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on Demographic Economics |
| By: | Adams-Prassl, Abi (University of Oxford); Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard (University of Oxford); Petrongolo, Barbara (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | We develop new facts on relationships between the timing and spacing of births, parental leave take-up, and labor market outcomes using Danish administrative data. We document substantial heterogeneity in age at first birth across maternal skill levels. Average spacing of pregnancies is also tighter for highly skilled mothers, resulting in higher fertility levels and time on parental leave soon after first birth. We estimate event studies by skill level and find that much of child penalties in earnings and participation after first birth can be explained by incapacitation effects from parental leave around subsequent births, especially for the highly educated. |
| Keywords: | fertility, child penalty, skill |
| JEL: | J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17438 |
| By: | Jonas Jessen (WZB, IAB, IZA, Berlin School of Economics); Lavinia Kinne (DIW Berlin, Berlin School of Economics, University of Potsdam); Michele Battisti (University of Glasgow) |
| Abstract: | Child penalties in labour market outcomes are well-documented: after childbirth, mothers’ employment and earnings drop persistently compared to fathers. Beyond gender norms, a potential driver could be the loss in labour market skills due to mothers’ longer employment interruptions. This paper estimates child penalties in adult cognitive skills by adapting the pseudo-panel approach to a single cross-section of 29 countries in the PIAAC dataset. We find a persistent drop in numeracy skills after childbirth for both parents between 0.13 (short-run) and 0.16 standard deviations (long-run), but no statistically significant difference between mothers and fathers. Estimates of child penalties in skills strongly depend on controlling for pre-determined characteristics, especially education. Additionally, there is no evidence for worse occupational skill matches for mothers after childbirth. Our findings suggest that changes in general labour market skills cannot explain child penalties in labour market outcomes, and that a cross-sectional estimation of child penalties can be sensitive to characteristics of the outcome variable. |
| Keywords: | child penalty, cognitive skills, gender inequality, PIAAC |
| JEL: | I20 J13 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:81 |
| By: | Julia Schmieder (DIW Berlin); Doris Weichselbaumer (University of Linz, IZA); Clara Welteke (DIW Berlin); Katharina Wrohlich (DIW Berlin, University of Potsdam, Berlin School of Economics, IZA, CEPA) |
| Abstract: | Promoting fathers to take parental leave is seen as a promising way to advance gender equality. However, there is still a very limited understanding of its impact on fathers’ labor market outcomes. We conducted a correspondence study to analyze whether fathers who take parental leave face discrimination during the hiring process in three different occupations. Fathers who took parental leave in a female-dominated or gender-neutral occupation are not less likely to be invited to a job interview compared to fathers who did not take leave. However, in the male-dominated occupation, fathers who have taken long parental leave are penalized. Regardless of leave-taking, fathers are treated less favorably than mothers in the female-dominated and the gender-neutral occupation, while the opposite is true for the male-dominated occupation. This suggests the presence of strong gender norms concerning the perception of ideal employees in different occupations. |
| Keywords: | discrimination, parental leave, gender, hiring, experiment |
| JEL: | C93 J13 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:83 |
| By: | Vladimir Kozlov (Leibniz-Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (IOS)); Ekaterina Sokolova (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan); Olga Veselovskaya (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan); Daria Saitova (Eurasian Technological University Kazakhstan.) |
| Abstract: | The paper is devoted to the fertility intentions of the migrants from Russia belonging to the recent wave of so called ‘Exodus’ caused by Russia’s invasion in Ukraine in 2022 and its social impact on Russian society. The authors use the disruption hypothesis and predict the drop in the fertility intentions of new-wave Russian migrants in comparison with the old- wave Russian migrants and stayers, matching and controlling for their socio-economic status. Although the new-wave migrants are in the active reproductive age, partnered and in many cases childless, the authors find a strong intention to the fertility postponement and even cancellation among them. The research is based on two on-line surveys organized in April – October 2023 via online social media and by the snowball method. The first survey provided authors with empirical data on old-wave and new-wave migrants, the second one – on stayers, who have close socio-economic characteristics to the migrants. As a result not only the lower birth intentions of the new-wave migrants was observed, but the positive effect on fertility intentions of the subjective income and willingness to stay in the host country. Especially it is obvious for the countries beyond the EU (mainly for post-Soviet and the Balkan ones). On the other hand for the countries of EU (welfare states) the fertility intentions are the highest |
| Keywords: | Fertility intensions, fertility among migrants, disruption, forced migration, Russian migrants |
| JEL: | D10 J13 J15 J18 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ost:wpaper:403 |
| By: | Hannah Illing (University of Bonn, Institute for Employment Research (IAB) & Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)); Hanna Schwank (University of Bonn & Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)); Linh T. Tô (Boston University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how the same hiring opportunity leads to different labor market outcomes for male and female full-time workers. To study firms’ wage-setting behavior following exogenous vacancies, we analyze the wages of new hires after sudden worker deaths between 1981 and 2016. Using admin- istrative data from Germany, we apply a novel technique to identify external replacement workers, and we use machine learning to compare replacements hired for comparable positions by similar firms. We find that female replacement workers’ starting wages are, on average, 10 log points lower than those of replacing men of the same productivity. Differences in labor supply, within-firm ad- justments, or outside options do not explain this gap; instead, we attribute it to gender differences in bargaining. We conclude that a significant portion of the gender wage gap emerges within firms at the hiring stage. |
| Keywords: | Gender Wage Gap, Hiring, Labor Supply |
| JEL: | J2 J31 J63 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:339 |