is, in economic terms, a cost-effectiveness approach related to the concept of Pareto-efficiency in the food-biodiversity outcomes map. This paper argues that economists should participate in this debate. A first set of results shows how the introduction of some basic micro-economic considerations modifies or reinforces the rec- ommendations of the ecological literature on how to preserve biodiversity while producing food. A second set of arguments emphasizes that it is not necessarily sensible, from an economic point of view, to set the debate in terms of food versus biodiversity. A wider, welfarist approach should be used. |
| Keywords: | Food production, Biological conservation, Trade-offs, Land use, Agricultural intensity, Soil heterogeneity, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182800&r=env |
| By: | Smith Thomas, Victoria; Solís, Daniel; Thomas, Michael |
| Abstract: | This study uses contingent valuation to determine consumer’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for reducing hydrilla in two alternative spring-fed river systems in Northwest Florida - the Wacissa River (an open access park) and the Wakulla Springs (a gated park). Two dissimilar payment vehicles -gate and power bill fees- are used to assess the economic value of reducing the density of this aquatic weed. A total sample of 317 recreational users was used to estimate their WTP for a 50% reduction in the density of hydrilla. Our results show a favorable response from consumers to pay for a hydrilla reduction program. Specifically, at Wakulla Springs, the average WTP is $1.63 for monthly power bill surcharge and $3.76 for per trip gate fee. Conversely, at the Wacissa River the average WTP is $1.49 power bill surcharge. This study also analyzes the determinants affecting consumer’s WTP. Our results show that respondents who are from the local surrounding area are more likely to participate and pay a program to reduce hydrilla. In addition, the amenities available in the park also influence consumer’s WTP. Policy implications stemming from these results are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | Willingness-to-Pay, Hydrilla, Florida, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q51, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196687&r=env |
| By: | Sogari, Giovanni; Menozzi, Davide; Corbo, Chiara; Macconi, Martina; Mora, Cristina |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how environmental and socio-economic beliefs affect consumers attitude towards sustainable wine, and the main drivers during wine purchase. Data were collected with online questionnaire in 2013 from 513 Italian wine drinkers. The results of a structural equation model show that attitude towards sustainable wine is driven by both environmental and quality beliefs of sustainable wine, while is not affected by the economic dimension. Attitudes and quality beliefs affect consumer’s importance of sustainable aspects during wine purchase. This paper suggests that communication strategies should focus on sustainable issues to meet the need of environmentally-conscious consumers. |
| Keywords: | Structural Equation Model (SEM), Sustainability, Wine, Attitude, Consumer/Household Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182966&r=env |
| By: | Cissé, Aboubakar Sidiki |
| Abstract: | The challenges of sustainable development are well known: the full enjoyment of the earth's resources without compromising the welfare of future generations. It is to reconcile the three pillars on which the concept is based, namely: economic, social and environmental. Beyond that called sustainable development, the United Nations, in collaboration with other international organizations over the last ten years developing a new concept: the concept of green economy which is defined as "an economy that leads to improvement of human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and the lack of resources". In this paper, we support the idea that economic development policies should include the issue of the green economy represents a real opportunity for development and containment of poverty in the world in general and in Africa in particular. |
| Keywords: | Classification JEL : Q01 ; Q32 ; Q56 |
| JEL: | Q01 Q32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2013–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:53829&r=env |
| By: | Finger, Robert; Buchmann, Nina |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between yield stability and species diversity in managed grasslands. To this end, ecological economic and econometric frameworks are developed and applied to evaluate potential risk-reducing effects of species diversity from a farmer’s perspective. Our empirical analysis is based on a rich panel data set obtained from a diversity experiment covering in total 60 species and a period of 6 years. We find empirical evidence for the risk-reducing effect of species diversity and the economic assessment reveals significant insurance values associated with diversity for a risk averse decision maker. Thus, the economic value of diversity would be underestimated if not accounting for this property and species diversity serves as valuable ex-ante risk management strategy. |
| Keywords: | species diversity, risk, insurance value, grassland, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182681&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (Pacific Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | One of a series of six reports on the status of marine resources in the western Pacific Ocean, the State of the Coral Triangle: Timor-Leste describes the biophysical characteristics of Timor-Leste’s coastal and marine ecosystems, the manner in which they are being exploited, the framework in place that governs their use, the socioeconomic characteristics of the communities that use them, and the environmental threats posed by the manner in which they are being used. It explains the country’s national plan of action to address these threats and improve marine resource management. |
| Keywords: | Coral Triangle, Marine environment, Marine fisheries, Timor-Leste |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt146481-3&r=env |
| By: | Cong, Ronggang; Ekroos, Johan; G. Smith, Henrik; Brady, Mark |
| Abstract: | It is argued that landscape-scale management (LSM) of habitat is better than farm-scale management (FSM) when considering the externality of ecosystem services. Given this advantage, how to regulate individual farmers’ land-use decisions to achieve the LSM solution is an issue of common concern both for farmers and policymakers. Specifically, it needs to be determined if there exists a dominant land-use pattern that characterizes the LSM solution compared to FSM solution. In addition to the area of habitat, we design a land-use pattern index (LPI) to characterize the configuration of habitat and project it onto the sharing-sparing continuum. We find that the LSM solution is characterized by less intensive farming, and configurations of habitat are closer to land sharing. However, as crop dependency on ecosystem-services declines, the land-use patterns with LSM and FSM converge and the configurations of habitat start to resemble to land sparing. In addition, when habitat quality improves the configurations of habitat on the border farms become important. Finally, the less mobile service-providers are, the more farmers should focus on land-use patterns on their own farms. Our indices of land-use patterns could be integrated into the cross-compliance of CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) to better manage ecosystem-service in the future. |
| Keywords: | Agent-based model, landscape-scale management, ecosystem services, land sharing, land sparing, land-use pattern index, governance, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182698&r=env |
| By: | Lescot, Jean-Marie; Rouire, Maïlis; Raynal, Marc; Rousset, Sylvain |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to assess whether market-based instruments of agri-environmental policy such as taxes and subsidies can promote reduced pesticide use in viticulture. Simulations are carried out using VINEPA, a multi-periodic discrete stochastic programming (DSP) model based on panel data from vineyards. We then evaluate how changes in pesticide use would affect the Environment Impact Quotient (EIQ), which evaluates potential impacts of pesticides on farm workers, consumers, and non-target organisms. The results show that reducing their use calls for high tax rates, and EIQ can only be reduced by setting taxes based on levels of toxicity. |
| Keywords: | VINEPA, Viticulture, Pesticides, Taxes, Subsidies, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182932&r=env |
| By: | Nikola Jovanoski (Institute of economic research IRENE, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | This analysis estimates the value that the inhabitants of the canton of Neuchâtel attach on the preservation of the Doubs. It is achieved with the use of the open-ended contingent valuation method. The results indicate that an inhabitant from this canton is, on average, willing-to-pay 55 CHF per year to preserve the Doubs, which translates to a value of up to 9.63m CHF that the inhabitants of this canton attach on the preservation of the Doubs. These estimates may be used as a guide by the relevant administrative and national authorities in the development of environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation method, open-ended elicitation method |
| JEL: | Q51 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:15-02&r=env |
| By: | Liu, Shen; Colson, Gregory; Wetzstein, Michael |
| Abstract: | An analytical framework for assessing the optimal solar energy subsidy is developed and estimated, which takes into account the environment, health, employment, and electricity accessibility benefits. Results indicate that an optimal subsidy is positively affected by the marginal external benefit. However, this effect is mitigated by the elasticity of demand for conventional electricity and elasticity of supply for solar electricity with respect to the solar subsidy. One result indicates when the elasticity of demand is negative, the more responsive fossil energy is to a solar energy subsidy, the higher is the marginal external benefit. Calibrating the model using published elasticities yields estimates of the optimal solar energy subsidy equal to approximately $0.02 per kilowatt hour when employment effects are omitted. The estimated optimal subsidy is in line with many current state feed-in-tariff rates, giving support to these initiatives aimed at fostering solar energy production. |
| Keywords: | Elasticity, Marginal external benefit, Optimal subsidy, Solar photovoltaic (PV), Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q2, Q4, Q5, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196806&r=env |
| By: | Kovacs, Kent; Mattia, Mancini; Christopher, Henry; Grant, West |
| Abstract: | Expanding irrigated agriculture and drought in the Lower Mississippi River Basin have led to large-scale withdrawals of groundwater and a consequent decline in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer. Conserving the aquifer, while at the same time providing for economic growth, is a challenge for policy makers. We develop a spatially explicit landscape level model for analyzing the aquifer and economic consequences of alternative crop mix patterns. The spatially explicit aquifer model incorporates irrigation needs of the crops grown, initial aquifer thickness, hydro-conductivity of the aquifer, and distance to surrounding grid cells to predict the proportion of groundwater removed from surrounding cells due to pumping on each grid cell. The spatially explicit economic model incorporates site characteristics and location to predict economic returns for a variety of potential crop types. By thinking carefully about the arrangement of activities, we find crop mix patterns that sustain high levels of the aquifer and economic returns. Compared to the crop mix of the current landscape, we show that both aquifer conservation and the value of economic activity could be increased substantially. |
| Keywords: | Aquifer, Irrigation technologies, Agricultural production, Spatial-dynamic optimization, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Q25, D62, C61, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196758&r=env |
| By: | Eftichios Sartzetakis; Anastasios Xepapadeas; Athanasios Yannacopoulos |
| Abstract: | Taking as given that we are consuming too much and that overconsumption leads to environmental degradation, the present paper examines the regulator's choices between informative advertisement and consumptiontaxation. We model overconsumption by considering individuals that care about social status apart from the intrinsic utility, derived from direct consumption. We assume that there also exist individuals that care only about their own private consumption and we examine the evolution of preferences through time by allowing individuals to alter their behavior as a result of a learning process, akin to a replicator dynamics type.We consider the regulator's choice of consumption taxation and informative advertisement both in an arbitrary and an optimal control context. In the arbitrary overconsumption control context we find that the regulator could decrease, or even eliminate, the share of status seekers in the population. In the context of optimal overconsumption control, we show that the highest welfare is attained when status seekers are completely eliminated, while the lowest in the case that the entire population consists of status seekers. |
| Keywords: | status-seaking, replicator dynamics, information provision, environmental taxation |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 D62 D82 |
| Date: | 2015–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:1502&r=env |
| By: | Longo, Alberto; Boeri, Marco |
| Abstract: | We investigate how different levels of information affect respondents’ preferences as well as choice behaviour in choice experiments by analysing respondents’ choices using two choice paradigms: the Random Utility Maximisation (RUM) and the Random Regret Minimization (RRM). The RRM offers a tractable, regret-based model complementary to the dominant RUM. Analysing choice related to hypothetical programmes for the promotion of renewable energy, we find that varying the level of information does not affect preferences and scale, whilst it does affect the choice paradigm. Additional information increases the probability that a respondent’s choices are better explained by the RUM than the RRM. |
| Keywords: | Random Regret Minimization, Random Utility Maximisation, renewable energy, energy security, greenhouse gases emissions, Consumer/Household Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182670&r=env |
| By: | Liu, Xing; Lehtonen, Heikki; Purola, Tuomo; Pavlova, Yulia; Rötter, Reimund; Taru, Palosuo |
| Abstract: | We developed a dynamic farm level economic model of crop rotations including nitrogen fertilization, fungicide treatment and liming as adaption practices. Simulations were run at different price and disease scenarios over 30 years. Farmer maximizes present discounted value of futures stream of profits by choosing optimal sequence of four different crops and two types of set aside. Results indicate that crop rotation system favors, or even requires, more crops to tackle against increasing disease pressure. Crop prices play also a key role in providing incentive for farmers to utilize adaptation management. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic optimization, agriculture, climate change, farm management, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182982&r=env |
| By: | Jongeneel, Roel; Polman, Nico; van der Ham, Corinda |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an estimate of costs and benefits of the negative and, to a lesser extent, positive externalities associated with the Dutch agricultural sector. A cost-based approach, rather than a demand-based of full CBA approach has been followed. Implications of methodological assumptions are discussed and some efforts are made to empirically cross-validate cost estimates. Total benefits due to agricultural production, according to available data and research in the Netherlands, are calculated to be €5,533.0 million a year and the total costs are calculated to be €1,885.7 million. Using the available information, total net benefits of agriculture in the Netherlands are estimated to be €3,647.3 million per year for the period 2005 until 2012. The external costs are equivalent to €952 per ha of arable and pasture land and are high relative to estimates found for other countries. |
| Keywords: | cost-benefit analysis, externalities, environment, agriculture, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182705&r=env |
| By: | Vlaeminck, Pieter; Jiang, Ting; Vranken, Liesbet |
| Abstract: | Using an incentive-compatible framed field experiment, we investigate whether consumers’ food consumption is more eco-friendly when the information about a product’s environmental impact is more easily accessible. Through an online choice experiment, we identify a food label that is perceived to be the most easily accessible for assessing a product’s eco- friendliness among six alternatives. This new graded food label is subsequently tested in an experimental food market embedded in a Belgium supermarket. We find that the presence of the new graded food label leads to more eco-friendly food consumption relative to the label currently used in the supermarket, i.e. the graded label increases the overall eco-friendliness of our subjects’ food consumption by about 10%. |
| Keywords: | Food labelling, Field Experiment, Environmental Information Provision, Consumer Behaviour, Consumer/Household Economics, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182742&r=env |
| By: | Michael Price |
| Abstract: | This article provides an overview of the use of field experiments in energy and resource economics. I concentrate on two areas of study; field experiments that (i) speak to the use of dynamic pricing plans to manage the use of electricity and water and (ii) explore the adoption of energy saving technologies. Viewed in its totality, this work suggests that both neo-classical factors such as prices or search costs and behavioral constructs such as salience or social norms influence the use of energy and water. For academics, the studies reviewed provide a deeper understanding of individual behavior and the factors that drive the private provision of public goods. For policy makers, the studies reviewed provide a blueprint outlining ways to combine insights from neo-classical and behavioral economics to manage energy/water demand and mitigate externalities generated through their use. |
| JEL: | D03 D04 D62 D83 H41 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20870&r=env |
| By: | Štraus, Saša; Rozman, Črtomir |
| Abstract: | Sustainable agriculture encompasses economic feasibility, social acceptance, and conservation of the environment. The three agricultural systems (conventional, integrated and organic) are currently in the focus of debate of sustainable agriculture. This paper presents a qualitative multi-attribute model, based on DEX-I methodology, for the assessment of sustainability of agricultural systems at a field level. The data for the implementation was based on field trial. In an overall assessment of the sustainability assessment outcomes the model ranked agricultural systems in the order: organic > integrated > conventional agricultural system. The model gives the decision makers the possibility to assess their decision. |
| Keywords: | sustainability assessment, agricultural systems, qualitative multi-attribute decision models, DEX-i, Environmental Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182958&r=env |
| By: | Dhaoui, Elwardi |
| Abstract: | The awareness of the scope of the environmental problems of the planet has gone global since the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972. Furthermore, analyzes of economy and ecology were deeply renewed in recent years. They are likely to provide practical answers to the problems raised by the sustainable development. In this perspective, there are different strategies to achieve this goal. The economic literature shows the existence of two socio-organizational alternative approaches supposed help meet this requirement for sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of sustainable development in particular in terms of looking at these two schools of thought. The first approach is that of industrial ecology (IE) that can be presented as a new practice of environmental management (Dannequin, Diemer, 2009). Proponents of industrial ecology indicated that it intended to give operational content to the concept of sustainable development. However, industrial ecology cannot alone meet the demands of sustainable development. Indeed, today there is a series of huge disappointments. Thus, political ecology (EP) is embodied in analyzes and practices in various fields. This current is more difficult to define, since it does not appear as such. However, we note that the study of these two approaches, such as a comparative approach is not clearly detailed or explained. So the aim of this paper is to shed light on the one hand, the similarities between these two approaches; and the points of the other differences. Similarly, we will attempt to find out what is the most concordant approach to sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Industrial ecology; Political ecology; Sustainable development; Ecosystem, Socio-economic structures. |
| JEL: | L23 Q01 Q57 |
| Date: | 2014–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61380&r=env |
| By: | Laura Levaggi (Libera Università di Bolzano, Italy); Rosella Levaggi (Università di Brescia, Italy); Carmine Trecroci (Università di Brescia, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Since the seminal work of Oates (1972) on scal federalism, a central question of public finance has been which level of a federation should be as- signed the provision of public goods. In this paper we study the problem of a government that is to choose the optimal centralization/decentralization mechanism for the final treatment of municipal solid waste. We analyze incentives, equilibria and implications of the governance framework for the disposal of waste. The key decisions revolve around the mobility of waste and the externalities (pollution) associated with its disposal, be it incineration or landfill. Moreover, if the Regions are characterized by different levels of efficiency in the processes they apply to the final treat- ment of waste, in theory a certain degree of waste mobility across regions should allow to reap the benefits of higher efficiency. On the other hand, as transportation and other environmental costs implied by mobility and concentration are significant, a trade-off emerges. Our model evaluates the implications of that trade-off for the optimal degree of decentralization in waste management. |
| Keywords: | waste disposal, cross border shopping, decentralisation, welfare |
| JEL: | H70 D62 Q20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipu:wpaper:17&r=env |
| By: | Obembe, Oladipo S; Almas, Lal K.; Guerrero, Bridget L.; Vestal, Mallory K. |
| Abstract: | Agriculture production in the Texas High Plains is highly dependent on climate especially with the decline in water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer. There is increasing pressure on the Ogallala Aquifer as a result of an increase in population and expansion of agricultural production. The decline in water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer along with precipitation variability are affecting agricultural production, thus increasing the risk faced by farmers. The primary goal of the study is to determine the effect of rainfall variability on yield and income from crops grown in the Texas High Pains. The specific objectives are to estimate the effect of precipitation variability on dryland and irrigated crops; to conduct risk analysis for dryland and irrigated crops and estimate revenue loss/gain due to variability in precipitation; and, to perform sensitivity analysis to analyze the effect of precipitation changes on profitability for a farm enterprise. The information about the dryland county-level yield data was collected from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) for the period of 1972 to 2012 for dryland cotton and dryland sorghum while dryland wheat data was for the period of 1973 to 2012. The county-level climatic information was collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The information about irrigated corn was collected from AgriPartners Program from 1998 to 2007. The relationship between growing season precipitation variability and dryland yield was examined for dryland sorghum, dryland wheat, and dryland cotton using ordinary least square regression. The effect of precipitation fluctuation on irrigated corn profitability, and irrigation water demand was also estimated. The coefficients of variation for price, yield, precipitation, and revenue were considered for different sub periods. The average season county precipitation levels are 13.65 inches, 13.16 inches, and 15.01 inches for dryland sorghum (Deaf Smith County), dryland wheat (Hansford County), and dryland cotton (Lynn County) respectively. The R2 values from the restricted models are 90%, 93% and 87% for dryland sorghum, dryland wheat, and dryland cotton respectively. The R2 value of the restricted irrigated corn model was 96%. The higher the coefficient of variation for precipitation, the greater the risk faced by farmers. A decline in the coefficient of variation for precipitation by 9.59% favored dryland sorghum yield increase by 5.14 cwt/ac from 1972-1981 to 1982-1991. In Deaf Smith County, 570,813 ac-ft. of irrigation water will be needed for irrigated sorghum if there is a 25% decrease in the average seasonal precipitation received for the next 50 years. At a natural gas price of $4.5/Mcf and corn sales price of $7/bu, variation in the Hansford County seasonal precipitation by ±2.69 inches will change the optimal profit by ±$27.26/ac. More irrigation water will be needed in the future if any less amount of precipitation is received. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196796&r=env |
| By: | Obembe, Oladipo S; Almas, Lal K.; Guerrero, Bridget L.; Vestal, Mallory K. |
| Abstract: | Agriculture production in the Texas High Plains is highly dependent on climate especially with the decline in water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer. There is increasing pressure on the Ogallala Aquifer as a result of an increase in population and expansion of agricultural production. The decline in water levels in the Ogallala Aquifer along with precipitation variability are affecting agricultural production, thus increasing the risk faced by farmers. The primary goal of the study is to determine the effect of rainfall variability on yield and income from crops grown in the Texas High Pains. The specific objectives are to estimate the effect of precipitation variability on dryland and irrigated crops; to conduct risk analysis for dryland and irrigated crops and estimate revenue loss/gain due to variability in precipitation; and, to perform sensitivity analysis to analyze the effect of precipitation changes on profitability for a farm enterprise. The information about the dryland county-level yield data was collected from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) for the period of 1972 to 2012 for dryland cotton and dryland sorghum while dryland wheat data was for the period of 1973 to 2012. The county-level climatic information was collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The information about irrigated corn was collected from AgriPartners Program from 1998 to 2007. The relationship between growing season precipitation variability and dryland yield was examined for dryland sorghum, dryland wheat, and dryland cotton using ordinary least square regression. The effect of precipitation fluctuation on irrigated corn profitability, and irrigation water demand was also estimated. The coefficients of variation for price, yield, precipitation, and revenue were considered for different sub periods. The average season county precipitation levels are 13.65 inches, 13.16 inches, and 15.01 inches for dryland sorghum (Deaf Smith County), dryland wheat (Hansford County), and dryland cotton (Lynn County) respectively. The R2 values from the restricted models are 90%, 93% and 87% for dryland sorghum, dryland wheat, and dryland cotton respectively. The R2 value of the restricted irrigated corn model was 96%. The higher the coefficient of variation for precipitation, the greater the risk faced by farmers. A decline in the coefficient of variation for precipitation by 9.59% favored dryland sorghum yield increase by 5.14 cwt/ac from 1972-1981 to 1982-1991. In Deaf Smith County, 570,813 ac-ft. of irrigation water will be needed for irrigated sorghum if there is a 25% decrease in the average seasonal precipitation received for the next 50 years. At a natural gas price of $4.5/Mcf and corn sales price of $7/bu, variation in the Hansford County seasonal precipitation by ±2.69 inches will change the optimal profit by ±$27.26/ac. More irrigation water will be needed in the future if any less amount of precipitation is received. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196795&r=env |
| By: | Yutaka Suzuki |
| Abstract: | We construct a continuous-type, three-tier agency model with hidden information and collusion ¨¤ la Tirole (1986, 1992), thereby providing a framework that can address the problem of the global pollution control. By extensively utilizing the Monotone Comparative Statics method, the First Order (Mirrlees) approach and a graphical explanation, we characterize the nature of the equilibrium contract that the Supra-National Regulator (SNR) can implement under the possibility of collusion by the government and the firm. We compare the two-tier vs. three-tier regulation structures from the SNR¡¯s viewpoint, and then obtain a comparative statics result on the accuracy of monitoring and the possibility of collusion. We further examine whether the SNR has an incentive to adopt the dual supervision structure, with reference to ¡°Regulatory Capture¡±. |
| Date: | 2013–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e65&r=env |
| By: | Liddle, Brantley |
| Abstract: | This review summarizes the evidence from cross-country, macro-level studies on the way demographic factors and processes—specifically, population, age structure, household size, urbanization, and population density—influence carbon emissions and energy consumption. Analyses employing time-variant data have produced great variance in population elasticity estimations—sometimes significantly greater than one, sometimes significantly less than one; whereas, cross-sectional analyses typically have estimated population elasticities near one. Studies that have considered age structure typically have used standard World Bank definitions, and mostly have found those variables to be insignificant. However, when researchers have considered levels of disaggregation that approximate life-cycle behavior like family size, they have uncovered relationships that are complex and nonlinear. Average household size has a negative relationship with road energy use and aggregate carbon emissions. Urbanization appears positively associated with energy consumption and carbon emissions. Higher population density is associated with lower levels of energy consumption and emissions. |
| Keywords: | STIRPAT; IPAT; urbanization and energy/carbon emissions; age structure and environment; cross-country analyses |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61306&r=env |
| By: | Kuhlman, Tom; Helming, John; Oudendag, Diti |
| Abstract: | The impact of policy scenarios on economic welfare and the environment depends to a large extent on their direct effect on land use: a strong increase in the cultivation of legumes means a significant environmental impact and a sizeable impact on other variables such as farmers’ incomes, cost to taxpayers and imports and exports. The impact of realistic policy alternatives aimed at promoting legumes is likely to be limited. In particular, they may not be able to reverse the trend in the decline of grain legumes. |
| Keywords: | grain legumes, policies, economics, environment, modelling, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182790&r=env |
| By: | Sagbo, Nicaise S. M.; Kusunose, Yoko |
| Abstract: | The present paper evaluates the effects of the use of improved cookstoves (ICSs) on household fuel expenditure in Southern Haiti. It takes advantage of the fact that approximately 80 households received ICSs, a novel technology, in the aftermath of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. Survey work in 2014 permits a comparison of fuel expenditures between ICS-using households and non-using households. The effect of ICS use on fuel expenditure is estimated using a simple t-test and propensity score matching methods. Ultimately, understanding the effect of ICS use on fuel expenditures will help promoters of ICSs to improve their marketing plans and increase adoption. |
| Keywords: | technology adoption, improved cookstoves, propensity score matching, Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196881&r=env |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | Located at the apex of the Coral Triangle, the Philippines is an integral part of this global center of marine biodiversity. Unfortunately, climate change and human activities have taken a heavy toll on the country’s coral reefs, mangrove forests, and endangered species, threatening the food security of its growing population. In response, the Philippines has embraced the goals of the Coral Triangle Initiative, adopting actions toward sustainable growth. This report describes the status of these actions and provides baseline data and information, which policy makers and project implementation agencies can use in onitoring the country’s progress in achieving sustainable development of these vital resources. |
| Keywords: | adb, asian development bank, asdb, asia, pacific, poverty asia, philippines, coral triangle, marine environment, Marine Fisheries, fisheries and food security, fisheries, food security |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt146480-3&r=env |
| By: | Honeck, Dale; Akhtar, Md. Shoaib |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh's international image is not as a popular tourism destination, and many people might be surprised to learn it has three World Heritage sites, including the Sundarbans tiger reserves. Moreover, it is part of important travel circuits for cultural and religious tourism, and has demonstrated potential for sports tourism. The objective of this working paper is to critically test the assertion that pro-poor "green" tourism is one of the best development options for the majority of least developed countries (LDCs) - a challenging task in Bangladesh in the face of the country's success as an exporter of readymade garments - by comparing tourism to the available alternatives with regard to the crucial government priorities of export diversification, employment generation and the "green economy". It is well-known that Bangladesh is under strong pressure to diversify its exports, to generate new employment (especially in rural areas), and to respond to critical environmental issues. The government has identified over 30 "thrust sectors" (including tourism) to help address these challenges, but otherwise tourism is rarely mentioned as a major trade and development option for Bangladesh. Within the limitations of data availability, this working paper reaches the conclusion that greater efforts to develop "green" tourism would be highly beneficial for facilitating rural development, environmental and cultural protection, gender equality, and export diversification in services. The most obvious current impediments are inadequate infrastructure, lack of investment and (typically election year) political conflict, but behind these factors appear to be a serious lack of stakeholder coordination, insufficient regulatory and administrative transparency and coherence, as well as some government reluctance to relinquish greater commercial autonomy in tourism to the private sector. This paper offers extensive analysis and some suggestions to help address the impediments, including the recommendation to create a Bangladesh Tourism Stakeholders Forum. |
| Keywords: | Bangladesh,LDCs,Export Diversification,Spatial Diversification,Rural Development,Comparative Advantage,Employment Generation,Green Economy,Green Tourism,Pro-poor Tourism,Tourism Linkages,Cluster Analysis,Value Chain Analysis,Poverty Alleviation,MDGs,Gender Issues,FDI,GATS,Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA),Rio+20 |
| JEL: | F13 F18 H54 H77 I38 J16 J21 J24 L52 L83 O14 O15 O19 O24 P45 Q26 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd201415&r=env |
| By: | Guesmi, Bouali; Serra, Teresa; Radwan, Amr; Gil, José María |
| Abstract: | Productive efficiency analysis is a relevant tool that can be used to evaluate differences in efficiency performance between conventional and organic farms. Such study is important for the assessment of the economic viability of these two agricultural systems. While the existing research has widely used the stochastic frontier methodology and the DEA nonparametric approach to assess farming performance, the use of the local maximum likelihood (LML) approach recently proposed by Kumbhakar et al. (2007) is still at an infant stage. This study represents the first analysis that compares the efficiency levels of organic and conventional farms in Egypt. To do so, we apply LML methods to cross sectional, farm-level data collected from a sample of 60 Egyptian farms. Results suggest that performance of organic farmers is slightly better than performance of their conventional counterparts. |
| Keywords: | Organic and conventional farming Technical efficiency Local maximum likelihood approach, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183023&r=env |
| By: | Barron, Manuel; Torero, Maximo |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first empirical evidence that household electrification leads to direct and substantial welfare improvements via reductions in indoor air pollution. In the setting of a recent electrification program in northern El Salvador, we exploit a unique data-set on minute-by-minute fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentration within the framework of a clean experimental design. Two years after baseline, overnight PM 2.5 concentration was on average 67% lower among households that were randomly encouraged to connect compared to those that were not. This change is driven by reductions in kerosene use. As a result, the incidence of acute respiratory infections among children under 6 fell by 65% among connected households. Estimates of exposure measures suggest large health gains for all household members, but these gains are unequally distributed by gender. In addition, we show that when the electrification rate among the non-encouraged group caught up with that of the encouraged group, the effects in the former group were similar to those in the latter. |
| Keywords: | household electrification, indoor air pollution, health |
| JEL: | I15 I18 O13 O33 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61424&r=env |
| By: | Jansson, Torbjörn; Heckelei, Thomas; Gocht, Alexander; Basnet, Shyam Kumar; Zhang, Yinan; Neuenfeldt, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | We formulate and estimate a farm level simulation model of agricultural crop production, and apply it to a scenario with increasing yield variability. The objective function is of the mean-variance utility type with a positive mathematical programming (PMP) cost function, and it is estimated using the optimality conditions and a large panel data set obtained from the FADN. Special attention is given to the problem of separating the effect of the covariance matrix from that of the quadratic PMP terms. The model is applied in a partial analysis of impacts of climate change in Germany by exogenously changing yield patterns. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, positive mathematical programming, risk, Bayesian econometrics, FADN, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182665&r=env |
| By: | Giannoccaro, Giacomo; Castillo, Manuela; Berbel, Julio |
| Abstract: | In this research farmers’ stated preferences towards water markets are analysed. The research aims to underline determinants of farmers’ attitudes towards allocation trading considering two water availability scenarios: average and drought year. A survey with 241 farmers in Guadalquivir and Almeria basins is used. Determinants of monetary value of water traded are analysed by means of Heckman’s two-steps model. Results indicate that participation increases when farmers belong to innovative type, have agricultural training and cultivate higher crops value. Additionally, low water supply guarantee and appropriate information on seasonal water availability increase probability of participation. |
| Keywords: | contingent valuation, drought, irrigation, water markets, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182986&r=env |
| By: | Pierre Kohler |
| Abstract: | Analyses of redistributive policies often focus on income flows to examine the nexus between redistribution and economic growth. With strengthening signs of growing economic inequality in many countries, an increasing number of economists investigated the existence and nature of a hypothetical trade-off between economic growth and equity. As signs of unsustainable development are strengthening more generally, this paper proposes to look at the broader nexus between redistribution, equity and sustainable development, emphasizing its social and environmental dimensions. It does so by first proposing an analytical framework defining the role of redistributive policies in shaping the private income cycle as well as the public revenue-expenditure cycle. This framework distinguishes between the stock of income-generating assets (such as human capital and wealth, including land and industrial and financial capital) and deriving income flows in order to clarify the difference between the two sides of in-equity (i.e. in-equality of opportunity and in-equality of outcome), which remain intertwined in the growth-equity trade-off debate. This stock-flow approach is then used to outline key linkages between redistributive policies, in-equity and un-sustainable development. Contrasting the potential scope of redistributive policies with the more narrow set of policies that have been implemented in most countries/regions over the last 30 years, the paper discusses 14 avenues for redistributive policies to promote greater equity, economic empowerment and sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Income, wealth, inequality, fiscal policy, redistributive policy, public social spending, revenue mobilization, progressive tax system, net wealth tax, carbon tax, international tax cooperation, unitary taxation, formulary apportionment, post-2015 |
| JEL: | D31 H2 H3 H4 H41 H71 H82 H87 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:une:wpaper:139&r=env |
| By: | Asci, Serhat; VanSickle, John J.; Fry, Curtiss J.; Thomas, John |
| Abstract: | The phaseout of Methyl Bromide (MBr) required by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has decreased its use in soil fumigation in the United States (U.S.). Reduced supplies also increased the price of MBr and affected producers net revenues and its cost effectiveness as a soil fumigant. The phaseout encouraged some producers to switch to available alternatives. Previous studies using partial budget analysis show that some alternatives are more cost effective with higher yields. Nevertheless, the share of crop acreage treated with MBr remains high, especially for tomatoes and strawberries. This study analyzes producers’ risk and risk aversion to construct a more comprehensive yield and economic analysis of the MBr use decision. The data are collected from fresh tomatoes production trials with MBr and alternatives conducted at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit, University of Florida in Citra, FL. The results show that alternative fumigants (especially carbonated Telone C35 with totally impermeable films) are often cost effective and provide higher yields. However, a risk analysis indicates that MBr has lower downside risk and is still preferred by risk averse producers. |
| Keywords: | Methyl Bromide and alternatives, Yield risk, Stochastic dominance and efficiency, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196862&r=env |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | The paper presents findings of a large study on socio-economic impacts of the March 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear disaster on the Japanese agriculture and food sector. It contains fourteen parts: introduction with the framework of analysis; a brief description of events and their overall social, economic and environmental effects; assessments on affected farms and agricultural resources; progress and challenges of restoration of agricultural communities, lands, infrastructure and businesses; assessments of impacts on food industries; analysis of radioactive contamination of agri-food products; evaluation of the effects on markets, consumers and international trade; analysis of effects on food regulation and inspection system; estimates on farms and agri-businesses damages from the nuclear accident; assessment of overall impact on farms and agricultural resources; assessment of overall impact on agricultural productions; assessment of overall impact on agricultural output and income; assessment of overall impact on farm economy; and conclusion with lessons and recommendations. |
| Keywords: | great east japan eartquake, tsunami, fukushima nuclear accident, social, economic, environmental, instructional, organisational, technological, impacts, agriculture, food industry, food consumption, agri-food chains, risk managment |
| JEL: | D18 D23 I12 I18 Q1 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q2 Q3 Q48 R23 R58 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61499&r=env |
| By: | Eija, Pouta; Annika, Tienhaara; Heini, Ahtiainen |
| Abstract: | To evaluate conservation policies of agricultural genetic resources (AgGR), information on the use and non-use values of plant varieties and animal breeds, as well as on the preferences for in situ and ex situ conservation are needed. Here we present the results of a choice experiment of AgGR conservation programs in Finland. The findings indicate that citizens’ have high interest in the conservation of native breeds and varieties, but also that there is heterogeneity in preferences between citizens. Five groups can be identified: one implying lexicographic preferences, two with reasoned choices, one indicating ambivalence and one with status quo preferences. |
| Keywords: | native breeds, native varieties, choice experiment, preference heterogeneity, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Public Economics, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182679&r=env |
| By: | Rische, Marie-Christin; Röhlig, Andreas Marcus; Stöver, Jana |
| Abstract: | The article proceeds with an introduction into the main definitions of green growth and related concepts and discusses their core defining features. Based thereon, the production framework is introduced and the essential aspects of our definition of green growth are presented. Subsequently, the distinction between green, greener, and grey growth is introduced and their defining features are explained. This is followed by a discussion of the implications from two main issues of the sustainability debate, namely rebound effects and the substitutability of different forms of capital, before we conclude. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwirp:160&r=env |
| By: | Lankia, Tuija; Neuvonen, Marjo; Pouta, Eija; Sievänen, Tuija |
| Abstract: | In Finland, privately owned nature areas are widely used for recreation due to open public access. However, since landowners are not obligated to take everyman’s rights into consideration when making management decisions, the recreational quality of nature areas is not guaranteed for users. We examined whether individual recreationists on private lands would be willing purchase management actions from landowners that influence recreational quality. In addition to willingness to pay, we assessed willingness to con-tribute labor to such actions. The results demonstrated that about half of the recreationists who participated in our survey were willing to contribute labor and about 10% were willing to pay to direct the management of their typical recreation site on private lands. The mean willingness to pay was 92 euros per year and the mean willingness to contribute labor 3.5 days per year. A latent class regression model revealed that recreationists were not, however, completely homogeneous in their preferences for the actions or in their preferred contribution forms. On the basis of the results, there is moderate demand from recreationists for management to improve recreational quality and the potential for local landscape management arrangements that allow individual recreationists to contribute labor. |
| Keywords: | Payments for ecosystem services, Recreation, Willingness to pay, Willingness to contribute labor, Contingent valuatio, Community/Rural/Urban Development, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182651&r=env |
| By: | Bonfiglio, Andrea; Esposti, Roberto |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact on the economy of the Italian region of the Sardinia generated by a new biomass power plant that will be fed with locally cultivated cardoon. The cardoon will also serve the production of biopolymers. The impact is assessed at an economy-wide level using a multiregional mixed-variable closed I-O model that allows taking into account the whole supply chain activated and the cross-regional effects generated by trade across local industries. The effects are computed under alternative scenarios simulating different degrees of substitution of existing agricultural productions with the new activity (the cardoon). Results show how the overall impact may be substantially influenced and even reversed according to the level of substitution. |
| Keywords: | multiregional I-O model, biomass energy, supply chain, cardoon, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:183046&r=env |
| By: | Baum, Rafal; Pepliński, Pepliński; Wajszczuk, Karol; Wawrzynowicz, Jacek |
| Abstract: | This study was an attempt to forecast changes which are likely to take place in Polish agriculture in the future. Taking into consideration expected macroeconomic, social, cultural, demographic trends, etc., it was determined which farming systems would be dominant, new functions to be served by agriculture were analysed, probable ways of farm evolution were indicated (polarization and dual development), while issues of the volume of production in agriculture and the number of farms in Poland up to the year 2030 were discussed. |
| Keywords: | agriculture in Poland, transformations in agriculture, scenarios for development of agriculture, sustainable agriculture, Community/Rural/Urban Development, |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae14:182926&r=env |
| By: | William L. Huth; O. Ashton Morgan; Paul Hindsley; Chris Burkhart |
| Abstract: | Natural or coral reefs represent extremely valuable ecosystems supporting an estimated 25 percent of all marine life, yet recent reports suggest that 75 percent of the world’s natural reefs are under threat from both natural and human stressors. In areas such as Key West, Florida, that boasts an expansive mix of natural and artificial reefs, recreational diving on the system provides an important economic contribution to the local community but also potentially contributes to the stress of the existing natural reef system. We develop a revealed and stated preference modeling framework of diver behavior and find that deployment of an additional large ship reef increases overall diving activity but does not impact diving behavior on the natural reef system. We also investigate potential diver behavior heterogeneity in response to the new reef and find that diver beliefs on the role of human stressors can alter diving behavior. Key Words: |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:14-13&r=env |
| By: | Kapepula Lumami; Severin Muyisa; Céline Gisèle Jung |
| Abstract: | Ce travail a porté sur la contribution à l’état de lieux des déchets solides ménagers dans la ville d’Uvira. L’échantillonnage était systématique, basé sur les activités socioprofessionnelles de ménages en vue d’atteindre toutes les couches de la population notamment, les agents de la fonction publique, les commerçants, les agriculteurs et les pêcheurs, les services de recette et paraétatique, et enfin autres (chômeurs, motards, débardeurs, taximans…). La production journalière d’un habitant d’Uvira est évaluée à 0,45 kg/j.hab, le tri systématique de déchets présente 60 % de fermentescibles, 13 % de tissus, 2 % de mitrailles, 11 % de papiers-cartons et 14 % de sachets-plastique.La production des déchets solides varie selon l’appartenance socioprofessionnelle de ménages et d’un quartier à l’autre. Le recyclage et la valorisation matière ou énergie de ces déchets, permettra de préserver l’environnement. En effet, dû à la pratique de décharges sauvages non contrôlées, les déchets sont actuellement charriés vers lac Tanganyika, et ce phénomène contribue à augmenter le déséquilibre de cet écosystème. |
| Keywords: | déchets solides ménagers; Uvira |
| Date: | 2015–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/186731&r=env |
| By: | Liu, Yangxuan; Langemeier, Michael; Wise, Kiersten |
| Abstract: | This study used experimental data from West Lafayette, Indiana to examine the economic benefits of applying fungicide to corn. The average improvements in yield, gross revenue, and net return (gross revenue minus fungicide and application cost) were 4 bushels per acre, $19 per acre, and -$9 per acre, respectively. Stochastic dominance was used to compare the fungicide application treatments to a no fungicide application alternative. Individual fungicides were part of the stochastic dominance efficient sets. However, with recent corn prices, the improvement in yields and gross revenue would not be high enough to make the individual fungicides economically viable. |
| Keywords: | Stochastic Dominance, Fungicide Use, Corn Production, Risk Management, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Q, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea15:196804&r=env |