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on Energy Economics |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Demand Energy-Energy Production and Transportation Energy-Energy and Environment Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17148&r=ene |
| By: | Vivien Foster; Daron Bedrosyan |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Production and Transportation Energy-Energy and Environment Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment-Environment and Energy Efficiency Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17143&r=ene |
| By: | Bataille, Marc; Steinmetz, Alexander; Thorwarth, Susanne |
| Abstract: | While liberalization in energy markets has been a widely successful process all over the world, incumbents often still hold a dominant position. Thus, electricity wholesale markets are subject to market surveillance. Nevertheless, consolidated findings on abusive practices of market power and their cause and effect in wholesale electricity markets are scarce and non-controversial market monitoring practices fail to exist. Our application of the established measure of market concentration RSI shows that it serves as a decent indicator for the rents that can be gained in the market but also reveals considerable weaknesses of the RSI. Therefore, we propose and apply the "Return on Withholding Capacity Index" (RWC) representing a measure of the firms' incentive of withholding capacity as a complementary index to the RSI. -- |
| Keywords: | Market Power,Electric Power Markets,Measurement |
| JEL: | L11 L43 L94 K23 C13 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:150&r=ene |
| By: | Jorge E. Galán; Michael G. Pollitt |
| Abstract: | The electricity reform in Colombia has exhibited gains in terms of reliability but its effects on firms efficiency and service quality have not been clear. Previous studies evaluating the performance of distribution companies after the reform have not found evidence of improvements, although large differences in efficiency have been found among firms. This suggests high inefficiency persistence and heterogeneity in the Colombian distribution sector. In this paper, we propose an extension of dynamic stochastic frontier models that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity in the inefficiency persistence and in the technology. The model incorporates total expenses, service quality and energy losses in an efficiency analysis of Colombian distributors over fifteen years after the reform. We identify the presence of high inefficiency persistence in the sector, and important differences between firms. In particular, rural companies and firms with small customers present low persistence and evidence the largest gains in efficiency during the period. However, increases in efficiency are only manifested during the last five years when the main improvements in service quality and energy losses are presented. Overall, inefficiency persistence, customer density and consumption density are found to be important criteria to be considered for regulatory purposes. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian inference, electricity distribution, dynamic effects, heterogeneity, stochastic frontier models |
| JEL: | C11 C23 C51 D24 L94 |
| Date: | 2014–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1423&r=ene |
| By: | Pawel Maryniak; Rafal Weron |
| Abstract: | We study the forward looking information that is available to all participants in the UK power market and measure its predictive value with respect to forecasting the occurrence of electricity price spikes. We focus on information that measures the extent to which the capacity of the UK generation park will be constrained over the next two weeks. Following Cartea et al. (2009) we use a measure of 'tight market conditions', based on predicted capacity constraints, which identifies the periods when price spikes are more likely to occur. Considering a longer and a more recent time period (1.1.2006-31.12.2012), we find that irrespective of the spike identification algorithm the probability of observing a spike is roughly an exponentially increasing function of the demand-to-capacity ratio. |
| Keywords: | Electricity price spike; Forecasting; Capacity constraints; Indicated demand; Indicated generation |
| JEL: | C14 C51 C53 Q47 |
| Date: | 2014–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wuu:wpaper:hsc1411&r=ene |
| By: | Kungl, Gregor |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the actions and strategies of Germany´s leading energy companies - E.ON, RWE, EnBW and Vattenfall - in the light of a changing regulatory framework and other circumstances. The liberalization of the German electricity market, measures to promote renewable energies, market developments as well as exogenous shocks such as the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the fiscal crisis all had far-reaching consequences for these companies. A comparative analysis of these companies from 1998 to 2013 shows their development from thriving growth at the start of liberalization up to the current state of crisis. Conducted with a focus on the context of the Energiewende - Germany´s commitment to shift towards sustainable energy production - this article contributes to the current debate on the sustainable transformation of energy supply. The theory of strategic action fields by Fligstein and McAdam serves as a theoretical framework. -- Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Strategien der etablierten deutschen Stromkonzerne E.ON, RWE, EnBW und Vattenfall vor dem Hintergrund sich verändernder Rahmenbedingungen. Regulatorische Eingriffe wie etwa die Liberalisierung des deutschen Elektrizitätsmarktes oder Maßnahmen zur Förderung erneuerbarer Energien, Marktentwicklungen sowie exogene Schocks in Form der Nuklearkatastrophe von Fukushima und der Finanzkrise hatten weitreichende Folgen für die Stromkonzerne. Um die Entwicklung der Unternehmen - von einem florierenden Wachstum zu Beginn der Liberalisierung bis hin zur aktuellen Krise - verständlich zu machen, werden die Aktivitäten der Unternehmen in der Zeit von 1998 bis 2013 einer vergleichenden Analyse unterzogen. Den theoretischen Rahmen hierfür bildet die Theorie strategischer Handlungsfelder von Fligstein und McAdam. Ein analytischer Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Entwicklungen des deutschen Strommarktes im Zuge der Energiewende. Damit leistet der Artikel einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion über den nachhaltigen Umbau der Energieversorgung. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:stusoi:201403&r=ene |
| By: | Karim L. Anaya; Michael G. Pollitt |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the influence of weather variables on the efficiency of electricity distribution utilities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru. The data covers 82 firms that operate in the previously mentioned countries which represent more than 90 per cent of the distribution market of energy delivered for the period 1998-2008. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is applied with a translog input distance function approach. A combination of cost and cost-quality models is proposed to create better discussions. Weather data are collected from 429 meteorological stations and lightning data (flash rate) are collected from 3,423 coordinates provided by NASA. A geographic information system (GIS) is used for locating the firms’ service areas and for allocating their respective meteorological stations and coordinates. Results suggest that on average under cost models there is a significant increase in efficiency when weather is incorporated in the production function. Firms from Brazil and Peru are those which operate in less favourable weather conditions. Under the cost-quality models, on average the effect of weather is much lower. From this, it appears to be that firms have internalised the effects of weather and have adapted their networks with consideration to the environment in which they operate. A company-level analysis indicates that across models an important number of companies are affected by weather. Regulators are advised to make the case for the proper adjustments of efficiency scores when specific firms face important efficiency changes due to weather. |
| Keywords: | technical efficiency, stocastic frontier analysis, electricity distribution markets, weather, South America |
| JEL: | C23 C52 D24 L94 Q50 |
| Date: | 2014–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1424&r=ene |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Housing and Human Habitats Social Development - Social Accountability Conflict and Development - Post Conflict Reconstruction Communities and Human Settlements |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18652&r=ene |
| By: | Lecuyer, Oskar; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the optimal transition from existing coal power plants to gas and renewable power under a carbon budget. It solves a model of polluting, exhaustible resources with capacity constraints and adjustment costs (to build coal, gas, and renewable power plants). It finds that optimal investment in renewable energy may start before coal power has been phased out and even before investment in gas has started, because doing so allows for smoothing investment over time and reduces adjustment costs. Gas plants may be used to reduce short-term investment in renewable power and associated costs, but must eventually be phased out to allow room for carbon-free power. One risk for myopic agents comparing gas and renewable investment is thus to overestimate the lifetime of gas plants -- e.g., when computing the levelized cost of electricity -- and be biased against renewable power. These analytical results are quantified with numerical simulations of the European Commission's 2050 energy roadmap. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Energy Production and Transportation,Carbon Policy and Trading,Environment and Energy Efficiency,Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2014–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6985&r=ene |
| By: | Marcelino Madrigal; Rhonda Lenai Jordan |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Production and Transportation Energy-Energy and Environment Energy-Power & Energy Conversion Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment-Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17139&r=ene |
| By: | Marcelino Madrigal; Rhonda Lenai Jordan |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Demand Energy-Energy Markets Energy-Energy Production and Transportation Energy-Power & Energy Conversion Urban Development-Urban Environment |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17141&r=ene |
| By: | International Finance Corporation |
| Keywords: | Energy - Solar Energy Energy - Thermal Energy Earth Sciences and GIS Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Renewable Energy Science and Technology Development |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16493&r=ene |
| By: | Marcelino Madrigal; Rhonda Lenai Jordan |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Demand Energy-Energy Production and Transportation Energy-Power & Energy Conversion Energy-Rural Energy Urban Development-Urban Environment |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17142&r=ene |
| By: | Gabriela Elizondo Azuela; Luiz Barroso; Gabriel Cunha |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Economics Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Energy - Energy Production and Transportation |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18675&r=ene |
| By: | Francesco Nicolli (Facoltà di Economia (Faculty of Economics)); Francesco Vona (OFCE) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates empirically the effect of market regulation and renewable energy policies on innovation activity in different renewable energy technologies. For the EU countries and the years 1980 to 2007, we built a unique dataset containing information on patent production in eight different technologies, proxies of market regulation and technology-specific renewable energy policies. Our main findings show that lowering entry barriers is a more significant driver of renewable energy innovation than privatisation and unbundling, but its effect varies across technologies, being stronger in technologies characterised by the potential entry of small, independent power producers. Additionally, the inducement effect of renewable energy policies is heterogeneous and more pronounced for wind, which is the only technology that is mature and has high technological potential. Finally, the ratification of the Kyoto protocol – determining a more stable and less uncertain policy framework - amplifies the inducement effect of both energy policy and market liberalisation. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy technology; environmental innovation; heterogenous policy effect; feedin tariff; renewable energy certificates; entry barrier |
| JEL: | Q34 Q42 Q48 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/4b9o704lm99vm9u7s9e6fdpp6r&r=ene |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | Using the rising amounts of renewable transportation fuels required by the Renewable Fuel Standard will be difficult. CBO looks at how those requirements and alternatives would affect fuel and food prices and greenhouse gas emissions. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q16 Q18 Q20 Q28 Q40 Q42 Q48 Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:45477&r=ene |
| By: | Daniel Murphy; Arsh Sharma |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Markets and Market Access Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy Demand |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18681&r=ene |
| By: | Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee; Elisa Portale |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Science and Technology Development - Engineering |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18413&r=ene |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); (Southeast Asia Department, ADB); ; |
| Abstract: | The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is preparing sector assessments, strategies, and road maps (ASRs) to help align future ADB support with the needs and strategies of developing member countries and other development partners. ASRs are a working document that helps inform the development of country partnership strategies. This energy sector ASR updates development issues, needs, and priorities of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) for ADB’s assistance in the coming years, with a focus on the electricity subsector. It highlights sector performance, priority development constraints, the government’sstrategy and plans, other development partner support, lessons learned from past ADB support, and possible future ADB assistance. The product serves as a basis for further dialogue on how ADB and the government can work together to achieve the government’s goals of 90% electrification and sustainable development electricity sector in the Lao PDR in the coming years. |
| Keywords: | laos, lao pdr, laos energy, laos power supply, energy, electricity, energy transmission, energy consumption, electrification, hydropower, natural gas, oil supply, biofuels, coal, power plants, lao pdr energy sector, petroleum, renewable energy |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt135628&r=ene |
| By: | Masami Kojima |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Markets and Market Access Private Sector Development - Emerging Markets International Economics and Trade - Access to Markets Energy - Energy Production and Transportation |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16528&r=ene |
| By: | Ashok Sarkar; Jonathan Sinton; Joeri de Wit |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Banks and Banking Reform Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18410&r=ene |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Oil Refining and Gas Industry Energy - Energy and Environment Energy - Energy Trade Water Resources - Water and Industry Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Industry |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17366&r=ene |
| By: | Marcelino Madrigal; Rhonda Lenai Jordan |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Demand Energy-Energy Production and Transportation Energy-Hydro Power Energy-Power & Energy Conversion Urban Development-Urban Environment |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17140&r=ene |
| By: | Mikul Bhatia; Nicolina Angelou |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy Demand Science and Technology Development - Engineering Power and Energy Conversion Energy - Energy Production and Transportation |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18677&r=ene |
| By: | Rigoberto Ariel Yépez-García; Luis San Vicente Portes; Luis Enrique García |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Demand Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Oil Refining and Gas Industry Energy - Energy and Environment Industry |
| Date: | 2013–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17547&r=ene |
| By: | Paul Baringanire; Kabir Malik; Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Energy - Energy and Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18680&r=ene |
| By: | Yue-Jun Zhang; Ya-Bin Da |
| Abstract: | In order to investigate the main drivers of CO2 emissions changes in China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010) and seek the main ways to reduce CO2 emissions, we decompose the changes of energy-related CO2 emissions using the production-theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA) approach. The results indicate that, first, economic growth and energy consumption are the two main drivers of CO2 emissions increase during the sample period; particularly in the northern coastal, northwest and central regions, where tremendous coal resources are consumed, the driving effect of their energy consumption on CO2 emissions appears fairly evident. Second, the improvement of carbon abatement technology and the reduction of energy intensity play significant roles in curbing carbon emissions, and comparatively the effect of carbon abatement technology proves more significant. Third, energy use technical efficiency, energy use technology and carbon abatement technical efficiency have only slight influence on CO2 emissions overall. In the end, we put forward some policy recommendations for China's government to reduce CO2 emissions intensity in the future. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, PDA, distance functions, environmental DEA |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2013–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:45&r=ene |
| By: | Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee; Ruchi Soni; Elisa Portale |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Energy - Energy and Environment Power and Energy Conversion Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17370&r=ene |
| By: | Artur Kochnakyan; Sunil Kumar Khosla; Iskander Buranov; Kathrin Hofer; Denzel Hankinson; Joshua Finn |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17596&r=ene |
| By: | Xi Liang; Hengwei Liu; David Reiner |
| Abstract: | Building on previous stakeholder consultations from 2006 to 2010, we conduct a financial analysis for a generic CCS power plant in China. In comparison with conventional thermal generation technologies, a coal-fired power plant with CCS requires either a 70% higher on-grid electricity tariff or carbon price support of approximately US$50/tonne CO2 in the absence of any other incentive mechanisms or financing strategies. Given the difficulties of relying on any one single measure to finance a large-scale CCS power plant in China, we explore a combination of possible financing mechanisms. Potential measures available for increasing the return on the CCS investment include: enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a premium electricity tariff, and operational investment flexibility (e.g. solvent storage, upgradability). A simulation found that combining several financing options could not only provide private investors with a 12% to 18% return on equity (ROE), but also significantly reduce the required on-grid tariff to a level that is very close to the tariff level of existing coal-fired power plants and much lower than the tariffs for natural gas combined cycle and nuclear power plants. Therefore, we suggest that a combination of existing financing measures could trigger private investment in a large-scale CCS power plant in China. |
| Keywords: | Carbon capture and storage, Coal-fired power plant, Electricity, Finance, China |
| JEL: | Q4 Q42 O3 O13 P48 |
| Date: | 2014–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1430&r=ene |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Energy - Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2012–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17066&r=ene |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy - Energy Demand Energy - Energy and Environment Science and Technology Development - Engineering Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18732&r=ene |
| By: | Pascal Gourdel (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne - Paris School of Economics); Maria Lykidi (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We look at the optimal inter-temporal management of the fuel reservoir of nuclear units in a liberalized electricity market. We use the assumption that nuclear fuel works as a “reservoir” of energy due to the periodical shutdown of nuclear units to reload their fuel. In the medium-term, how a producer sets the nuclear fuel of the reservoir to respond to the variations of seasonal demand in order to maximize its production value on a multi-annual basis? The dynamic nature of the nuclear fuel reservoir highlighted the discontinuity of the price which complicates the resolution of the optimal inter-temporal production problem and even leads to a lack of solutions. Theoretically, at the optimum, nuclear is used to serve baseload and thermal follows demand's variations. Numerically, both nuclear and thermal units operate in load-following mode. Solutions characterized by a constant nuclear production do not exist which shows that the significant share of nuclear in the energy mix does not permit to produce at a constant rate unless further investments in thermal capacity are done. Inter-temporal optimization shows the role of nuclear for ensuring the equilibrium between supply and demand. |
| Keywords: | Electricity production, nuclear fuel reservoir, inter-temporal optimization, thermal production, merit order price, discontinuity problem. |
| JEL: | C61 C63 D24 D41 L11 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:14058&r=ene |
| By: | Ferguson, Shon (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Sanctuary, Mark (Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the intensive and extensive margins of carbon leakage. The analysis uses an increase in the Swedish electricity price to identify the impact on imports at the firm and product level. Our model of heterogenous firms predicts that higher domestic electricity prices lead firms to substitute towards imports of electricity-intense products. |
| Keywords: | Firm heterogeneity; Carbon leakage; Energy; Importing |
| JEL: | D21 F18 |
| Date: | 2014–08–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1035&r=ene |
| By: | Jan C. Fransoo |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Climate Change Economics Transport Economics Policy and Planning Energy - Energy and Environment Environmental Economics and Policies Transport |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17820&r=ene |
| By: | Bao-Jun Tang; Pi-Qin Gong |
| Abstract: | China and the United States are the top two largest energy consumers, but they have totally different energy consumption patterns. Firstly, newly added embodied energy inventory (NAEEI) is created based on the concept of embodied energy. We combine the improved economic input-output approach with LCA for modeling. NAEEI and its proportion to national aggregate primary energy consumption for the first decade of the 21st century of the two largest energy consumers were calculated. In 2001, China's annual NAEEI is 199.98 million tons of oil equivalents (toe). The figure soared to 908.50 million toe in 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 118.31%. Correspondingly, the proportion of NAEEI to China national aggregate primary energy consumption increased from 23.87% in 2001 to 37.35% in 2010, which implies that more and more energy have been embodied in fixed assets. By contrast, the United States holds only 37.29 million toe of the NAEEI, accounting for merely 1.65% of the national aggregate primary energy consumption. In 2010, the situation has not transformed, with the NAEEI of 32.38 million toe and the proportion of 1.42%, slightly decreasing compared to that of 2001. These statistics have shown us two totally different energy consumption patterns: U.S. for heavy instant consumption, light accumulation pattern and China for heavy accumulation, light instant consumption pattern. We name the proportion of the NAEEI to national aggregate primary energy consumption embodied energy accumulation (EEA) coefficient, which would be a number ranging from zero to one. Embodied energy accumulation coefficient can be taken as a concise criterion to demonstrate a country's economic development stage and energy consumption pattern. As for the huge gap of EEA coefficient between China and the United States, discrepancy in economic and social development, as well as investment-decision regimes are mainly to blame. |
| Keywords: | Newly added embodied energy inventory (NAEEI), improved economic input-output approach, life cycle analysis (LCA), energy consumption pattern |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:50&r=ene |
| By: | Marc Ozawa |
| Abstract: | This study argues that, in addition to political and economic factors, the level of trust between decision makers influenced outcomes in European-Russian energy cooperation. Drawing on selected cases of commercial partnerships and long-term contracts, it examines the impact of trust and the process by which it was developed or undermined between European and Russian partners. The findings are the following. Firstly, trust appeared to mitigate suspicion and encouraged cooperation between commercial and political actors. Secondly, when trust was present, conflicts of interest were more easily overcome while in its absence, a spiral of litigation and attempts at political coercion ensued. Thirdly, the development of trust was partially determined by history, collective memories and pre-existing political and economic conditions. At the same time, actors had the option to make decisions that could contribute to building trust or not. Fourthly, the analysis demonstrates a wide variation in levels of trust between West European companies and politicians toward Russia. And finally, it underscores the importance of interpersonal relations and energy companies as non-state actors. Because of the size and scope of these projects, the trust factor has implications not only on commercial ventures but also national economies, energy security and international relations. |
| Keywords: | Trust, natural gas, oil, trade, cooperation, Europe, Russia, Germany, United Kingdom, networks, relations, long term contracts, European Union |
| Date: | 2014–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1429&r=ene |
| By: | Gnann, Till; Plötz, Patrick; Kühn, André; Wietschel, Martin |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to reduce green house gas emissions from the transport sector. However, the limited electric range of EVs could impede their market introduction. Still some potential users are willing to pay more for EVs. The combined effect of these and other influencing factors as well as the resulting future market evolution are unclear. Here, we study the market evolution of EVs in Germany until 2020. Our results reveal a great deal of uncertainty in the market evolution of EVs due to external conditions and the users' willingness to pay. We find the future share of EVs in German passenger car stock to range from 0.4% to almost 3% by 2020. Energy prices have a large impact on EV market evolution as a 25% increase in fuel prices would double the number of EVs in stock by 2020 compared to a reference scenario. The high uncertainty of the market evolution implies that policies to foster market diffusion of EVs should be dynamically adaptable to react to changing framework conditions. We find a special depreciation allowance for commercial vehicles and a subsidy of 1,000 Euro as the most effective and efficient monetary policy options. -- |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s122014&r=ene |
| By: | Valeria Costantini (Dipartimento di Economia, Roma Tre University, Roma (Italy).); Francesco Crespi (Dipartimento di Economia, Roma Tre University, Roma (Italy).); Alessandro Palma (Dipartimento di Economia, Roma Tre University, Roma (Italy).) |
| Abstract: | The study provides a wide-ranging empirical analysis of the drivers of innovation, with a particular focus on the policy side, in residential energy efficiency technologies. The panel analysis of 23 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010, confirms the importance of adopting a systemic perspective when eco-innovation is under scrutiny. In particular, the innovation systems, both national and sectoral, together with the energy systems, spurred the propensity to innovate and significantly shaped the rate and direction of technical change in the residential sector. A general policy inducement effect is found to be relevant, but the size of its contribution for new EE technologies changes if disaggregated policy instruments are investigated. The role of policy mix as well as of policy coordination and coherence also positively affect the innovative activity in EE residential technologies. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, policy mix, residential sector. |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q48 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:1914&r=ene |
| By: | Bao-Jun Tang; Xi Zheng; Ke Wang |
| Abstract: | Based on the initial stage situation of new energy electric vehicles (electric vehicles) industry in China, this paper uses patents retrieval and literatures polymerization methods to analyze the technological innovation status quo and the regional distribution features in the electric vehicles industry at home and abroad. Then, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is applied to quantifiably evaluate technological innovation efficiency of the 17 major producing areas of electric vehicles. Furthermore, the layout trend of technological innovation is summarized; the regional distribution strategy of technological innovation in the domestic electric vehicles industry is also explored. |
| Keywords: | New energy electric vehicles, Technological innovation, Regional distribution |
| JEL: | Q20 |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:46&r=ene |
| By: | Peter Bradley (University of the West of England, Bristol); Matthew Leach (University of Surrey); Shane Fudge (University of Surrey) |
| Abstract: | This study was part of a collaborative trial for an energy feedback intervention, providing detailed individual desk based energy feedback information to help individuals reduce energy in an office environment. Although the intervention was individually based, this paper explores the social context in which the intervention took place, and in particular attempted to measure changes in normative influence (descriptive and injunctive norms) around specific energy services, before and after the intervention. Results from the study identified that social norms around certain energy services changed as a result of the intervention, and the level of descriptive norms was found to have an effect on the energy efficiency of participants. Additionally interviews which were carried out during the study are insightful in helping understand how norms emerge and spread with the influence of social context and related factors. Interviews indicate strong interactions between technologies/technology policy and social context. The findings are highly relevant in the current age of fast paced technology change where businesses and governments often make decisions on what ICT technologies shall be introduced and used (such as smart metering), without fully considering the two way relationship between these technologies and social context. |
| Keywords: | social norms; social context; organization; CSR; environmental; energy; demand response; smart metering; behaviour; descriptive norms; injunctive norms |
| JEL: | Q41 Q57 |
| Date: | 2014–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwe:wpaper:20141404&r=ene |
| By: | Rahmatallah Poudineh; Grigorios Emvalomatis; Tooraj Jamasb |
| Abstract: | Efficiency and productivity analysis is a central concept in incentive-based regulation of network utilities. However, the efficiency measures obtained from benchmarking predominantly reflect short term performance and hence, provide only a snapshot of the firm’s path towards its long run equilibrium. On the other hand, the factors affecting the short run behaviour of firms may not be adjusted instantaneously when firms undertake investment. In these instances, short run inefficiency caused by investments will be transmitted to subsequent periods. This effect, which arises from costs associated with the adjustment of capital stock or production capacity, is problematic under incentive regulation with ex-post regulatory treatment of capital expenditure. This is because it adversely affects the firms’ short term efficiency and, consequently, regulated revenue. This paper analyses the dynamic behaviour of inefficiency for a balanced panel of 128 Norwegian electricity distribution companies from 2004 to 2010. We show that, in a given period, inefficiency is a combination of period-specific effects (shocks) plus a carry-over component from previous periods due to adjustment costs. Also, we estimate these two components of inefficiency along with the rate of inefficiency transmission between periods. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic efficiency, innovation, investment incentives, benchmarking, electricity |
| JEL: | L43 L51 L94 D21 D23 D24 |
| Date: | 2014–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1422&r=ene |
| By: | Osmundsen, Petter (UiS) |
| Abstract: | A long period of rig scarcity and high rates has led to innovation in the procurement of rig services and in relationships between oil companies and rig contractors. Discussions have been conducted on joint ventures between companies and contractors, for instance. This paper describes and analyses such a solution from a taxation perspective. Could a joint venture pose problems for revenue capture from the petroleum sector? Challenges in taxing drilling services - including recently adopted British restrictions on determining internal charter rates for drilling units - are also analysed. In addition to analysing topical issues related to taxation and rigs, the paper makes a general contribution by highlighting the connection between taxing rig services at oil-company and rig-contractor levels, and by placing rig taxation in a broader resource management perspective. |
| Keywords: | Climate Projects; Decision Analysis; CO2 |
| JEL: | G31 G38 M21 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2014–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:stavef:2014_007&r=ene |
| By: | Stefania Lovo; Michael Gasiorek; Richard Tol |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between investment in new and second-hand capital goods and energy intensity. Using a panel dataset of about 4,500 Chilean firms for the period 2001-2007, we find that both types of investment help reducing energy intensity although second-hand machinery has a significantly lower effect. We conclude that, in order to reduce the energy intensity of the manufacturing sector, policies aiming at overcoming the constraints to new investment should be preferred to those that discourage investment in second-hand machinery (e.g. an import ban). |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsg:lsgwps:wp163&r=ene |
| By: | Dilip Limaye; Anke Meyer |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Environmental Economics and Policies Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Banks and Banking Reform Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Environment |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:17823&r=ene |
| By: | World Bank; International Cryosphere Climate Initiative |
| Keywords: | Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Water Resources - Water Resources Assessment Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Global Environment Facility Science and Technology Development - Science of Climate Change |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:16628&r=ene |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Energy - Energy Production and Transportation Economic Theory and Research Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Infrastructure Economics Governance - National Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18868&r=ene |
| By: | Hao Yu; Bing Wang; Yue-Jun Zhang; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Based on the questionnaire survey, this paper analyzes China's public perception of climate change in terms of several influence factors and some empirical findings are obtained. We find that some respondents are willing to take individual actions to address climate change, and they pay more attention to climate change or approve that climate change does harm to residents and society; meanwhile, they tend to have confidence in the government to deal with climate change or believe that fiscal and taxation policies are the effective policy measures. However there are also other respondents unwilling to take actions and argue that climate change proves the natural consequences. Thus, in order to motivate the public to take actions, the paper suggests that the government should widespread disseminate relevant knowledge about climate change to the public and guide the work to address climate change and adopt proper fiscal and taxation policies. |
| Keywords: | Public perception, Climate change, Questionnaire survey, Individual actions |
| JEL: | Q54 C83 |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:42&r=ene |
| By: | KAWAMURA Satoshi; TAKEDA Haruhito |
| Abstract: | 1) The second series of the History of Japan's Trade and Industry Policy , comprising 12 books (the first volume with a general overview and the remaining 11 volumes with detailed expositions on the main policy items) were published that not only record objective facts about the drafting process of the policy at the time and the situation of the industry and the economy that required such drafting, but also analyze and evaluate policy for the period 1980 through 2000. 2) However, it is not easy for people to read all 12 books and understand the history of policy. Subsequently, we made an abstract of each book to assist in using it in policy evaluation and policy making. The 12 abstracts describe the main points of the policy clearly and collect policy evaluation, and our hope is that they are utilized as the guide for each book. 3) This PDP is abstract of Takeo Kikkawa, History of Japan's Trade and Industry Policy (10) Natural Resources and Energy Policy , Keizai Sangyo Chosakai, 2011. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:14017&r=ene |
| By: | Kristina Mikulova; Kimberly Johns; Jana Kunicova |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures Governance - National Governance International Economics and Trade - Government Procurement Private Sector Development - E-Business Governance - Governance Indicators Public Sector Development |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:18933&r=ene |
| By: | Vahap Taştan (Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat, İstanbul) |
| Abstract: | Güney Gaz Koridoru, Avrupa Birliği’nin enerji politikalarında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Alhaiji’ye (2007) göre, 1970’lerdeki petrol krizlerinin literatüre en büyük katkısı “Enerji Arzı Güvenliğidir”. Aynı çalışmada Enerji Güvenliği, batılı devletlerin kullandığı bir kavram olarak ifade edilmektedir. Avrupa Birliği’nin özellikle Rusya-Ukrayna krizinden sonra konuya bakış açısı değişmiştir. Ortadoğu’daki siyasi istikrarsızlık ortamı ve Rusya-Gazprom’un politikaları, Avrupa Birliği’ni güvenli enerji arzı arayışına itmiştir. Zira Avrupa Birliği Gazprom’un politikalarından son derece rahatsızdır. Ayrıca Avrupa’nın kullandığı gazın, Rusya’dan ithal edilen kısmının %30’u geçmesi Enerji Güvenliği açısından önemli bir tehdit unsurudur. Bu bağlamda Güney Gaz Koridoru, yeni ve güvenli arz kaynağı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye ise “Yeni Enerji Düzeni’nde” transit ülke olarak artık masada yer almaktadır.Çalışma, Güney Gaz Koridoru’nun Yeni Enerji Düzeni’nde önemini “oyun teorik” çerçevede tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca Gazprom-Ukrayna krizi ve Güney Gaz Koridoruna karşı strateji olarak karşımıza çıkan Güney Akım’ın da varlığı farklı modeller çerçevesinde irdelenecektir. |
| Keywords: | Enerji, Doğalgaz, Arz Güvenliği, Rusya, Güney Kafkasya, Türkiye |
| JEL: | Q41 Q43 C73 F02 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eyd:cp2013:240&r=ene |