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on China |
| By: | Glewwe, Paul (University of Minnesota); Huang, Qiuqiong (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville); Park, Albert (Hong Kong University of Science & Technology) |
| Abstract: | Economists have long recognized the important role of formal schooling and cognitive skills on labor market participation and wages. More recently, increasing attention has turned to the role of personality traits, or noncognitive skills. This study is among the first to examine how both cognitive and noncognitive skills measured in childhood predict educational attainment and early labor market outcomes in a developing country setting. Analyzing longitudinal data on rural children from one of China's poorest provinces, we find that both cognitive and noncognitive skills, measured when children are 9-12, 13-16, and 17-21 years old, are important predictors of whether they remain in school or enter the work force at age 17-21. The predictive power of specific skill variables differ between boys and girls. Conditioning on years of schooling, there is no strong evidence that skills measured in childhood predict wages in the early years of labor market participation. |
| Keywords: | cognitive skills, noncognitive skills, school-to-work transition, schooling, rural China |
| JEL: | I25 J16 J24 O53 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10566&r=cna |
| By: | Karachiwalla, Naureen (IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute); Park, Albert (Hong Kong University of Science & Technology) |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence that promotion incentives influence the effort of public employees by studying China's system of promotions for teachers. Predictions from a tournament model of promotion are tested using retrospective panel data on primary and middle school teachers. Consistent with theory, high wage increases for promotion are associated with better performance, teachers increase effort in years leading up to promotion eligibility, and reduce effort if they are repeatedly passed over for promotion. Evaluation scores are positively associated with teacher time use and with student test scores, diminishing concerns that evaluations are manipulated. |
| Keywords: | teacher incentives, promotions, China |
| JEL: | J31 J33 J45 M51 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10547&r=cna |
| By: | Guo, Di; Jiang, Kun; Xu, Cheng-Gang |
| Abstract: | This study presents theoretical and empirical analyses of time allocation of entrepreneurs as a response to weak property rights protection. Using a nationwide random sampling survey of more than 3,000 entrepreneurs in over 100 cities in China, we find that entrepreneurs, responding to the violation of property rights, spend large proportions of their working time on lobbying activities to protect their businesses at the cost of management time. Moreover, the sensitivity of lobbying time to property rights protection is reduced if the entrepreneur is politically connected or if the firm is larger or older. |
| Keywords: | Chinese Economy; entrepreneurship; Institution; Property rights; Time allocation |
| JEL: | L26 M12 O12 P31 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11853&r=cna |
| By: | Che, Yi; Du, Julan; Lu, Yi; Tao, Zhigang |
| Abstract: | Rest upon an extensive data set on Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs) in China, we investigate the role of institutional difference in determining the locational choice of foreign direct investment (FDI). Estimation results using firm-level discrete choice model suggest that FIEs from source countries that are more remote institutionally from the Chinese mainland exhibit a higher degree of sensitivity toward regional economic institutions in their choice of FDI location. Furthermore, we find that FIEs coming from countries with better institutions than China are more sensitive to institutional difference. Interestingly, we find that the deterrent effct of institutional distance on FDI entry is mitigated for FIEs coming from countries with more ethnic Chinese in their overall populations. |
| Keywords: | Institutional Difference; FDI Location Choice; China |
| JEL: | F23 P16 |
| Date: | 2017–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77158&r=cna |
| By: | Zhang, Yuan (Asian Development Bank Institute); Wan, Guanghua (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Developing countries have seen a rapid rise in population urbanization in the past decades. At the same time, they have participated actively in the process of globalization. However, possible interlinks between population urbanization and trade openness in developing economies have been ignored by present literature. We propose a simple framework explaining the cereals trade–population urbanization nexus, showing how cereals supply constrains population urbanization and how international trade can change this constraint. Then, we present historical evidence, empirical tests, and case studies from the People’s Republic of China, and India further highlighting the critical role of cereals trade in population urbanization in developing economies. Policy suggestions that may help developing countries achieve more inclusive and sustainable urban development are discussed in the final section of this paper. |
| Keywords: | trade; urbanization; trade-urbanization nexus; trade openness; cereals trade; population; developing economies; urban development |
| JEL: | O18 Q17 R11 |
| Date: | 2017–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0636&r=cna |
| By: | Yi Zeng (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Huashuai Chen; Xiaomin Liu; Rui Ye; Enjun Xie; Zhihua Chen; Jiehua Lu; Jianxin Li; Yaohua Tian; Ting Ni; Lars Bolund; Kenneth C. Land; Anatoliy Yashin; Angela M. O'Rand; Liang Sun; Ze Yang; Wei Tao; Anastasia Gurinovic; Claudio Franceschi; Jichun Xie; Jun Gu; Yong Hou; Xiao Liu; Xun Xu; Jean-Marie Robine; Joris Deelen; Paola Sebastiani; P. Eline Slagboom; Thomas T. Perls; Elizabeth R. Hauser; William Gottschalk; Qihua Tan (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Kaare Christensen; Mike Lutz; Xiao-Li Tian; Huanming Yang; Junxia Min; Chao Nie; James W. Vaupel (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Based on sex-stratified genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Han Chinese, 2,178 centenarians and 2,299 middle-aged controls, we identified 11 male- and 12 female-specific independent loci that are significantly associated with longevity ( P <10 -5 ), replicated in independent North and South regions in one sex, but are not significant ( P >0.05) in the other sex. We found that the association of rs60210535 at LINC00871 with longevity replicated well between Chinese females ( P =4.6x10 -5 ) and U.S. females ( P =9.0x10 -5 ), but was not significant in both Chinese and U.S. males ( P >0.05). We discovered that 11 male-specific and 34 female-specific pathways are significantly associated with longevity ( P <0.005, false discovery rate ( FDR ) <0.05). Male-specific pathways are enriched for inflammation and immunity genes, but female-specific pathways include tryptophan metabolic and PGC-1α pathways that converge to mitochondrial biogenesis. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses demonstrated that 11/12 male/female top loci ( P <10 -5 in one sex, P >0.05 in other sex), 44/58 male/female strong loci (10 -5 ≤ P <10 -4 in one sex, P >0.4 or P >0.35 in other sex), and 191/311 male/female moderate loci (10 -4 ≤ P <10 -3 in one sex, P >0.75 or P >0.7 in other sex) are jointly and highly associated with longevity exceeding a significance level P< 10 -8 in one sex, but not jointly associated with longevity in the other sex ( P >0.05). Our integrated PRS and novel sex-specific genetic relative benefit/loss ratio analyses indicate that females’ genetic constitution favors longevity more than males’. Further interdisciplinary collaborative efforts are warranted, such as replications from other populations, international meta-analyses with much larger sample size, lab tests, and in silico functional validations. Significance Statement: On average, women live significantly longer lives than men but they have lower physical performance and more adverse health outcomes at older ages compared to men: patterns that signify the male-female health-survival paradox (1). Research on sex differences in health and mortality has proliferated, but has yet to achieve a good understanding of the effects of genetic variants on the sex gap in longevity and health. Based on sex-stratified genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of Han Chinese including centenarians with a sample size 2.7 times as large as other published largest single GWAS on longevity involving centenarians (2), the present study aims to contribute a better understanding of sex differences in genetic associations with longevity. |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2017-004&r=cna |
| By: | Chen, Hongyi; Funke, Michael; Lozev, Ivan; Tsang, Andrew |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the macroeconomic effects of China’s informal banking regulatory tool “win-dow guidance,” introduced in 1998. Using an open-economy DSGE model that includes the com-mercial banking sector, we study the stabilizing effects of this non-standard quantitative monetary policy tool and the implications of quantity-based vs. price-based monetary policy instruments for welfare. The analyses are relevant to the current overhaul of Chinese monetary policy. |
| JEL: | C61 E32 E44 E52 |
| Date: | 2017–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bof:bofitp:2017_003&r=cna |
| By: | Kim, Soyoung; Mehrotra, Aaron |
| Abstract: | We examine the effects of monetary and macroprudential policies in the Asia-Pacific region, where many inflation targeting economies have adopted macroprudential policies in order to safeguard financial stability. Using structural panel vector autoregressions that identify both monetary and macro-prudential policy actions, we show that tighter macroprudential policies used to contain credit growth have also had a significant negative impact on macroeconomic aggregates such as real GDP and the price level. The similar effects of monetary and macroprudential policies may suggest a complementary use of the two policies at normal times. However, they could also create challenges for policy-makers, especially during times when low inflation coincides with buoyant credit growth. |
| JEL: | E58 E61 |
| Date: | 2017–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bof:bofitp:2017_004&r=cna |