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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | David I. Stern |
| Abstract: | The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. As economies get richer environmental impacts first rise but eventually fall. In reality, though some types of environmental degradation have been reduced in developed countries others have not. Furthermore, the statistical evidence for the EKC is not robust and the mechanisms that might drive such patterns are still contested. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, decoupling, pollution, environmental Kuznets curve, convergence |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1404&r=env |
| By: | Marieke Blondet (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière); G. Winkel (Institute of Environmental Social Sciences and Geography, Forest and Environmental Policy Group, University of Freiburg); M. Sotirov (Institute of Environmental Social Sciences and Geography, Forest and Environmental Policy Group, University of Freibourg); Marieke Blondet (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA); L. Borras (Institute of Environmental Social Sciences and Geography, Forest and Environmental Policy Group, University of Freiburg); F. Ferranti (European Forest Institute Central Regional Office); G. Geitzenauer (Central East-European Regional Office of the European Forest Institute; Institute of Forest, Environmental and Natural Resource Policy, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | European forests are a resource that is targeted by several EU environmental and land use policies as forests can be of critical importance to mitigate climate change. At the same time, they are central to the EU's biodiversity policy, and particular the Natura 2000 network of protected areas. Yet, the interlinkage between climate change and biodiversity policy is complex and discursively contested. In this paper, we assess how the debate on climate change adaptation affects forest conservation and management under Natura 2000. Drawing on the concept of argumentative discourse analysis, we present evidence from 213 qualitative interviews with policy stakeholders and practitioners that were conducted at both the European policy level and the local country level in 6 EU member states. Our results demonstrate that the nexus between climate change adaptation and forest conservation policy is conceptualised differently by different stakeholders and practioners at different levels. Three major discourses can be made out (pragmatic discourse, dynamics discourse, threat discourse), which are characterised by a set of partially overlapping story lines. These discourses are employed by four discourse coalitions (environmental, forest users’, expert, and grass root coalition). As a general rule, debates at the European level are more polarised and politicised, while the local debates on climate change and Natura 2000 remain rather vague and are less polarised. This seems to indicate that the link between climate change adaptation and forest conservation is mostly an issue for an abstract high-level policy debate. At this level, climate change is used to influence well-known policies, and to legitimise distinct interests that were already present before the climate change debate has emerged. |
| Keywords: | Natura 2000, forest policy, european nature conservation policy, biodiversity, climate change, argumentative discourse analysis |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:209377&r=env |
| By: | Mark Schopf (University of Paderborn) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with possible foreign reactions to unilateral carbon supply reducing policies. It differentiates between demand side and supply side reactions as well as between intra- and intertemporal shifts of greenhouse gas emissions. Ritter & Schopf (2013) integrate stock-dependent marginal physical costs of extracting fossil fuels into Eichner & Pethig’s (2011) general equilibrium carbon leakage model. Using this model, we change the policy instrument from an emissions trading scheme to a deposit preserving system. Thereby, we distinguish between purchasing high-value and low-value reserves. The results are as follows: In case of eastern oil kept underground, the weak and the strong green paradox arise under similar conditions to those derived by Ritter & Schopf (2013). In case of offshore oil kept underground, there is intra- and there can be intertemporal carbon leakage, but neither the present emissions nor the cumulative climate damages increase. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources, Carbon Leakage, Green Paradox |
| JEL: | Q31 Q32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdn:ciepap:63&r=env |
| By: | Hendrik Ritter (University of Magdeburg); Mark Schopf (University of Paderborn) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with possible foreign reactions to domestic carbon demand reducing policies. It differentiates between demand side and supply side reactions as well as between intra- and intertemporal shifts of greenhouse gas emissions. In our model, we integrate a stock-dependent marginal physical cost of extracting fossil fuels into Eichner & Pethig's (2011) general equilibrium carbon leakage model. The results are as follows: Under similar but somewhat tighter conditions than those derived by Eichner & Pethig (2011), a weak green paradox arises. Furthermore, a strong green paradox can arise in our model under supplementary constraints. That means a "green" policy measure might not only lead to a harmful acceleration of fossil fuel extraction but to an increase in the cumulative climate damages at the same time. In some of these cases there is even a cumulative extraction expansion, which we consider disastrous. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources, Carbon Leakage, Green Paradox |
| JEL: | Q31 Q32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdn:ciepap:62&r=env |
| By: | Konishi, Yoshifumi; Tarui, Nori |
| Abstract: | Design of environmental regulation has substantial implications for size distribution and mass of firms within and across industries in the long run. In a general equilibrium model that accounts for endogenous entry and exit of heterogeneous firms, the welfare impacts of emissions trading are analytically decomposed into the effects on economy-wide income, mass of firms, size distribution, markups, and factor prices. Distortionary impacts on size distribution and permit price depend on the conditionality of permit distribution, interactions between changes in entry-exit conditions and in aggregate accounting conditions, the factor intensity of entry, and coverage of non-pollution-intensive sectors in emissions trading. |
| Keywords: | Conditional Allocation Rules, Emissions Trading, Heterogeneous Firms, Endogenous, Entry/Exit, Melitz Model, Imperfect Competition |
| JEL: | Q50 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hitcei:2014-1&r=env |
| By: | Diallo, Ibrahima Amadou |
| Abstract: | This paper theoretically analyzes the dynamics of economic growth and the environmental Kuznets curve. This curve states an inverse U-relationship between pollution and income. The presented model specifically shows how a dynamic environmental Kuznets curve can emerge by introducing pollution and abatement technology in a public spending model of endogenous economic growth. We also derive the turning point in function of the parameters of the model. The numerical section demonstrates that when taxes are below some threshold, the turning point decreases with taxes but it increases when taxes are above the threshold point given some explanations about an N-shaped Kuznets curve. Additionally, the simulations demonstrate that taxes reduce the level of pollution by pulling down the environmental Kuznets curve. Lastly the numerical exercises highlight that the pollution level of the social planner problem is less than that of the representative agent. |
| Keywords: | Abatement; Dynamic Optimization; Endogenous Growth Theory; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Numerical Simulations; Pollution; Public Spending; Taxes; Turning Point |
| JEL: | C61 C63 H23 H41 H54 H61 O41 O44 |
| Date: | 2014–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:56528&r=env |
| By: | Adrien Vogt-Shilb (Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement); Guy MEUNIER (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales); Stéphane Hallegate (The World Bank - Banque mondiale) |
| Abstract: | The optimal timing, sectoral distribution, and cost of greenhouse gas emission reductions is different when abatement is obtained though abatement expenditures chosen along an abatement cost curve, or through investment in low-carbon capital. In the latter framework, optimal investment costs differ in each sector: they are equal to the value of avoided carbon emissions, minus the value of the forgone option to invest later. It is therefore misleading to assess the cost-efficiency of investments in low-carbon capital by comparing levelized abatement costs, that is, efforts measured as the ratio of investment costs to discounted abatement. The equimarginal principle applies to an accounting value: the Marginal Implicit Rental Cost of the Capital (MIRCC) used to abate.Two apparently opposite views are reconciled. On the one hand, higher efforts are justified in sectors that will take longer to decarbonize, such as urban planning; on the other hand, the MIRCC should be equal to the carbon price at each point in time and in all sectors. Equalizing the MIRCC in each sector to the social cost of carbon is a necessary condition to reach the optimal pathway, but it is not a sufficient condition. Decentralized optimal investment decisions at the sector level require not only the information contained in the carbon price signal, but also knowledge of the date when the sector reaches its full abatement potential. |
| Keywords: | Climatic Change, Mitigation Policy, Green Growth, Clean Capital Accumulation, Abatement costs, changement climatique, croissance verteatténuationpolitiqueémission de gaz, gaz à effet de serreanalyse des coûts |
| JEL: | L98 O21 O25 Q48 Q51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:221666&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Delacote (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA; Agroparitech; CEC, Chaire économie du Climat); Charles Palmer (London School of Economics and Political Science); Ryiong Kim Bakkegaard (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Bo Jellesmark Thorsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | Improving information about individual opportunity costs of deforestation agents has the potential to increase the efficiency of REDD when it takes the form of a payment for environmental services scheme. However, objectives pursued in REDD projects may vary across policy makers. Within a theoretical framework, this paper explores the impacts of different policy objectives under two opportunity cost settings: asymmetric and full information. For a policy maker aiming to maximize net income from REDD, having full information may not increase the amount of forest conserved but could lead to a redistribution of rents away from agents. By contrast, for an environmental policy maker focused on maximizing the amount of forest conserved under REDD having full information increases the amount of forest conserved while reducing the rents received by agents. For a policy maker pursuing poverty alleviation objectives in REDD-affected communities, having full information makes no difference to overall welfare as rents remain with agents. The amount of deforestation avoided will at least be as high as under asymmetric information. These results are illustrated with data collected on opportunity costs in Amazonas State, Brazil. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, Asymmetric information, Brazil, Opportunity costs, REDD, Payment for environmental services, asymétrie d'information, coût d'opportunite, paiementdéforestationservice environnementalbrésil |
| JEL: | Q23 H23 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:205537&r=env |
| By: | Parisa Aghajanzadeh-Darzi (Economie Publique, INRA) |
| Abstract: | Le système “prairies-élevage†joue un rôle majeur dans le secteur agricole et son environnement. D’une part, il assure la préservation de l’environnement grâce au rôle multifonctionnel des prairies à travers le stockage naturel du carbone, la protection contre l’érosion et la dégradation des sols. Il assure d’autre part la sécurité alimentaire par la production de viande et de lait. Ce système est étroitement lié à de nombreux déterminants, notamment le réchauffement climatique. Il est à la fois l’une des principales source d’émission de gaz à effet de serre (protoxyde d’azote et méthane issues de l’élevage) et est affecté par l’évolution du climat. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse vise à estimer la valeur économique des prairies et à évaluer le système agricole européen, en centrant l'évaluation sur les prairies et l’élevage, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour ce faire, l’étude est basée sur un modèle économique (AROPAj) couplé à trois différents modèles: un modèle de culture (STICS), un modèle économique global en équilibre partiel (GLOBIOM) et un modèle d’un écosystème prairial (PaSim). La méthodologie utilisée constitue donc un instrument utile qui vise à produire une évaluation intégrée des impacts économiques du changement climatique et de ses rétroactions sur les systèmes de production agricole. |
| Abstract: | “Grassland-breeding†systems play a major role in both the agricultural and environmental communities. It ensures the preservation of the environment through the multifunctional role of grasslands in carbon sequestration, soil protection against erosion and degradation. It provides food security through the production of meat and milk. This system is closely related to many determinants, including global warming. It is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions (nitrous oxide and methane from livestock production) and is concurrently affected by changing climatic conditions. The aim of this thesis is to estimate the economic value of grass and assess the European agricultural system, including grassland-breeding, and its interactions with climate change. To do this, we use a modelling framework coupling the AROPAj agricultural supply model to three different models: a crop growth model (STICS), a global partial equilibrium model (GLOBIOM) and a dynamic grassland ecosystem model (PaSim). The methodology used provides a useful tool to assess the economic impacts of climate change and its feedback on the agricultural production systems. |
| Keywords: | système prairie-élevage, changement climatique, modélisation agro-économique, alimentation animale, prix fictif, union européenne, système agraireprairieélevage, gaz à effet de serre, modélisation, modèle économique, modèle agronomiquechangement climatique |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:255599&r=env |
| By: | Guy MEUNIER (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the optimal timing of greenhouse gas abatement e orts in a multi-sectoral model with economic inertia, each sector having a limited abatement potential. It defines economic inertia as the conjunction of technical inertia - a social planner chooses investment on persistent abating activities, as opposed to choosing abatement at each time period independently and increasing marginal investment costs in abating activities. It shows that in the presence of economic inertia, optimal abatement efforts (in dollars per ton) are bell-shaped and trigger a transition toward a low-carbon economy. The authors prove that optimal marginal abatement costs should differ across sectors: they depend on the global carbon price, but also on sector-specific shadow costs of the sectoral abatement potential. The paper discusses the impact of the convexity of abatement investment costs: more rigid sectors are represented with more convex cost functions and should invest more in early abatement. The conclusion is that overlapping mitigation policies should not be discarded based on the argument that they set different marginal costs (" different carbon prices") in different sectors. |
| Keywords: | Climatic Change, Mitigation Policy, clean capital accumulation, innovation, green growth, changement climatique, croissance vertepolitiqueinnovation, émission de gazatténuationcoût économique |
| JEL: | L98 O21 O25 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:221662&r=env |
| By: | Malla, Sunil; Timilsina, Govinda R |
| Abstract: | Improving access to affordable and reliable energy services for cooking is essential for developing countries in reducing adverse human health and environmental impacts hitherto caused by burning of traditional biomass. This paper reviews empirical studies that analyze choices of fuel and adoption of improved stoves for cooking in countries where biomass is still the predominant cooking fuel. The review highlights the wide range of factors that influence households’ cooking fuel choices and adoption of improved stoves, including socioeconomic (access and availability, collection costs and fuel prices, household income, education and awareness), behavioral (food tastes, lifestyle), and cultural and external factors (indoor air pollution, government policies). The paper also summarizes the evidence on the significant adverse health impacts from exposure to indoor smoke, especially among women and young children. In low-income households, perceived health benefits of adopting improved stoves and financial benefits from fuel savings tend to be outweighed by the costs of improved stoves, even after accounting for the opportunity cost of time spent collecting biomass fuel. The paper identifies knowledge and evidence gaps on the success of policies and programs designed to scale up the adoption of improved cookstoves. |
| Keywords: | Energy Production and Transportation,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Renewable Energy,Energy and Environment,Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6903&r=env |
| By: | Kesternich, Martin; Löschel, Andreas; Ziegler, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Given the vital and controversial debate on fairness concerns in international climate negotiations, the acceptance of a climate treaty may be fostered if the distribution of costs and benefits from global environmental protection is perceived to be fair. Since an agreement must be acceptable to all negotiating countries, it is likely that no single burden sharing concept will gain unconditional support from all parties. We have conducted a world-wide survey among participants in international climate negotiations to address the question whether negotiating weights for different fairness concepts may enlarge the bargaining space among heterogeneous agents and overcome the currently dominating self-interested use of fairness claims. Even though our empirical results confirm different positions on burden sharing among key regions, there is evidence that a broad majority favors allocations that are based on a variety of fairness rules. Turning the debate rather towards justice claims based on needs than towards culpability may serve as a fruitful starting point to depart from a purely egoistic use of equity rules in international climate negotiations. -- |
| Keywords: | international climate negotiations,distributive justice,equity preferences,burden sharing rules |
| JEL: | D63 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:14031&r=env |
| By: | Sophie Legras (Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we study the interplay between residential location choice, sprawl and water quality. We propose an urban economics model of a, ï¬rst, monocentric, then, polycentric city with two di erent residential areas : sewer-serviced suburbia, with small residential lot size, and exurbia where wastewater management is individual and on-site and residential lots are larger to accomodate sanitary requirements. Sewer and septic are also characterized by di erent abatement e ciencies. Within this framework, where development is assumed contiguous, we analyse how wastewater management and commuting costs impact on residential location choice and consequently on sprawl and water quality. According to the abatement e ciency gap between sewer and septic technologies, improving water quality may be achieved at the expense of higher or lower sprawl. The extension to the polycentric setting allows introducing heterogeneities in wastewater and commuting costs that illustrate how independant policy makers may impact the sprawl and water quality of the entire metropolis. |
| Keywords: | wastewater management, septic system, sewer system, residential water pollution, land use, commuting, polycentrism. |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:187056&r=env |
| By: | Vincent Boulanger (Département Recherche et Développement, Office National des Forêts); Max Bruchiamacchie (AgroParisTech); Sandrine Chauchard (Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, INRA); Arnaud Dragicevic (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA); Jean-Luc Dupouey (Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, INRA); Anne Stenger-Letheux (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA) |
| Abstract: | Forest management aims at building ecological networks that minimize the impacts on timber production. We formalize the construction of ecological networks in forest environments as the optimal control dynamic graph-theoretic problem. The ecological network is based on a set of bioreserves and patches linked by green corridors. The network is defined as a graph, in which bioreserves, which host the species, are represented by the target nodes provided with an attraction function. The role of patches, which are represented by the unmarked nodes, is to receive the species before redirecting them to bioreserves. We consider two cases: a case of complete graph, where the ecological network is fully connected, and a case of incomplete graph, where the ecological network is partially connected. We use an ecologically and economically weighted Mahalanobis distance when dealing with the species migration through the grid. We find that the connectivity between areas depends on their ecological similarity. In both cases, at the equilibrium, the ecological network maintains its connectedness while minimizing the distances between nodes weighted by the opportunity costs of timber production. Whether the graph is complete or incomplete, the optimal control imposes specific conditions on the shadow values. Our simulations show that taking into account the opportunity costs of timber production is essential to determine the economic soundness of the ecological project, but the optimality threshold depends on the type of network that is envisaged. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomics, Graph Theory, Optimal Control, Spatial Dynamics, Biodiversity, Timber, bioeconomics, graph theory, optimal control, spatial dynamics, green corridors, timber production, opportunity cost, Bioeconomics, Graph Theory, Optimal Control, Spatial Dynamics, Biodiversity, Timber, bioeconomics, graph theory, optimal control, spatial dynamics, green corridors, timber production, opportunity cost, système bioécologique, réseau écologique, coût d'opportunitethéorie des graphes, contrôle optimal, production de boisdynamique spatiale |
| JEL: | C61 C65 C67 N5 Q57 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:202642&r=env |
| By: | Elodie Letort (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA; Association Régionale pour l'Agriculture Paysanne); Chalachew Temesgen Jemberie (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA) |
| Abstract: | The Bretagne region is an agricultural area located in the north-west of France. In addition to urban pressure, the competition for farmland is enhanced by strong environmental regulations and incentives. The objective of this paper is to study the determinants of farmland prices and especially the effects of environmental regulations to explain the spatial disparities observed in Bretagne. This paper mainly focuses on environmental policies which are intended to reduce the agricultural pollution of water with nitrates. Several environmental regulations have been implemented in the Bretagne region, which resulted in a complex zoning system with specific measures. To account for this local characteristic, we use the hedonic pricing model and take into account the potential spatial dependencies between farmland prices. For empirical application, we use a dataset of individual transactions in Bretagne from 2007 to 2010. The estimation results show an increase or a decrease in farmland prices in environmentally sensitive areas depending on the types of regulations applied in these areas. The results also emphasize the importance of spatial interaction in the farmland market. |
| Abstract: | La Bretagne est une importante région agricole située au nord-ouest de la France. En plus de la pression urbaine, les concurrences sur le marché de la terre agricole sont accentuées par les incitations publiques, qui sont très fortes en Bretagne pour la protection de l’environnement et de la qualité de l’eau. Cet article vise à mettre en évidence les différents facteurs qui influencent le prix de la terre agricole en Bretagne, et particulièrement les effets des régulations environnementales mises en place pour lutter contre les pollutions de l’eau par les nitrates d’origine agricole. Ces politiques ont abouti à la création de différentes zones environnementales sensibles soumises à différents types de mesures réglementaires ou incitatives. Un modèle de prix hédonique tenant compte des potentielles dépendances spatiales entre les prix est estimé à partir de données concernant toutes les transactions de terres agricoles notifiées par les notaires réalisées en Bretagne de 2007 à 2010. Les résultats obtenus montrent une augmentation ou une diminution du prix des terres agricoles dans ces zones environnementales sensibles en fonction du type de régulation appliquée. Les résultats montrent également l’importance des interactions spatiales sur le marché de la terre agricole. |
| Keywords: | politiques environnementales, fonction de prix hédonique, économétrie spatiale |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:192198&r=env |
| By: | Anna Créti (Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS : UMR7176 - Polytechnique - X, Leda-CGMP-Université Paris Dauphine - (-)); Federico Pontoni (IEFE - Università Bocconi and EconomiX - Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense - (-)) |
| Abstract: | In the next years, France will renew a consistent share of hydroelectric concessions, among which we find those insisting on the Aspe and its tributaries (for a total of almost 100 MW). Beauty contests will take place, where bidders will present offers for technical and environmental improvements, as well as a revenue sharing percentage for Local Authorities. This framework generates a potential trade-off between revenue-sharing and environmental improvement. Our work investigates this trade-off by means of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to estimate people's preferences. The experiment has been conducted on a representative sample living in the Aspe valley. In our DCE, we translate the revenue sharing in an immediate rebate in the electricity bill. Respondents could choose higher rebates and lower ecosystem improvements or lower (or no) rebate and higher ecosystem amelioration. According to the experiment results, the highest total willingness to pay (WTP) is above € 144 per household and per year. Moreover, people's marginal WTP for a satisfactory fish stock reaches 250 €/year, that is three times the maximum rebate that was offered. Finally, all environmental attributes are considered as significant and worth a monetary effort. Therefore, hydroelectric concession bidders should give clear priority to environmental aspects. |
| Keywords: | Water Framework Directive, Choice Experiment, Hydropower |
| Date: | 2014–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00998614&r=env |
| By: | Laure Latruffe (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Laurent Piet (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Pierre Dupraz (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Chantal Le Mouel (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the determinants of agricultural land price in several regions in France over the period 1994-2011, using individual plot transaction data, with a particular emphasis on agricultural subsidies and nitrate zoning regulations. It found a positive but relatively small capitalisation effect of the total subsidies per hectare. The data revealed that agricultural subsidies capitalised, at least to some extent, but the magnitude of such a capitalisation depends on the region considered, on the type of subsidy considered, and on the location of the plot in a nitrate surplus zone or not. Only land setaside premiums significantly capitalise into land price, while single farm payments have a significant positive capitalisation impact only for plots located in a nitrate-surplus zone. |
| Keywords: | farmland price, agricultural subsidies, environmental regulations, france, prix de la terre, terre agricolesubventionfrance |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:209443&r=env |
| By: | Mandal, Biswajit |
| Abstract: | Health standard of a region or economy significantly depends on environmental quality. And informal sector has a striking role for overall environmental quality as sometimes producers prefer not to produce in the formal sector as formal production calls for stringent environmental and other governmental regulations. Under such circumstances the informal counterpart of the economy becomes heaven for those producers who do not want to abide by the rules. Extralegality of informal production, by definition, indicates the emergence of intermediation activity. In light of these concerns here I build a standard general equilibrium structure to capture these phenomena and to focus on the effects of trade reform. It has been shown in this paper that tariff reform may lead to greater usage of abatement technology under certain factor intensity assumption. However, interestingly, this can not unambiguously ensure a better environmental quality in broader sense. |
| Keywords: | Environment, International Trade; Intermediation; General Equilibrium |
| JEL: | D5 D73 F1 O1 O13 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:56524&r=env |
| By: | Charles D. Kolstad |
| Abstract: | Achieving efficiency for many global environmental problems requires voluntary cooperation among sovereign countries due to the public good nature of pollution abatement. The theory of international environmental agreements (IEAs) in economics seeks to understand how cooperation among countries on pollution abatement can be facilitated. However, why cooperation occurs when noncooperation appears to be individually rational has been an issue in economics for at least a half century. The problem is that theory suggests fairly low (even zero) levels of contribution to a public good and high levels of free riding. Experiments and empirical evidence with individuals suggests higher levels of cooperation. This is a major reason for the emergence in the 1990’s and more recently of the literature on social preferences (also known as other-regarding preferences or prosociality) where participants account for their own well-being as well as that of others. This paper bridges the literature on cooperation among countries with the literature on cooperation among individuals. In particular, we introduce social preferences into a model of international environmental agreements. Focusing on Charness-Rabin social preferences, we find these preferences enlarge the set of conditions where cooperation is individually rational though such preferences also reduce the equilibrium size of a IEA for providing abatement. Although stable coalitions are smaller, more abatement may be provided by individual countries outside of a coalition structure. In contrast to much of the literature, we treat the size of agents as heterogeneous. Size of a country does not affect the incentives for forming a coalition but it does affect the aggregate level of abatement, suggesting that coalitions of large countries are more efficient than coalitions of small countries. |
| JEL: | H40 H41 Q5 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20204&r=env |
| By: | Sophie-Anne Sauvegrain (Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs, INRA; Montpellier SupAgro - Centre International d'Etudes Supérieures en Sciences Agronomiques); Fatiha Fort (Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs, INRA; Montpellier SupAgro-Institut des Régions Chaudes) |
| Abstract: | Objectives: The concept of food sustainability is still new and quite ambiguous. The aim of this paper is to explore the perceptions of consumers concerning sustainability criteria and to describe some of their practices and daily habits regarding food. Method: A sample of thirty people, living in the South of France, originally from Turkey, Morocco and France, participated in our qualitative anthropological study concerning their relationship to the environment, their perception of sustainable food and their food habits. Results: From a consumer point of view, sustainability of food products includes three main aspects: the origin of the product, the respect of the production season and the organic production label. These three dimensions are gradually integrated into people’s mentality. The majority of respondents have a positive attitude towards “sustainable†products and are aware of the environmental impact of the dominant agro-food system production. Concerning consumption, the adoption of more environmentally friendly practices requires better communication and transparency of information about the challenges of the sustainable food. |
| Keywords: | food habits, perception of sustainability, respect of environment, habitude alimentaire, anthropologieconsommation durableprotection de l'environnement |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:224100&r=env |
| By: | Mark Crisostomo Pascasio (Economics Statistics Office, Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board); Shingo Takahashi (International University of University); Koji Kotani (International University of University) |
| Abstract: | As climate change is established to occur on scientific bases, it is imperative to identify the effect of climate shocks on economy. According to international organizations, agriculture, forestry and fisheries are the most vulnerable sectors to climate change predominantly for developing and tropical countries, and thus it is hypothesized to have significant impacts on world-wide international trade. Although Jones and Olken (2010) demonstrate the effect of climate shocks on exports with U.S. and world data, the evidence is still highly scarce for developing countries. Given these conditions, we examine how climate shocks affect international trade by focusing on the case of the Philippines as a representative of developing and tropical countries. To this end, we apply a fixed effects model with the data of Philippine international trade and world climate from 1991 to 2009. In particular, the novelty lies in examining both exports and imports within a single empirical framework and in clarifying climate shocks on both flows of international trade. The results show that both Philippine exports and imports are negatively affected by an increase in temperature of the trade partners. We have also identified some specific sectors are highly vulnerable such as agriculture and manufacturing. Overall, these results imply that Philippine international trade shrinks as the world temperature rises, and the same qualitative results may apply to other developing and tropical countries whose features are somewhat similar to those of the Philippines. The findings could be considered an important guidance on collective policy decisions on climate change in an international community especially as developing and tropical countries would have difficulties in mitigating the effect only by themselves. |
| Keywords: | Climate change and shock, temperature, Philippine international trade |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iuj:wpaper:ems_2014_07&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Criqui (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Grenoble - CNRS : UMR5194 - Université Pierre-Mendès-France - Grenoble II - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble I); Silvana Mima (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Grenoble - CNRS : UMR5194 - Université Pierre-Mendès-France - Grenoble II - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble I); Philippe Menanteau (PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Grenoble - CNRS : UMR5194 - Université Pierre-Mendès-France - Grenoble II - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble I); Alban Kitous (IPTS - Joint Research Centre - Commission européenne) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores various dimensions of the learning process for low-carbon technologies under different mitigation scenarios. It uses the POLES model, which addresses learning as an endogenous phenomenon with learning curves, and a set of scenarios developed as part of the AMPERE project. It represents an analytical effort to understand the learning patterns of energy technologies in various contexts and tries to disentangle the different dimensions of the relation between these patterns and the deployment process. One result is, surprisingly, that apparent learning may be slower in mitigation scenarios with accelerated technology deployment when using two-factor learning curves. Second, the R&D analysis clearly shows that reductions in R&D budgets have significant impacts on long term technology costs. Third, solar technology which is more constrained by floor costs in the model benefits more from major technological breakthroughs than wind energy. Finally, ambitious stabilization targets can be met with limited cost increases in the electricity sector, thanks to the impact of learning effects on the improvement in technology costs and performances. |
| Keywords: | Technological change ; Technology modelling ; Path dependency ; Learning by doing ; Learning by searching ; Mitigation scenarios ; Emission constraints |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00999280&r=env |
| By: | Laure Latruffe (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires); Laurent Piet (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Pierre Dupraz (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Chantal Le Mouel (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the determinants of agricultural land price in several regions in France over the period 1994-2011 using individual plots transaction data, with a particular emphasis on agricultural subsidies and nitrate zoning regulations. We found a positive but relatively small capitalisation effect of the total subsidies per hectare. We found evidence that agricultural subsidies capitalised at least to some extent. However, the magnitude of such a capitalisation depends on the region considered, on the type of subsidy considered, and on the location of the plot in a nitrate surplus zone or not. Only land set-aside premiums significantly capitalise into land price, while single farm payments have a significant positive capitalisation impact only for plots located in a nitrate surplus zone. |
| Keywords: | France, regulations, subsidies, capitalisation, nitrate surplus area, farm land prices, France, regulations, subsidies, capitalisation, nitrate surplus area, farm land prices, franceprix de la terre, parcelle agricolesubvention, capitalisation, réglementationnitrate |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:200148&r=env |
| By: | Mattes, Katharina; Müller, Simon; Jäger, Angela; Weidner, Nadezda; Weißfloch, Ute |
| Abstract: | Rising energy prices and political goals which address climate change, such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, increase the importance of using renewable energies and technologies for generating these. Since the manufac-turing industry is one of the major energy consumers in Germany, this paper focuses on the diffusion of renewable energy technologies to generate power in the manufacturing industry. Using data from the German Manufacturing Survey 2012 for 1,594 firms, we analyse the relation between the usage of renewable energy technology and firms' characteristics, also accounting for structural de-terminants. In addition, the reasons for the decision to use these technologies and, in particular, the relevance of the political framework are examined. Our findings show that the producers of end-consumer goods are more likely to use renewable energy technologies compared to other manufacturing firms. The availability of resources plays a substantial role, whereas the energy intensity of the firm is less important for the introduction of renewable energy technologies. When considering the chosen reasons for adoption, firms mentioned most fre-quently that they anticipate rising energy prices. The policy mix, however, is less often mentioned and mostly together with other reasons. -- |
| Keywords: | renewable energy technologies,manufacturing industry,technology adoption,diffusion of innovations,quantitative analysis |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s62014&r=env |
| By: | Guy MEUNIER (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales, INRA); Dominique Finon (CIRED) |
| Abstract: | The political dilemma presented by the deployment of large-size low-carbon technologies (LCTs) is analysed using a simple dynamic model to investigate the relation between irreversible investments and learning-by-doing within a context of exogeneous uncertainty about the carbon price. It is shown that in some cases when information about the future carbon price is expected, the irreversibility effect holds and fewer LCT plants should be developed. In other cases, this result is reversed, and acquiring information can justify the early deployment of LCT. In particular, marginal reasoning is limited when learning-by-doing, and more generally endogenous technical change, is considered. When acquiring information is expected, the optimal policy can move from a corner optimum with no LCT deployment to an interior optimum with a strictly positive development. |
| Abstract: | Le dilemme politique présenté par le déploiement de technologies sobres en carbone de grande échelle (« large-size low carbon technologies » – LCTs) est examiné avec un modèle dynamique simple pour étudier la relation entre investissements irréversibles et apprentissage par la pratique au sein d'un contexte d'incertitude exogène sur le prix du carbone. Il est démontré que dans certains cas lorsque l'information sur le futur prix du carbone est attendue, l'effet d'irréversibilité s'applique et moins de centrales de LCT seraient développées. Dans d'autres cas, le résultat est l'inverse et l'acquisition d'information pour justifier un déploiement rapide des LCT. En particulier, le raisonnement marginal est limité lorsque l'apprentissage par la pratique, et plus généralement le changement technique endogène, est pris en compte. Lorsque l'acquisition d';information est attendue, la politique optimale peut se déplacer d'un optimum en coin sans déploiement de LCT à un optimum intérieur à développement strictement positif. |
| Keywords: | investment; irreversibilty effect; learning-by-doing; low-carbon technology; option value; investissement; effet d'irréversibilité; apprentissage par la pratique; technologie sobre en carbone; valeur d'option, économie de l'environnement, investissementmarché du carbone, information, politique optimaleinnovation technologique |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:174772&r=env |
| By: | Anne Stenger-Letheux (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière); Nicolas Robert (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière, INRA; Institut Géographique National) |
| Abstract: | Profits from forest management generally originate from harvested wood products or hunting leases. Other joint services such as biodiversity protection or landscape beauty are rarely paid for and are insufficiently provided. Payment schemes are designed to reduce this undersupply. In this paper, we analyze how paying for the additional provision of some services might affect the production of joint services. Payments should at least compensate for the loss of revenue resulting from providing more services. These opportunity costs can be estimated using a production possibility frontier in which the maximum profit from currently marketed outputs is a function of the externalities. We show that payment for a single service can threaten other services if there are diseconomies of scope. If at least two services are considered, then payments can either be made independently for each of them (stacking) or simultaneously in a bundle. In the case of bundling, the minimum payment amount corresponds the total opportunity cost whatever the interactions between services. In the case of stacking, if there are diseconomies of scope and if the amount paid for in- creasing each service equals the individual opportunity cost, then the total payment would not compensate for the total cost. Some services might remain undersupplied. On the contrary, if there are economies of scope then the total stacked amount will be greater than the total opportunity cost. Hence, it is critical to analyze interactions between ecosystem services because they are likely to change the profitability or the opportuni- ty costs related to increasing the production of the ecosystem services and so the schemes of payments |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, payments, joint production, Stacking, Bundling, service écosystémiquemodélisation économique, paiementgestion forestière |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:202649&r=env |
| By: | Christoph HEINZEL (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires) |
| Abstract: | Qualitative change is widely recognised as a defining feature of evolution. Schumpeter and Georgescu-Roegen put it at the centre of their methodological reasoning. I revisit important contributions of these two authors, paying attention to the immediate relationship of the major traits and treated issues between their works. With reference to qualitative change, their joint approach provides answers as to (i) why an evolutionary analysis has to necessarily apply a varied less formal set of methods as compared with modern static and dynamic analysis, (ii) why an evolutionary analysis is a necessary component of economic analysis and (iii) how it can be seen as complementary to modern statics and dynamics. They argued for methodological pluralism, where the choice of methods shall derive from close observation of the subject matter under scrutiny. Georgescu-Roegen’s reasoning shows the necessity of interdisciplinary contributions and the interrelation of economic activity and environmental impact and constraints, putting environmental issues immediately on the evolutionary economics agenda. The paper provides a new ground for evaluating Georgescu-Roegen’s own and their joint contribution to modern research. |
| Keywords: | Schumpeter, Georgescu-Roegen, Qualitative change, Evolution, Evolutionary methodology, changement qualitatif, économie évolutionnisteenvironnement, activité économique |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:190153&r=env |
| By: | Karl Aiginger |
| Abstract: | Industrial policy is back on the agenda and the consensus is that it must be different 'this time' from the past. We redefine industrial policy for industrialised countries as a strategy to promote 'high-road competitiveness', understood as the ability of an economy to achieve 'Beyond-GDP' Goals. 'High-road strategies' are based on advanced skills, innovation, supporting institutions, ecological ambition and an activating social policy. This 'new industrial policy' is systemic, working in alignment with other policy strands and supporting social and environmental goals; it affects the structure of the economy as the whole not only the manufacturing sector. Short-term actions, such as protecting employment in unviable companies, low prices for fossil fuels, or reducing wages in high-income economies are counterproductive. To pursue an industrial policy that targets society's ultimate goals without public micromanagement will be challenging. It could be achieved (i) by setting incentives, particularly those impacting on technical progress (e.g. to make it less labour-saving and more energy-saving), (ii) by the use of the important role governments have in the education and research sectors, (iii) by greater public awareness and (iv) if consumer preferences will call for socio-ecological transition. |
| Keywords: | New industrial policy, climate change, competitiveness, innovation strategy |
| JEL: | H50 L16 L50 O20 O32 O38 O40 Q30 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfeppr:y:2014:m:6:d:0:i:13&r=env |
| By: | Junker, Franziska Julia; Haß, Marlen; Hubold, Gerd; Kreins, Peter; Salamon, Petra; Seintsch, Björn |
| Abstract: | Mit nachwachsenden Ressourcen die Abhängigkeit von Öl vermindern - so untertitelt die Bundesregierung ihre Strategie zur Förderung der Bioökonomie in Deutschland (BMBF 2013). Zur Bioökonomie zählen alle Wirtschaftsbereiche, die nachwachsende Rohstoffe erzeugen, verarbeiten und handeln. Nachwachsende Rohstoffe werden vornehmlich von der Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie der Fischerei und Aquakultur zur Verfügung gestellt. Doch in welchem Umfang geschieht dies? Welche Mengen werden importiert, welche exportiert? Wie werden sie gegenwärtig genutzt? Fallen Abfall- und Reststoffe an, die verwertet werden können? Ziel dieses Berichts ist, einen Überblick über Produktion, Handel und Verwendung von Produkten aus Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie aus Fischerei und Aquakultur zu geben. Zukünftige Potenziale sowie Möglichkeiten, Rest- bzw. Abfallstoffe energetisch zu verwerten, werden bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Landwirtschaft vor allem Futter- und Lebensmittel erzeugt. Dennoch werden in Deutschland bereits mehr als zehn Prozent der landwirtschaftlichen Fläche zur Herstellung von Rohstoffen für energetische und stoffliche Verwendung genutzt. Die Potenziale für Energiegewinnung aus Rest- und Abfallstoffen erscheinen gering. Der größte Teil der Fisch- und Fischereinebenprodukte dient in Deutschland als Nahrungsmittel. Abfälle bei der Fischverarbeitung können vollständig zur Herstellung von Fischmehl und Fischöl verwendet werden. Von einer Zunahme der Fangmengen kann bei den für die deutsche Fischerei wichtigen Arten nicht ausgegangen werden. Bei der Verwendung von Rohholz in Deutschland entfallen rund drei Fünftel auf die stoffliche Nutzung, zwei Fünftel auf die energetische Verwertung. Letztere ist in den vergangenen Jahren vor allem in privaten Haushalten stark gestiegen. Die Nutzungspotenziale von Holz in Deutschland sind weitgehend ausgeschöpft oder unterliegen Restriktionen aus Gründen des Naturschutzes. -- Reducing oil dependence with renewable resources - this is how the German Federal Government subtitles its strategy to strengthen the bio-based economy (BMBF 2013). The bioeconomy encompasses all economic sectors that produce, process and trade bio-based renewable resources. The raw materials are largely provided by agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture. But in which quantities are they produced? Which quantities are imported and exported? How are the raw materials currently utilised? Are there residual or waste materials that can be used? The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of production, trade and utilisation of products from the agricultural and forestry sectors as well as from aquatic resources and aquaculture. Future potentials as well as the possibilities of using residual and waste materials for energy production are assessed. The results show that the agricultural sector primarily produces food and feed. Notwithstanding, more than ten percent of the agricultural area in Germany is currently dedicated to the production of raw materials for energy and material uses. The potentials for the generation of energy from residual and waste materials are deemed to be small. A large share of products and by-products from fisheries and aquaculture are consumed as food in Germany. Waste from fish processing can be completely used for the production of fish meal and oil. An increase of catch of the species that are relevant for the German fishery sector seems unlikely. Roughly three fifths of the consumption of raw wood in Germany are attributed to material use, the remaining two fifths to energetic use. The latter sharply increased in recent years, mainly driven by the growing demand of private households. Due to overexploitation, especially of spruce, in the past the potential use of raw wood in German forests is largely exhausted or restricted by environmental protection schemes. |
| Keywords: | Bioökonomie,Biomasse,Reststoffe,Energiepotenzial,bioeconomy,biomass,waste,energy potential |
| JEL: | Q16 Q22 Q23 Q42 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:22&r=env |
| By: | Osberghaus, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Public flood protection cannot totally eliminate the risk of flooding. Hence, private mitigation measures which proactively protect homes from being flooded or reduce flood damage are an essential part of modern flood risk management. This study analyses private flood mitigation measures among German households. The dataset covers more than 6000 households from all parts of the country, including flood plains as well as areas which are typically not at a high risk of riverine flooding. The results suggest that the propensity to mitigate flood damage increases i.a. with past damage experience and damage expectations for the future. The latter effect can be interpreted as a 'climate adaptation signal' in the flood mitigation behaviour. All other factors remaining equal, a strong belief in a climate-change-induced increase of personal flood damage in the next decades induces an increase of the probability of flood mitigation by more than 10 percentage points. Moreover, strong evidence for moral hazard effects in the flood mitigation behaviour cannot be observed. Households expecting insurance coverage do not reduce their mitigation efforts. Likewise, the expectation of government relief payments hinders mitigation only for some groups of households. -- |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Adaptation,Flood mitigation,Moral hazard,Charity hazard,Germany |
| JEL: | Q54 D81 R22 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:14032&r=env |
| By: | Kalra, Nidhi; Hallegatte, Stephane; Lempert, Robert; Brown, Casey; Fozzard, Adrian; Gill, Stuart; Shah, Ankur |
| Abstract: | Investment decision making is already difficult for any diverse group of actors with different priorities and views. But the presence of deep uncertainties linked to climate change and other future conditions further challenges decision making by questioning the robustness of all purportedly optimal solutions. While decision makers can continue to use the decision metrics they have used in the past (such as net present value), alternative methodologies can improve decision processes, especially those that lead with analysis and end in agreement on decisions. Such"Agree-on-Decision"methods start by stress-testing options under a wide range of plausible conditions, without requiring us to agree ex ante on which conditions are more or less likely, and against a set of objectives or success metrics, without requiring us to agree ex ante on how to aggregate or weight them. As a result, these methods are easier to apply to contexts of large uncertainty or disagreement on values and objectives. This inverted process promotes consensus around better decisions and can help in managing uncertainty. Analyses performed in this way let decision makers make the decision and inform them on (1) the conditions under which an option or project is vulnerable; (2) the tradeoffs between robustness and cost, or between various objectives; and (3) the flexibility of various options to respond to changes in the future. In doing so, they put decision makers back in the driver's seat. A growing set of case studies shows that these methods can be applied in real-world contexts and do not need to be more costly or complicated than traditional approaches. Finally, while this paper focuses on climate change, a better treatment of uncertainties and disagreement would in general improve decision making and development outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Economics,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Science of Climate Change,Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Debt Markets |
| Date: | 2014–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6906&r=env |
| By: | Damania, Richard; Scandizzo, Pasquale Lucio; Glauber, A.J |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a somewhat novel approach to explore the economic contribution of ecosystems. It develops linked models to capture connections between resource stocks and flows and the resulting microeconomic and macroeconomic impacts. A bioeconomic model is developed that is imbedded into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Incorporating imperfect regulation, the bioeconomic model characterizes optimal policies, while the CGE model explores the economy-wide consequences of possible changes to the ecosystem. The model is parameterized and calibrated to the case of the Serengeti ecosystem which is perhaps the most intensively researched biome with a relative abundance of data. This ecosystem is also undergoing rapid change from a host of factors related to developments within and around the protected area system. The analysis identifies the contribution of the ecosystem to the economy and finds that changes in tourism and bushmeat hunting have surprisingly diffuse economy-wide impacts, that are especially large in the rural sector. To guard against overstatement, ecosystem impacts are under-stated relative to other effects. The results suggest that linkages to the natural resource sector (backward and forward multipliers) are important and neglecting these may lead to biased estimates. |
| Keywords: | Wildlife Resources,Ecosystems and Natural Habitats,Biodiversity,Forestry,Economic Theory&Research |
| Date: | 2014–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6890&r=env |
| By: | Antoine Beretti (INRA-Lameta); Charles Figuières (INRA-Lameta); Gilles Grolleau (INRA-Lameta) |
| Abstract: | Using a simple decision-theoretic approach, we formalize how agents with different kinds of intrinsic motivations react to the introduction of monetary incentives. We contend that empirical results supporting the existence of a crowding-out effect in various contexts hide a more complex reality. We also propose a new policy instrument which taps into agents’ heterogeneity regarding intrinsic motivations in order to turn a situation subject to crowding-out into a crowding-in outcome. This instrument uses a self-selection mechanism to match adequate monetary incentives with individuals’ types regarding intrinsic motivations. |
| Keywords: | Crowding-out, Heterogeneity, Moral motivation, Environmental regulation |
| JEL: | D03 D64 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2014.04&r=env |
| By: | Quaas, Martin F.; Stöven, Max T. |
| Abstract: | The literature on trade in renewable resources implicitly assumes that the traded resources are perfect substitutes. We model trade in renewable resources as stipulated not only by autarky price differences, but also by consumers' love of variety. We show that the love-of-variety effect enables welfare gains from trade even if total consumption decreases. Total consumption may decrease because the love of variety weakens the link between resource scarcity and demand. If consumers are willing to pay the rising prices for harvests from increasingly depleted stocks, trade liberalization may end in stock collapse. The love of variety may thus threaten variety. -- |
| Keywords: | trade,environment,renewable resources,open access,love of variety |
| JEL: | Q21 Q22 Q23 Q27 F18 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cauewp:201408&r=env |
| By: | Axel Tonini (Agricultural Economics Research Institue, Wageningen UR); Jerzy Michalek (Agricultural Economist, Senior Consultant); Thomas Fellmann (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the JRC); Robert M'baretk (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the JRC); Jacques Delincé (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the JRC); George Philippidis (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the JRC); Maciej Bukowski (The Institute for Structural Research); Piero Conforti (Agricultural Development Economics Division, Global Perspective Studies Team, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations); Alexandre Gohin (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Andrey Krasovskii (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis); Hans Van Meijl (Wageningen University and Research Center); Dominique Van Der Mensbrugghe (Agricultural Development Economics Division, Global Perspective Studies Team, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations); Janos Varga (Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Comission); Michael Wickens (University of York); Heinz-Peter Witzke (European Centre for Agricultural, Regional and Environmental Policy Resarch); Geert Woltjer (Wageningen University and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Food security, natural resources and climate change related questions focusing on a longer time horizon (2050+) are gaining importance. To assess the requirements and challenges entailed with the simulation of long-term issues in the agri-food sector the JRC-IPTS carried out the project “Methodological requirements of a modelling tool for simulation of long-term (2050) effects of policies affecting the agricultural and food sectorsâ€, involving experts for different methodologies. Partial and General Equilibrium models are covered as well as Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) and Optimal Control Theory (OCT) approaches are taken into account, evaluated and discussed.[résumé des auteurs] |
| Keywords: | secteur agroalimentairesécurité alimentaire, changement climatiqueressource naturelle, évolution à long termeméthode de simulation, modèle |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:222739&r=env |
| By: | Arnaud Dragicevic (Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière) |
| Abstract: | The invasion by the spreading species is one of the most serious threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Despite a number of empirical and theoretical studies, there is still no general model about why or when settlement becomes invasion. The purpose of this work is to test a model of Bayesian population dynamics relying on best-response strategies that could helpin resource management and bioeconomic modeling. Given the species survival probability, our static game unveils a breaking-level probability in mixed-strategies, where it is in the interest of exotic species to invade and in the interest of native species to resist. In dynamic setting, we introduce a stochastic version of the balance equation based on conditional probabilities. When the species survival probability and the availability of resources in the ecosystem are respectively high and low, the dynamics shows that the rebalancing of subpopulations operates at a high pace. |
| Abstract: | L’invasion par des espèces envahissantes est l’une des menaces des plus sérieuses pour la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. En dépit d’un certain nombre d’études empiriques et théoriques, il n’y a toujours pas de modèle général sur le pourquoi du comment l’établissement devient une invasion. Le but de ce travail est de tester un modèle bayésien de dynamique des populations en s’appuyant sur les stratégies de meilleure réponse qui pourraient aider à la gestion des ressources et la modélisation bioéconomique. Compte tenu de la probabilité de survie des espèces, notre jeu statique révèle un seuil de probabilité de rupture dans les stratégies mixtes, où il est dans l’intérêt des espèces exotiques d’envahir et dans l’intérêt des espèces natives de résister. Dans le cadre dynamique, nous introduisons une version stochastique de l’équation d’équilibre basée sur les probabilités conditionnelles. Lorsque la probabilité de survie des espèces et la disponibilité des ressources dans l’écosystème sont respectivement élevée et faible, la dynamique montre que le rééquilibrage des souspopulations s’opère de manière soutenue. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomics, game theory, balance equation, bayesian population dynamics, biodiversity, invasive species, bioeconomics, game theory, balance equation, bayesian population dynamics, biodiversity, invasive species, équation d'équilibre, modèle bayésien, modèle bioéconomiquebiodiversitéespèce invasive |
| JEL: | C61 C62 C73 Q5 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:210787&r=env |
| By: | Foued Cheriet (Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs, INRA; Montpellier SupAgro - Centre International d'Etudes Supérieures en Sciences Agronomiques) |
| Abstract: | Les diagnostics actuels et les analyses prospectives montrent que les pressions sur les ressources naturelles déjà fortes, vont s’accentuer si des efforts importants ne sont pas consentis à travers l’intégration de nouveaux facteurs technologiques, organisationnels et sociaux dans les agricultures des pays du Sud et de l’Est de la Méditerranée (PSEM). Il ressort aussi que les PSEM accusent des retards, à divers degrés, quant à l’intégration des critères du développement durable dans leurs politiques agricoles publiques. L’enjeu crucial des ressources naturelles se cristallisera autour de la gestion optimale et l’utilisation raisonnée des ressources hydriques et foncières. À moyen terme, cette question pourrait aboutir à l’émergence de tensions locales, voire régionales, sur le contrôle et l’utilisation de l’eau agricole, notamment dans la région de l’Est de la Méditerranée. Pour les pays méditerranéens, les questions de la terre, de l’eau et de la modernisation agricole se posent avec une forte acuité. Dans ce contexte difficile pour les PSEM, notre contribution conclut à la nécessité d’une coopération euro-méditerranéenne renforcée, pour relever le double défi de la sécurité alimentaire et d’un développement régional durable intégré. |
| Abstract: | Current diagnosis and foresights analyzes show that the pressure on natural resources will increase if significant efforts are not made through the integration of technological, organizational and social modernization factors in agricultural public policies in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMC). It also appears that the SEMC are lagging behind on the integration of sustainable development criteria in their public agricultural policies. The crucial issue of natural resources will crystallize around the optimal management and rational use of water and land resources. This question could lead to the emergence of local or regional tensions on control and use of water for agriculture, especially in the region of the eastern Mediterranean. For the Mediterranean countries, the issues of land, water and agricultural modernization arise with high acuity. In this difficult context for the SEMC, our contribution concludes to the need for strengthened Euro-Mediterranean cooperation to meet both challenges of food security and sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | agricultural natural resource, sustainable development, mediterranean, public policy, ressource agricoledéveloppement durableméditerranéepolitique publique |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:205700&r=env |
| By: | Méduline Terrier (Mutations des Activités, des Espaces et des Formes d'Organisation dans les Territoires Ruraux, INRA; Unité de recherche DTM Développement des territoires montagnards, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Pierre Gasselin (Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Agro-alimentaire, INRA); Joseph Le Blanc (ADEAR Languedoc Roussillon) |
| Abstract: | This chapter aims to introduce the setting up of an evaluation tool assessing the sustainability of activity systems and supporting farming households' projects at the establishment stage. This chapter analyses three methods used to appreciate the farm sustainability and identifies not only their limits but also their contributions to our own methodology, at the level of complex activity systems in which farming production is combined with transformation, sales or outside activities. We propose to recognise two different contributions to sustainable agriculture: a farm-focused sustainability and an extended sustainability, which means a contribution to the sustainable development at a regional scale. These theoretical elements were regularly confronted with the analysis of advisors' practices and comprehensive surveys with households in Southern France, where an analysis was carried through a partnership with researchers and local actors. It produced a tool to appraise agricultural projects, with pluriactivity or without, distinguishing farm-focused and extended sustainability. |
| Keywords: | sustainability assessment, farm sustainability assessment methods, farming households' projects, pluriactivity, organisation scales, système d'activités, pluriactivité, durabilité de l'activité agricolefrance |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:170470&r=env |
| By: | Carla Barlagne (Agrosystèmes tropicaux, INRA); Jean-Marc Blazy (Agrosystèmes tropicaux, INRA); François Causeret (Agrosystèmes tropicaux, INRA); Marianne Le Bail (Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires, INRA; UMR SADAPT, AgroParisTech); Louis Georges Soler (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales, INRA); Alban Thomas (Economie des Ressources Naturelles, INRA); Harry Ozier-Lafontaine (Agrosystèmes tropicaux, INRA) |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, consumers are more and more concerned about the traceability of the food they purchase. As a response to this phenomenon, labels have flourished highlighting the environmental impact of products for some, their nutritive characteristics or their origin for others. In this context, we wonder about how food production sectors can meet the consumers’ demand and about the role of labeling as a tool to foster the sustainable development of food sectors. We base our analysis on the case of the yam sector in Guadeloupe. Food sectors in the tropics face heavy constraints (Scott, Rosegrant et al. 2000; Charlery de la Masselière 2002). Yam is the first food crop in Guadeloupe both in area (450 ha) and production (6 300 t). It covers 78% of the needs of the territory (Agreste 2009; Chambre Agriculture 2010). Nevertheless, the decrease by half of its cultivated area during the last decade reveals that it is on the decline (Agreste 2009). During this period of time, the production and consumption of yam has been highly impacted by the discovery of a long-lasting pollution of soils by chlordecone, a pesticide that was previously used in banana fields. Today, by decree, farmers who want to grow yam in the contaminated perimeter have to get their production analyzed before selling it on the marketplace. Guadeloupian consumers are quite suspicious regarding the presence of pesticides in local food but still yam is still part of the diet of the population (Merlo, 2007). Given the above we wondered about consumers’ perception of local yam if they could be reassured regarding the absence of pesticides in yam tubers. We also investigate the interest and implication of certification for yam farmers. Our work aims to shed light on how farmers and consumers can interact to design a sustainable food production sector. We look at both the supply and demand side and discuss about the ways to connect both views in a labeling scheme. According to the existing literature about farmers’ decision making (Cerf and Sébillotte 1988; Duru, Papy et al. 1988; Sébillotte and Soler 1988; Bonneval 1993; Marshall, Bonneviale et al. 1994), we studied farmers’ productive and commercial strategies regarding yam and accordingly built a typology of the different farming systems that exist in Guadeloupe. We then looked for each type at the costs and returns of growing yam – using the economic results simulation tool of yam crop: Ignamarge© - and examined the economic implications of certification. Our analysis revealed the existence of six types of yam producing farms for commercial purposes. For some types, yam appears to be the most important crop and is mostly sold in direct sale therefore procuring the highest returns to the farmers. For some others, it is only part a diversification crop among others and is traded via a farmers’ cooperative or thanks to intermediaries. In those last schemes, the value is shared among the different actors along the food chain. Getting certified could match with some of the strategies developed by farmers but would imply them to change some of their production and commercial practices. Additionally certification would require the yam sector to increase its organizational capacity since farmers’ strategies are rather individual at present. On the other hand we set up a laboratory experiment to investigate whether consumers were willing to pay a premium for two different types of labels since Levitt and List (2007) showed that laboratory behavior is a good indicator of behavior in the field. We based our experiment on the protocol developed by Lange et al. (2002) and adopted by Bougherara and Combris (2009). The experimental method makes it feasible to estimate consumers’ valuation of specific characteristics by controlling precisely the information on products. Therefore it is possible to compare consumers’ willingness-to-pay for a little variation in characteristics of otherwise identical products. This comparison allows appraising the substitution relation among two characteristics. To achieve this goal, we used the BDM procedure (Beker, De Groot, Marshak, 1964) to elicit the willingness-to-pay for locally produced yams (outside of the contaminated perimeter) and organically grown yams. Consumers were recruited according to a set of criteria such as their yam consumption habits, getting involved in food purchasing at home and not being regular participants of marketing studies. Then we estimated tobit models of the participants’ willingness to pay, one for each profile. Results showed a significant change of the participants’ WTP when yams were labeled (figure 1) and that they were ready to pay a premium for locally produced yam and organically grown yam. Considering the above we discuss the consequences of labeling for farmers and consumers and how the strategies of those different actors can coincide. Our work raises the question of the type of policy instruments that need to be implemented to ensure that certification schemes help food sectors to guaranty quality and achieve sustainability. |
| Keywords: | guadeloupe, antilles, caraïbesétude de filière, dioscorea, filière agroalimentaire, offre et demande, stratégie de production, stratégie commerciale, chlordecone, consentement à payer, typologie d'exploitation agricole, économie expérimentale, préférence des consommateurs, politique agroalimentairelabellisation, demande alimentairesigne de qualité, durabilité, agriculture biologiquepollutionmodèle tobit |
| JEL: | Q13 Q12 Q18 R15 Q01 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:253343&r=env |
| By: | Rexhäuser, Sascha; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Many countries, especially in Europe, have ambitious goals to transform their national energy systems towards renewable energies. Technological change in both renewable production and efficient use of energy can help to make these targets come true. Using a panel of German firms linked to the PATSTAT patent data, we study invention in both types of energy technologies and how their inventors differ in terms of central firm-specific characteristics. More importantly, we study the relation between conventional (i.e. non-energy) invention and energy invention within the firms. The results from dynamic count data models point to a stimulating effect of conventional inventions for energy efficiency technologies but have no effect on inventions in renewable energies. -- |
| Keywords: | innovation,invention,renewable energy,energy efficiency,dynamic count data |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:14036&r=env |
| By: | Pascale Bazoche (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales); Pierre Combris (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales, INRA); Eric Giraud-Heraud (Alimentation et Sciences Sociales, INRA); Alexandra Seabra Pinto (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinarian Research, Oeiras, Portugal); Franck Bunte (Wageningen UR); Efthimia Tsakiridou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) |
| Abstract: | Using experimental auctions carried out on apples in different European countries, this paper contributes to the assessment of consumer willingness to pay for the reduction of pesticides. We study several systems of good agricultural practices, possibly signalled to consumers, ranging from Integrated Pest Management certifications to organic production methods. The results show a relatively homogeneous behaviour of European consumers and reveal that improving the information on pesticide reduction may have unintended consequences. Results also suggest that taste characteristics and reference to a Protected Denomination of Origin should not be overlooked. |
| Keywords: | pesticide use reduction, organic production, integrated pest management, experimental auction, wilingness to pay, réduction de pesticidesconsentement à payer du consommateur, économie expérimentaleproduction biologique, lutte intégréecertification |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:221513&r=env |
| By: | SYLVAIN CHABE-FERRET (Economie des Ressources Naturelles, INRA); Yann Desjeux (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Pierre Dupraz (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires); Julie Subervie (Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs, INRA) |
| Abstract: | Le chapitre aborde deux questions, concernant les mesures agro-environnementales dans l’axe 2 du 2e pilier: celle de leurs facteurs d’appropriation et de leurs impacts. |
| Keywords: | politique agricole, politique environnementale, développement ruralpacagroenvironnementeurope |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:189694&r=env |
| By: | Lota D.Tamini; Frédérick Clerson; Maurice Doyon; Guy Debailleul |
| Abstract: | Les changements climatiques provoqueront des modifications des conditions de la production agricole qui devraient se traduire par des impacts sur les rendements et les coûts de production des agriculteurs québécois. Ainsi, la position concurrentielle du Québec pourrait se trouver modifiée par rapport à d’autres régions productrices. À l’aide de la méthode Delphi et de budgets partiels, des scénarios d’impacts de changements climatiques à l’horizon 2050 ont été élaborés et leur impact sur la position concurrentielle du Québec et de ses principales régions concurrentes a été établi. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que la position concurrentielle du Québec devrait s’améliorer ou se maintenir pour les productions sous étude grâce à des conditions de production plus favorables au Québec (maïs-grain et pommes) ou à des conditions de production plus défavorables dans les régions compétitrices (sirop d’érable). |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique, coût de production, agriculture, Québec, concurrence |
| JEL: | Q12 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lvl:creacr:2014-5&r=env |
| By: | Laure Latruffe (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Céline Nauges (University of Queensland); Yann Desjeux (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires) |
| Abstract: | Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête récente conduite auprès de 307 producteurs laitiers et 99 producteurs de légumes de l’ouest de la France. Cette enquête a porté à la fois sur des agriculteurs pratiquant une agriculture conventionnelle et sur des agriculteurs ayant récemment converti leur exploitation à l’agriculture biologique. Nos résultats mettent en évidence les différences entre les deux groupes d’exploitants, différences en termes de caractéristiques personnelles (âge, niveau d’éducation, sensibilité aux problèmes d’environnement) et de caractéristiques de l’exploitation (taille, quantité de travail, structures de sol). Ce travail met également en évidence le rôle des facteurs économiques dans la décision de conversion à l’agriculture biologique. Nos résultats montrent que les aspects économiques tiennent une place majeure dans la décision de conversion à l’agriculture biologique des producteurs de légumes interrogés, alors que les aspects idéologiques et surtout techniques jouent un rôle prépondérant pour les producteurs laitiers. |
| Abstract: | This article presents the main findings of a recent survey of 307 dairy producers and 99 vegetable producers from Western France. Conventional farmers as well as organic farmers who recently switched to organic farming have been surveyed. Our results illustrate the differences between the two groups of farmers in terms of personal characteristics (age, education level, sensitivity to environmental problems) and in terms of characteristics of their farm (size, labor, soil type). Our findings also show that economic factors are the main drivers of conversion to organic farming in the vegetable sector while ideological factors and, above all, technical factors are most important in the dairy sector. |
| Keywords: | organic farming, conversion, farm survey, economic factors, Western France, dairy sector, vegetable sector, agriculture biologiqueconversionenquête, facteur économiquefrance, ouest de la franceproduction laitière, production legumiere |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:217174&r=env |
| By: | Franckx, Laurent |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the available evidence on the relevance of the Porter hypothesis for automotive emission standards. It focuses on two channels through which the Porter effect may operate. First, there is evidence that emission standards for cars have had important effects on innovation at different levels in the supply chain (the “weak” form of the Porter hypothesis), without discernible long-run negative effects in industry performance. However, there is no strong evidence either that regulations lead to an overall increase in productivity (the “strong” version of the Porter hypothesis). Second, there is relatively strong evidence that countries are more likely to have more stringent domestic vehicular emission standards if they export more automobiles and automobile components to countries which themselves have more stringent vehicular standards. There is also (mixed) evidence that countries which receive more inward foreign direct investment in the automotive sector are more likely to have more stringent domestic emission standards. This suggests that imposing strict emission standards may bring some “first mover advantages” to the leading countries, in line with the Porter hypothesis. |
| Keywords: | Porter hypothesis, automotive emission standards, disruptive innovation, first-mover advantages, pollution control technology |
| JEL: | O3 Q52 Q55 Q56 R4 R48 |
| Date: | 2014–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:56448&r=env |
| By: | Carl Gaigné (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA; Université Laval) |
| Keywords: | développement durable, développement territorialenvironnement |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:194121&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Le Goffe (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA; Agrocampus Ouest) |
| Abstract: | Cette étude compare les politiques du lisier menées en France et dans les pays du nord de l'europe. Son auteur relève des différences d'esprit et de prise de parti important, et en explique les conséquences. L'auteur constate en effet que les politiques des pays du Nord de l’Europe sont plus conformes aux prescriptions normatives de l’analyse économique que celle de la France. Il s'appuie ainsi sur ce constat pour faire quelques recommandations visant à améliorer l’efficacité écologique et économique de la politique française. |
| Keywords: | politique environnementale, politique européenne, lisiernitrateélevagepollution de l'environnementfrance, europe du nord |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:194408&r=env |
| By: | Laure Latruffe (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Céline Nauges (University of Queensland); Yann Desjeux (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires) |
| Abstract: | Une enquête à grande échelle montre que les motivations économiques sont importantes dans la décision de conversion à l’AB pour les agriculteurs laitiers et légumiers enquêtés. De bons résultats financiers obtenus sous mode de production convention la conversion. |
| Keywords: | performance économique, conversion, enquêtes, bovins lait, maraîchage, agriculture biologiqueconversionfrance |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:217633&r=env |
| By: | Gilles Allaire (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA); Eric Cahuzac (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA); Elise MAIGNE (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA); Thomas Poméon (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA) |
| Keywords: | agriculture biologiqueaccès au marchélocalisation des cultures, exploitation agricole, filière agricoleanalyse des performances |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:184173&r=env |
| By: | Laure Latruffe (Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, INRA); Celine Nauges (University of Queensland); Gilles Allaire (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA); Eric Cahuzac (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA); Alexis Garapin (Economie Appliquée de Grenoble, INRA); Stephane Lemarié (Economie Appliquée de Grenoble, INRA); Thomas Poméon (Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural , INRA) |
| Keywords: | agriculture biologiquedéveloppement agricole, performance, efficacitéfreinageincitation, politique publique, exploitation, filière, économétrie spatiale, stratégie des agriculteurs |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:179079&r=env |
| By: | Andrea Otero |
| Abstract: | El río Ranchería, en su recorrido desde la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta hasta su desembocadura en el Mar Caribe, pasa por nueve de los quince municipios del departamento de La Guajira. La importancia del río no solo está asociada a su explotación directa, sino también por su tarea como agente regulador de los ecosistemas que existen a lo largo de su cuenca y por su función como canal de irrigación de los suelos. Adicionalmente, el río posee un inmenso valor cultural para las comunidades indígenas del departamento. El principal proyecto de inversión pública de La Guajira depende del río. La construcción de la represa El Cercado, en el sur del departamento, es parte de un ambicioso proyecto de reactivación de la economía de la región. A la fecha se han invertido más de $650.000 millones en obras de infraestructura. Sin embargo, aún no se pueden ver los resultados de dicha inversión porque el proyecto no está terminado. ******ABSTRACT: The Ranchería river covers nine out of fifteen municipalities of the department of La Guajira, in its path from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta to its mouth in the Caribbean Sea. The main function of the river is not only its direct exploitation, but also its role as a regulating agent of the ecosystems that exist along the river basin and for its role as channel for irrigation. Additionally, the river represents a great cultural value to the indigenous communities that inhabit in the department. The most important public project of La Guajira depends on the river. The construction of the dam El Cercado, in the south of the department, is part of an ambitious economic recovery program of the region. At this date, the national and local governments have invested more than COP$650.000 millions in it. However, you cannot see the results of that investment because the project has not been finished yet and it is not completely working. |
| Keywords: | río Ranchería, La Guajira, biodiversidad, represa, minería. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q10 Q25 Q57 |
| Date: | 2013–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:011537&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Louis Rastoin (Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs, INRA; Montpellier SupAgro - Centre International d'Etudes Supérieures en Sciences Agronomiques; Chaire Unesco « Alimentations du monde », United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) |
| Keywords: | système alimentaire, politique publique, secteur agroalimentairedéveloppement durableprospective |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inr:wpaper:192788&r=env |