|
on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Gözübenli, Abdullah Sencer |
| Abstract: | In post-imperial kin-states, the combination of authoritarian rule and selective historical memory in home-states of their kin-minorities have led to a dangerous brand of ethnic politics. Turkey has trouble defining both its kin societies in the Balkans and the policies directed at them. Nonetheless, Erdoğan's kin-state actions since his ruling party came into power in 2002 divide and polarize Balkan Turks and Muslims. In this respect, this article builds on how the religious-oriented and political polarization exported from the kin-state affects the national identity of its kin-minority in ethnically divided society, in the context of Rogers Brubaker's well-known triadic nexus. This article aims to take a brief look at the division and polarization of Balkan Turks and Muslims, especially in North Macedonia, which emerged as a result of Turkey’s transnational identity policies. |
| Date: | 2023–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jngv3&r=ara |
| By: | Adnan Akram (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | A Framework Agreement Establishing a Free Trade Area between Pakistan and Turkiye was signed on March 22, 2016, in Islamabad, and it included a trading in goods agreement, or preferential trade arrangement, that Pakistan and Turkiye would sign on August 12, 2022. Accordingly, Turkiye grants Pakistan privileged access to 261 tariff lines that are of interest to its market, and she has received the same treatment for 130 tariff lines that are of interest to her. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2022:95&r=ara |
| By: | David Franzmann; Heidi Heinrichs; Felix Lippkau; Thushara Addanki; Christoph Winkler; Patrick Buchenberg; Thomas Hamacher; Markus Blesl; Jochen Lin{\ss}en; Detlef Stolten |
| Abstract: | Green hydrogen is expected to be traded globally in future greenhouse gas neutral energy systems. However, there is still a lack of temporally- and spatially-explicit cost-potentials for green hydrogen considering the full process chain, which are necessary for creating effective global strategies. Therefore, this study provides such detailed cost-potential-curves for 28 selected countries worldwide until 2050, using an optimizing energy systems approach based on open-field PV and onshore wind. The results reveal huge hydrogen potentials (>1, 500 PWh/a) and 86 PWh/a at costs below 2 EUR/kg in 2050, dominated by solar-rich countries in Africa and the Middle East. Decentralized PV-based hydrogen production, even in wind-rich countries, is always preferred. Supplying sustainable water for hydrogen production is needed while having minor impact on hydrogen cost. Additional costs for imports from democratic regions only total 7%. Hence, such regions could boost the geostrategic security of supply for greenhouse gas neutral energy systems. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2303.00314&r=ara |