|
on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Şinasi Akdemir (Cukurova University); Elpidio Kougnigan (Cukurova University); Fersin Keskin; Handan Vuruş Akçaöz (Akdeniz University); İsmet Boz; İlkay Kutlar (Akdeniz University); Yann Emmanuel Sonagnon Miassi (Cukurova University); Güsel Küsek; Metin Türker |
| Abstract: | Agriculture is a sector that is widely known to be impacted not only by the natural conditions of a country but also by other economic and political sectors. Turkish agriculture, in a context marked in recent years by a rural exodus of young people, marks the vagueness of the current state of the agricultural sector and its future. It is with this in mind that this research was carried out, based on a questionnaire survey of 312 producers in 5 provinces of Turkey, to assess the impact of the ageing of the rural population on the agricultural sector. The results of this study show that with age, producers invest less in agricultural activity, altogether abandoning productions requiring more labour. The possibility of taking over the family farm by descendants plays an important role in the degree of involvement of producers. Through these findings, this study makes it possible to address targeted agricultural policies according to age stages. |
| Keywords: | Aging farming population,Farm succession,Impact,Farming sustainability,Turkey |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03776653&r= |
| By: | El Enbaby, Hoda; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Koch, Bastien; Kurdi, Sikandra |
| Abstract: | Egypt introduced the Takaful and Karama Program (TKP), a pair of targeted cash transfer schemes in March 2015. Takaful and Karama was designed as a conditional cash transfer program providing income support targeted to the poor and most vulnerable; namely poor families with children (under 18 years of age), poor elderly (aged 65 years and above) and persons with severe disability. Originally implemented as an unconditional cash transfer, the program is now a conditional cash transfer program, but the conditionalities have yet to be monitored. Starting July 2017, households received EGP60 for each child under 6 years old, EGP80 for each child in primary education, EGP100 for children in preparatory educa-tion, and EGP140 for secondary education. As of June 2017, 90% of TKP beneficiaries were women. In 2018, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) completed the first round of impact evaluation of TKP, based on household survey data collected after the first 15 months of the program. The evaluation found that TKP substantially improved wellbeing for poor households, increasing household consumption per adult equivalent by 8.4 percent. and reducing the probability that a beneficiary household is poor ( |
| Keywords: | EGYPT, ARAB COUNTRIES, MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA, YEMEN, SOUTHWESTERN ASIA, ASIA, resilience, poverty, nutrition, agricultural policies, nutrition policies, social protection, cash transfers |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:menawp:40&r= |
| By: | Kocabicak, Ece |
| Abstract: | This article extends theories on varieties of gender regimes by arguing for the significance of property. Drawing on the case study of Turkey, it proposes that gendered property ownership diversifies patriarchal relations of labor. This historical-sociology-based case study method is used to differentiate two forms of domestic patriarchy: premodern and modern. In premodern domestic patriarchy, women’s exclusion from agricultural landownership, in conjunction with the dominance of small landownership, sustains the patriarchal exploitation of labor in agriculture. In modern domestic patriarchy, women’s exclusion from paid employment, along with dispossession and increasing wage dependency, maintains the patriarchal exploitation of labor within the home. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116700&r= |
| By: | Ferrazzi,Matteo; Tueske,Annamaria |
| Abstract: | The information contained in the Enterprise Survey—administered by the World Bank (WB), theEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the European Investment Bank (EIB)—is used to build afirm-level “Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance Responsibility” composite indicator. The novelty of theindicator, compared with the corporate social responsibility scores and environmental, social, and governance (ESG)scores already available, is due to its unique coverage, namely, a large number of private sector small andmedium-size enterprises in selected emerging economies (morethan 40 economies covered by the Enterprise Survey). The composite indicator summarizes information on private sectoractions on environmental, social, and governance factors. The analysis shows that the actions of private sector smalland medium-size enterprises in emerging economies to foster sustainability and green growth significantly lag in thetransition to a more sustainable business environment, and large gaps persist. Among emerging economies, those in theMiddle East and North Africa—which deserve special attention due to the urgent need to green their growth model—are amongthe worst performers. Larger companies in the Middle East and North Africa show better environmental, social, andgovernance performance than small and medium-size enterprises in other areas; but smaller firms in the MiddleEast and North Africa show extremely weak performance in many aspects, even if controlling for the relative level ofeconomic development. The weakness of environmental, social, and governance practices among firms in the Middle East andNorth Africa is due to the social (with large gaps in female participation in the workforce and management) andenvironmental topics. This calls for urgent policy action to address such weaknesses and exploit the full potential ofthe region. |
| Date: | 2022–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10065&r= |
| By: | Deng,Jingyuan; Elmallakh,Nelly Youssef Louis William; Flabbi,Luca; Gatti,Roberta V. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the Arab Republic of Egypt’s labor market transition dynamics post–Arab Springbased on the two most recent rounds of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey conducted in 2012 and 2018. In additionto providing disaggregated-level analysis by examining labor market transitions by gender, education, and age groups, thepaper provides a cross-country, cross-regional perspective by comparing Egypt’s labor market transitions with Mexico’s,relying on data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo. To match the span of Mexico’s transitions (which aremeasured over a one-year period) and Egypt’s (which are measured over six years), the analysis uses Monte Carlosimulations of repeated discrete-time Markov chains. Based on these results, the Egyptian labor market appears to behighly rigid compared to the Mexican labor market, which instead shows a large degree of dynamism regardless ofindividual initial labor market states at baseline. Auxiliary regression analyses focusing on transitions to andfrom the dominant absorbing labor market states in Egypt —public sector employment for both genders, nonparticipationfor women, and the informal sector for men—show that having a post-secondary education is associated with a lowerprobability of remaining out of the labor force for women who were already out of the labor force at baseline, whilebeing married at baseline is found to be a significant predictor for women to stay out of the labor force if theywere already so. Among men, the better educated are found to be more likely to secure formal employment, be it in thepublic or private sector, and are more likely to keep their public formal jobs once they secure them. |
| Date: | 2022–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10126&r= |
| By: | Ben Rejeb, Adnene |
| Abstract: | This article highlights the main components of governance responsible for economic prosperity in developed countries, in order to examine their effects for the particular case of Tunisia. Within this framework, we have succeeded, thanks to a vector model with error correction, to show the positive effect of the components of the governance on the economic growth, in the case of Tunisia, like has been proven for most developed countries. In particular, from a perspective of reconciling the macroeconomic and institutional spheres, we have succeeded in showing that this effect can be fostered and amplified by taking account of certain key channels, which make it possible to establish the link between governance and economic growth. GDP. In this regard, we found four, of which two were tested on Tunisia, which led us to the assertion of a channels of transmission of the impact of governance on economic growth, that is investment, through wchich circulate the effect of « government stability » and « corruption ». |
| Keywords: | Governance, economic growth, transmission channel, cointegration, vector error correction model. |
| JEL: | O10 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114780&r= |
| By: | Ferguson,Neil T. N.; Wolfe,Rebecca J.; Amine,Laila; Ramadi,Eric; Shahin,Lina |
| Abstract: | The resettlement of refugees in host communities increases (perceived) competition for scarceeconomic and non-economic resources, which can contribute to tensions between the communities. This study tests theimpact of a TVET program in Jordan and Lebanon that aims to tackle stresses associated with competition, particularly inthe labor market. The authors test the impact of the program on economic outcomes, economic and life optimism, experienceand perception of economic competition and ingroup-outgroup discrimination using a range of survey measures andbehavioral experiments. They also conduct heterogeneity analyses to assess whether the intervention affects host andrefugee communities similarly. The authors show that by the end of the training, the program has not yet achieved itsemployment aims for either hosts or refugees. However, for refugees, there are significant improvements in optimism anddecreases in the experience of short-term economic stress. There are also improvements in inter-group behavior forrefugees. These results provide insights on how to better tailor labor market programs to host and refugees whilebeing conflict sensitive. |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10101&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Inequality Poverty Reduction - Poverty Monitoring & Analysis Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34973&r= |
| By: | Santamaria,Julieth; Hanmer,Lucia C.; Rubiano Matulevich,Eliana Carolina |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of gender inequality on poverty among Syrian refugees in Jordanbetween 2013 and 2018. Two waves of Home-Visit surveys, collected by the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees, are analyzed to track the evolution of poverty among Syrian refugees in Jordan. To compare changes inpoverty between female- and male-headed households, the paper uses relative comparisons of deciles in theexpenditure distribution and quantile regressions. The analysis adjusts the poverty measure for economies of scaleas the cost per person of maintaining a given standard of living may fall as household size rises. The findings showthat the spending distribution has shifted over time, negatively affecting female-headed households. In 2013,female-headed households below the median had lower expenditure than male-headed households. In 2018, thispattern occurs in all deciles. The findings also show small differences between poverty rates of female- and male-headedhouseholds whether the poverty measure is adjusted for economies of scale or not. Regardless of the povertymeasure, the poverty gender gap has increased over time, with female-headed households experiencing poverty moreintensely. Female single caregivers remain at the most risk of falling into poverty when compared with other types ofhouseholds and over time. This approach can help policy makers design more effective programs of assistance thatrespond to gender-based differences in vulnerability to poverty and find durable solutions for displaced populations. |
| Date: | 2022–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10194&r= |
| By: | Gazeaud,Jules; Khan,Nausheen; Mvukiyehe,Eric; Sterck,Olivier Christian Brigitte |
| Abstract: | Is it possible to stimulate women’s employment by relaxing their financial and human capitalconstraints Does involving husbands help or hinder the effort Using an experiment in Tunisia, this paper shows thatproviding cash grants and financial training to women stimulates their income generating activities, but only whentheir partners are not involved. The program did not alter traditional gender roles. Instead, it encouraged employmentof other household members and investments in small-scale agriculture and livestock farming — two activitiestraditionally undertaken by women at home. The impacts on household living standards are overwhelmingly positive, andsuggest that the program is highly cost-effective. |
| Date: | 2022–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10132&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance - E-Government Information and Communication Technologies - ICT Legal and Regulatory Framework Information and Communication Technologies - ICT Policy and Strategies Information and Communication Technologies - Information Technology |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35312&r= |
| By: | Şinasi Akdemir (Cukurova University); Yann Emmanuel Sonagnon Miassi (Cukurova University); Yıldız Yıldız Şahika Açıksarı (Cukurova University); Fersin Keskin |
| Abstract: | The issue of producers' access to agricultural credit is the key word in contemporary debates in the sense that this theme is increasingly addressed at conferences and scientific congresses. This is explained by the fact that agricultural credit is today considered as an important key to the development of the agricultural sector in developing countries. This study examined the factors influencing producers' access to agricultural credit in Turkey, precisely in the province of Adana. Questionnaire-based surveys were conducted on a sample of 101 producers trained in a simple random. From the analysis of the results obtained, we deduced that socioeconomic factors such as the total area of land used, the irrigated area, the ratio between the total share of land used and the total owned land, then the ratio between the number of agricultural assets of the household and the total number household members play a preponderant role in the access of producers to agricultural credit. Since agricultural credit is perceived as an important lever in terms of the development of the agricultural sector in Turkey; it is therefore imperative, based on these research results, to develop policies aiming to improve producers' access to agricultural credit. |
| Abstract: | A questão do acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola é palavra-chave nos debates contemporâneos, na medida em que este tema é cada vez mais abordado em conferências e congressos científicos. Isso se explica pelo fato de que o crédito agrícola é hoje considerado uma importante chave para o desenvolvimento do setor agrícola nos países em desenvolvimento. Este estudo examina os fatores que influenciam o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola na Turquia, precisamente na província de Adana. Pesquisas baseadas em questionário foram realizadas em uma amostra de 101 produtores treinados de forma aleatória simples. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos, deduzimos que fatores socioeconômicos como a área total de terra usada, a área irrigada, a proporção entre a parcela total de terra usada e o total de terras possuídas, então a proporção entre o número de ativos agrícolas da família e o número total de membros da família desempenham um papel preponderante no acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola. Como o crédito agrícola é percebido como uma alavanca importante em termos de desenvolvimento do setor agrícola na Turquia, é, portanto, imperativo, com base nesses resultados da pesquisa, desenvolver políticas destinadas a melhorar o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola. |
| Keywords: | agricultural credit,determining factors,socio-economic factors,Turkey,crédito agrícola,fatores determinantes,fatores socioeconômicos,Turquia |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03776652&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor - Labor Policies Social Protections and Labor - Skills Development and Labor Force Training |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34785&r= |
| By: | Arezki,Rabah; Belmejdoub,Oussama; Diab,Bilal; Kalla,Samira; Ha Nguyen; Saif,Abdulla Fahed Abdulla Ali; Yotzov,Ivan Victorov |
| Abstract: | Ownership of reforms by citizens is often presented as important for success. This paperexplores media engagement and support for economic reforms in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries using textanalysis techniques on publicly available sources. The results show that while reform efforts have intensified inrecent years in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, these efforts tend to focus on stronger rather than weakerpolicy areas, potentially limiting the growth-enhancing effect of reforms. Social media analysis using Twitter showsthat the population's support for reforms has been declining. The analysis of traditional news media points tomore engagement by international than by local media. However, sentiment from international media is less positiveabout economic reforms in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Sentiment in international media and social mediamatters, as evidenced by its positive and strong correlation with foreign direct investment inflows into the GulfCooperation Council countries. |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10090&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Governance - National Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34842&r= |
| By: | Phadera,Lokendra; Sharma,Dhiraj; Wai-Poi,Matthew Grant; Douglas,Lotti; Jovanovic,Vladimir; Westerman,Oliver; Khan,Safwan Aziz |
| Abstract: | In Iraq, the Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs have been instrumental in reaching thehouseholds most affected by the conflict with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in areas where the coverage ofthe government’s social safety net (SSN) programs remain limited. In the evolving context, however, short-termMulti-Purpose Cash Assistance programs will require eventual integration in some form with the government’s social safetynet programs to continue reaching vulnerable households affected by the conflict. As an initial step, this paperproposes an analytical pseudo-proxy-means test (PPMT) tool to bridge the targeting differences between the government’scash transfer program and the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs. Using the common proxies betweenthe cash transfer targeting formulas of the humanitarian agencies and the government, the pseudo-proxy-means testprovides each Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiary’s probability of being eligible for the government’s cashtransfer program under different expansion scenarios. When applied to the existing humanitarian beneficiary database,the results of the pseudo-proxy-means test tool suggest the potential for both significant referral numbers and a sequenced referral strategy. |
| Date: | 2022–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10093&r= |
| By: | Miklós Szanyi (Institute of World Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, ELRN) |
| Abstract: | The rents play immanent role in the economy. Many types of rents thwart economic development, few of them deliver incentives. In case of emerging market economies, the most usual forms of rents are scarcity rents (mainly natural resources and arable land), regulatory rents and geopolitical rents. The existence of these rents and the creation of rent sources may impose serious moral hazards. In case rentiers collude with politicians (who are responsible for the control of the negative effects of rents) the hazards increase. This danger is smaller if the society is more open. The negative effects can lead to growth collapses if the society and the political arena is more closed. The paper compares two very different countries from the viewpoint of the negative economic effects of rents: Iran and Hungary. Iran is treated as a classic example of rentier state with closed social and political relationships. Hungary is placed historically at the crossroads of the Western competition state model (open society) and the traditional Byzantine rentier state (closed social relationships). The paper discusses the Iranian and Hungarian efforts of the introduction of competition state model elements from the angle of rent creation and rent control. The comparison showed that in Iran the strong legacy of closed society and the large-scale rent stream allowed little political space for the competition state institutions. The country suffered repeated growth collapses. In Hungary the transition process created many control institutions over rent seeking especially during the 1990s. However, the establishment of rentier state especially after 2010 could be implemented. Political, social and economic controls over rent seeking were not powerful enough to block the process. Yet, the rent streams are much more limited, and the control devices could not be eliminated entirely. Thus, rent seeking is not so much pervasive than in Iran. Nevertheless, its negative consequences are strong enough to block sustainable development, and direct Hungary towards the middle-income trap. |
| Keywords: | rent, corruption, open society, competition state, rentier state, Iran, Hungary |
| JEL: | H82 L32 L78 P27 P51 Q32 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwe:workpr:267&r= |
| By: | Amine Chekireb (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEREGE - Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CdF (institution) - Collège de France - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julio Goncalves (CEREGE - Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CdF (institution) - Collège de France - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Agnes Tomini (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We formulate a hydro-economic model of the North-Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) to assess the effects of intensive pumping on the groundwater stock and examine the subsequent consequences of aquifer depletion. This large system comprises multi-layer reservoirs with vertical exchanges, all exploited under open access properties. We first develop a theoretical model to account for relevant features of the NWSAS by introducing, in the standard Gisser-Sanchez model, a non-stationary demand and quadratic stock-dependent cost functions. In the second step, we calibrate parameters values using data from the NWSAS over 1955–2000. We finally simulate the time evolution of the aquifer system with exploitation under an open-access regime. We specifically examine time trajectories of the piezometric levels in the two reservoirs, the natural outlets, and the modification of water balances. We find that natural outlets of the two reservoirs might be totally dried before 2050. |
| Keywords: | Hydro-economic model,Private pumping,Multi aquifer system,Groundwater-dependant ecosystems,Semi-arid region,Simulation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03779321&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Development - Public Financial Management Public Sector Development - Regulatory Regimes Public Sector Development - Public Sector Management and Reform International Economics and Trade - Government Procurement |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35793&r= |
| By: | Arnaud Dornel; Meriem Ait Ali Slimane; Komal Mohindra |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development - Access to Finance Finance and Financial Sector Development - Microfinance International Economics and Trade - Trade Finance and Investment Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34898&r= |
| By: | Youssef EL ARCHI (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi); Brahim Benbba (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi) |
| Abstract: | In order to fully understand the contribution of the university to the development of companies, it is necessary to highlight the essential elements to which the two groups are linked. The interest of our paper is to analyze the perception of stakeholders towards university-business cooperation, to know their revelation, their expectations and the obstacles that surround them in the adequacy between training and work insertion conditions. In a first place, our manuscript seeks to present a panoply of theoretical and empirical works conducted by researchers on the perception of stakeholders towards university-enterprise cooperation, in a second place, we highlight the set of investigative tools to which we have mobilized a questionnaire administered online through a convenience sample in order to better examine the determinations of several actors in the Moroccan context. Stakeholders show favorable behavior and perceive universitybusiness cooperation as a boon for the prosperity of these ensembles on several levels. |
| Abstract: | Pour bien comprendre la contribution de l'université à l'épanouissement des entreprises, il va falloir préalablement mettre en évidence les éléments essentiels auxquels les deux ensembles s'allient. L'intérêt de notre article vise à analyser la perception des parties prenantes vis-à-vis la coopération université-entreprise, il s'agit de connaître leur révélation, leurs attentes et les obstacles qui les entourent dans l'adéquation entre la formation et conditions d'insertion au travail. Dans un premier lieu, notre manuscrit cherche à présenter une panoplie de travaux théoriques et empiriques menés par des chercheurs sur la perception des parties prenantes à l'égard de la coopération université-entreprise, dans un second lieu, nous mettons en exergue l'ensemble des outils d'investigation auxquels nous avons mobilisé un questionnaire administré en ligne à travers un échantillon de convenance afin de mieux examiner les déterminations de plusieurs acteurs dans le contexte marocain. Les parties prenantes montrent un comportement favorable et perçoivent la coopération université-entreprise comme étant une aubaine pour la prospérité de ces ensembles sur plusieurs niveaux. |
| Keywords: | University-Business Cooperation (UBC),stakeholders,perception,performance,Coopération université-entreprise,parties prenantes |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03774157&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35058&r= |
| By: | ALI K.A. Mousa ("Department of Accounting and Taxation, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia" Author-2-Name: Nor Laili Hassan Author-2-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Taxation, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Kashan Pirzada Author-3-Workplace-Name: Department of Accounting and Taxation, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - The highly concentrated ownership structure, lack of quality information, and weak regulatory environments caused imbalances in the movement of cash flows and thereby put the liquidity levels of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) banks on a downward trend. This prompted policymakers in the GCC region to modify their Corporate Governance (C.G.) codes to boost the financial position of the GCC banking industry as liquidity providers and minimize systemic risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conceptually investigate the relationship between board governance attributes and liquidity creation in the GCC banking sector. Methodology – The methodology employed in this study is a review of prior research on bank governance mechanisms and liquidity creation to gather perspective and establish a prediction about the association between board attributes and liquidity creation in the GCC banking industry. Findings – The study concludes that there is a positive correlation between the analyzed board governance features and the creation of liquidity based on several theories gleaned from a review of prior research. Novelty – The study evaluates bank liquidity creation and how board attributes influence it. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | Liquidity Creation, Corporate Governance, Agency Theory, Board Attributes, GCC. |
| JEL: | M41 M49 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr204&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Fiscal & Monetary Policy Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Poverty Reduction - Inequality Poverty Reduction - Living Standards Poverty Reduction - Poverty and Health |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34749&r= |
| By: | Obi,Chinedu Temple; Phadera,Lokendra; Wai-Poi,Matthew Grant; Leape,Virginia; Fox,Gabrielle |
| Abstract: | Aligning the short-term humanitarian assistance system with the government social protectionsystem as a possible long-term solution for the displaced population is well discussed in the literature. However,there is limited evidence on how this alignment is applied in a real-world setting. Using field-test data, this paperdocuments the eligibility of the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiaries for the government’spoverty-targeted cash transfer program in Iraq. It does so by using two possible approaches —a probabilisticpseudo-proxy-means test, which is based on a limited number of overlapping variables between the targeting models of thehumanitarian and government support systems and is designed to be applied on the existing database, and a new datacollection with complete sets of variables from the targeting models of the two systems. The paper finds that asignificant number of households that qualify for the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance program areeligible for the government’s cash transfer program. While the referral accuracy of the pseudo-proxy-means tests modelis high, it is likely to leave out some eligible households. In additions to identifying the cross-eligibility withcertainty, collecting new data may elicit important insight related to willingness to be referred. The choice betweenelecting to collect new data or relying on thepseudo-proxy-means tests and using existing data comes with important trade-offs and will depend on the capacity,budget, and appetite for the uncertainty of eligibility. |
| Date: | 2022–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10095&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Conflict and Development - Armed Conflict Poverty Reduction - Access of Poor to Social Services Poverty Reduction - Poverty and Health Poverty Reduction - Services & Transfers to Poor Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Urban Development - Urban Housing |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34991&r= |
| By: | D'Souza,Anna; Favari,Eliana; Krishnaswamy,Siddharth; Tandon,Sharad Alan |
| Abstract: | This paper investigate the consequences of forced displacement using a panel ofhouseholds that were surveyed during the Republic of Yemen's conflict both before and after they becamedisplaced. It demonstrates that forced displacement resulted in an immediate but temporary decline in food access. Pre-and post-displacement food access outcomes were indistinguishable within four months of displacement and,for later months, there were no economically large declines in food access. The quick rebound is partially explained byan increase in assistance to displaced households that had worse food access prior to displacement. Households thatwere slightly better off prior to displacement did not receive an increase in assistance. These are the firstestimates that directly address how non-security dimensions of well-being change immediately following forceddisplacement and demonstrate that, in some contexts, forcibly displaced households are more resilient than istypically assumed. |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10176&r= |
| By: | Bilo,Simon; Ajwad,Mohamed Ihsan; AlAnsari,Ebtesam; AlHumaidan,Lama; Alrashidi,Faleh M F E |
| Abstract: | The schooling disruption caused by COVID-19 in Kuwait is among the longest in the world. Usingthe similarities between the schooling disruptions due to the Gulf War and the schooling disruption due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, this note shows that students in school during the COVID-19 pandemic face significant reductions inthe present value of their lifetime income. Furthermore, the findings show that students in higher grades during thepandemic are likely to face larger reductions in lifetime earnings than students in lower grades. Kuwaiti females insecondary school who will become civil service workers face a reduction of close to $40,000. The corresponding reductionfor males is more than $70,000. |
| Date: | 2022–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10035&r= |
| By: | El-Khalifi, Ahmed; Ouakil, Hicham; Torres, José L. |
| Abstract: | The welfare cost of fiscal policy does not only depend on distortions by taxation, but also on how public revenues are spent in the economy, and on wealth inequality. Many of the government's spending activities are related to the provision of consumption goods and services, and the provision of public inputs. Hence, optimal taxation policy is not independent of how fiscal revenues are spent. This paper uses a model with two types of agents: Active households (who behave as Ricardian agents) and non-active government-dependent households (who behave as hand-to-mouth agents). The model economy considers a detailed government for both fiscal revenues and public spending. We compute welfare changes of different tax rates and alternative spending policies and quantify the trade-off of fiscal policy across the two groups of agents. The main results can be presented as follows: i) Distortions from some taxes on economic activity can be positive due to the presence of public inputs. ii) Output efficiency can be gained by changing the tax mix while keeping constant fiscal revenues. iii) Total welfare gains can be obtained by increasing tax rates, except the capital income tax, at the cost of reducing the welfare of active households. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal policy; Active households; Government spending-dependent households; Taxes; Government Spending, Laffer curves; Welfare. |
| JEL: | H21 H3 H42 |
| Date: | 2022–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114896&r= |
| By: | Selahmi, Basma; Liu, Chunping |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether natural resource revenues in the GCC countries lead to economic growth or if the resource curse is evident. Using panel data for six countries during 1996-2019, we investigate the indirect relationship in which natural resources and economic growth operate through different institutional qualities. Using two different classifications of export composition, we show that point-source resources, particularly fuel exportation, worsen the economic performance of a country. In contrast, diffuse-source resources do not follow this pattern. Nevertheless, the results also provide the threshold level of institutional, beyond which fuel wealth enhances economic growth. This result suggests that for fuel exportation to have a meaningful impact on economic growth, GCC countries must attain a certain threshold of institutional quality. The results confirm our hypothesis that institutions are decisive for the resource curse, therefore contrasting the claims of Sachs and Warner (1995, 2001) that institutions do not play a role. It, therefore, suggests that countries must adopt appropriate policy measures to improve their levels of institutional quality and soften the impact of a resource curse. |
| Keywords: | C5; E02; N5; O4 |
| JEL: | O13 O43 Q32 |
| Date: | 2022–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114924&r= |
| By: | Soliman, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | There is a need to develop qualitatively the volume of demand and products by spreading awareness towards the consumption of other products such as cheeses and mixing dairy with fruits as juices served in school canteens such as the Indian experience instead of carbonated water, reducing production costs by reducing waste, increasing exports and developing their quality to suit the non-Gulf Arab market such as the large-scale irrigation sucking market. This recommendation has been implemented and two major companies have been opened in the Egyptian market, "Almarai and Danone", the latter of which is a joint investment with Saudi Arabia's Al-Safi Company, the largest dairy producer there, but sustainable development experts have questioned the feasibility of this economic activity as the export of dairy products includes the export of a rare resource, fresh water, which exceeds the costs of this activity. For social as a natural resource export return, where experts have seen the production and processing of tons of dairy consuming 500 cubic meters of water, a take into account the process of spraying cattle with water spray in the summer in the barns to avoid sweltering heat, and the value of milk returned from fermented and pasteurized milk in winter at the peak time of the production Egypt achieved terms of trade in its favor in thirteen years, with 82% of the years of study, and the years in which it did not give positive values to the index are the years 2007, 2006, 2001, Lebanon, Syria and the UAE come in third place in terms of agricultural trade conditions where the relative frequency of positive years reached 76%, and in fourth place Algeria and Saudi Arabia where Their terms of trade were positive in 53% of the years of study, followed by Iraq and Jordan, where they achieved positive terms of trade in 41% of the years of study, and remarkably both Morocco and Sudan came in sixth place with Kuwait, where agricultural trade terms were in their favor in 24% of the period of study. Even though their agricultural sector characterized by the relative abundance of land and water resources, as well as noting that Tunisia comes in last place where the conditions of agricultural trade were in favor of it in only 12% of the years of study. This indicator indicates the distinctiveness of the foreign trade policy in Palestine and Egypt despite the repressive policies and influence of the Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and we find no justification for this except The Palestinian human being was distinguished, and Egypt and Syria, despite the effects of the Arab Spring revolutions since 2011, had trade conditions in their favor for most of the study period, including the years following the Arab Spring revolutions. The response of the exchange rate of the exporting country to the importing markets is negative, which means that the floating the currency ), leads to a decrease in the price of the commodity in the imported ASU, and then increase exports from it, which increases the competitiveness of that commodity in the imported markets. With other countries exporting to the same markets, which increases the competitiveness of Egyptian fruits in Arab markets with other countries exporting to the same markets. The response of the value of the gross domestic product of the importing State is positive to the value of the exports of the exporter State concerned of the commodity under study, which means that the increase in the gross domestic product of the importing States increases the demand for the commodity under study because of the increase in the purchasing power of consumers, The response of the value of the gross domestic product of the exporting country is positive to the value of its exports of the commodity under study, as the increase in GDP means the improvement of the strength of the Egyptian economy, and then the increase in the ability to dress up production and quality as a result of technological progress, which stimulates the increase in exports of the commodity under study. The response of the value of exports of agricultural and food commodities to bilateral agreements have had a negative impact on those exports to the markets. This is due to the fact that in the first decade of their implementation bilateral agreements excluded the exemption of major goods exchanged between the two countries from customs tax reduction, and even in the medium term the bilateral agreements provide for the gradual reduction of the rest of the goods as the two countries deem appropriate, and the developments of political relations play a role in this regard, and the main Arab agricultural countries in the basket of Arab exports are mostly located near the minimum limit of the middle income category as classified by the World Bank, and then Customs duty and tax revenues are an important source of national income, so it is not easy to cede this part of the sucking of direct monetary income. |
| Keywords: | Terms of trade, Geographical and Commodity Centralization, Export-imports Ratio, Price Ration |
| JEL: | O24 Q17 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114261&r= |