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on Energy Economics |
| By: | Vincent Roberdel; Ioulia Ossokina; Theo Arentze |
| Abstract: | In the coming decades, many countries need to improve the energy efficiency of their building stock, to realize the climate and renewable energy goals. In the Netherlands, this involves more than 5 million dwellings and many billions euros in costs. Around half of these costs will be carried by public housing providers who are required by regulation to radically improve the insulation and heating in their extensive dwelling stock. Existing research suggests that the energy savings from energy retrofitting in homes strongly depend on residents’ behavioural responses. Savings predicted by engineering models are often not realized due to the rebound effect – consumers tend to increase their energy consumption after retrofitting (e.g. Fowlie et al., 2018, Davis et al., 2014, Alcott and Greenstone, 2017, Aydin et al., 2017). Much less is known however about the determinants of the rebound on a household level: how does it differ by type of technology, type of household and dwelling. Our study aims to fill this knowledge gap, specifically for the public housing sector. We exploit unique dwelling-level data on some 2 thousand energy retrofitting investments performed by Dutch public housing providers between 2015 and 2018. Detailed longitudinal information on the energy efficiency measures per dwelling is merged to the restricted access data about the socio-economic characteristics, dwelling characteristics and energy consumption of the resident households. We identify econometrically the effect of retrofitting on energy savings with a propensity score matching methodology, by comparing the changes in the energy use in retrofitted dwellings and in similar non-retrofitted houses. Then, the rebound effect is derived and its determinants are examined. We extend the literature by providing new microdata-based evidence for a European country, comparing the behavioural effects of various energy-saving home technologies and looking specifically at the public housing sector. This paper has practical implications. Detailed insight in the size and determinants of household behavioural responses to retrofitting measures is crucial to optimally shape energy transition (e.g. Ossokina et al., 2020). Our paper will give public housing providers tools to anticipate on behavioural responses of tenants by customizing energy retrofitting measures and selecting tailored investments for specic household and dwelling groups. |
| Keywords: | behavioural responses; energy-efficient investments in homes; microeconometrics; Public Housing |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_117&r= |
| By: | Dennis Aldenhoff; Björn-Martin Kurzrock |
| Abstract: | Limited economic feasibility due to high investment costs and relatively small energy cost savings are seen as a major reason for low energetic refurbishment rates of the building stock in many countries. Improving economic feasibility can therefore be essential to increase refurbishment rates. Carbon tax or subsidies are possible ways to achieve this. To assess the impact and potential of these instruments, typically life cycle costing (LCC) methods are used. In this research, a typical single-family house in Germany is taken as an example that can also apply to other countries. Traditional and innovative refurbishment concepts in line with national climate goals are examined regarding their economic feasibility when accounting for the full costs of the refurbishment. The LCC of refurbishment concepts are analyzed with and without the impact of carbon tax. It is found that carbon tax reduces the amortization time of the full refurbishment costs from 55 years (w/o carbon tax) to 38-56 years for gas heating systems and 32-51 years for heat pumps (strongly depending on carbon tax after 2025). This can be improved further by earmarking carbon tax revenues from the building sector as funding grants for energetic refurbishments. Without earmarking the tax revenues, substantially shorter amortization periods can only be achieved through initially higher or steadily increasing carbon tax rates. A steady increase of the carbon tax rate, which translates into an annual growth of 3-4% in energy costs of fossil fuels, can lead to the desired steering effect. Furthermore, it allows for rather low initial carbon tax rates in 2021-2025. An increase in funding grants further shortens payback periods. While carbon taxes should be used preferably to improve economic efficiency, funding grants can reduce investment hurdles. By concentrating grants on low-income building owners, the impact on barriers to investment should be maximized. Earmarking the carbon tax revenues as funding grants can mitigate the yearly increase of carbon taxes and at the same time decrease investment hurdles. Depending on the carbon tax levels and the development of the building stock (greenhouse gas emissions, refurbishment rate), the funding grants can improve the feasibility significantly. Initial estimations have shown that already through the reinvestment of the initial carbon tax revenues of 2021 in Germany the investment costs for the full energetic refurbishment of single-family houses can be decreased by roughly 10%. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax; Earmarked tax revenues; Economic feasibility; Energetic refurbishments |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_97&r= |
| By: | Franz Fuerst; Pat McAllister |
| Abstract: | The increasing policy emphasis on reducing carbon emissions has yielded a number of policies in various countries. In the UK, the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standard (MEES) made it illegal from April 2018 for landlords to let properties that did not meet a minimum energy performance standard - an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating of E or higher. Although this policy has a relatively low cap on costs that landlords are expected to spend to upgrade their buildings, a dilemma for policy makers has been the trade-off between the compliance costs for owners and occupiers and potential improvements in energy consumption. An expected effect of introducing MEES is that improvements will be capitalised into the prices of properties. Implicitly, it is also expected that removing properties rated EPC F and G from the market will lead to changes to the relative demand and supply of policy compliant and non-compliant properties. The result is then increased demand for compliant properties and higher price differentials between compliant and non-compliant properties. Using a large dataset of residential sales transactions from 2009-2020, we study the price impact of MEES with a difference-in-difference approach and a regression discontinuity design. Our dataset allows us to compare the price trajectories of rental properties to the general housing market both before and after the introduction of the policy for the entire spectrum of energy efficient buildings. Although properties can hypothetically be switched between the owner-occupier and the private rental segments, we expect a stronger effect on the latter. Our research design also controls for a number of minor and major fiscal and regulatory changes since 2015 that have been introduced independently of MEES that could potentially distort the findings. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Minimum Standards; Pricing of Residential Real Estate; Private Rental Market |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_123&r= |
| By: | Daniel Piazolo |
| Abstract: | The real estate investment markets have opportunities to tackle climate change. Of the various approaches to reducing greenhouse gases, increasing energy efficiency is one of the most promising options. The real estate sector is responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the EU. In 2018, the European Commission set the target of a 32.5% energy saving relative to the base year 1990 by the year 2030. In the real estate sector, a challenge is connected to the long amortization periods until savings from modernization measures cover the additional resources required. Many real estate investors shy away from high modernization costs, especially for older buildings. 75% of buildings in Europe are energy inefficient and most (75%-90%) of today's buildings will still be in use in 2050. Real Estate investments in higher energy efficiency are often seen as risky. Therefore, one strategy to achieve the EU energy savings target is to create more transparency about the risks and returns of property modernization and the risks of “stranded” assets. Various EU funded initiatives offer benchmark possibilities for efficiency aspects within the real estate sector. Two of the EU-wide available initiatives are: DEEP (De-Risking Energy Efficiency Platform) is an open-source initiative to up-scale energy efficiency investments in Europe. The DEEP platform contains data about financial performance (i.e. payback time of the investment and savings) of about 7,800 building renovation projects. The main objective of the platform is to collect sufficient data in order to provide the users with statistically significant values to understand the riskiness of energy efficiency projects. CREMM (Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor) aims to assess the risks associated with poor energy efficiency and high emissions at the individual property level, making it possible to develop strategies for portfolio decarbonisation. This contribution examines the strengths and weaknesses of the various real estate benchmark approaches focusing on the risk aspects of energy efficiency within the EU. These databases can be useful tools to collect and compare data about energy efficiency projects and thereby enable capacity building in various European countries. In theory the databases, funded by the EU research program Horizon 2020, can provide evidence of the actual performance of energy efficiency projects, thus supporting the risk evaluation of investments. However, if there is no commercial company behind these databases, there is the danger that the benchmark data is not kept up to date when the research projects have ended and that the quality of the data might be questionable. The contribution examines the value-added of the different concepts. Since energy saving in real estate is of considerable importance in the EU's efforts, a critical assessment of the validity of the various approaches is highly relevant. |
| Keywords: | Benchmark; Carbon Risk; Energy Efficiency; platform |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_76&r= |
| By: | Thabelo Ramantswana; Tsepiso Mote |
| Abstract: | Companies over the years embarked on initiatives intended to ensure that building designs and techniques enhance office environments that also enhance productivity and attract more employees. As a result, buildings are designed in such a way that they reduce downtime and the office designs consider employees as the main users of space. Previous studies conducted have emphasised on the impact of the physical office environment on occupants, and as such, a wide range of variables must be taken into account while ensuring comfort and well-being of occupants (Haynes, 2007; Martens, 2011; Parkin, et al., 2011). The focus on the physical office environment has predominately given attention to the design of office layouts that promote comfort to the occupants (Haynes, 2008). The aim of this research is to explore the effects of workspace design and performance of employees in green buildings as compared to those in conventional offices (buildings). The work environment has been identified to influence employee satisfaction and work performance. In order to develop and provide work environments that meet the preferences of as many employees as possible, more information about user preferences and possible preference differences between different kinds of users is required. The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding concerning office users' work environment preferences. The aim is to investigate whether there are differences in the preferences of office users based on their age, gender, their mobility, and whether they work individually or with others. A mixed-method-approach was used consisting of interviews, observations and a survey. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interviews while statistical analysis was used for the survey. The analysis gives an indication that green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in most of the aspects of IEQ. By virtue of a better level of satisfaction by occupants in green buildings, there is a justification in literature that occupants’ satisfaction leads to employees productivity and perform without hesitation due to an environment that encourage pleasant workspaces. The research is limited to City of Johannesburg the findings may not apply to other areas. Further studies is needed in other areas to see if there will be similarities or differences. The paper provides useful information to developers, space planners and Human Resources in knowing some of the issues that affect employees’ productivity and the importance of green buildings. |
| Keywords: | employees' perfomance; employees' preferences; Green Buildings; workspace design |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_91&r= |
| By: | Tije van Casteren; Ioulia Ossokina; Theo Arentze |
| Abstract: | In the coming decades, many countries need to improve the energy efficiency of their building stock, to realize the climate and renewable energy goals. In the Netherlands, this involves more than 5 million dwellings and many billions euros in costs. A considerable part of these costs has to be carried by home owners, and the challenge is to motivate them to timely invest in energy retrofitting. Households experience various barriers on their way to energy retrofitting of homes. Most prominent are: a high cost of gathering and verifying the information, financial constraints, risk aversion (Gerarden et al, 2017, Busse et al., 2013, Allcott and Wozny, 2014, Cattaneo, 2019). In the recent years various attempts have been made to address these barriers exploiting the possibilities of new digital communication technologies. Supported by (local) governments, new online platforms provide home owners looking for energy-efficiency investments with different services. These include: tailor-made advice on best energy-efficiency investments in specific homes; preselection of suppliers of a certain chosen technology (e.g. insulation, solar panels, high return boilers); setting up a collective purchase campaign for a neighbourhood, etc. There exists a small literature studying the effectiveness of online platforms in reducing consumer search and verification costs for products (Goldfarb and Tucker, 2019). For various domains (airlines, book stores, holiday homes) studies show that digital environments increase the share of successful matches between customers and suppliers. Still, not much is known yet to what degree this also holds for digital platforms that support purchasing of new home energy technologies. Further, little attention has been given so far to the heterogeneity of the consumers: for which groups of customers online platforms work well or for which not. Our study aims to fill these two knowledge gaps. We exploit unique data from a Dutch online platform that supports home owners in their collective purchase of various energy efficient home technologies. The data include information on some 10.000 platform participants and 300 collective purchase campaigns during the period 2013-2020. The data are merged on household level to the restricted access information about the socio-economic characteristics of the households and to their energy consumption. We study the determinants of the energy-efficiency investment choices households make on the platforms. These determinants include: the socio-economic characteristics of the households, their energy consumption pattern, the type of energy-efficient technology that is being purchased, etc. This paper has practical implications. Research shows that households differ in their energy consumption patterns and in their attitude towards energy transition (e.g. Albert and Maasoumy, 2016; Motlagh et al., 2019; Ossokina et al., 2020). It is therefore important to provide customized information to the consumers and select precise tools for specic household groups. Our study provides insights on how to do this using online environments that are being used more and more to support and stimulate energy transition in homes. |
| Keywords: | digital environments; effect measurement; energy-efficient investments in homes; microeconometrics |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_110&r= |
| By: | Cinzia Bonaldo (Department of Economics and Management and Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Italy); Massimiliano Caporin (Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy); Fulvio Fontini (Department of Economics and Management, University of Padua, Italy) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the relationship between electricity day-ahead and future prices following the hedging pressure theory, which explains the difference between future prices and expected spot prices in terms of market players’ risk aversion. We calculate the sign and intensity of the risk premia ex-post in the electricity market of Italy, France, Switzerland and Germany during the last decade and for all products traded, namely, monthly, quarterly, yearly futures and distinguishing between base-load and peak-price futures. We show that in all the countries there is no convergence of future prices to the underlying day ahead ones; moreover, for most of future contracts, the premium rises as contracts approach the delivery. For Italy and Switzerland this means that an inversion of the sing occurs, since on average risk premia are negative at the beginning of the trading period but become positive as the delivery period approaches. The hedging pressure theory implies that in these Countries premia are on average paid by power producers at the beginning of the period and by suppliers (i.e. power buyers) when coming close to the delivery. On the contrary, in France and Germany risk premia are both positive at the begging and at the end of the trading period, signaling that on average buyers are relatively more risk averse during the whole trading period. In addition, when considering the duration of the delivery period, contracts with longer delivery periods have, on average, higher negative risk premia. |
| Keywords: | electricity, prices, futures, spot, risk premium |
| JEL: | D46 G12 G13 L94 Q41 |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pad:wpaper:0272&r= |
| By: | Ajanaku, Bolarinwa A.; Collins, Alan R. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312623&r= |
| By: | Espoir, Delphin Kamanda; Sunge, Regret; Bannor, Frank |
| Abstract: | Energy transition has imposed a policy priority dilemma between economic growth and global warming mitigation. Existing studies in Africa have examined the impact of energy sources on growth but overlooked the differences across countries and regions. This study seeks to achieve two research objectives. First, it examines and compares the impact of renewable electricity consumption (REC) and nonrenewable electricity consumption (NREC) on growth in 48 African countries between 1980 and 2018. The study uses the recent panel estimators of cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and cointegration. For the short and long-run marginal effects, the Pooled Mean Group estimator is used. Second, the analysis is extended to account for the heterogeneous effects of energy among African countries in four regional economic communities (EAC, COMESA, SADC, and ECOWAS). Here, we use the random-coefficients linear regression and kernel-based regularized least squares machine learning algorithm. The findings are as follows: (1) there is cointegration amongst the variables, (2) for the entire sample, both REC and NREC have positive and significant effects on growth, but NREC has an enormous impact, (3) the marginal effects of REC and NREC differ across African regions. Given the energy transition dilemma, there is a need for public-private partnership investments to bring a balanced mix between NREC and REC. Also, the heterogeneity suggests that a one-size-fit-all policy designed to increase growth through REC may not yield the same outcome in Africa. Therefore, while policies should speak to the common global agenda, there is a need to internalise and localise the strategies in each country and/or region. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy consumption,Economic growth,Climate change,Africa |
| JEL: | O47 O55 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:238063&r= |
| By: | Michael J. Roberts; Sisi Zhang; Eleanor Yuan; James Jones; Matthias Fripp |
| Abstract: | Growth of intermittent renewable energy and climate change make it increasingly difficult to manage electricity demand variability. Transmission and centralized storage technologies can help, but are costly. An alternative to centralized storage is to make better use of shiftable demand, but it is unclear how much shiftable demand exists. A significant share of electricity demand is used for cooling and heating, and low-cost technologies exists to shift these loads. With sufficient insulation, energy used for air conditioning and space heating can be stored in ice or hot water from hours to days. In this study, we combine regional hourly demand with fine-grained weather data across the United States to estimate temperature-sensitive demand, and how much demand variability can be reduced by shifting temperature-sensitive loads within each day, with and without improved transmission. We find that approximately three quarters of within-day demand variability can be eliminated by shifting only half of temperature-sensitive demand. The variability-reducing benefits of employing available shiftable demand complement those gained from improved interregional transmission, and greatly mitigate the challenge of serving higher peaks under climate change. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.00643&r= |
| By: | J. Isaac Miller (Department of Economics, University of Missouri); Kyungsik Nam (Energy Industry Research Group, Korea Energy Economics Institute) |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel method to model daily peak electricity demand using temperature and additional hourly and daily weather covariates, such as humidity and wind speed. Rather than enter into the temperature response function additively, the additional covariates may flexibly impact the demand response to temperature. Such flexibility allows differential responses to the actual temperature based on the heat index and wind chill factor, for example. Most notably, we find that ignoring humidity substantially underestimates the effect of high temperatures, while ignoring the effect of cloud cover overestimates the effect of low temperatures. Time of day also matters: a demand response to the same temperature may be different at different times of day. Moreover, accounting for weather-related covariates improves the model's explanation of the peak daily demand. |
| Keywords: | peak electricity demand, temperature response function, cross-temperature response function |
| JEL: | C32 C51 Q41 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2112&r= |
| By: | Acharya, Tri Dev PhD; Jenn, Alan T. PhD; Miller, Marshall R. PhD; Fulton, Lewis M. PhD |
| Abstract: | A spatial optimization model was developed for deploying, over the next two decades, hydrogen refueling stations for heavy-duty zero-emission hydrogen vehicles. The model assigns trips to vehicles by applying a routing algorithm to travel demand data derived from another model—the California Statewide Travel Demand Model (developed by the California Department of Transportation). Across a range of adoption levels of hydrogen fuel-cell truck technology, from 2020 through 2030, the results suggest that heterogeneity of travel demand may necessitate an extensive distribution of refueling stations, which may lead to low utilization of stations in the short term. To efficiently employ the capacity of stations, a certain volume of vehicle adoption must be met, and/or truck routes must be planned and committed to specific roadways. Once the number of stations reaches a threshold to meet the principal demand in affected transportation area zones, a small set of smaller “top-off” stations can be built to meet marginal excess demand. The best location of a hydrogen refueling station within a transportation area zone also depends on the criteria such as land cover, slope, and distance from gas stations, truck hubs, and the truck network. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Heavy duty trucks, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen fuels, service stations, travel demand, spatial analysis, routing, optimization |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1mf9r7g1&r= |
| By: | Martin, Elliot; Cohen, Adam; Yassine, Ziad; Brown, Les; Shaheen, Susan |
| Abstract: | The Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Demonstration Program provides a venue through which integrated MOD concepts and solutions, supported through local partnerships, are demonstrated in real-world settings. For each of the 11 MOD Sandbox Demonstration projects, a MOD Sandbox Independent Evaluation was conducted that includes an analysis of project impacts from performance measures provided by the project partners and an assessment of the business models used. This document presents the Evaluation Report for the BART Integrated Carpool to Transit Access Program project. The project tested a number of hypotheses that explored the project impacts on carpooling, costs, enforcement, ridership, parking, and vehicle miles of travel (VMT). The evaluation generally found that the project increased overall carpooling to BART, commensurately increased the utilization of parking spaces by carpooling vehicles, and increased the number of people per vehicle parking at BART stations. The evaluation determined that the overall cost of enforcement per carpool space declined, primarily because spaces used for carpools increased without significantly increased enforcement burden. The evaluation did not have data available to determine whether illegal use of carpool spaces had changed significantly as a result of the project. On the related matter of enforcement, the evaluation did not have data to quantify changes in fraudulent use of carpool spaces and, instead, relied on discussions with enforcement staff, which suggested that fraudulent use had dropped as a result of the project. The evaluation did find that the project produced a wider distribution of arrival times to carpool spaces, which was an objective of BART, to permit greater flexibility of travel times in the morning for carpooling riders. The evaluation found that the project likely increased BART ridership, although not by margins large enough to be statistically noticeable within normal fluctuations of station ridership. Data were not available to determine whether this increase in ridership raised revenue that exceeded the costs of the project. However, users reported reduced personal transportation costs a result of the project. The project found that overall VMT very likely declined as result of the project due to the reduced driving alone to stations. Finally, expert interviews with project personnel produced lessons learned on implementation and policy that may inform similar projects in the future. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Mobility on Demand, MOD, sandbox, shared mobility, mobility as a service, independent evaluation, transit, carpooling |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt20k5m10d&r= |
| By: | Jones, Benjamin; Acuña, Francisco; Rodríguez, Víctor |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta la segunda parte de un estudio que comprende dos informes. El objetivo del estudio es contribuir al análisis y la discusión de dos temas claves interrelacionados que tendrán repercusiones en la minería de los países andinos en un futuro muy próximo: primero, los cambios en los patrones de demanda y uso del cobre y el litio a nivel mundial y en los países de la región andina, así como las consecuencias del despliegue global de las tecnologías para la transición energética y, segundo, las cadenas globales de valor del litio para la producción de baterías de iones de litio para vehículos eléctricos, incluido un esfuerzo por evaluar las potencialidades de escalamiento en los países andinos. En este informe se realiza un análisis detallado de la cadena de valor de las baterías de iones de litio, desde una perspectiva de mercado, identificando los principales actores, áreas de desarrollo, proyecciones y factores de decisión en las etapas de producción. Se compara la realidad de la Argentina, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) y Chile, y se revisan brechas y oportunidades para el desarrollo de esta industria, recogiendo las mejores prácticas de gobernanza y recomendaciones de lineamientos de políticas públicas. |
| Keywords: | BATERIAS AL LITIO, INDUSTRIAS ELECTRONICA Y ENERGETICA, VALOR, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, VEHICULOS ELECTRICOS, INDUSTRIA AUTOMOTRIZ, MERCADOS, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO, LITHIUM CELLS, ELECTRONICS AND POWER INDUSTRIES, VALUE, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, ELECTRIC VEHICLES, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, MARKETS, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47108&r= |
| By: | Van, Tien Linh Cao; Barthelmes, Lukas; Gnann, Till; Speth, Daniel; Kagerbauer, Martin |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Therefore, the German government has defined various measures and targets to promote the diffusion of EVs. However, factors influencing the market diffusion of EVs as well as interdependencies between policy measures and vehicle diffusion are often unclear and hence, diffusion simulations are probably inaccurate. At the same time, a precise simulation of EV diffusion is a relevant parameter in travel demand models building the base for transportation planning. This paper addresses the gaps in current market diffusion models for EVs with a particular focus on environmental effects as additional influencing factors of the market diffusion. Results will be drawn for the German car market with a market diffusion simulation until 2050. The market diffusion model ALADIN is applied and energy prices are extended by a CO2 price to improve the consideration of environmental factors in the market diffusion modelling. The effectiveness of environmental policy measures is assessed in scenarios with three different CO2 prices and their impact on the diffusion of EVs. The results show that the market diffusion is highly dependent on the evolution of external factors. A CO2 price of at least 150 €/t of CO2 by 2030 can have a significant impact on the market diffusion of EVs and may as well lead to changes in the drive mix for both, electric and conventional drives within the German passenger car fleet. The German government's target of seven to ten million EVs registered by 2030 seems in general achievable, if currently adopted purchase bonuses and expected cost degression for EVs also take effect. Until 2050, we find large effects with CO2 prices up to 500 €/t, yet limited growth in market share above that threshold. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s052021&r= |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Hardman, Scott; Tal, Gil |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, electric vehicles, zero emission vehicles, vehicle miles traveled |
| Date: | 2021–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2214q937&r= |
| By: | Jenn, Alan; Brown, Austin |
| Abstract: | California has goals of achieving 100% renewable energy by 2045 and 100% zero-emission vehicle sales by 2035. Electric vehicles will introduce significant new demand for electricity at the same time the state’s electricity grid is incorporating more intermittent energy sources, raising concerns about grid reliability. However, the flexibility of electric vehicle charging provides a potentially powerful asset in mitigating the challenges of a renewable energybased electricity grid. Smart charging—adapting electric vehicle charging based on the conditions of the power system and the needs of the vehicle user—can take advantage of this flexibility by charging vehicles when renewable energy is readily available. Researchers at UC Davis simulated 100% electric vehicle adoption and a 100% renewable energy-powered electricity grid by 2045 in California. They then compared a scenario of regular electric vehicle charging behavior with a scenario of advanced, flexible, smart charging under which charging is aligned with renewable energy availability, to understand how smart vehicle charging could benefit the electricity grid. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5rf8b4hz&r= |
| By: | Zhong, Jia; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312797&r= |
| By: | Jenn, Alan PhD; Brown, Austin PhD |
| Abstract: | California has many aggressive climate policies, primarily aimed at individual sectors. This study explores untapped policy opportunities for interactions between sectors, specifically between the transportation and the electricity grid. As electric vehicles become more prevalent, their impact on the electricity grid is directly related to the aggregate patterns of vehicle charging. Even without vehicle-to-grid services, shifting of charging patterns can be a potentially important resource to alleviate issues such as renewable intermittency. This study compares, through modeling, projected emissions reductions from managed vs. unmanaged charging. The lion’s share of emissions reduction in the light-duty transportation sector in California will come from electrification, with a cumulative 1 billion tons of CO2 reduction through 2045. Decarbonization of the current grid leads to an additional savings of 125 million tons of CO2 over the same time-period. Potential state policies to exploit synergies between transportation electrification and grid decarbonization could reduce cumulative emissions by another 10 million tons of CO2. These policies include strategic deployment of charging infrastructure, pricing mechanisms, standardizing grid interaction protocols, and supporting grid infrastructure requirements. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Decarbonization, electric grids, electric vehicles, electric vehicle charging, emissions, carbon dioxide, policy analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2rv3h345&r= |
| By: | Matsushima, Hiroshi; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312770&r= |
| By: | Juan Wang; Gamze Dane; Harry Timmermans |
| Abstract: | Car commuters contribute significantly to carbon emissions and seem largely insensitive to dedicated modal shift transportation policy initiatives. Therefore, integrated policies that target multiple life domains may be more effective. In this study, we investigate commuters’ preferences for carsharing facilitating neighborhoods as well as their potential travel behaviors shift if they move to such neighborhoods. This policy, combining real estate, sustainable planning and transportation, aims to reduce neighborhoods parking needs and therefore parking facilities. In compensation, residents are provided convenient access to shared vehicles against lower costs and a better living environment, reflected in more green space or safer children playing areas or larger flats. To examine the potential interest in moving to such neighborhoods, a stated choice experiment is designed that systematically varies attributes of carsharing facilitating neighborhoods to elicit the utility of a carsharing facilitating neighborhood for commuters with a particular socio-demographic profile and commuting behavior. In total, 369 valid responses from commuters who currently live in urban areas in The Netherlands were gathered for the analysis. To derive the utility of carsharing facilitating neighborhoods of a particular profile, a mixed logit model is estimated. Results indicate that the utility of a carsharing facilitating neighborhood primarily depends on carsharing cost, housing costs and housing size. The utility varies with socio-demographic characteristics, such as living city, educational level, monthly income, work status and commuting behavior, measured in terms of private car ownership, carsharing subscription, commuting mode and commuting time. Regarding shifts in travel mode, 25.5% of the respondents stated that they would reduce private car ownership if they would live in a carsharing facilitating neighborhood. 32.8% of the respondents stated that they would use shared vehicles in such neighborhoods for travelling to the office, and 18.7% stated they would use them to access transit. These results can help real estate developers and policy makers understanding how to develop appealing carsharing facilitating neighbourhoods for targeted commuters groups. |
| Keywords: | Carsharing facilitating neighborhoods; Commuting; mixed logit model; Stated Choice Experiment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_10&r= |
| By: | Kapsalyamova, Zhanna (Asian Development Bank Institute); Mishra, Ranjeeta (Asian Development Bank Institute); Kerimray, Aiymgul (Asian Development Bank Institute); Karymshakov, Kamalbek (Asian Development Bank Institute); Azhgaliyeva, Dina (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | The transition to sustainable energy requires an assessment of drivers of the use of clean and dirty fuels for cooking. Literature highlights the importance of access to modern fuel for switching from dirty fuels. Though access to cleaner fuels such as electricity promotes clean fuel use, it does not necessarily lead to a complete transition to the use of modern fuels. Households continue using traditional fuels in addition to modern fuels. We explain the choice of dirty cooking fuels even when access to electricity is provided. We use nationally representative household survey data to study the household energy use decisions in three middle-income countries, India, Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic. We discuss the role of access to natural gas, free fuel, convenience or multi-use of fuels determined by the heating system installed, built-in environment, and other socioeconomic factors in household fuel choice for cooking. The results show that access to natural gas increases the likelihood of opting for natural gas, while the availability of free fuel in rural areas and the coal-based heating system promote the use of solid fuels. |
| Keywords: | cooking fuel; fuel choices; energy access; multiple fuel use; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Zhanna Kapsalyamova |
| JEL: | Q31 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:1234&r= |
| By: | Thomas Coen; Anthony D'Agostino; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun |
| Abstract: | MCC’s $351 million Malawi Compact (2013-2018) funded the $20 million Environmental and Natural Resources Management (ENRM) Project, which aimed to reduce disruptions and increase efficiency of hydropower generation by decreasing aquatic weeds and sediment in the Shire River Basin. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:2a95086fd00d4b56b1f48a905422205a&r= |
| By: | Thomas Coen; Anthony D'Agostino; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun; Hua Xie; Yating Ru; Ephraim Nkonya; Claudia Ringler |
| Abstract: | MCC contracted with Mathematica to conduct an independent evaluation of the overall ENRM project and the individual project activities. This report gives the interim evaluation findings, addressing research questions on project implementation, outcomes, and sustainability for three of the activities and the overall project. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:5faea006db4645dba4596c63423be759&r= |
| By: | Kristen Velyvis; Anthony D'Agostino |
| Abstract: | Millennium Challenge Corporation contracted Mathematica to conduct an independent evaluation of the Environmental and Natural Resource Management (ENRM) project. This presentation summarizes our interim findings from case studies of five of the grants based on data collected through the close of the compact, and for research questions on ENRM implementation, outcomes, and sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:20772226acf34c0d900be882ec2d7ec4&r= |
| By: | Kristen Velyvis; Thomas Coen; Irina Cheban; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun; Anthony D'Agostino |
| Abstract: | Millennium Challenge Corporation's $351 million Malawi Compact (2013-2018) funded the $20 million Environmental and Natural Resources Management (ENRM) Project, which aimed to reduce disruptions and increase efficiency of hydropower generation by decreasing aquatic weeds and sediment in the Shire River Basin. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:269f88dddd674f05b21a7c391d19925d&r= |
| By: | Kristen Velyvis; Thomas Coen; Irina Cheban; Naomi Dorsey; Arif Mamun |
| Abstract: | MCC contracted Mathematica to conduct an independent evaluation of the Environmental and Natural Resource Management (ENRM) project. This volume presents interim findings from case studies of five of the grants based on data collected through the close of the compact. |
| Keywords: | Malawi, hydroelectricity, natural resources, electricity, agriculture, MCC |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:07c35e466e314984944b4b2f43ebd28b&r= |
| By: | Laura Gabrielli; Aurora Ruggeri; Massimiliano Scarpa |
| Abstract: | In order to plan and manage low-carbon investments in wide real estate assets, thereby meeting the European energy efficiency requirements recently presented in EU Directive 2018/844, a methodological change in both research and practice is now necessary. Since a sharp increase in retrofit rates of large building stocks is going to be promoted, new strategic approaches should take into consideration building portfolios as a whole, overcoming the single-building perspective, so that to identify the level of energy retrofit leading to the overall maximum benefit. In this contribution, a decision support system is developed for the automatic assessment of both the monetary and non-monetary benefits produced by a retrofit investment, and determine the optimal efficiency program over a large building stock. The core idea is to consider the energy enhancement as an optimization issue and identify the configuration of retrofit design that brings to the greatest possible benefit, by balancing conflicting objectives, and within several constraints. As far as the monetary benefit is concerned, we estimate the savings produced by the investment over a life-cycle perspective. Among the non-monetary values, we first consider the environmental benefit in terms of avoided CO2 emissions. We also assess the value of the improved indoor comfort and the value of the safeguard of the building, when the energy efficiency is also intended as a measure to protect the heritage. To this end, a set of different and interdisciplinary techniques has been employed, such as parametric energy modelling, neural network analysis, economic and financial feasibility assessment, calculation of thermal comfort indexes (Fanger), multi-criteria approaches (Analytic Hierarchy Process), and multi-objective constrained optimization analysis. Among the results of this research, the extreme flexibility in comparing countless design scenarios and the simplicity of application of the model developed are the most important contributions obtained. The effectiveness of the decision-making tool was then verified through the implementation on a case study of an interesting and heterogeneous portfolio of buildings located in Northern Italy. |
| Keywords: | automatic assessment; building stock; low carbon investment; Neural network analysis |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_126&r= |
| By: | Charles Collet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal Gastineau (AME-SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - Université Gustave Eiffel); Benoit Chèze (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Frederic Martinez (AME-DCM - Dynamiques des changements de mobilité - Université de Lyon - Université Gustave Eiffel); Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector constitutes one of the main contributors to CO2 emissions. Several incentive measures have been already proposed by economists to mitigate these emissions. But, as we all know, these tools have met with mixed success. This paper proposes the use of attribute valence framing, i.e. a description of the same object/characteristics positively or negatively, in order to reduce CO2 emissions. This so-called nudge is easier to implement than more traditional tools, such as taxation, and does not rely on the stringent assumption that individuals are fully rational. The findings from a discrete choice experiment focusing on long-distance travel choice are reported herein. Results indicate that a loss framing on CO2 emissions significantly increases the respondents' practice of pro-environmental behaviors. The framing effect is larger when applied to CO2 than to travel duration (+50% and +30% of the willingness to pay, respectively). In employing psychological constructs, it is shown that preferences are affected by individuals' psychological features (i.e. a preference for the future and environmental self-identity), and moreover that the magnitude of the framing effect depends on individuals' motivational strategies. |
| Keywords: | Framing effect,Discrete choice experiment,Pro-environmental behavior,Travelers' willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2021–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03321706&r= |
| By: | Benjamin Rontard (Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí); Catherine Leining (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | The provision of industrial free allocation can be one of the most technically challenging and politically fraught elements of designing an emissions trading system (ETS). In the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS), the primary rationales for industrial free allocation have been to mitigate the risk of emissions leakage to other jurisdictions and avoid economic regrets from losing domestic production that would be viable if other jurisdictions adopted more ambitious climate change policies. Since 2010, emissions-intensive and trade-exposed (EITE) industrial producers have received free allocation on an output basis at two levels of assistance (90 per cent and 60 per cent) without an absolute limit. In 2020, major reform legislation introduced default phase-out pathways over 2021–2050 for industrial free allocation, with the potential for future activity-specific adjustment. The government has signalled it will consider broader changes post-2021 to avoid overallocation while still mitigating the risk of emissions leakage overseas. To help inform future policy making on these issues, this paper examines conceptual design issues for free allocation in an ETS, describes the regime for industrial free allocation in the NZ ETS, and provides comparative analysis with three other systems. It then identifies a range of options for further reform: changing the eligibility criteria, changing the calculation methodology, substituting alternative measures, or accepting and managing emissions leakage. Further research will be needed to evaluate the merits of these options. More fundamentally, the government should consider whether the public and private benefits of maintaining and improving industrial free allocation are worth the cost and complexity in the evolving international and domestic contexts. Ultimately, any future provision of industrial free allocation should be used to assist – and not block – the transition to an economy that rewards low-emission innovation. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading, free allocation, industry, climate change mitigation |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:21_13&r= |
| By: | Roberto Fazioli; Francesca Pantaleone |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting Hydrogen and CCUS policies, taking into considerations Fossil Fuel Consumption, Oil Reserves, Debt/GDP Ratio, Trilemma Index and other variables with respect to OECD countries. STATA 17 has been used for the analysis. Results confirmed the hypothesis that countries with big fossil fuel consumption and oil reserves are investing in Blue Hydrogen and CCUS towards a “zero-carbon-emission†perspective. Moreover, countries with good Debt/GDP ratio are most favorable to Green policies by raising their Public Debt, since Foreign Direct Investments are negatively correlated with those kinds of policies. Blue Hydrogen combined with CO2 capture seems to be the most favorable policy in the short-term. Future research should exploit Green Finance policy decisions criteria on Green and Blue Hydrogen. |
| Keywords: | blue; green; hydrogen; CCS; green finance |
| Date: | 2021–09–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udf:wpaper:20210510&r= |
| By: | Tomoko HASHINO (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | In 1872, three craftsmen were sent by the Kyoto prefectural government to Lyon, France, to learn about power-looms and other weaving innovations. Instead of bringing back a power-loom, they brought back the Jacquard mechanism and the flying shuttle to Kyoto because they thought power-looms were too expensive and inappropriate for their sophisticated fabrics. This paper explores the production trend from 1887 to 1929 to characterize growth phases—Jacquard-led, out-weaver-based, and power-loom-assisted—in Kyoto. By doing so, the importance of selective adoption of new technologies for industrial development is discussed. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:2122&r= |
| By: | Bazzana, Davide; Menoncin, Francesco; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | The catastrophic events are characterized by “low frequency and high severity”. Nevertheless, during the last decades, both the frequency and the magnitude of these events have been significantly rising worldwide. In 2021, the European Commission adopted a new Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change aiming to reinforce the adaptive capacity and minimize vulnerability to the effects of climate change and natural catastrophes. In a continuous time framework over an infinite horizon, we solve in closed form the problem of a representative consumer who holds a production technology (firm) and who optimises with respect to both the intertemporal consumption and the mix between an insurance (adaptation) against the magnitude of the catastrophic losses, and an effort strategy (mitigation) aimed at reducing the frequency of such losses. The catastrophic events are modelled as a Poisson jump process. We then propose some numerical simulations calibrated to the country-specific data of the five main European economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Netherlands). Our model demonstrates that an optimal mix of mitigation/effort strategies allows to reduce the volatility of the economic growth rate, even if its level may be lowered due to the effort costs. Simulations allow us to also conclude that different countries must optimally react differently to catastrophes, which means that a one-for-all policy does not seem to be optimal. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:313283&r= |
| By: | Cornish, Brian; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312863&r= |
| By: | Rice, Gregory; Wirjanto, Tony; Zhao, Yuqian |
| Abstract: | Crude oil intra-day return curves collected from the commodity futures market often appear to be serially uncorrelated and long-range dependent. Existing functional GARCH models, while able to accommodate short range conditional heteroscedasticity, are not designed to capture long-range dependence. We propose and study a new functional GARCH-X model for this purpose, where the covariate X is chosen to be weakly stationary and long-range dependent. Functional analogs of autocorrelation coefficients of squared processes for this model are derived, and compared to those estimated from crude oil return curves. The results show that the FGARCH-X model provides a significant correction to existing functional volatility models in terms of an in-sample fitting, while its out-of-sample performances do not appear to be more superior than those of the existing functional GARCH models. |
| Keywords: | Crude oil intra-day return curves, volatility modeling and forecasting, functional GARCH-X model, long-range dependence, basis selection |
| JEL: | C13 C32 C58 G10 G17 |
| Date: | 2021–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109231&r= |
| By: | Marko Kryvobokov; Sébastien Pradella |
| Abstract: | The energy performance of rented dwellings is a crucial aspect of energy policy in the Walloon region in Belgium, where one quarter of households are tenants on the private market. The paper deals with the imperfect information problem that concerns the energy performance certificates (EPCs) and its impact on rental market. Four aspects of the problem reported in the literature are discussed, namely: 1) different energy evaluations of the same dwelling; 2) performance gap between theoretically estimated and real energy consumption; 3) insufficient coverage of the rental market by EPCs; 4) often weak appreciation of official EPCs on the rental market. The originality of the paper is that it compares the official EPC labels with the labels reported by tenants in a recent survey (N=2.892). While an existing EPC is often unknown for tenants, their awareness depends on the households’ socio-economic characteristics. Four groups of tenants are distinguished: those with correct answers, “dreamers” overestimating their energy performance, “complainers” underestimating their energy performance, and “indifferent” tenants who don’t know the existing label. The differences between groups are analyzed with descriptive statistics and a discrete choice model. According to the hedonic regression, the impact of an official EPC on housing rents varies for households with different perceptions of energy performance. In particular, the “dreamers” more severely penalize the worst energy classes, while the “indifferent” tenants a bit undervalue good EPCs and a bit overvalue bad EPCs. The indifference concerning the EPC slows down a progressive introduction of the impact of the energy performance on a residential rental market. In a policy context, the availability of a clear information on EPC for all tenants is an important condition of the functioning of the residential rental market in a manner that stimulates the renovation of old housing stock and the maintenance of high energy standards. |
| Keywords: | Energy Performance Certificate; Energy policy; Hedonic Model; residential rental market |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_144&r= |
| By: | Dietz, Simon; Rising, James; Stoerk, Thomas; Wagner, Gernot |
| Abstract: | Climate scientists have long emphasized the importance of climate tipping points like thawing permafrost, ice sheet disintegration, and changes in atmospheric circulation. Yet, save for a few fragmented studies, climate economics has either ignored them or represented them in highly stylized ways. We provide unified estimates of the economic impacts of all eight climate tipping points covered in the economic literature so far using a meta-analytic integrated assessment model (IAM) with a modular structure. The model includes national-level climate damages from rising temperatures and sea levels for 180 countries, calibrated on detailed econometric evidence and simulation modeling. Collectively, climate tipping points increase the social cost of carbon (SCC) by ∼25% in our main specification. The distribution is positively skewed, however. We estimate an ∼10% chance of climate tipping points more than doubling the SCC. Accordingly, climate tipping points increase global economic risk. A spatial analysis shows that they increase economic losses almost everywhere. The tipping points with the largest effects are dissociation of ocean methane hydrates and thawing permafrost. Most of our numbers are probable underestimates, given that some tipping points, tipping point interactions, and impact channels have not been covered in the literature so far; however, our method of structural meta-analysis means that future modeling of climate tipping points can be integrated with relative ease, and we present a reduced-form tipping points damage function that could be incorporated in other IAMs. |
| Keywords: | climate risk; climate tipping points; integrated assessment model; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:111807&r= |
| By: | Franz Fuerst; Yana Akhtyrska |
| Abstract: | The commercial real estate sector contributes a sizable share to greenhouse gas emissions from the built environment due to its structural characteristics. The existence of an energy efficiency gap (EEG) between potential cost-effective measures and the actions being undertaken by the property industry has been subject to debate in the extant literature. Proponents of the EEG point to principal-agent problems, regulatory and technological risk and uncertainty over future energy prices as important drivers. Despite government-led efforts to decarbonise the sector through incentivisation of energy efficiency retrofits, evidence has emerged that a simple “fix and forget” approach will not suffice for large air-conditioned properties with complex systems and numerous stakeholders involved. Specifically, several studies have found that there is relatively little correlation between the proven energy efficiency of a building in operation and its energy performance certificate. This study tests if US office buildings with proactive energy management practices 1) consume less energy and, as a result, 2) command higher rental premia. Hence, the suggested study sets out to first survey and classify the efficiency of operational practices of a building, which past studies have not taken into account. These components can be found in the existing LEED dataset and include the frequency of commissioning and implementation of capital measures to upgrade energy efficiency equipment, the presence of building automation systems and advanced metering infrastructure. These measures are then analysed with a difference-in-difference approach and more advanced techniques. The results of this analysis will be valuable to policymakers, particularly in the UK and other European countries that are about to embark on an ambitious net zero carbon policy for commercial and domestic buildings. Information on achieved rents, as available from the CompStak database, is regressed on the constructed operational efficiency variable while controlling for a number of confounding variables. The insights shed light onto the potential financial returns to these measures in the office sector. |
| Keywords: | Energy Consumption; Green Buildings; Office Buildings; Proactive Energy Management |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_124&r= |
| By: | Mahmood, Haider |
| Abstract: | inancial development market (FMD) may have positive or negative environmental consequences. This research investigated the effects of FMD and income on CO2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries during 1980-2018. We found that income had positive effect but FMD had insignificant impact on emissions in GCC panel. Then, we tested these effects in the individual country time series and found that income had positive impact in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Oman and had insignificant effect in other GCC countries in long run. Effect of FMD was positive in Oman, was negative in UAE and was insignificant in rest of GCC countries. Effect of income was positive in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait and was insignificant for other countries in short run. The effect of FMD was positive in Kuwait and was negative in UAE. We recommend UAE to expand the financial market and suggest Oman and Kuwait to have a check on the financially supported pollution-oriented activities. |
| Keywords: | financial market development, CO2 emissions, GCC |
| JEL: | Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109134&r= |
| By: | Jan Frankowski; Joanna Mazurkiewicz; Jakub Soko³owski |
| Abstract: | We study the labour market transition pathways driven by the coal phase-out in Poland between 1990 and 2050. First, we apply the concept of branching points to describe the transformation of coal mining in the context of three labour market trends: structural changes, demographically driven changes in the labour supply, and educational upgrading. We show that in the 1990s and 2000s, the labour market options of the miners who lost their jobs were poor, as the trajectories of all of these trends worsened their labour market prospects. However, as these trends have reversed since the 2010s, it is likely that in the future, the employment effects and the social consequences of the coal phase-out in Poland will be more positive than they were in the past. Second, we find substantial homogeneity in the employment structures of mining subregions and of particular mines, which suggests that regional approaches to managing the transition are possible. Third, our projection of the supply of and the demand for labour up to 2050 indicates that decarbonisation will lead to a surplus of Polish hard coal mining workers by 2030. However, the projected shortages of workers in other industrial sectors will create opportunities for worker reallocation that should be facilitated by policy measures. |
| Keywords: | coal transition, mining, labour market |
| JEL: | L71 J21 Q43 J65 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp012021&r= |
| By: | Mohajan, Haradhan |
| Abstract: | At present all nations are thinking about the circular economy (CE) in production, circulation, and consumption due to environment pollution and resource scarcity. But implementation of CE policy is yet in its infancy. The CE in the form of waste management policy that is achieved in selected developed countries of the world. China is a developing country in the East Asia. The economy of China has grown with an average 10% per annum during the last 30 years that contributes important impacts on the world economy. At the last quarter of the 20th century and beginning of the first quarter of the 21st century China becomes the largest energy user in the world, as the country rapidly becomes the largest exporter in the world. To produce essential commodities according to the global demand the country mainly depends on coal and fossil fuel to create electricity, consequently it emits maximum CO2. Recently, China has faced various harmful odd situations, such as environmental degradation, human health and social problems due to huge population, and source scarcity for the huge production, rapid continuous unplanned urbanization, and growing economy. Thinking for future sustainable economy and human welfare of the country, China is attracted by the CE. The country has taken various attempts to implement CE at the three levels at a time, namely micro, meso and macro levels. |
| Keywords: | 3R Principle, China, Circular Economy, Economic Sustainability, Environmental Problems |
| JEL: | D62 I3 I31 O1 |
| Date: | 2021–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109281&r= |
| By: | Heijmans, Roweno J.R.K. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:bf63c5db-9095-47be-b338-ab46c8bbc1aa&r= |
| By: | Ruiz-Tagle, Cristobal; Schueftan, Alejandra |
| Abstract: | Air pollution from wood burning is a serious problem in the developing world. In the cities of south-central Chile, households experience extremely high ambient air pollution levels due to massive combustion of wood as fuel for residential heating. To address this problem, in recent years new residential wood stoves—equipped with improved combustion technologies that are designed to be less-polluting—have replaced high-polluting ones. However, users’ behaviour in operating these improved stoves is a key factor that drives actual emissions. When users ‘choke the damper’ to extend the burning time of their wood fuel, it constrains the air flow in the wood stoves and creates a highly polluting combustion process. To address this issue, a behavioural intervention was designed to provide users with real-time feedback on their wood stoves’ air pollution emissions with the goal of ‘nudging’ them to use their stoves in a less polluting way. The intervention consists of an information sign that aligns with the wood stove’s damper lever and informs users about pollution emission levels according to the chosen setting of the wood stove’s damper. The information sign is complemented by the visit of a field assistant that explains the sign and provides an informational flyer (fridge magnet). To assess the effectiveness of this behavioural intervention a randomized controlled trial was conducted with selected households in the city of Valdivia, Chile. Results from this intervention show that households that were provided with the information sign reduced the frequency with which they used the most polluting settings of their stoves, inducing a behavioural change that results in a 10.8% reduction in residential pollution emissions. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; behavioural intervention; environment and development; field experiment; wood stoves; Springer deal |
| JEL: | C93 D90 O13 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:111527&r= |
| By: | Steuer, Sebastian; Tröger, Tobias |
| Abstract: | We study the design features of disclosure regulations that seek to trigger the green transition of the global economy and ask whether such regulatory interventions are likely to bring about sufficient market discipline to achieve socially optimal climate targets. We categorize the transparency obligations stipulated in green finance regulation as either compelling the standardized disclosure of raw data, or providing quality labels that signal desirable green characteristics of investment products based on a uniform methodology. Both categories of transparency requirements canbe imposed at activity, issuer, and portfolio level. Finance theory and empirical evidence suggest that investors may prefer "green" over "dirty" assets for both financial and non-financial reasons and may thus demand higher returns from environmentally-harmful investment opportunities. However, the market discipline that this negative cost of capital effect exerts on "dirty" issuers is potentially attenuated by countervailing investor interests and does not automatically lead to socially optimal outcomes. Mandatory disclosure obligations and their (public) enforcement can play an important role in green finance strategies. They prevent an underproduction of the standardized high-quality information that investors need in order to allocate capital according to their preferences. However, the rationale behind regulatory intervention is not equally strong for all categories and all levels of "green" disclosure obligations. Corporate governance problems and other agency conflicts in intermediated investment chains do not represent a categorical impediment for green finance strategies. However, the many forces that may prevent markets from achieving socially optimal equilibria render disclosure-centered green finance legislation a second best to more direct forms of regulatory intervention like global carbon taxation and emissions trading schemes. Inherently transnational market-based green finance concepts can play a supporting role in sustainable transition, which is particularly important as long as first-best solutions remain politically unavailable. |
| Keywords: | green finance,sustainable finance,ESG,mandatory disclosure,taxonomies,benchmarks,labels,asset pricing,market discipline,climate change,climate risk |
| JEL: | D4 D6 G1 G3 G4 K2 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:320&r= |
| By: | Haqiqi, Iman; Aqababaei, Monireh |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312777&r= |
| By: | Weissman, Shmuel L.; Kelly, James M. |
| Abstract: | One of the most important contributors to the environmental impacts from use of highways is the energy exerted by vehicles, particularly routes that carry higher volumes of traffic. Part of this energy is consumed by response of the vehicle’s tires and suspension to pavement surface roughness and macrotexture. Another part of the energy consumed is by energy dissipation due to the structural response of the pavement itself under the moving load. This document is the theoretical and validation manual tor tBeam, standalone software for the analysis of energy dissipation in pavements under moving vehicles. tBeam was developed as part of the improvement of modeling capabilities for environmental life cycle assessment of pavements being conducted the University of California Pavement Research Center for the California Department of Transportation. The energy consumed due to structural response are controlled by the structural properties of the pavement which are dependent on the time of day, the season, and the condition (damage) of the pavement. The energy dissipation also depends on the speed and weight of each moving wheel load. As a result, estimating the lifetime energy dissipated in a pavement structure requires multiple analyses considering the thousands of permutations of these variables for a given segment of the highway network. Therefore, models for pavement-vehicle energy dissipation must balance two opposing needs: obtaining a reasonably accurate estimate of the dissipated energy, and high numerical efficiency. For numerical efficiency, the tBeam software employs a one-dimensional finite-element based solution of a wheel traveling at a constant velocity on a viscoelastic beam-foundation system, and a further reduction of numerical effort is obtained by formulating the model relative to a moving coordinate system attached to the wheel. The one-dimensional solution is, by nature, an approximation to the three-dimensional world. This approximation can be improved by incorporating a “correction factor,” which is based on comparisons with pavement simulations accounting for the double curvature observed in loaded pavements. In this report prediction disparity for a single structure is studied. The results show a clear trend where the correction factor decreases with rising temperature, and increases with higher velocity. The present study was insufficient to establish a law for the correction factor even for the single case studied. The correction factor ranged from about 1.25 at low temperature and high velocity to about 0.6 for high temperature and low velocity. The first part of this report presents the underlying theory for tBeam and implementation details. The second part presents closed form solutions for specialized pavement-foundation systems. The third component of the report presents some of the validation simulations undertaken to demonstrate the performance of tBeam, including comparisons with closed form solutions provided in this report, and recommendations for further development of tBeam. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3bz9c13f&r= |
| By: | Shahbaz, Muhammad; Sinha, Avik; Raghutla, Chandrashekar; Vo, Xuan Vinh |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to literature by divulging the nature of scale and technique effects on renewable energy consumption, considering foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial development as considerable factors of renewable energy demand. The data for 39 countries over the period of 2000-2019 is used for empirical analysis. In doing so, second generation methodological approaches are applied to decompose scale and technique effects. The empirical results show the presence of cointegration between the model parameters, in the presence of cross-sectional dependence and structural breaks. Further, financial development is positively linked with renewable energy consumption. Foreign direct investment and renewable energy demand are positively linked. Composition effect has negative effect on renewable energy consumption. Economic growth and fossil fuel consumption have positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Long run estimation results indicate that renewable energy-FDI and renewable energy-financial development associations are U-shaped. It indicates that the scale effects exerted by FDI and financial development are overridden by technique and composition effects, and hence, the demand for renewable energy and consequential renewable energy consumption rises with the progression of economic growth. Based on this, policy suggestions are provided for these nations to ascertain sustainable development through bringing forth transformations in the energy policies. |
| Keywords: | Scale and Technique Effects, Financial Development, Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy Consumption |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109125&r= |
| By: | Cheng, Haitao |
| Abstract: | In this study, we develop a two-country model to examine whether border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are more effective than emission tax alone in preventing carbon leakage and decreasing global emissions with endogenous assembly locations. Specifically, we explore three policy regimes: i) emission taxes alone (no BCAs), ii) emission taxes and carbon-content tariffs (partial BCAs), and iii) emission taxes, carbon-content tariffs, and tax rebates on exports (full BCAs). We find that the effectiveness of BCAs depends on whether BCAs induce assembly relocation. If assembly relocation does not occur, BCAs prevent carbon leakage and decrease global emissions. However, if BCAs induce assembly relocation, carbon leakage may occur with partial BCAs, and global emissions may be higher with full BCAs. |
| Keywords: | Abatement Investments, Border Carbon Adjustments, Carbon Leakage, Endogenous Assembly Locations, International Oligopoly |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hiasdp:hias-e-110&r= |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel |
| Abstract: | The curbside is valuable real estate in cities, providing private vehicle parking, pick-up/drop-off areas, public transit stops, freight loading/unloading zones, and space for pedestrians and bicyclists. Shortages and poor management of curb space can cause congestion and increased emissions due to vehicles searching for parking and can create unsafe conditions from vehicles double parking. Traditional curbside planning strategies have relied on land use–based demand estimates to allocate access priority to the curb, such as pedestrian and transit in residential areas and commercial vehicles in commercial and industrial zones. Recently, pilots in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and elsewhere have used new technologies to provide information to users about space availability or dynamically price the curb. Researchers at the University of California, Davis conducted a review of practices in curbside management, and they conducted simulations to evaluate the impact of different management and design strategies on travel time, congestion, vehicle travel, and emissions in residential, commercial, and mixed-use neighborhoods in San Francisco. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Case studies, Complete streets, Curb side parking, Delivery service, Land use, Literature reviews, Parking demand, Ridesourcing, Simulation, Urban areas |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7q69b37f&r= |
| By: | Lahiani, Amine; Mefteh-Wali, Salma; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Vo, Xuan Vinh |
| Abstract: | In order to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, as defined in the Paris climate agreement, the United States, the second-largest greenhouse gas emitter, must intensify its use of zero-carbon sources such as renewable energy. In this paper, we use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) model to investigate the influence of financial development on renewable energy consumption in the U.S. from 1975Q1 to 2019Q4. More precisely, three measures of financial development are considered: the overall financial development, bank-based financial development, and stock-based financial development indices. The model is augmented to control for the effects of real oil prices, real GDP, and trade openness. The empirical results show evidence of a long-run asymmetric effect of overall and stock-based financial development measures. Positive and negative changes in financial development measures dictate renewable energy consumption. In the short run, only negative changes of overall and stock-based financial development measures significantly impact renewable energy consumption. The latter impact is contemporaneously positive and negative at the one-lagged period. Renewable energy consumption does not react to a short-run change in bank-based financial development. Our empirical findings possess important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption, USA |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109446&r= |
| By: | Paolo Delle Site; André de Palma; Samarth Ghoslya (CY Cergy Paris Université, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Peer-to-peer ridesharing, where drivers are also travellers, can alleviate congestion and emissions that plague cities by increasing vehicle occupancy. We propose a socially optimal ridesharing scheme, where a social planner matches passengers and drivers in a way that minimizes travel costs (travel time and fuel) plus environmental costs. The contribution helps in computing the socially optimal ridesharing schemes for networks of any topology within a static framework of route choice with exogenously fixed travel times. A linear programming problem is formulated to compute the optimal matchings. Existence, integrality and uniqueness properties are investigated. The social planner receives a payment from passengers and rewards drivers for the higher costs they bear. Passengers and drivers never incur a loss because travelling alone remains always an option, but matchings may need to be subsidised. The socially optimal matching solution without environmental costs is proved to satisfy the stability property according to which no pair of passenger and driver prefers each other to any of the current partners. In the Sioux Falls network, when 20% of individuals are willing to rideshare, with 80% of passengers travelling by car and 20% by public transport, 17.37% optimally do so, resulting in a 7.05% decrease in CO2 emissions on the all-travel-alone scenario. |
| Keywords: | environment, matching stability, optimization, ridesharing, socially optimal matching |
| JEL: | C78 R40 R48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2021-17&r= |
| By: | Demary, Vera; Plünnecke, Axel; Schaefer, Thilo |
| Abstract: | Durch Digitalisierung sind mehr Ressourcen- und Energieeffizienz, eine bessere Netzauslastung und neue Technologien und Produkte möglich, die zum Klimaschutz beitragen. Allerdings stehen viele Unternehmen vor Hemmnissen bei der Umsetzung von digitalen Lösungen, da es an Know-how fehlt. Für die Entwicklung klimafreundlicher Technologien und Produkte sind aus Sicht der Unternehmen in den kommenden fünf Jahren vor allem IT-Experten von besonderer Bedeutung. Hier bestehen aber schon heute erhebliche Engpässe, die ihren Ursprung im Bildungssystem haben. Um die Potenziale der Digitalisierung für den Klimaschutz zu nutzen, sollte die Forschung an den Schnittstellen von Digitalisierung und Klimaschutz stärker gefördert und die Digitalisierung der Bildung und die Weiterbildung an Hochschulen gestärkt werden. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:512021&r= |
| By: | Tetsuji Okazaki (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo) |
| Abstract: | After the World War I, the environment of the Japanese coal mining industry changed drastically concerning the labor market and the government regulation. While the wage increased around three times, working hours and labor conditions came to be strictly regulated according to the international treaty. To cope with the new environment, coal mining firms made great efforts to enhance productivity. While the basic measure was introducing labor saving technologies such as coal pick, coal cutter and belt conveyor, major firms with multiple coal mines tried to enhance average productivity by reallocating resources to relatively efficient mines. This paper explores the intrafirm resource reallocation and its productivity implication focusing on Mitsubishi Mining Co., one of the major coal mining firms, and compares it with the cases of the two other largest coal mining firms, Mitsui Mining Co. and Hokkaido Colliery & Steamship Co.. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:jseres:2021cj301&r= |
| By: | Tillman Gauer; Björn-Martin Kurzrock |
| Abstract: | National and international agreements aim to limit climate change and thus call for a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to nearly zero. A wide range of technologies promise to reduce the heat demand of buildings and also promote renewable energies. One of these technologies is the use of solid building structures as thermal storage, so called thermally activated building parts or TABS. Thermal simulations of such energy concept for a typical single-family house with 140 m² living space featuring a heat pump, a solar thermal collector and TABS show that the share of solar heat for heat supply can be increased, resulting in a decreased use of the heat pump and thus a lower demand of electric energy. This leads to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and lower operating costs. Furthermore, the simulations show that larger sizes of the TABS and the solar thermal collector lead to lower demand of electric energy. To secure a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and costs over the whole lifecycle of a building also production and dismantling, disposal and recycling must be considered. A Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis shows that TABS in combination with solar heat reduce LCC, expressed as present values, by app. 34%. The reductions are mainly due to the lower operating costs of the heating system. Increasing the size of south-facing solar collectors leads to asymptotically decreasing costs. For the less favourable orientations to the West and East, the optimum size of the collector is between 30 and 40 m², depending on the orientation and the size of the TABS. A minimum size of the TABS must be available, while additional TABS do not lead to further reductions. Also in an ecologic sense, the use of TABS in combination with solar heat is beneficial. The simulations in this research show that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the whole lifecycle can be reduced by 27%. Again, the reduction mainly results from the decreased demand of electric energy and only slightly higher GHG emissions from the production of the TABS. Larger collector sizes lead to asymptotically reduced GHG emissions, when south facing. In contrast, orientations to the East and West lead to increased GHG emissions as the size of the collector increases. Integrated systems of heat pumps, solar thermal collectors and TABS could also be considered for multi-family housing and other building types. Simulations of LCC and LCA offer a suited means for assessing economic and ecologic impacts of innovative buildings concepts and should be used on a wider scale, ideally in combination. |
| Keywords: | LCA; Lcc; renewable energies; TABS |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_48&r= |
| By: | Khalfaoui, Rabeh; Tiwari, Aviral Kumar; Khalid, Usman; Shahbaz, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | This study aims to revisit the evidence of co-movement and lead-lag nexus between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth in G7 countries over a period of two centuries by using the wavelet coherence analysis. The key findings reveal (i) a cyclical relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita, which implies that during the upswing phase of business cycles, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions both grow, but the latter can be predicted using GDP as an indicator function at the 1- to 2-year scale. (ii) A time-scale bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita. This implies that carbon dioxide emissions cannot be reduced without adversely affecting economic growth. Further, the finding also implies a rapid adoption of alternative clean energy sources to reduce carbon dioxide emissions without depressing economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Economic Growth, G7, Time-Frequency Analysis |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109276&r= |
| By: | Sylla Maldini; Andrée De Serres; Ahlem Hajjem |
| Abstract: | The limitation of the global warming caused by the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is one of the majors stake of the XXI century. Numerous international agreements have been released toward this topic as the Earth Summit of Stockolm in 1972, the one of Rio in 1992, the Kyoto’s protocol in 1997, the Climate energy package of the European Union in 2008, the Paris Agreement in 2015 or the 2030 agenda for sustainable development of the United Nations. 15% of these GHG emissions on a global level are caused by road transportation (International energy agency, 2016). However, when an individual mooves it is the most of the time to go from a building to another building in order to enjoy the services that it offers. Thus, what is the role of the real estate in the coconstruction of the sustainable mobility? The interest of this research is to answer this question by focusing on the perception the actors of the mobility and the real estate have of this role. In fact, even if the literature is rich concerning the “real estate” and the “sustainable mobility” concepts, it is very scarce once looking for the study of these two concepts combined. In order to proceed to this research, the study of different types of materials has been made. Firstly, there has been the creative material coming from the cocreative workshop which has taken place during the 2018 edition of the Movin’On Summit. Secondly, there has been the survey distributed during the 2018 ans 2019 editions of the Movin’On Summit and during the 2019 edition of the Journées de l’Innovation (Innvation days) of the University of Quebec in Montreal School of Management (ESG UQAM). The results show on one hand that the pair “real estate-mobility” has a potential that should be better exploited, on the other hand it found a subconcious knowledge that exists toward this domain. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Real estate manager; Sustainable mobility; Sustainable Real Estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2021_107&r= |
| By: | Mahmood, Haider; Tanveer, Muhamamd; Ahmad, Abdul-Rahim; Furqan, Maham |
| Abstract: | The rule of law and control of corruption would play an effective role in managing CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The present research has explored this issue in Pakistan controlling economic growth during 1996-2019. Further, the unit root and cointegration tests are used. We found the long and short-run relationships in the model. Economic growth has a positive effect on CO2 emissions. The rule of law could not impact in the long run and negatively impacts in the short run. Hence, improving law and order conditions would reduce CO2 emissions in the short run, and further improvements in the rule of law could have pleasant long-run environmental effects. The control of corruption has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in the long run. However, the short-run effects of control of corruption with first and second lags are found negative. |
| Keywords: | The rule of law, control of corruption, economic growth, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | E2 E21 O43 |
| Date: | 2021–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109250&r= |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Federico Antonioli (University of Parma); Ružica Brečić (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Michele Donati (University of Parma); Hugo Ferrer-Pérez (CREDA - Centre for Agro-Food Economy & Development, UPC-IRTA, Castelldefels, Spain - UPC - Université polytechnique de Catalogne); Lisa Gauvrit (Ecozept - Partenaires INRAE); Viet Hoang (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes (OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University); Apichaya Lilavanichakul (Kasetsart University - KU (THAILAND) - KU - Kasetsart University); Edward Majewski (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (Faculty of Biology [Warsaw] - UW - University of Warsaw); Konstadinos Mattas (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); An Nguyen (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam); Ioannis Papadopoulos (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Jack Peerlings (WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre); Bojan Ristic (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia); Marina Tomić Maksan (Faculty of Economics [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Áron Török (Corvinus University of Budapest); Gunnar Vittersø (SIFO - National Institute for Consumer Research - National Institute for ConsumerResearch); Abdoul Diallo (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Abstract The carbon and land footprint of 26 certified food products – geographical indications and organic products and their conventional references are assessed. This assessment goes beyond existing literature by (1) designing a calculation method fit for the comparison between certified food and conventional production, (2) using the same calculation method and parameters for 52 products – 26 Food Quality Schemes and their reference products – to allow for a meaningful comparison, (3) transparently documenting this calculation method and opening access to the detailed results and the underlying data, and (4) providing the first assessment of the carbon and land footprint of geographical indications. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment, largely relying on the Cool Farm Tool for the impact assessment. The most common indicator of climate impact, the carbon footprint expressed per ton of product, is not significantly different between certified foods and their reference products. The only exception to this pattern are vegetal organic products, whose carbon footprint is 16% lower. This is because the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from the absence of mineral fertilizers is never fully offset by the associated lower yield. The climate impact of certified food per hectare is however 26% than their reference and their land footprint is logically 24% higher. Technical specifications directly or indirectly inducing a lower use of mineral fertilizers are a key driver of this pattern. So is yield, which depends both on terroir and farming practices. Overall, this assessment reinforces the quality policy of the European Union: promoting certified food is not inconsistent with mitigating climate change. |
| Keywords: | certified food,carbon footprint,land footprint,organic farming,geographical indications |
| Date: | 2021–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03265997&r= |
| By: | Elmar Zozmann; Mirjam Helena Eerma; Dylan Manning; Gro Lill {\O}kland; Citlali Rodriguez del Angel; Paul E. Seifert; Johanna Winkler; Alfredo Zamora Blaumann; Leonard G\"oke; Mario Kendziorski; Christian von Hirschhausen |
| Abstract: | The paper provides energy system-wide estimates of the effects sufficiency measures in different sectors can have on energy supply and system costs. In distinction to energy efficiency, we define sufficiency as behavioral changes to reduce useful energy without significantly reducing utility, for example by adjusting thermostats. By reducing demand, sufficiency measures are a potentially decisive but seldomly considered factor to support the transformation towards a decarbonized energy system. Therefore, this paper addresses the following question: What is the potential of sufficiency measures and what is their impacts on the supply side of a 100% renewable energy system? For this purpose, an extensive literature review is conducted to obtain estimates for the effects of different sufficiency measures on final energy demand in Germany. Afterwards, the impact of these measures on the supply side and system costs is quantified using a bottom-up planning model of a renewable energy system. Results indicate that final energy could be reduced by up to 20.5% and as a result cost reduction between 11.3% to 25.6% are conceivable. The greatest potential for sufficiency measures was identified in the heating sector. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2109.00453&r= |
| By: | KERAMIDAS Kimon (European Commission - JRC); FOSSE Florian (European Commission - JRC); DIAZ VAZQUEZ Ana (European Commission - JRC); SCHADE Burkhard (European Commission - JRC); TCHUNG-MING Stephane (European Commission - JRC); WEITZEL Matthias (European Commission - JRC); VANDYCK Toon (European Commission - JRC); WOJTOWICZ Krzysztof (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This edition of the Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO 2020) puts its focus on analysing the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the transport sector as a whole. The transport sector has suffered the greatest slump in mobility demand of the history during the lockdown period, while the oil price has plummeted. This report explores the impacts of transport activity trends that may persist in the future from the structural changes induced by the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as of policy initiatives that may be adopted as enabling measures for low-carbon transport. While greenhouse gas emissions in this “New Normal” differ significantly compared to previous projections, the emissions gap towards a 2°C pathway is closed only by some 29%, thereby stressing the need of more ambitious collective action to maintaining global temperature change to well below 2°C. |
| Keywords: | Global Energy system, Climate Change, Transport sector, Covid-19, Green House Gas emissions, post-Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc123203&r= |
| By: | Jorge A Bonilla; Alejandro Lopez-Feldman, Paula Pereda, Nathaly M. Rivera, J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle |
| Abstract: | Ambient air pollution is a major problem in many countries of the developing world. This study examines the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19-related deaths in four countries of Latin America that have been highly affected by the pandemic: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Relying on historical satellite-based measures of fine particulate matter concentrations and official vital statistics, our results suggest that an increase in long-term exposure of 1 μg/m3 of fine particles is associated with a 2.7 percent increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate. This relationship is found primarily in municipalities of metropolitan areas, where urban air pollution sources dominate, and air quality guidelines are usually exceeded. Our findings support the call for strengthening environmental policies that improve air quality in the region, as well as allocating more health care capacity and resources to those areas most affected by air pollution. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; air pollution; particulate matter; Latin |
| JEL: | I18 Q52 Q53 O13 |
| Date: | 2021–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2021wpecon23&r= |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Centre for Econometric & Allied Research, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | We contribute to the literature on the propagation of oil price uncertainty shocks on to real equity prices of 26 advanced and emerging countries using a Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model, over the quarterly period of 1979:2 to 2019:4. Using a newly developed model-free robust estimate of oil price uncertainty, our findings reveal a statistically significant negative effect on 23 of the 26 stock markets considered, with stronger adverse responses observed for net oil-exporting and emerging economies. Our results have important implications for investors and policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Oil Price Uncertainty Shocks, International Equity Markets, Global Vector Autoregressive Model |
| JEL: | C32 G15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202160&r= |
| By: | Wang, Ying; Woodward, Richard T.; Liu, Jingyue |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312705&r= |
| By: | Fantazzini, Dean; Kolesnikova, Anna |
| Abstract: | Using monthly data of 79 Russian regions from 2003 to 2017, we study the long-run relationship of the retail gasoline prices with the crude oil price and the nominal exchange rate. We find that models that were successfully applied to deal with asymmetries in other countries are not suitable for Russia without taking structural breaks into account. Once breaks are allowed, we find that there is no asymmetry in the long-run elasticities between the gasoline prices and the crude oil price, and no significant hysteresis. However, there is an asymmetric relation between the gasoline price and the exchange rate that has decreased over time. These results also hold after several robustness checks. The evidence reported in this work shows that the effects of the exchange rate on gasoline prices are much more difficult to control than the oil price, and they require a larger set of policy measures: the recent development of a plan to decrease the importance of hydrocarbons exports by producing clean hydrogen using electrolysis and pyrolysis and the potential future export of electricity generated using nuclear power and onshore wind farms may help to diversify the local economy and to shield it from new sanctions. |
| Keywords: | Gasoline market; Russia; Asymmetric cointegration; Panel cointegration; Hysteresis; Structural breaks |
| JEL: | C32 C33 C54 L71 Q28 Q38 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109297&r= |