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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Chafik, Omar (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); Mikou, Mohammed (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); Slaoui, Yassine (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); Motl, Tomas (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | This working paper presents a DSGE model for macroprudential analysis in Morocco. The model has been calibrated to match stylized facts of the Moroccan financial sector and can be used for macroprudential policy analysis, scenario building, or stress-testing. The model provides a top-down perspective on the financial sector stability, complementing the more traditional financial supervision tools currently in use at Bank Al-Maghrib. The paper describes the model structure and highlights its features that make it suitable for the analysis of macroprudential issues– strong role of nonlinearities, endogenous macro-financial feedback loops, and explicit description of the aggregate bank balance sheet. The paper presents three simulations to illustrate key transmission mechanisms: (i) Macroeconomic impact of an increase in equity capital; (ii) The role of capital flows sensitivity to capital buffers building requirement and (iii) The Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the banking sector. |
| Keywords: | Macroprudential-policy; Macroeconomic-modeling; Morocco-Financial sector |
| JEL: | F47 |
| Date: | 2022–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2022_003&r=ara |
| By: | Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abay, Kibrom A. |
| Abstract: | The participation of smallholder farmers in high-value and profitable value chains as well as contract farming remains low in Africa. This paper aims to identify observable and unobservable constraints that explain joint participation in profitable value chains and contract farming. We use a multivariate probit model to estimate potential complementarities between the cultivation of these various value chains (vegetables, fruits, spices, herbs, and cereals), and participation in contract farming. We identify several important observable factors that reinforce and hence limit smallholders’ participation in both low and highvalue chains as well as contract farming. For example, we find suggestive evidence that mallholders in Egypt face a trade-off between ensuring food security to their households and maximizing profit, and land plays a major factor in moderating this trade-off. We find that farmers with limited land resources are more likely to devote a larger share of their land to low-value crops such as cereals while this pattern weakens with increasing land size and slightly reverses for high-value crops such as spices and herbs. This suggests until some level of land resources, food security goals may dominate profit motives while this reverses after ensuring that food security goals are achieved. Younger and wealthier farmers are more likely to participate in the cultivation of high-value crops such as spices and herbs as well as contract farming. We also document strong complementarities between participation in high-value value chains and contract farming. Particularly, farmers who cultivate high-value crops are more likely to be engaged in contract farming. Intuitively, this implies that addressing smallholders’ binding constraints, including risk and access to land, can encourage participation in profitable value chains and contract farming. Our findings offer suggestive evidence that may serve in targeting smallholders to join profitable value chains in Egypt and other comparable contexts. |
| Keywords: | EGYPT; ARAB COUNTRIES; MIDDLE EAST; NORTH AFRICA; AFRICA; agricultural value chains; cereals; contract farming; farmers; food security; fruits; herbaceous plants; land access; probit analysis; smallholders; spices; vegetables high-value value chains; low-value crops |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:menawp:42&r=ara |
| By: | Amélie GUILLIN; Isabelle RABAUD; Chahir ZAKI |
| Keywords: | , Trade Agreements, Services, Institutions, WTO commitments |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2984&r=ara |
| By: | Chafik, Omar (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); Achour, Aya (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | Ce document de travail cherche à étudier l’impact du cycle financier sur le cycle réel et la transmission de la politique monétaire au Maroc. Notre analyse repose sur un modèle nouveau-keynésien permettant de tenir compte d’une manière endogène des interactions entre les cycles réel et financier. Par rapport à littérature sur la question, notre cadre analytique a l’avantage d’intégrer la politique monétaire et d’offrir une description plus détaillée de l’économie adaptée au régime de change en vigueur au Maroc. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que le cycle financier peut amplifier ou réduire l’ampleur des chocs économiques et, par conséquent, amener la politique monétaire à ajuster sa réaction pour stabiliser l’économie. L’analyse montre également que l’effet du cycle financier sur la transmission des chocs et la conduite de la politique monétaire peut avoir un caractère asymétrique. |
| Keywords: | Cycle-financier; cycle-réel; politique-monétaire; modèle-new-keynésien; estimation-bayésienne |
| JEL: | E50 |
| Date: | 2022–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2022_002&r=ara |
| By: | Mohamed Debbouzine (UMBB - Université M'Hamed Bougara Boumerdes) |
| Abstract: | This article aims to present the novelties brought to the accounting of insurance and reinsurance organizations in Algeria, and this, within the framework of the new regulations enacted by the Notice N ° 89 of the CNC, of March 10, 2011. The most significant change is the removal of the concept "Technical debts" which have been replaced by class 03 "accounts for technical insurance reserves". |
| Abstract: | Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les nouveautés apportées à la comptabilité des organismes d'assurance et de réassurance en Algérie, et ce, dans le cadre de la nouvelle réglementation édictée par l'Avis N° 89 du CNC, du10 mars 2011. Le changement le plus marquant est la suppression de la notion « Dettes techniques » qui ont été remplacé par la classe 03 « comptes de provisions techniques d'assurance ». |
| Keywords: | Comptabilité d'assurance Assurance Réassurance Provisions techniques états financiers Code Jel : M41 G22 Accountancy Insurance Reinsurance Technical reserves financial statements JEL Classification Codes: M41 G22, Comptabilité d'assurance, Assurance, Réassurance, Provisions techniques, états financiers, Code Jel : M41, G22 Accountancy, Insurance, Reinsurance, Technical reserves, financial statements, JEL Classification Codes: M41, G22 |
| Date: | 2022–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03904884&r=ara |
| By: | Mevlude Akbulut-Yuksel; Seyit M. Cilasun; Erdal Tekin; Belgi Turan |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the severe economic crisis in Turkey in 2008 as a quasi-experiment to evaluate the impact of worsening economic conditions during pregnancy on birth outcomes. Exploiting the temporal and spatial variations in economic hardship across provinces, we show that the deep economic downturn led to significantly lower birth weight. Furthermore, these effects are mainly observed in children born to mothers with low socioeconomic status, suggesting that credit constraints may be a significant factor in the impact of economic crises on birth outcomes in Turkey. Our study also demonstrates that mothers residing in provinces significantly hit by the economic recession are more likely to have premature babies and shorter gestational lengths, both of which elevate the prevalence of lower birth weight newborns. Finally, our analysis illustrates that selective fertility, abortion, and neonatal mortality are more common during an economic downturn, and play a significant role in explaining the impact on birth outcomes in our context. |
| JEL: | I14 I15 J13 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30902&r=ara |
| By: | Lahlou, Kamal (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); Bennouna , Hicham (International Monetary Fund) |
| Abstract: | L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser les déterminants de l’inflation au Maroc durant la dernière décennie, marquée par plusieurs faits saillants, tant au niveau national qu’international. Les résultats de l’estimation de la courbe de Phillips, augmentée par les facteurs externes, et du modèle SVAR avec restriction des signes, ont fait ressortir que : (i) la demande domestique impacte de plus en plus faiblement l’évolution de l’inflation, (ii) la dynamique de l’inflation est essentiellement influencée par son passé (persistance), (iii) dans le sillage de l’accélération de l’intégration du Maroc à l’économie mondiale, le rôle des facteurs externes s’est considérablement consolidé, (iv) eu égard aux mutations qu’a connu le cadre de politique monétaire, les anticipations d’inflation sont de plus en plus influentes. |
| Keywords: | Inflation; globalisation; anticipations; courbe de Phillips; modèle SRVARs. |
| JEL: | F62 |
| Date: | 2022–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2022_001&r=ara |
| By: | Derder Nacéra (UMBB - Université M'Hamed Bougara Boumerdes); Benammar Abdelkader (Ecole Supérieure de Commerce –Koléa, (Algérie)) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to identify the extent of informal finance in Algeria, to review the main decisions taken by the central bank in its fight against the informal and discuss their impact on informal finance. Faced with an informal finance that persists, new actions must be taken, not only on the regulatory level, but must also be part of a strategy aimed at strengthening the operational efficiency of the banking system. |
| Abstract: | Ce travail vise à mettre la lumière sur l'importance de la finance informelle en Algérie, de passer en revue les principales décisions prises par la banque centrale dans sa lutte contre l'informalité et de ressortir leur impact sur la finance informelle. Face à une finance informelle qui perdure, de nouvelles actions doivent être engagées, non seulement sur le plan réglementaire, mais doivent aussi s'inscrire dans une stratégie visant à renforcer l'efficacité opérationnelle du système bancaire. |
| Keywords: | banque d'Algérie secteur informel finance informelle formalisation. Code jel : E26. G21. G29 bank of Algeria informal sector informal finance formalization. Jel Classification Codes : E26. G21. G29, banque d'Algérie, secteur informel, finance informelle, formalisation. Code jel : E26. G21. G29 bank of Algeria, informal sector, informal finance, formalization. Jel Classification Codes : E26. G21. G29 |
| Date: | 2022–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03904818&r=ara |
| By: | Owkwal, Ayowle |
| Abstract: | Specificities of the Governance Mechanisms of Social Organizations and Their Contribution to Value Creation: Case of Moroccan Cooperatives |
| Date: | 2023–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:d6erm&r=ara |
| By: | Mallick, Debdulal; Khalil, Islam; Nicholas, Aaron |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects on health outcomes resulting from a reduction in years of schooling in Egypt in 1988, a policy change that moves in the opposite direction in relation to the extant literature. We exploit this policy change as a natural experiment and employ a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to investigate a wide range of objectively measured health outcomes and behaviors. Despite the policy’s adverse effect on years of schooling and students’ ability to complete educational milestones, there is no effect on any of the health outcomes. Our results (or lack thereof) add to the complexity and nuance of the findings in the literature that is focused on the effect of increasing compulsory schooling (or school leaving age), particularly in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Education; Health; Natural experiment; Fuzzy regression discontinuity |
| JEL: | C99 I12 I20 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116184&r=ara |
| By: | Dagher, Leila; tabsh, ghina; sidani, ola; Abi Younes, Oussama |
| Abstract: | The project aims to ensure greater accountability and transparency of humanitarian aid and reconstructions efforts, particularly for those most affected by the Beirut port explosion. It will do so by better equipping local civil society and journalist networks in their roles as watchdogs, by supporting state actors to improve government reforms and manage crisis in transparency, and by equipping citizens to monitor and report corruption, particularly in areas of Beirut most affected by the explosion. Several recent reports and documentaries have questioned the transparency and accountability of international assistance related to the Port of Beirut (PoB) explosion. There are claims that millions of dollars have been misused or wasted to corruption. “Ensuring Accountability in Reconstruction and Reform Efforts in Lebanon (EARREL)” intends to fill this information gap. EARREL is led by the American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Lebanese Transparency Association (LTA) and funded by Transparency International. This report builds on an exhaustive literature review conducted by the team as well as a data collection exercise that included (1) field surveys of 250 aid beneficiaries in the PoB area, and (2) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 25 experts in the field. |
| Keywords: | transparency; international aid, port of beirut explosion; Lebanon |
| JEL: | F35 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116137&r=ara |
| By: | Kechih Nadia (UMMTO - Université Mouloud Mammeri [Tizi Ouzou]); Moulai Kamel (UMMTO - Université Mouloud Mammeri [Tizi Ouzou]) |
| Abstract: | All transformation of any physical space by actors which use its resources, permit it to become territory. Its identity and image depends on the different development projects initiated. The touristic destination is a project to be realized and an objective to be achieved. For this, we have chosen a territory for a study to know the role of the commune in the touristic destination project. It's about Azeffoun commune territory. Key words: territory, territorial project, touristic destination, Azeffoun, local governance. |
| Abstract: | L'espace physique après sa transformation par un ensemble d'acteurs, qui exploitent ses différentes composantes, devient territoire. L'identité et l'image territoriale dépendent des différents projets de développement menés. La destination touristique est un projet à réaliser et un objectif à atteindre. Nous avons choisit un territoire sur lequel une étude empirique a été faite. Il s'agit de territoire de la commune d'Azeffoun. |
| Keywords: | territoire destination touristique gouvernance locale projet territorial. Code Jel: Z30 Z32 territory territorial project touristic destination Azeffoun local governance. JEL Classification Codes: Z30 Z32, territoire, destination touristique, gouvernance locale, projet territorial. Code Jel: Z30, Z32 territory, territorial project, touristic destination, Azeffoun, local governance. JEL Classification Codes: Z30, Z32 |
| Date: | 2022–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03904814&r=ara |
| By: | Dagher, Leila; tabsh, ghina; sidani, ola; Abi Younes, Oussama |
| Abstract: | The project aims to ensure greater accountability and transparency of humanitarian aid and reconstructions efforts, particularly for those most affected by the Beirut port explosion. It will do so by better equipping local civil society and journalist networks in their roles as watchdogs, by supporting state actors to improve government reforms and manage crisis in transparency, and by equipping citizens to monitor and report corruption, particularly in areas of Beirut most affected by the explosion. Several recent reports and documentaries have questioned the transparency and accountability of international assistance related to the Port of Beirut (PoB) explosion. There are claims that millions of dollars have been misused or wasted to corruption. “Ensuring Accountability in Reconstruction and Reform Efforts in Lebanon (EARREL)” intends to fill this information gap. EARREL is led by the American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Lebanese Transparency Association (LTA) and funded by Transparency International. This report builds on an exhaustive literature review conducted by the team as well as a data collection exercise that included (1) field surveys of 250 aid beneficiaries in the PoB area, and (2) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 25 experts in the field. |
| Keywords: | transparency; international aid, port of beirut explosion; Lebanon |
| JEL: | F35 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116136&r=ara |
| By: | Dagher, Leila; tabsh, ghina; sidani, ola; Abi Younes, Oussama |
| Abstract: | The project aims to ensure greater accountability and transparency of humanitarian aid and reconstructions efforts, particularly for those most affected by the Beirut port explosion. It will do so by better equipping local civil society and journalist networks in their roles as watchdogs, by supporting state actors to improve government reforms and manage crisis in transparency, and by equipping citizens to monitor and report corruption, particularly in areas of Beirut most affected by the explosion. Several recent reports and documentaries have questioned the transparency and accountability of international assistance related to the Port of Beirut (PoB) explosion. There are claims that millions of dollars have been misused or wasted to corruption. “Ensuring Accountability in Reconstruction and Reform Efforts in Lebanon (EARREL)” intends to fill this information gap. EARREL is led by the American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Lebanese Transparency Association (LTA) and funded by Transparency International. This report builds on an exhaustive literature review conducted by the team as well as a data collection exercise that included (1) field surveys of 250 aid beneficiaries in the PoB area, and (2) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 25 experts in the field. |
| Keywords: | transparency; international aid, port of beirut explosion; lebanon |
| JEL: | F35 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116135&r=ara |
| By: | Dagher, Leila; abboud, ali; sidani, ola; Abi Younes, Oussama |
| Abstract: | In many countries, early, large, and sustained policy responses to the pandemic were successful in protecting families. However, the Government of Lebanon’s response to COVID-19 and the simultaneous crises the country is experiencing, in terms of socio-economic recovery measures has been very limited, if not absent. Led by the American University of Beirut (AUB) and supported by Oxfam, the project “For Inclusive and Fair COVID-19 Socio-Economic Recovery Measures in Lebanon, ” investigates the impact of the pandemic and concurring crises on the employment and living conditions of the urban informal sector in Lebanon. The informal sector makes up a significant portion of the Lebanese economy (54% of the labor force before the start of the crisis). Furthermore, the project evaluates the government’s response to both the health and economic challenges posed by the crises. The field work shows that the pandemic led to significant loss of employment and income among the population of interest. Household living conditions deteriorated drastically, leading the majority of households to resort to negative coping mechanisms. Government intervention was limited in scope and impact and failed to alleviate the daily hardships faced by the vulnerable population. Finally, we conclude with a series of short- and long-term policy recommendations that build on the evidence provided in this research work as well as lessons learned. |
| Keywords: | poverty; social safety net; social assistance; social protection; informal sector; covid19 |
| JEL: | H12 H53 H55 I3 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116132&r=ara |
| By: | Lahlou, Kamal (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche); Hajjaji , Saida (Bank Al-Maghrib, Département de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | L’économie mondiale a observé une récession sans précèdent à cause de la pandémie de la Covid-19. Les gouvernements ont ainsi utilisé différentes mesures de soutien aux ménages et aux entreprises pour atténuer les effets de la crise et relancer l’activité économique. Toutefois, l’ampleur des dépenses a significativement varié d'une économie à l'autre. Ce travail examine les déterminants macroéconomiques de l’effort de relance en réponse à la pandémie sur un panel de 86 pays émergents et en développement dont le Maroc. Les résultats ont montré que des niveaux élevés de la dette et du déficit du compte courant ont contribué à la réduction de l’effort de relance. En revanche, la sévérité de la récession économique observée en 2020, le nombre de cas de contaminations et l’indice de développement humain ont concouru à l’augmentation de l’effort de relance. De même, la taille de l’économie informelle a davantage accentué les besoins d’aides puisque les travailleurs qui opèrent dans ces activités ne bénéficient pas des filets de sécurité sociale. Enfin, le développement du secteur financier a positivement agi sur l’effort de relance destiné aux entreprises à travers les mécanismes de garantie du crédit. |
| Keywords: | Pandémie-Covid19; crise-économique-et-sociale; effort-de-relance; déterminants-macroéconomiques; modélisation-en-coupe-transversale |
| JEL: | G28 |
| Date: | 2022–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:bkamdt:2022_004&r=ara |
| By: | Ms. Priscilla Toffano; Ebad Ebadi |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) played during periods of economic sanctions against Iran. Using difference-in-difference techniques and exploiting survey data on the manufacturing sector, our analysis shows that the sanctions reduced revenues, profits, and productivity of both SOEs and private firms in targeted industries, with larger impacts in SOEs. In contrast to private firms, wages and employment levels increased in SOEs, suggesting that SOEs were used to protect employment during the economic crisis. In terms of distributional impacts, men were the hardest hit by the sanctions in private firms but benefited the most from the increase in wages in SOEs. |
| Keywords: | State-Owned Enterprises; Sanctions; Firm behaviour; Employment contract; Gender inequality; Labor law.; firms in targeted industry; shares of firm; employment level; manufacturing firm; Public enterprises; Employment |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/200&r=ara |
| By: | Dagher, Leila; abboud, ali; sidani, ola; Abi Younes, Oussama |
| Abstract: | In many countries, early, large, and sustained policy responses to the pandemic were successful in protecting families. However, the Government of Lebanon’s (GoL) response to COVID-19 and the simultaneous crises the country is experiencing, in terms of socio-economic recovery measures, has been very limited if not absent. This research aims to analyze the impact of the lack of government actions and policies on the urban informal labor sector in Lebanon. The informal sector, which makes up a significant portion of the Lebanese economy (estimated to be at least 30% of GDP), is of interest to us as very few of the measures taken by GoL such as tax grace periods, were targeted at the formal sector. Led by the American University of Beirut (AUB) and funded by Oxfam, the project “For Inclusive and Fair Covid-19 Socio-Economic Recovery Measures in Lebanon, ” aims to assess the GoL decisions related to the pandemic and to influence the orientation of government decisions such that they take into consideration the impact on the most vulnerable population groups, especially those working in the informal sector. |
| Keywords: | lebanon; social protection; social assistance; social safety net; poverty; informal sector |
| JEL: | H12 H53 H55 I3 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116133&r=ara |
| By: | Fleur C. Khalil ("USEK Business School, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon " Author-2-Name: Cesar A. Kamel Author-2-Workplace-Name: "Société Générale Bank, Beirut, Lebanon " Author-3-Name: Jeanne A. Kaspard Author-3-Workplace-Name: "USEK Business School, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon " Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - This empirical study treats the evolution of the information system in the Lebanese public sector while addressing the reasons and factors for this evolution. This topic is of particular interest given the results of empirical studies already carried out in some countries, which highlight the improvement in the performance of public institutions through the evolution of the I.S. from a simple I.S. to a digital one. Methodology – A qualitative method with an interpretativist positioning and a deductive approach was used, with a mono-case field study which is the case of the Ministry of Finance. The tool used is the semi-structured interview addressed to 30 governmental employees from three different regions. Findings – However, these results show different benefits and degrees of performance improvement. There are gaps in the adoption or use of digital I.S. Hence the interest in analyzing the I.S. evolution process in a Lebanese public institution, which is none other than the Ministry of Finance. Indeed, after implementing a digital I.S. in some Lebanese public institutions, no study has been undertaken to measure the I.S.'s performance and evaluate the goals reached through this implementation. Therefore, the research problem is formulated: How and why has the information system evolved in the Lebanese public sector? Novelty – The analysis showed that digital I.S. results are in line with previous ones in some developed countries in terms of improving the processing of the number of files and creating value by saving time and reducing costs. However, this use is far from reaching its optimal threshold. Government functionaries' limited use of digital I.S. in some regions is mainly due to the lack of perceived usefulness of digital I.S. and lack of motivation. In light of the shortcomings mentioned above, this work proposes recommendations for better use of the investments made in digital I.S. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Evolution of I.S.; Digital I.S.; Performance; E-Taxation; State institution. |
| JEL: | I20 I22 |
| Date: | 2022–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr205&r=ara |
| By: | Carlos G\'oes; Gladys Lopez-Acevedo; Raymond Robertson |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on how gender segmentation in labor markets shapes the local effects of international trade. We first develop a theoretical framework that embeds trade and gender-segmented labor markets to show that foreign demand shocks may either increase or decrease the female-to-male employment ratio. The key theoretical result shows formally that the effects of trade on gender-segmented labor markets depend crucially on (a) the sectors that face the foreign demand shock; and (b) the domestic relevance of the foreign countries in which the demand shocks originate from. If the foreign demand shock from a relevant market happens in a female-intensive (male-intensive) sector, the model predicts that the female-to-male employment ratio should increase (decrease). We then use plausibly exogenous variation in the exposure of Tunisian local labor markets to foreign demand shocks and show that the empirical results are consistent with the theoretical prediction. In Tunisia, a country with a high degree of gender segmentation in labor markets, foreign-demand shocks have been relatively larger in male-intensive sectors. This induced a decrease in the female-to-male employment ratio, with households likely substituting female for male labor supply. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.09252&r=ara |
| By: | Mahmood Abdullah |
| Abstract: | The thing about inflation is that it ravages your income if you don not keep up with it and you do not know when it will stop. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.07064&r=ara |