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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Abdullah Al Abrar Chowdhury; Azizul Hakim Rafi; Adita Sultana; Abdulla All Noman |
| Abstract: | The escalating challenge of climate change necessitates an urgent exploration of factors influencing carbon emissions. This study contributes to the discourse by examining the interplay of technological, economic, and demographic factors on environmental sustainability. This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) innovation, economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption, and urbanization on CO2 emissions in the United States from 1990 to 2022. Employing the ARDL framework integrated with the STIRPAT model, the findings reveal a dual narrative: while AI innovation mitigates environmental stress, economic growth, energy use, FDI, and urbanization exacerbate environmental degradation. Unit root tests (ADF, PP, and DF-GLS) confirm mixed integration levels among variables, and the ARDL bounds test establishes long-term co-integration. The analysis highlights that AI innovation positively correlates with CO2 reduction when environmental safeguards are in place, whereas GDP growth, energy consumption, FDI, and urbanization intensify CO2 emissions. Robustness checks using FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR validate the ARDL findings. Additionally, Pairwise Granger causality tests reveal significant one-way causal links between CO2 emissions and economic growth, AI innovation, energy use, FDI, and urbanization. These relationships emphasize the critical role of AI-driven technological advancements, sustainable investments, and green energy in fostering ecological sustainability. The study suggests policy measures such as encouraging green FDI, advancing AI technologies, adopting sustainable energy practices, and implementing eco-friendly urban development to promote sustainable growth in the USA. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.14747 |
| By: | Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future); Palmer, Karen (Resources for the Future); Shih, Jhih-Shyang (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | System-level design that integrates hydrogen production with the electricity system may improve market uptake and enable green hydrogen to contribute significantly to a sustainable energy future. Government policies, incentives, and funding opportunities provide the necessary support and financial backing to foster technological advancements.In this paper, we develop a decision-making model to simultaneously optimize capacity investments and system operations in electricity generation and hydrogen production. We investigate the optimal deployment and operation of electrolyzers to produce green hydrogen using grid-connected sources of electricity, an off-grid system that couples variable renewable energy (VRE) resources with long duration energy storage (LDES), or a mix of both. We assess the economic and environmental performance of the hydrogen production system under carbon pricing and various tax incentive policy We evaluate scenarios accounting for the Section 48 Energy Credit, known as the Investment Tax Credit (ITC), of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), as well as the Section 45V Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit (PTC). We note that Section 48 was expanded under the IRA of 2022. Previously, the ITC applied to energy storage only when it was installed in connection with a solar generation facility. The IRA has broadened this to include stand-alone energy storage projects, making them eligible for a tax credit of up to 30 percent of investment cost (Shah et al. 2024; IRS 2024). The ITC is available for renewable energy technologies even if they are not grid-connected. The ITC can be claimed for off-grid renewable energy systems, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and other qualifying technologies, as long as they meet the eligibility criteria set by the IRS (DOE 2024). scenarios—in particular, the Section 45V Production Tax Credit (PTC) for green hydrogen and the Section 48 Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for VRE and LDES—along with sensitivity analysis on LDES capital costs.Eleven scenarios showcase the model’s capability and highlight the complexity of interactions between system components. We calculate the unit net cost of hydrogen production for each scenario and decompose the unit cost into four components: electricity cost, capital investment, social cost of carbon dioxide emissions, and tax revenue. We find, for example, that the ITC and PTC could potentially reduce unit hydrogen production cost from $10.62 per kilogram in a no-policy scenario to $0.96 per kilogram. This model provides a foundation for further investigation of the full integration of hydrogen infrastructure within the electricity system. |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-25-04 |
| By: | Castellini, Marta; D'Alpaos, Chiara; Fontini, Fulvio; Moretto, Michele |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy production plays a crucial role in the energy transition. However, many renewable energy sources (RES) are intermittent, and there is often a mismatch between energy production and consumption, which can be partially solved by storage. In this paper, we investigate the investment decision in a photovoltaic (PV) power plant coupled with a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), namely an Energy Storage System (ESS). We aim to investigate the relationship between the net present value (NPV) of the investment and the technical implications related to the maximum amount of energy to be stored while also accounting for the impact of energy prices. In our setting, the BESS is connected to the national power grid and the PV plant. Energy can be produced, purchased from the grid, stored, self-consumed, and fed into the grid. PV production and energy consumption loads evolve stochastically over time. In addition, as BESS are costly, energy stored has an opportunity cost, which depends on the prices of energy purchased from the grid and energy fed in and sold to the grid, respectively. However, BESS can significantly contribute to increase ESS managerial flexibility and, in turn, ESS value. In detail, we investigate the optimal BESS size that minimizes ESS net operating costs. We also provide insights on ESS optimal management strategy. Our results show that ESS net operating costs are relatively small. They reduce for increasing selling prices of energy, whereas they increase for increasing volatility of the stock of energy stored in the battery. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Dairy Farming, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–02–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:349431 |
| By: | Rubén Veiga Duarte (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Samuel Hurtado (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Pablo A. Aguilar García (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Javier Quintana González (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Carolina Menéndez Álvarez (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces CATALIST, a production network model developed to evaluate the economic effects of energy transition risks. Building upon Aguilar, González and Hurtado (2022) and Izquierdo, Moral-Benito, Prades and Quintana (2023), CATALIST incorporates a multi-country setting and an investment network and models greenhouse gas emissions and carbon taxes. The model places special emphasis on energy inputs by accounting for renewables and energy commodities and by differentiating their use from other intermediates in production and final consumption. Our findings reveal substantial heterogeneity in the impact of regulatory shocks relating to emissions across sectors and under different schemes. Specifically, a shock to the price of emissions and an expansion of the ETS system yield similar aggregate impacts, but the latter results in greater electrification, which can be further accelerated with increased renewable energy capacity. We also find that the aggregate impact is significantly influenced by how the additional revenues from carbon taxes are utilized, with recycling through a reduction in labor taxes proving more beneficial than through lump-sum transfers. Finally, while some sectors may respond to regulatory shocks with notable declines in investment, our simulations indicate a low risk of stranded assets, at least for shocks of a size compatible with the current medium-term emissions targets. |
| Keywords: | climate change, transition risks, stress test, production networks, input-output, carbon tax, energy transition |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 Q52 Q54 C67 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Delgado-Téllez, Mar; Quintana, Javier; Santabárbara, Daniel |
| Abstract: | An increase of e100 per tonne in the EU carbon price reduces the carbon footprint but lowers GDP due to higher energy costs and carbon leakage. Using a dynamic multi-sector, multi-country model augmented with an energy block that includes endogenous renewable energy investment, we analyze the macroeconomic and emissions effects of a carbon price. Investment in renewable energy mitigates electricity price increases in the medium term, leading to a smaller GDP loss (up to -0.4%) and a larger emissions reduction (24%) in the EU. Neglecting renewable energy investment overestimates the negative economic impact. We also find that a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) reduces carbon leakage but slightly hurts GDP and inflation as the competitive gain is offset by the higher costs of imported intermediate inputs. JEL Classification: C6, H2, Q5 |
| Keywords: | carbon border adjustment, carbon pricing, production networks, renewable energy investment |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253020 |
| By: | Viral V. Acharya; Stefano Giglio; Stefano Pastore; Johannes Stroebel; Zhenhao Tan; Tiffany Yong |
| Abstract: | We build a general equilibrium model to study how climate transition risks affect energy prices and the valuations of different firms in the energy sector. We consider two types of fossil fuel firms: incumbents that have developed oil reserves they can extract today or tomorrow, and new entrants that must invest in exploration and drilling today to have reserves to potentially extract tomorrow. There are also renewable energy firms that produce emission-free energy but cannot currently serve non-electrifiable sectors of the economy. We analyze three sources of climate transition risk: (i) changes in the probability of a technological breakthrough that allows renewable energy firms to serve all economic sectors; (ii) changes in expected future taxes on carbon emissions; and (iii) restrictions on today's development of additional fossil fuel production capacity. We show that different transition risks—and, importantly, uncertainty about their realizations—have distinct effects on firms' decisions, on their valuations, and on equilibrium energy prices. We provide empirical support for the heterogeneous effects of different transition risks on energy prices and stock returns of firms in different energy sub-sectors. |
| JEL: | G0 Q0 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33413 |
| By: | Kauer, Pia |
| Abstract: | The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), passed under the Biden administration in August 2022, is the biggest US climate bill to date. Its focus on subsidy-driven decarbonization incentives marks a potential turning point in US industrial policy and might prevent its repeal under the upcoming Trump administration. This paper closely examines how the IRA aims to address the crisis of US capitalism with a particular emphasis on its ecological, geopolitical, and social objectives. Central to the IRA are strategies for decarbonizing the power and transport sectors, enhancing US competitiveness in the clean energy and battery industries, and linking subsidies to workers' rights. Despite its transformative potential to advance renewable energy and generate 'green' jobs, the IRA also includes concessions to the fossil fuel industry and incorporates protectionist measures that could heighten international tensions, especially with China. This analysis situates the IRA within the broader context of the crisis of post-Fordism and explores its role in a potential 'state-interventionist turn' towards a greener capitalism, while critically assessing its adequacy in addressing the urgency of climate action. |
| Keywords: | Inflation Reduction Act, Industrial Policy, Decarbonization, Energy Transition, Regulation Theory |
| JEL: | H23 J58 O25 P18 Q42 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:311195 |
| By: | Lucía López (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Florens Odendahl (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Susana Párraga (EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK); Edgar Silgado-Gómez (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a Bayesian Structural Vector Autoregressive (BSVAR) framework to estimate the pass-through of unexpected gas price supply shocks to HICP inflation in the euro area and its four largest economies. Compared with oil price shocks, gas price shocks have an approximately one-third smaller pass-through to headline inflation. Country-specific results indicate that gas price increases matter more for German, Spanish and Italian inflation than for French inflation, hinging on the reliance on energy commodities in consumption, production and different electricity price regulations. Consistent with gas becoming a prominent energy commodity in the euro area, including time-variation through a time-varying parameter BVAR demonstrates a substantially larger impact of gas price shocks on HICP inflation in recent years. The empirical estimates are then rationalised using a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (NK-DSGE) model augmented with energy. In the model, the elasticity of substitution between gas and non-energy inputs plays a critical role in explaining the inflationary effects of gas shocks. A decomposition of the recent inflation dynamics into the model’s structural shocks reveals a larger contribution of gas shocks compared with oil shocks. |
| Keywords: | natural gas and oil shocks, inflation, Bayesian VARs, New Keynesian DSGE |
| JEL: | C11 C32 E31 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2512 |
| By: | Ramaharo, Franck Maminirina (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); Razanajatovo, Yves Heritiana Mihaja (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the macroeconomic determinants of renewable energy consumption in Madagascar, using annual data from 1990 to 2021 and the ARDL bounds testing approach. Our results reveal that, in the long run, domestic investment, financial development, trade openness and foreign direct investment have a significant and positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Conversely, increased economic growth, industrial development, income distribution, and carbon emissions lead to a reduction in renewable energy consumption. Therefore, to achieve its ambitious goal of generating 85% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030, the government must carefully monitor and continually analyze these interconnected macroeconomic factors. This will enable effective tailoring of policies and interventions, paving the way for a successful transition to clean and renewable energy. |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:dfk2c_v1 |
| By: | Bah, Muhammad Maladoh; Weigt, Hannes |
| Abstract: | The U.S. nuclear industry has overcome a challenging period during which low wholesale market prices threatened the survival of nuclear power plants (NPPs). From 2017 to 2019, several U.S. states initiated out-of-market support schemes to bolster the financial conditions of NPPs. This paper provides a comparative cost assessment between the preservation of three upstate New York NPPs under the zero-emission credit (ZEC) support scheme or an early retirement. In addition, the paper explores future market development scenarios with a carbon price mechanism. A bespoke cost-minimization dispatch model is developed for the New York electricity market along with four neighboring electricity markets. The comparative cost assessment of a nuclear phaseout and ZEC expenditures is not definitive. Results indicate that phasing out upstate NPPs in 2018 and 2021 incurred a slightly higher cost burden for New York consumers compared to the total ZEC expenditures. In contrast, phasing out upstate NPPs in 2030 incurs a lower cost burden compared to the total ZEC expenditure, mainly due to a high credit price. Furthermore, results show that a low carbon price of USD 51/ton would raise average NYISO prices by USD 24.1/MWh, thereby improving the long-term income conditions of NPPs, and ensuring sufficient accumulation of nuclear decommissioning funds. The study provides policymakers with a sequence of optimal policy options taking into account the pace of renewable development. |
| Keywords: | nuclear power plant, ZEC, New York, electricity market, carbon price |
| JEL: | L94 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2025/01 |
| By: | Fronteddu, Antonio |
| Abstract: | The pursuit of global carbon neutrality makes the energy transition process no longer procrastinable. The switch towards renewable-based energy systems is paving the way for new forms of energy governance that prioritise the role of commons by demarketising access to energy. However, governments’ strategies worldwide seem to prioritise innovation in the raw materials (sun, wind, etc.) rather than in governance – favouring the continued extraction of energy from resource-rich regions. This work will analyse the case of Sardinia as an example where these two phenomena intersect contradictorily, by comparing the bottom-up nature of energy communities (ECs) vis-á-vis the top-down nature of public-private initiatives, alongside their policymaking trajectories. The key insights that will stem from this thesis elucidate a continuum with prior top-down policies of economic extractivism operated by the Italian government in Sardinia. Such top-down policies are conceptualised thanks to core and energy periphery theories and can explain the current mainstream regime of energy transition. Alternative strategies to pursue policy are conceptualised thanks to the energy democracy theory. Such theory envisions an active citizen engagement alongside the sustainable consumption of renewable energy and resources within the realm of energy communities. Therefore, the thesis will conclude that although large-scale top-down policies are being operated in the island, with special reference to the energy transition, energy communities can forge bottom-up alternative examples of policymaking, enabling an energy transition that can cross-tackle long-standing problems of Sardinian society, such as a stagnant economy, depopulation, self-determination, issues of land, landscapes, and pollution. |
| Date: | 2023–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:zxd95_v1 |
| By: | Claire Alestra (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gilbert Cette (NEOMA - Neoma Business School); Valérie Chouard (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France); Rémy Lecat (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | We employ the ACCL model for climate policy simulation to investigate the feasibility of achieving climate targets in the context of global economic convergence. Our findings indicate that, in a scenario with moderate economic convergence, the world does not reach these targets solely with ambitious, although realistic, energy price policies. Our estimates underscore the importance of combining global carbon taxation with the widespread deployment of green technologies to help reconcile economic convergence and climate objectives. Hence, initiatives that focus on accelerating the global energy transition and supporting its implementation in low- and middle-income countries are crucial with regard to this challenge. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Environmental policy, Economic convergence, Green technologies |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04743613 |
| By: | Neuhoff, Karsten; Sato, Misato; Ballesteros, Fernanda; Böhringer, Christoph; Borghesi, Simone; Cosbey, Aaron; Das, Katsuri; Ismer, Roland; Johnston, Angus; Linares, Pedro; Matikainen, Sini; Pauliuk, Stefan; Pirlot, Alice; Quirion, Philippe; Rosendahl, Knut Einar; Sniegocki, Aleksander; van Asselt, Harro; Zetterberg, Lars |
| Abstract: | Context and problem • The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) was introduced to prevent carbon leakage, and to incentivise global carbon pricing. The UK is set to introduce a CBAM in 2027 for the same reasons. However, this policy measure will face limitations in a fragmented geopolitical environment if progress on global carbon pricing remains slow. • The reliance on international progress in carbon pricing exposes European climate and industrial policies to external risks, threatening investment certainty and decarbonisation goals. • The current transition period for the EU’s CBAM, in which free allocation of emissions allowances is in place until 2034, creates funding and incentive gaps for green industrial investments. Proposal for a climate contribution • A straightforward charge in the form of a ‘climate contribution’ would complement emissions trading and the CBAMs. It would be non-discriminatory, as it would be levied on domestically produced and imported carbon-intensive basic materials like steel, cement and plastic, and be based on standardised values equal to the value of free allowance allocation to conventional production. • Unlike a CBAM, the climate contribution would be product-based, thus a relief for exports would be possible, in line with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The standardised value avoids resource shuffling and allows consistent application along the value chain. • The climate contribution could help fill the funding gap left by free allocation, ensuring stable revenues to finance, for example, Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs), which are critical for green industrial investments. • It offers the flexibility to extend free allocation if progress in advancing global carbon pricing proves slow, without compromising climate and industrial objectives. • We recommend introducing the climate contribution as a bridging instrument to complement emissions trading and ensure investment stability and incentives for green industry during the CBAM transition period. • In summary, the climate contribution provides a practical, WTO-compliant solution to address carbon leakage risk, ensure investment stability, and support industrial decarbonisation in the face of global policy fragmentation. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:311220 |
| By: | Nguyen, Viet Nguyen-Tien; Zhang, Chengyu; Strobl, Eric A.; Elliott, Robert J. R. |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles are increasingly being adopted in Great Britain and other parts of the world, driven by the perception that they offer a cost-effective alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles while reducing emissions. However, a key element that underpins this perception is the longevity of electric vehicles, which remains relatively under researched. Here we show that although early battery electric vehicles (BEVs) exhibited lower reliability than internal combustion engine vehicles, rapid technological advancements have allowed newer BEVs to achieve comparable lifespans, even under more intensive use. Longevity is also found to be impacted by engine size, location and make of vehicle. We provide parameter estimates for life mileage that can be used to update life cycle assessment and total cost of ownership studies of different vehicle powertrains. Our results also shed light on BEV diffusion patterns, fleet replacement strategies and end-of-life treatment planning, including the increasingly important debate around BEV battery recycling and second-life options. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles; survival analysis; total cost of ownership; life cycle assessment |
| JEL: | Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–01–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126554 |
| By: | Nicolas Astier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Between 2005 and 2021, France has generated more electricity from fossil-free resources (491 TWh/year on average) than its gross domestic consumption (481 TWh/year). Therefore, in terms of total surplus, the French electricity sector should have been barely hit, if at all, by the surge in fossil fuel prices during the 2022 energy crisis. In practice, however, the French government spent billions of euros in subsidies to electricity consumers, the incumbent utility – who operates the whole nuclear fleet – recorded its worst yearly financial result to date, and total electricity imports exceeded exports for the first time in more than 40 years. Although these outcomes can largely be attributed to bad luck, the extent to which they could have been mitigated through better market design and public policies is an open question. This article argues that existing policies, through their implied incentives to share and manage long-term risks, played a critical role in how France navigated the energy crisis. Consistently, reforming long-term risk-sharing mechanisms has emerged as the most pressing issue to address. Looking forward, however, updating short-term wholesale market design so as to better support a low-cost and reliable energy transition will likely prove increasingly important. |
| Keywords: | Market design, Energy crisis, Risk management, Incentives |
| Date: | 2025–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-04893886 |
| By: | Xiwen Bai (Tsinghua University); Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde (University of Pennsylvania); Yiliang Li (University of International Business and Economics); Le Xu (Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Francesco Zanetti (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | We examine the rise of dark shipping – oil tankers disabling AIS transceivers to evade detection – amid Western sanctions on Iran, Syria, North Korea, Venezuela, and Russia. Using a machine learning-based ship clustering model, we track dark-shipped crude oil trade flows worldwide and detect unauthorized ship-to-ship transfers. From 2017 to 2023, dark ships transported an estimated 7.8 million metric tons of crude oil monthly – 43% of global seaborne crude exports – with China absorbing 15%. These sanctioned flows offset recorded declines in global oil exports but create distinct economic shifts. The U.S., a net oil exporter, faces lower oil prices but benefits from cheaper Chinese imports, driving deflationary growth. The EU, a net importer, contends with rising energy costs yet gains from Chinese demand, fueling inflationary expansion. China, leveraging discounted oil, boosts industrial output, propagating global economic shocks. Our findings expose dark shipping’s central role in reshaping oil markets and macroeconomic dynamics. |
| Keywords: | Dark shipping, oil sanction, satellite data, clustering analysis, LP |
| JEL: | C32 C38 E32 Q43 R40 |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:25-005 |
| By: | Francesco Lamperti; Elisa Palagi; Tommaso Perniola |
| Abstract: | Does a more unequal society emit more CO2? The nexus between carbon emissions and income inequality has been at the core of a vast literature, which has yielded conflicting results. Leveraging panel econometric techniques, we provide robust evidence of a non-linear relationship that depends on the structural composition of the economy. Specifically, we document a positive association between income inequality, measured with five different indicators, and per capita carbon emissions in highly tertiarized countries. In contrast, the relationship in non-service-intensive economies turns negative. We provide evidence for plausible mechanisms mediating this non-linear association: the carbon footprint of the richest individuals -particularly when linked to investment- and the employment share in industry are key factors underlying the observed patterns. Our results point to the stage of "development" as a crucial factor shaping the emission-inequality nexus. Indeed, it helps identify countries for which fighting inequality comes with climate-related benefits. |
| Keywords: | income inequality, climate change, emissions, carbon, mitigation |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2025/04 |
| By: | Ramaharo, Franck Maminirina (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); Razanajatovo, Yves Heritiana Mihaja (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); Ravelomanantsoa, Fabienne Mahefatiana; Ramarosandratana, Saotra Finiavana Melodia; Aljaona, Emanuella Miora (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of energy demand on Madagascar's economic growth from 2007Q1 to 2022Q4. Drawing upon a rich dataset from Malagasy sources, we applied the ARDL bounds testing approach and found cointegration among the series. We found that, in the long run, electricity and petroleum consumption have positive significant effects on economic growth, while energy imports and global prices have negative significant effects. We further applied Granger-causality test based on Error Correction Model to examine causal relationships. The results revealed that in the short run, there are unidirectional causal effects running from electricity consumption, energy imports, and global prices to economic growth. The test also revealed that both energy demand and global prices have a long-run causal effect on economic growth. Our findings confirms that Madagascar is an energy-dependent economy, and provide valuable insights for policymakers to design effective energy policies that promote economic growth and energy security. |
| Date: | 2024–01–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:xwktc_v1 |
| By: | Xiwen Bai; Jesús Fernández-Villaverde; Yiliang Li; Le Xu; Francesco Zanetti |
| Abstract: | We examine the rise of dark shipping – oil tankers disabling AIS transceivers to evade detection – amid Western sanctions on Iran, Syria, North Korea, Venezuela, and Russia. Using a machine learning-based ship clustering model, we track dark-shipped crude oil trade flows worldwide and detect unauthorized ship-to-ship transfers. From 2017 to 2023, dark ships transported an estimated 7.8 million metric tons of crude oil monthly – 43% of global seaborne crude exports – with China absorbing 15%. These sanctioned flows offset recorded declines in global oil exports but create distinct economic shifts. The U.S., a net oil exporter, faces lower oil prices but benefits from cheaper Chinese imports, driving deflationary growth. The EU, a net importer, contends with rising energy costs yet gains from Chinese demand, fuelling inflationary expansion. China, leveraging discounted oil, boosts industrial output, propagating global economic shocks. Our findings expose dark shipping’s central role in reshaping oil markets and macroeconomic dynamics. |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:1070 |
| By: | Charles Labrousse (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INSEE - Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE)); Yann Perdereau (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Distributive effects of carbon taxation are key for its political acceptability. We introduce geographical heterogeneity into a calibrated dynamic general equilibrium heterogeneous-agent model, where energy is both a consumption good and an intermediate input. We evaluate the aggregate and distributive effects of carbon taxation and obtain three key results. First, the distributive effects of carbon taxation are driven by geography more than income, with rural households suffering larger welfare losses. Second, taxing households' direct emissions is regressive, while taxing firms' direct emissions is progressive. Third, we simulate various revenue-recycling policies using targeted transfers. We find that it is possible to reduce emissions and mitigate welfare losses associated with the green transition. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxes, Energy, Fiscal policy, Emissions, Macroeconomic effects, Inequalities, Geography |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04464900 |
| By: | Lucas Chancel (Harvard Kennedy School - Harvard Kennedy School, Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yannic Rehm (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | What is the carbon footprint of capital and how are emissions associated with asset ownership distributed across the population? We address this question by developing a novel framework to systematically measure individual carbon footprints, taking into account both consumption and ownership-related emissions to varying degrees. Our framework is both comprehensive and exclusive, encompassing all emissions associated with economic activity, while ensuring no double-counting, thereby enhancing comparability between different countries and wealth groups. We apply the framework by constructing distributional environmental accounts for France, Germany and the US, yielding the following results. First, taking into account emissions from capital ownership increases the carbon footprint of the wealthiest 10% of the population by 2-2.8x as compared to consumption-only estimates, depending on the country. Second, for this group, 75-80% of emissions stem from asset ownership, not from direct energy consumption. Financial assets such as equity are found to emit, on average, 75-150 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per million dollars or euros. Third, emissions from capital ownership appear to be more concentrated than capital itself, with the top 10% of the population emitting 70-85% of all emissions linked to capital ownership. These findings suggest that policies targeting the carbon content of individuals' assets and investments, rather than focusing only on individual consumption decisions, can be critical to reduce emissions and particularly so at the top of the distribution. We explore policy options consistent with this perspective. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04423785 |
| By: | Maureen L. Cropper; Mengjia Hu; Yongjoon Park; Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | A large literature uses nonattainment status under the U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) to measure regulatory stringency and to instrument for air pollution in studies of the impact of the CAA on health and other endpoints. Since 1978 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulated ambient air quality at the county level; however, prior to 1978 nonattainment status was imposed on Air Quality Control Regions, contiguous counties that comprise an airshed. This is not the definition of nonattainment used in the literature. Using county-level data, we examine the impacts of EPA’s definition of nonattainment status for TSP, CO, ozone, and SO2 in 1972 on ambient air quality and manufacturing employment between 1969 and 1976 and EPA’s definition of nonattainment in 1978 on air quality and manufacturing employment between 1975 and 1988. Nonattainment status in 1972 had no significant impact on either ambient TSP or on the ratio of dirty manufacturing to total employment between 1969 and 1976. We do, however, find significant impacts on ambient TSP using 1978 nonattainment status, and significant impacts of TSP, CO, ozone and SO2 nonattainment in 1978 on the fraction of employment in dirty manufacturing industries from 1975 to 1988. We discuss the implications of these findings for EPA’s decision regarding the geographic level at which to regulate air pollution. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33412 |
| By: | Stefano Clò; Gianluca Iannucci; Alessandro Tampieri |
| Abstract: | This paper compares two forms of Renewable Energy Communities by assessing their impact on long-run social welfare from the perspective of a local public administration. By maximising the intertemporal utility of a representative prosumer, we assess how different REC organisations affect utility under different energy market, incentive and technology conditions. The results show that while consumption and pollution levels remain constant across REC types, differences in prosumers’ utility arise due to different financial costs and benefits. In particular, high energy market prices, higher incentive levels and increased energy capacity favour bottom-up RECs, while higher coordination costs and higher prosumer incentive weights favour top-down RECs. Our findings highlight the economic trade-offs that influence REC adoption decisions. |
| Keywords: | Energy community, Mean-variance expected utility, Optimal choice. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2024_29.rdf |
| By: | Wiesener, Sophia; Focke, Christian |
| Abstract: | Um den weltweiten Klimawandel einzudämmen spielt der Gebäudesektor eine entscheidende Rolle. In Deutschland werden zur energetischen Bewertung von Gebäuden verbrauchs- oder bedarfsorientierte Energieausweise ausgestellt. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Unterschied der beiden Datenerhebungsmethoden sowie deren Einfluss in der Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor (CRREM) Analyse. Dafür wird ausgehend von einer Beschreibung der Grundlagen der CRREM-Analyse eine Gegenüberstellung von drei Fallbeispielen durchgeführt. Die Verbrauchsdaten zeigen den "Ist-Verbrauch" und somit die effektive energetische Qualität des Gebäudes im Betrieb durch seinen spezifischen Nutzer. Die Bedarfsdaten spiegeln die bauliche energetische Qualität des Gebäudes wider, abhängig von dessen Art der Nutzung, jedoch unabhängig vom Verhalten des konkreten Nutzers und basierend auf standardisierten Parametern ("Typischer Verbrauch"). Dies führt dazu, dass ein Gebäude je nach verwendetem Ansatz energetisch unterschiedlich bewertet werden kann. Es zeigt sich, dass die beiden Energieausweisarten die Vergleichbarkeit sowie die realistische Bewertung der einzelnen Gebäude in der CRREM Analyse nicht gewährleisten können. Somit besteht dringender Bedarf zur Forschung und Weiterentwicklung der energetischen Gebäudebewertung. |
| Abstract: | The building sector plays a crucial role in mitigating global climate change. In Germany, energy performance certificates are issued using either consumption-based or demand-based approaches. This study examines the differences between these methodologies and their impact on the Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor (CRREM) analysis. After a description of principles of CRREM-Analysis, the study will conduct this analysis for three buildings and contrast the results. Consumption-based data represent the "actual consumption" and reflect the effective energy performance of a building operated by a specific user. In contrast, demand-based data capture the building's structural energy efficiency, independent of a specific user, using standardised parameters ("typical consumption"). This difference can result in varying energy assessments of the same building depending on the approach chosen. This study concludes that that neither method ensures comparability or realistic evaluation within the CRREM framework and underscores the urgent need for further research and improvement with respect to energy performance assessment methodologies. |
| Keywords: | Energiesparendes Bauen, Energiekonsum, Datenerhebung, Deutschland |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iiwmps:311851 |
| By: | Venjakob, Johannes; Reichmann, Aileen; Voigt, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Die Energie- und Klimapolitik der vergangenen Jahre war in Deutschland durch ein Nebeneinander von Erfolgen und Misserfolgen geprägt. So konnte der Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien weiter vorangetrieben werden, gleichzeitig wurden die Ziele im Gebäude- und Verkehrssektor verfehlt. Hinzu kommen kontroverse Debatten (z.B. bzgl. des "Heizungsgesetztes"). Solche Kontroversen um die richtigen Maßnahmen und Instrumente können sich in einer großen gesellschaftlichen Verunsicherung hinsichtlich der weiteren Ausrichtung sowie des richtigen Ambitionsgrads von Energie- und Klimapolitik niederschlagen. Für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Energiewende ist der gesellschaftliche Rückhalt aber notwendige Voraussetzung, insbesondere für anstehende Maßnahmen im Gebäude- und Verkehrssektor. Im Auftrag der Westenergie AG hat das Wuppertal Institut vor diesem Hintergrund im Dezember 2024 eine deutschlandweite quotierte Befragung entwickelt, die sich mit der grundsätzlichen Einstellung zur Energiewende und der Zufriedenheit hinsichtlich des Fortschritts befasst. Ein zentraler Teil der Befragung setzte sich zudem mit den ökonomischen Folgen der Energiewende auseinander. Zudem wurde das Vertrauen der Bevölkerung in verschiedene Akteure hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeit, die Energiewende erfolgreich voranzutreiben, untersucht. Der Energiepolitik fehlt aus Sicht der Befragten eine klare Strategie; die Instrumente und Maßnahmen wirken auf die Menschen intransparent und wenig partizipativ. Besonders gravierend: Eine deutliche Mehrheit der Befragten gibt an, die ökonomischen Lasten der Energiesystemtransformation als ungerecht verteilt zu empfinden. Darüber hinaus haben die Befragten wenig Vertrauen in die politischen Entscheidungsträger, die Energiewende fair, partizipativ und konsensorientiert umzusetzen. Politischen Akteuren, wie auch der Wirtschaft, wird sogar eine Blockadehaltung unterstellt. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln die Ambivalenz und Unsicherheit in der Bevölkerung wider und verdeutlichen den dringenden Bedarf an partizipativer Strategieentwicklung, transparenter Kommunikation und Wissensbildung in Richtung Gesellschaft. Um die öffentliche Akzeptanz für politische Maßnahmen zu erhöhen, scheint es daher dringend geboten, dass die Politik konsistente Transformationspfade festlegt, dabei relevante Stakeholder einbezieht und die Kommunikation der notwendigen Maßnahmen und ihrer erwarteten Wirkung verbessert. |
| Abstract: | Energy and climate policy in Germany in recent years has been characterized by a sequence of successes and failures as well as controversy over the right measures and instruments. These conflicts are reflected in a great uncertainty in society regarding the future direction and the right level of ambition of energy and climate policy. Against this background, the Wuppertal Institute developed a nationwide survey on behalf of Westenergie AG in December 2024. The survey examined public attitudes towards the energy transition and satisfaction with its progress. Additionally, the study assessed public trust in various actors regarding their capability to successfully accelerate the energy transition. From the respondents' perspective, energy policy lacks a clear strategy; its instruments and measures appear opaque and insufficiently participatory. Of particular concern: a significant majority of respondents state to perceive the economic burden of the energy system transformation as being distributed unfairly. Moreover, respondents express low trust in policymakers' ability to implement the energy transition in a fair, participatory and consensus-driven manner. Both political and economic actors are even perceived as obstructing progress. The results reflect the ambivalence and uncertainty among the population, highlighting the urgent need for participatory strategy development, transparent communication, and public knowledge dissemination. In order to enhance public acceptance for policy measures, it seems urgently necessary that policymaker establish consistent transformation pathways, engage relevant stakeholders, and improve the communication of necessary measures and their expected impacts. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuppap:311192 |
| By: | F. Funke (TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin); L. Mattauch (TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin); T. Douenne (UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam); A. Fabre (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); J E Stiglitz (Columbia University [New York]) |
| Abstract: | To accept carbon pricing, citizens desire viable alternatives to fossil fuel-based options. As inflation and higher interest rates have exacerbated access barriers for capital-intensive green substitutes, the political success of carbon pricing will be measured by how well policy design enables consumers to switch. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04664777 |
| By: | Bacil Lourenço Ferreira, Fabianna (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance); Black, Anthony; Domingues, Marina; Jin, Jun; Lema, Rasmus (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn); Robbins, Glen; Scholvin, Sören |
| Abstract: | Green hydrogen is widely recognized as a promising solution for reconciling economic growth with environmental sustainability. It holds significant potential for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel and chemicals, and for fostering industrial development, job creation, and technological learning. However, the pathways through which emerging economies can effectively seize these opportunities remain underexplored. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing the green hydrogen strategies of Brazil, Chile, China, and South Africa. Drawing on extensive data, including stakeholder interviews, governmental documents, and academic sources, it uncovers marked contrasts in how these countries approach this window of opportunity. While Chile and South Africa prioritize green hydrogen, and Chile adopts an export-oriented agenda, Brazil and China adopt more technology-agnostic approaches that emphasize domestic markets. These variations reflect differences in natural resource endowments, energy infrastructure, and market dynamics. The analysis reveals that industrial policies across these countries focus predominantly on supply-side measures, with demand-side incentives lagging behind. Moreover, private sector responses often diverge from national strategies, illustrating the challenges of aligning policies with market realities. The findings emphasize the need for tailored, context-sensitive approaches to green hydrogen development, challenging the notion of a universal blueprint. For policymakers in the Global South, this study offers critical insights for leveraging green hydrogen for industrial transformation. |
| JEL: | E61 L52 O25 O38 O57 Q01 |
| Date: | 2025–01–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2025001 |
| By: | Constantin, Tea |
| Abstract: | This work provides an ecosystem analysis of the past, present, and future of the biogas industry, from its environmental implications, to market dynamics, and future market expansion prospects. It is structured in four main sections: context, historical roots, market transitions, and future growth. Context presents climate implications of waste-related emissions, introduces biogas as a potent solution, and dives into the present-day favourable market ecosystem for this industry. Historical Roots highlights early drivers and policy instruments that favoured the industry’s nascence, however, also shaped its development in a way that later hindered growth. Market Transitions dives into the industrialization of biogas, detailing key factors that stimulated a transition to market-based approaches. Previously unidentified barriers for non-fossil-fuel industry players are presented. It then outlines recent global events’ favourable influence on stimulating increased attention to this sector. Future Growth delves into the expanded valorization routes for the inputs and outputs of biogas, alongside the mandates that will stimulate exponential demand for this sector’s future. In this, we conclude with how biogas can provide a cost competitive pathway to hydrogen when compared to the electrolysis pathway, which is currently standing at the forefront of global energy transition policy. In sum, this manuscript offers an ecosystem analysis of the biogas industry through the lens of its evolution across time, from past to future, particularly focusing on legal and market perspectives, to highlight this industry’s pivotal role in meeting future energy demands. |
| Date: | 2024–04–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:2znby_v1 |
| By: | Zeddies, Hendrik Hilmar; Parlasca, Martin; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Competition for land is a key challenge for decarbonized energy transitions. Open-space solar energy farms are gaining in importance but have large land requirements and displace agricultural production. Agrivoltaics offers a compromise, integrating solar panels into existing farming operations. However, adoption of Agrivoltaics remains limited, as it has lower energy output per hectare and higher installation costs than open-space solar. Here, we compare public attitudes towards Agrivoltaics and open-space solar in Germany, using experimental data from a nationally representative sample. Participants were shown three images of a landscape that only differed in terms of land use, namely an agricultural field without solar, an Agrivoltaics system, and an open-space solar system, together with some technical information. While both solar systems have perceived negative impacts on landscape attractiveness, the impacts are less negative for Agrivoltaics. In comparison to their regular electricity bill, 44% of the participants expressed their willingness to pay more for electricity from Agrivoltaics, compared to 29% for electricity from open-space solar. We also find a higher monetary willingness to pay for Agrivoltaics. These results hold across different agricultural systems, implying that Agrivoltaics could play an important role for socially-acceptable energy transitions. More widespread Agrivoltaics adoption may depend on targeted policy support. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:349432 |
| By: | Labhard, Vincent; Lehtimäki, Jonne |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a global-scale structural change, affecting economies across the world, alongside global fragmentation, digitalisation and demographics. This paper analyses the diffusion of climate policies and technologies and the role of institutions and governance in that process. It discusses theory, models and data available to date, and the empirical evidence for the 20 European Union and all 40 countries covered by the OECD’s Environmental Policy Stringency index. The results indicate that institutions and governance have significant effects towards a greater speed and spread of diffusion of climate policies and technologies, and that separating the speed and spread effects is essential for assessing the green transition. JEL Classification: E02, O11, Q20, Q55, Q58 |
| Keywords: | adaptation, mitigation, renewability, sustainability, transition |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253027 |
| By: | Marie-Laure Lambert (AMU - Aix Marseille Université, LIEU - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); François Briens (LIEU - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | Energy sobriety or sufficiency, and more broadly, of all consumption of natural resources, is a goal of climate policies, inscribed in law. The document presents examples of regulations that push towards sobriety but reinforces social inequalities, and on the contrary, regulations that begin to seek a just and equitable sobriety. To achieve this, it is possible to rely on a qualification of uses, as defined by the "Négawatt" approach, to guarantee vital and essential uses, and regulate or prohibit extravagant or harmful uses. To achieve this, the law still has many questions to answer. However, recent court decisions relaxing activists show that climate inaction justifies warnings by citizens or scientists. |
| Abstract: | La sobriété énergétique, et plus largement, de toutes les consommations de ressources naturelles, est un objectif des politiques climatiques, inscrit dans le droit. Le document présente des exemples de régulations qui poussent vers une sobriété qui renforce les inégalités sociales, et au contraire, des régulations qui commencent à rechercher une sobriété plus juste et équitable. Pour y parvenir, il est possible de s'appuyer sur une qualification des usages, telle que définie par la démarche "Négawatt", pour garantir les usages vitaux et essentiels, et réguler ou interdire les usages extravagants ou nuisibles. Pour y parvenir, le droit doit encore faire face à de nombreuses questions. Pour autant, de récentes décisions de justice relaxant des activistes montrent que l'inaction climatique justifie les alertes portées par les citoyens ou les scientifiques. |
| Keywords: | sobriety, climatic justice, social inequities, sobriété énergétique, sobriété numérique, justice climatique, Droit de l'énergie, Inégalités sociales et environnementales |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04837255 |
| By: | Ramaharo, Franck Maminirina (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); RANDRIAMIFIDY, Michael Fitiavana |
| Abstract: | The aim of this note is to identify the factors influencing renewable energy consumption in Madagascar. We tested 12 features covering macroeconomic, financial, social, and environmental aspects, including economic growth, domestic investment, foreign direct investment, financial development, industrial development, inflation, income distribution, trade openness, exchange rate, tourism development, environmental quality, and urbanization. To assess their significance, we assumed a linear relationship between renewable energy consumption and these features over the 1990–2021 period. Next, we applied different machine learning feature selection algorithms classified as filter-based (relative importance for linear regression, correlation method), embedded (LASSO), and wrapper-based (best subset regression, stepwise regression, recursive feature elimination, iterative predictor weighting partial least squares, Boruta, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms) methods. Our analysis revealed that the five most influential drivers stem from macroeconomic aspects. We found that domestic investment, foreign direct investment, and inflation positively contribute to the adoption of renewable energy sources. On the other hand, industrial development and trade openness negatively affect renewable energy consumption in Madagascar. |
| Date: | 2023–10–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:pfrhx_v1 |
| By: | Khlil, Brahim (Independent researcher) |
| Abstract: | This white paper delineates Mauritania’s strategic economic and social blueprint for 2024-2030, aimed at fostering sustainable growth, economic diversification, and resilience. It underscores the nation’s initiative to leverage its rich natural resources and the strategic pivot towards diversifying its economy, with special emphasis on the emerging gas sector and renewable energy ventures. Central to this strategy are pivotal initiatives such as the Tekavoul program, TAAZOUR’s comprehensive health insurance project, and SNDP’s role in bolstering the fisheries sector, each playing a crucial role in enhancing the living standards of Mauritania’s populace and steering the country towards its ambitious 2030 vision. Through these strategic endeavors, Mauritania is poised to navigate the complexities of global economic shifts, underscoring its commitment to sustainable development and prosperity. This document serves as an essential guide for stakeholders and investors looking into Mauritania’s concerted efforts towards a resilient and prosperous future. |
| Date: | 2024–03–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:hgn46_v1 |
| By: | Hwang, Kyung In (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Kwon, Hana Hankyeol (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Europe is a major market for the Korean battery industry. LG Energy Solution was the first of Korea’s three major battery players — LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, and SK On — to enter the European market in 2016, when its battery plant in Wroclaw, Poland went online. It was followed by Samsung SDI cutting the ribbon on a battery plant in G d, Hungary. SK On was the next to launch manufacturing operations in Europe with its first European plant, Kom rom 1, in 2017. These and other Korean battery firms have continued to make major investments in European facilities, and this has resulted in Korean firms having carved out a sizable share of the European battery market. But Chinese firms have quickly come to occupy an enormous slice of the market, surging from just 11.8 percent in 2019 to 45.1 percent by Q2 2024. With Korean firms collectively holding a 51 percent share of the market, we can see that Chinese batterymakers have almost completely closed the gap. China could overtake Korea in as little as two years. We suspect that, given recent trends, Korean batterymakers are likely to face continued headwinds in the European market, and face comparatively more challenges than their Chinese counterparts. In this study, we argue that the most critical factor that will determine the future success of batterymakers in the European market will be how effectively they can respond to the EU Battery Regulation (EUBR) Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) requirements. |
| Keywords: | secondary batteries; rechargeable batteries; car batteries; battery industry; automotive industry; electric vehicles; EVs; EV industry; South Korea; LG Energy Solution; Samsung SDI; SK On; CATL; China; Chinese batteries; battery manufacturing; EU Battery Regulation; KIET |
| JEL: | F13 F18 H23 K32 L60 L62 L65 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2024_029 |
| By: | Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Climate policy is often described by economists as an intertemporal consumption trade-off: consume all you want today and face climate damages in the future, or sacrifice consumption today to implement costly climate policies that will bring future benefits through avoided climate damages. If one assumes enduring technological progress, a society that is more averse to intertemporal inequalities should postpone climate policies and let future, richer generations pay more. Growing evidence however suggests that the trade-off is more complex: abrupt, extreme, irreversible changes to the climate may cause discontinuities to socio-economic systems, possibly leading to a sharp decline of human population and consumption per capita. In this paper, we show that, when accounting for a very small risk of catastrophic climate change, it is optimal to pursue stringent climate policies to postpone the catastrophe. Our results conform with the well-known conclusion that tight carbon budgets are preferred when aversion towards inequalities between generations is low. However, by contrast with previous studies, we show that stringent policies are also optimal when inequality aversion is high. The non-monotonicity of the influence of inequality aversion is due to the fact that, for a given investment in abatement, a higher inequality aversion gives a smaller weight to avoided future non-catastrophic damages, but a larger weight to the catastrophic outcome. We also explore the role of population ethics, and show that the size of the optimal carbon budget decreases with the social preference for large populations, although this parameter plays almost no role at extreme levels of inequality aversion. Our result demonstrates that views from opposite sides of the ethical spectrum in terms of inequality aversion converge in terms of climate policy recommendations, warranting immediate climate action. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Catastrophic risk, Equity Population, Climate-economy model |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04158009 |
| By: | Hanming Fang (University of Pennsylvania and NBER); Ming Li (The Chinese University of Hong Kong); Long Wang (Fudan University); Yang Yang (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | Using China’s expansion of the high-speed rail system (HSR) as a quasi-natural experiment, we analyze the comprehensive vehicle registration data from 2010 to 2023 to estimate the causal impact of HSR connectivity on the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Implementing several identification strategies, including staggered difference-indifferences (DID), Callaway and Sant’Anna (CS) DID, and two instrumental-variable approaches, we consistently find that, by alleviating range anxiety, the expansion of HSR can account for up to one third of the increase in EV market share and EV sales in China during our sample period, with effects particularly pronounced in cities served by faster HSR lines. The results remain robust when controlling for local industrial policies, charging infrastructure growth, supply-side factors, and economic development. We also find that HSR connectivity amplifies the effectiveness of charging infrastructure and consumer purchase subsidies in promoting EV adoption. |
| Keywords: | Electric Vehicles; High-Speed Rail; Industrial Policy |
| JEL: | L52 L53 O18 Q55 R41 |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:25-006 |
| By: | Innocentus Alhamis |
| Abstract: | Public policy shapes the economic landscape, influencing everything from corporate behavior to individual investment decisions. For Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investors, these policy shifts can create opportunities and challenges as they navigate an ever-changing regulatory environment. The contrast between the Trump and Biden administrations offers a striking example of how differing political agendas can affect ESG investments. Trump's first term was marked by deregulation and policies favoring fossil fuels, which created an uncertain environment for sustainable investments. When Biden assumed office, his focus on climate action and clean energy reinvigorated the ESG sector, offering a more stable and supportive landscape for green investments. However, with Trump's return to power in his second term, these policies are being reversed again, leading to further volatility. This paper explores how such dramatic shifts in public policy influence economic strategies and directly impact ESG investors' decisions, forcing them to constantly reassess their portfolios in response to changing political climates. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.02627 |
| By: | Yedong Zhang |
| Abstract: | Although "climate litigation" is not an indigenous term in China, localizing it is essential to support the development of an independent environmental legal knowledge system in China. Rooted in China's judicial tradition, which emphasizes substantive rationality, traditional legal theories have primarily focused on environmental law. However, the contemporary practices in the rule of law have created an unclear trajectory for climate litigation. Research in this area has long been trapped in a paradigm that relies on lawsuits for ecological environmental damage compensation and environmental public interest litigation, leading to a significant disconnect between theoretical frameworks and practical application. With the advancement of the "dual carbon" strategic goals-carbon peaking and carbon neutrality-it has become imperative to redefine the concept of climate litigation within the Chinese context. We need to establish a theoretical framework that aligns with the "dual carbon" objectives while providing theoretical and institutional support for climate litigation, ultimately contributing to the international discourse on climate justice. Additionally, Hong Kong's proactive climate governance and robust ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) practices provide valuable insights for developing comprehensive climate litigation mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we propose concrete plans for building a climate litigation system in China, establishing a preventive relief system and a multi-source legal framework at the substantive level and developing climate judicial mechanisms for mitigation and adaptation at the procedural level. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.03906 |
| By: | Thomas Reverdy (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The design and implementation of the French energy efficiency certificate provides an opportunity to test the hypothesis of the performativity of the economic theory associated with the cap-and-trade market-based instrument. The empirical study of its design and implementation, through interviews and regulatory analysis, reveals a progressive dynamic of decoupling from its initial principles, in particular the equivalence between the quantity of energy saved and the allocation of certificates. Recent adaptations of the instrument attempt to integrate an alternative definition of efficiency based on cost estimation and subsidy allocation. By focusing on calculation practices, this chapter contributes to the understanding of performative struggles and theory-practice decoupling associated with market-based instruments. The chapter identifies four conditions for theory-practice decoupling: competing theories of efficiency, attachment to the instrument, a new principle of action, and weak checks on conformity to theory. |
| Keywords: | Performativity, performative struggles, energy markets, decoupling |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04821615 |
| By: | Maria Mansanet-Bataller (Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, CRESE, F-25000 Besançon, France); Fernando Palao (Department of Internal Audit, CaixaBank, Madrid, Spain); Ángel Pardo (Department of Financial Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the positions of carbon traders in the European Carbon Futures Market and their predictive power, revealing distinct roles among participants. Investment Firms and Credit Institutions predominantly take short positions, serving as liquidity providers for Compliance Entities and Other Non-financial participants, who mainly hold long positions. Correlation analysis shows that as the number of entities grows, carbon volatility decreases or remains stable, but never increases. In the short term, trader positions have no impact on carbon returns or the bid-ask spread. However, shifts in the net positions of Investment Firms and Credit Institutions and Compliance Entities and Other Non-financial traders increase carbon market volatility over the following two weeks. Finally, while the net positions of Investment Funds and Other Financial Institutions significantly forecast long-term carbon returns, Compliance Entities and Other Non-financial participants offer no predictive insight, despite their considerable compliance-driven market activity. |
| Keywords: | Commitments of Traders reports, EUA, EU ETS, price, volatility |
| JEL: | C73 D43 L13 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crb:wpaper:2025-02 |
| By: | Paul Dutronc-Postel (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Arthur Guillouzouic (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Clément Malgouyres (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Rachel Paya (ESSEC Business School, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Laurent Bach (ESSEC Business School) |
| Abstract: | Présentation Qui sont les entreprises françaises qui contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 de l'industrie française, et quelles sont leurs caractéristiques ? Quels dispositifs de réduction des émissions de CO2 s'appliquent à elles, et selon quelles modalités ? Quel rôle insoupçonné peuvent avoir les outils fiscaux généraux, a priori sans visée environnementale ? Cette note répond successivement à ces trois questions, et propose un premier cadre d'analyse pour l'évaluation ex ante des mesures de politiques publiques à destination des entreprises. Nous documentons la distribution de l'intensité carbone dans le tissu industriel français, ainsi que les tarifications effectives du carbone auxquelles sont soumis différents types d'entreprises. Enfin, nous examinons le ciblage carbone implicite de différents dispositifs fiscaux sans visée environnementale. Résultats clés Les émissions de CO2 du secteur industriel sont extrêmement concentrées ; 10 % de la valeur ajoutée représentent 75 % des émissions de CO2. Cette forte concentration est en grande partie tirée par des effets sectoriels ; la métallurgie, la chimie, les minéraux métalliques (comme le ciment), et le papier/carton sont les secteurs les plus intenses en CO2. Deux grands régimes de tarification effective du CO2 cohabitent dans l'industrie : celle des établissements soumis au marché du carbone (SCEQE, 70 % des émissions), dont la tarification effective augmente avec le temps ; et celle des établissements hors SCEQE (30 % des émissions), gelée de 2018 à 2024. En 2019, la tarification effective du CO2 des entreprises les plus émettrices est plus faible (31€/tCO2e) que celle des entreprises les moins émettrices (47€/tCO2e). En 2022, elle est plus élevée (84€/tCO2e contre 60€/tCO2e). L'allocation de quotas gratuits, dont le volume représente, en 2022, 90 % des émissions réalisées par le secteur industriel, abaisse considérablement le poids effectif du marché carbone pour les entreprises qui y sont soumises. Par leur ciblage implicite, les dispositifs fiscaux sans visée environnementale peuvent avoir un effet sur les émissions industrielles totales. En 2019, le niveau de la contribution économique territoriale (les « impôts de production », fortement allégés dans le plan France Relance) est substantiellement plus élevé pour les 10 % des entreprises les plus intenses en CO2 (3 % de la valeur ajoutée), que pour les 10 % les moins intenses (1, 2 %). Une suppression de ces impôts bénéficie donc davantage aux entreprises très émettrices. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04439232 |
| By: | Dorothée Brécard (LEAD - Laboratoire d'Économie Appliquée au Développement - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | How do environmental information and awareness interact to improve environmental quality by changing consumer behavior and firm strategies? This article provides theoretical insights using an original differentiation model within a general framework whose specific cases have been studied previously. On the demand side, only informed consumers differentiate brown from green product quality, while uninformed consumers consider these perfect substitutes. Moreover, all informed consumers value the green product and devalue the brown product as a result of an aversion effect but are heterogeneous in their environmental awareness. On the supply side, two firms offer different environmental qualities and compete on price. We consider two types of environmental campaigns: one that increases the number of informed consumers and one that increases the environmental awareness of informed consumers. We show that these campaigns crucially determine three market configurations: segmented; fragmented, with a brown product that appeals to both uninformed consumers and a fraction of informed consumers; and covered. Assuming that the greenest consumer behavior is abstention, we find that both campaigns do not always lead to better environmental quality; that is, a situation in which all consumers are informed and some highly environmentally aware is not necessarily the greenest situation. Depending on the aversion effect, the budget of the campaign organizer, and their relative cost-effectiveness, information and awareness-raising campaigns must be carefully combined to achieve the best possible environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Information campaign, NGO campaign, Environmental awareness, Environmental quality, Vertical product differentiation |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04883877 |
| By: | Giorgos Galanis; Giorgio Ricchiuti; Ben Tippet |
| Abstract: | Most countries are expected to become more vulnerable to climate change over the coming decades. Existing literature suggests that increasing vulnerability might incentivize mitigation, as climate-induced disasters often act as ``focusing events'' that spur action. This viewpoint is somewhat optimistic, implying more action due to increases in damages. However, there is limited empirical support for this. Conversely, wealthy countries (which are generally less vulnerable) are expected to take greater action under the principle of \emph{Common But Differentiated Responsibilities} due to their high incomes and historic responsibility for climate change. These two observations raise the research question of whether the negative relationship between vulnerability and climate action holds, even when controlling for countries' income per capita. Using relevant vulnerability data and controlling for output per capita, we find a strong negative association between vulnerability and three proxies of climate action (pledges, mitigation laws, and growth rate of emissions). Our findings challenge the ``focusing events'' argument, highlighting the importance of not relying on damages and vulnerability increases to foster action. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risk, Vulnerability, Mitigation Laws, Global Warming |
| JEL: | C1 C4 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2025_04.rdf |
| By: | Dickson Wandeda Onyango; Kenneth Kigundu Macharia; Dianah Ngui; Lanoi Maloi |
| Abstract: | This policy brief discusses the gendered differences in household cooking coping strategies for the Russia-Ukraine War in Kenya. The study presents policy priorities such as empowering women to adopt clean energy by providing low-interest financing and increasing rural access to clean cooking technologies through result-based financing. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:d589dbb2-48a6-4e10-a3c7-626d490217ff |
| By: | Yedong Zhang |
| Abstract: | After the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) revised its Environmental and Social Framework, it has committed to certain climate-related objectives, yet an independent climate accountability mechanism has not been established. The absence of clear evaluation principles and procedural rules presents challenges in effectively addressing environmental investment disputes. This article reviews both domestic and international literature related to AIIB's climate accountability mechanism, identifying that the current Environmental and Social Framework's principled content and reliance on traditional approaches have resulted in issues of enforceability and the absence of an independent accountability institution. To enhance the effectiveness of AIIB's climate accountability mechanism, a reassessment of its development path is necessary. Future developments should transition from an additive path to a substitutive path, focusing on the application of international environmental and social standards, increasing stakeholder recognition and participation, promoting comprehensive reforms within AIIB, and establishing a coordinated independent accountability system. These measures aim to support the robust development of AIIB's climate accountability mechanism. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.03893 |
| By: | Pedro Henrique Batista de Barros; Ariaster Chimeli |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the Brazilian government has designed policies to promote the palm oil industry and forest protection, limiting oil palm plantations to already degraded areas. As a consequence, oil palm crops have increased rapidly in the eastern Amazon region and contributed to a low-carbon energy transition. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policies in avoiding oil palm-induced deforestation. This paper estimates the impact of oil palm plantations on deforestation and nightlight intensity, a proxy for less land-intensive economic activities that could contribute further to forest protection. We do so in two steps. First, we combined optical spectral bands from Landsat-8 and radar backscatter values from Sentinel-1 to produce a more accurate map of oil palm plantations with a random forest machine learning algorithm. Next, we used the maximum agro-climatically attainable palm oil yield from the Global Agro-Ecological Zoning (GAEZ) as an instrument for oil palm expansion between 2014 and 2020, and estimated the impact of the crop on deforestation and nightlights. Oil palms expanded mainly on pastures, but also contributed to deforestation. We do not find any evidence that the crop stimulates less land-intensive economic activities. |
| Keywords: | Oil Palm; Deforestation; Amazon; Remote Sensing |
| JEL: | Q15 Q23 Q28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2025wpecon3 |
| By: | David Cayla (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage) |
| Abstract: | La combustion de ressources fossiles pour produire de l'énergie est l'activité humaine la plus émettrice de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Pour limiter son impact environnemental, il serait théoriquement possible d'agir sur deux leviers : diminuer globalement notre consommation d'énergie dans une logique de décroissance ou décarboner sa production. Si une diminution de la consommation est envisageable dans les pays développés, elle ne l'est pas pour les pays en développement ou à l'échelle du monde. Aussi, cette contribution entend étudier les conditions économiques et institutionnelles requises par la décarbonation du secteur énergétique, étant entendu que, dans les pays développés, des efforts de sobriété seront sans doute nécessaires. |
| Keywords: | Transition écologique transition énergétique, néolibéralisme, hétéronomie |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04648571 |
| By: | Carmen Camacho (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rodolphe Desbordes (SKEMA Business School - SKEMA Business School); Herb Kunze (University of Guelph); Davide La Torre (SKEMA Business School - SKEMA Business School) |
| Abstract: | We present a two-stage optimal control model with space and time dimensions to analyze the diffusion of radiations from a nuclear radiation source. The first stage of the model considers the optimal policy to contain the emissions generated from a nuclear radiation source which are diffusing and contaminating the surrounding territories. The second stage, instead, seeks to determine the best location for the nuclear radiation source by minimizing the cost of containment and maximizing the distance from population centers. We illustrate our approach through different numerical examples and we also provide a real case study by using available data from Chernobyl. |
| Keywords: | Nuclear Energy, Health protection, Diffusion |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-04287224 |
| By: | Simon Lévy (TRIANGLE - Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEMCA UMIFRE16 - Centre d'études mexicaines et centroaméricaines - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | While in recent decades neoliberal governments have pursued a policy of conceding the majority of extractive activities to private companies, the government of La Cuarta Transformación is seeking to reaffirm the place of parastatal companies in their implementation. In order to maintain the support of some of the local protest organizations, the government has fully mobilized the indigenous register and has suspended various mining and energy projects. However, far from challenging the intensive extraction of natural resources, those governmental devices, allowing the reproduction of the extractivism in a new form. |
| Abstract: | Si durante las últimas décadas, los gobiernos neoliberales concedieron la mayor parte de las actividades extractivas a empresas privadas, el gobierno de la Cuarta Transformación intenta reafirmar el papel de las empresas paraestatales en su realización. A fin de conservar el apoyo de una parte de las organizaciones contestatarias locales, el gobierno moviliza el indigenismo, y suspende diversos proyectos mineros y energéticos. Sin embargo, lejos de frenar la extracción intensiva de los recursos naturales, estos dispositivos de gubernamentalidad permiten la reproducción del extractivismo bajo una nueva forma. |
| Abstract: | Si dans les dernières décennies, les gouvernements néolibéraux ont mené une politique consistant à concéder aux entreprises privées la majeure partie des activités extractives, le gouvernement de la Cuarta Transformación cherche à réaffirmer la place des entreprises paraétatiques dans leur réalisation. Afin de conserver le soutien d'une partie des organisations contestataires locales, le gouvernement mobilise le registre indigéniste et procède à la suspension de divers projets miniers et énergétiques. Cependant, loin de remettre en cause l'extraction intensive des ressources naturelles, ces dispositifs de gouvernementalité permettent la reproduction de l'extractivisme sous une nouvelle forme. |
| Keywords: | socio-environmental conflicts, State, enterprise, protest, extractivism, Estado, empresa, protesta, extractivismo, conflictos socioambientales, extractivisme, conflits socioenvironnementaux, État, entreprises, contestation |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04695913 |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The article analyzes the global nuclear industry's status in 2024. Total operating capacity is 367.3 GW from 416 reactors. Key challenges include high capital costs ($8-10B/reactor) and long construction times (6 years). China stands out for cost control ($4000/kW). Small Modular Reactors face setbacks in the West but progress in China. The nuclear industry faces strong competition from increasingly cost-competitive renewables. |
| Abstract: | L'article analyse l'état de l'industrie nucléaire mondiale en 2024. La capacité totale en exploitation est de 367, 3 GW pour 416 réacteurs. Les principaux défis comprennent des coûts d'investissement élevés (8-10 milliards USD/réacteur) et de longs délais de construction (6 ans). La Chine se distingue par sa maîtrise des coûts (4000 USD/kW). Les petits réacteurs modulaires connaissent des difficultés en Occident mais progressent en Chine. L'industrie nucléaire fait face à une forte concurrence des énergies renouvelables de plus en plus compétitives. |
| Abstract: | Bài viết phân tích hiện trạng ngành công nghiệp hạt nhân toàn cầu năm 2024. Tổng công suất đang vận hành là 367.3 GW từ 416 lò phản ứng. Các thách thức chính bao gồm chi phí đầu tư cao (8-10 tỷ USD/lò) và thời gian xây dựng dài (6 năm). Trung Quốc nổi bật với khả năng kiểm soát chi phí tốt (4000 USD/kW). Lò phản ứng module nhỏ (SMR) đang gặp khó khăn ở phương Tây nhưng có tiến triển ở Trung Quốc. Ngành điện hạt nhân đang cạnh tranh gay gắt với năng lượng tái tạo ngày càng rẻ. |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04875095 |
| By: | Dickson Wandeda Onyango; Kenneth Kigundu Macharia; Dianah Ngui; Lanoi Maloi |
| Abstract: | The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted global supply chains, leading to higher fuel prices as well as food and fertilizer prices, exacerbating existing gender disparities in Kenya. The study uncovered significant gendered differences in cooking strategies and found that women spent more time on fuel collection and meal preparation. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:c20718eb-cbc7-4461-9d84-b8116964a29f |
| By: | Philippe Gagnepain (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sébastien Massoni (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Mayol (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Carine Staropoli (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of different public transport pricing schemes on daily commuting habits. Psychological inertia, car stickiness, complexity aversion, or skewed perception of prices are expected to influence decisions. We build a controlled experiment, where participants make transport decisions and face various public transport tariffs. Our findings indicate that players are rational as they reach the Nash predictions of our model, but cognitive biases inherent to users are also present. Peak/off-peak and two-part tariffs prove to be more successful in encouraging public transit use than flat fare subscriptions, possibly due to a preference for flexibility and the ability to take past experiences into account (congestion and incident) in future travel choices. Thus, this paper suggests that well designed pricing strategies are useful tools to promote public transit use and reduce road congestion. |
| Keywords: | Public transport pricing, Private car, Congestion, Experiment |
| Date: | 2024–06–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04607716 |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business, CUT - Centre for Unframed Thinking - ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Carmen Camacho (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest, CUT - Centre for Unframed Thinking - ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Benteng Zou (uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg = University of Luxembourg = Universität Luxemburg) |
| Abstract: | We propose an alternative dynamic theory of coalition breakdown. Motivated by recent coalition splitting events through unilateral countries' withdrawals, we assume that: i) the payoff sharing rule within coalitions is not necessarily set according to any optimality and/or stability criterion, and, ii) players initially behave as if the coalition will last forever. If the sharing rule is non-negotiable or if renegotiation is very costly, compliance to these rules may become unbearable for a given member |
| Keywords: | Coalition splitting, Environmental agreements, Constitutional vs technological heterogeneity, Differential games, Multistage optimal control |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-04287200 |