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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Bakari, Sayef; Tiba, Sofien |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to treat the impact of the internet on growth for a sample in the case 4 economies of the North Africa over the period 1995-2017 using various techniques such as the ARDL bounds testing approach, Panel ARDL Model, OLS Fixed Effect, OLS Random Effect, FMOLS, 2 SLS, RLS, GLM, and GMM. Indeed, for the time series results, the ARDL highlights reported the presence of a negative impact of the internet on economic growth in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Also, the main results of the Panel data models confirm the fact that the internet exerts a significant negative impact on growth for North Africa as a whole. These economies are invited to orient the use of the internet towards productive ways to reap the benefits of the spread of the internet and proactively enhance the prosperity in this region as a whole. |
| Keywords: | Internet use, economic growth, North Africa. |
| JEL: | O1 O11 O14 O20 O30 O38 O40 O47 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100609&r=all |
| By: | Mustafa Akay; Berat Bayram; Abdullah Kazdal; Muhammed Hasan Yilmaz |
| Abstract: | [EN] Timely analysis of country risk premium through the use of high-frequency proxies is essential for monitoring developments regarding financial stability. This study attempts to identify and characterize different regime structures displayed by the country risk premium by using alternative high-frequency proxies such as credit default swap (CDS) and JP Morgan Emerging Market Bond Index Global (EMBIG) spread. In doing so, the study adopts a Markov-switching dynamic regression model to analyze the dynamics of risk premium by taking into account the associated asymmetries in level, volatility, persistence and sensitivity to global risk factors in both the Turkish case and the emerging markets context. Estimation results show that excessive regime has higher level and volatility but lower persistence. Furthermore, the correlation between the probability of experiencing excessive regime in Turkey and in emerging economies is quite high, which implies the existence of a common driver in shaping the regime formation for risk premium. Yet, it is found that the probability of experiencing excessive regime for Turkey has recently been higher than peer emerging market countries due to country-specific shocks. Moreover, the approach employed in this study to predict and assess the course of risk premia can also be used for monitoring and forecasting purposes. [TR] Ulke risk priminin yuksek frekansli veriler araciligiyla zamanli analiz edilmesi finansal istikrara iliskin gelismelerin takibi acisindan onem tasimaktadir. Bu calismada, kredi temerrut takasi (CDS) primi ve JP Morgan Gelismekte olan Ulkeler Kuresel Tahvil Endeksi (EMBIG) gibi yuksek frekansli alternatif gostergelerle risk primi icin iki rejim (ilimli ve asiri) tanimlanmakta ve karakterize edilmektedir. Bu amaca yonelik olarak, calismada Markov rejim degisimi dinamik regresyon modeliyle risk priminin dinamikleri seviye, oynaklik, atalet ve kuresel risk faktorune duyarlilik acisindan olasi asimetrileri de dikkate alarak Turkiye ve gelismekte olan ulkeler ozelinde incelenmektedir. Tahmin sonuclari asiri hareketleri iceren rejimin seviye ve oynakliginin yuksek, ataletinin ise dusuk oldugunu gostermektedir. Ayrica, sonuclar, Turkiye ve gelismekte olan ulkelerin risk primi acisindan asiri rejimde olma olasiliklarinin oldukca yuksek bir korelasyona sahip oldugunu gostermekte, bu durum da risk primi rejiminin olusumunda ortak surukleyicinin varligina isaret etmektedir. Ote yandan, son donemlerde yasanan ulkeye ozgu soklar nedeniyle Turkiye'nin asiri rejimde olma olasiliginin benzer gelismekte olan ulkelerden daha yuksek oldugu bulunmustur. Ek olarak, bu calismada risk priminin seyrinin degerlendirilmesi ve tahmin edilmesinde basvurulan yontemin konjonktur takibi ve ongorusu amacina yonelik olarak da kullanilabilecegi dusunulmektedir. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2008&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahim Ethem Guney; Doruk Kucuksarac; Yigit Onay |
| Abstract: | [EN] The global financial crisis has demonstrated the importance of measurement and monitoring of credit risk due to close links between financial instruments and economic agents. In this regard, the most popular pure credit risk derivative is credit default swap, which allows timely and up-to-date assessment of creditworthiness of reference entities. This study presents an approach to obtain practical and reliable market based credit risk indicators based on the observed prices of credit default swaps for Turkish hard currency sovereign bonds through binomial modelling. Model outputs in terms of default probabilities enable market participants to track the changes in market view of creditworthiness of Turkey across different maturities on a daily basis in response to global and local macroeconomic developments. The empirical findings show that conditional default probabilities are higher in general for longer maturities as compared to probabilities belonging to shorter maturities. However, it has been observed that the relation might be reversed during periods of high volatility in financial markets such as August 2018. This is the period where CDS curve was inverted and the likelihood of default was deemed to be more probable in the short run as compared to longer maturities. However, the inversion of implied conditional default probabilities tended to be short lived and with the normalization of market conditions, the risks receded across all maturities, most notably in the short term. [TR] Kuresel finansal kriz, finansal urunler ve ekonomik birimler arasindaki yakin iliski dolayisiyla kredi riskinin olcumu ve takibinin onemini ortaya koymustur. Bu baglamda, kredi temerrut takasi referans kurumlarin kredi degerliligine dair zamanli ve piyasa bazli degerlendirmeleri yansitmasi acisindan en populer turev urun olarak on plana cikmaktadir. Bu calisma, binom modeli ile Turkiye'nin yabanci para cinsi tahvilleri uzerine yazilan kredi temerrut takasi primlerini kullanarak piyasa bazli pratik ve guvenilir kredi risk gostergeleri elde edilmesine yonelik bir yaklasim sunmaktadir. Temerrut olasiliklari seklinde elde edilen model sonuclari piyasa katilimcilarinin gunluk bazda Turkiye'nin yerel ve kuresel makroekonomik gelismeler neticesinde kredi degerliligindeki degisimleri farkli vadeler icin takip etmesini mumkun kilmaktadir. Ampirik bulgular kosullu kredi temerrut olasiliklarinin genel olarak uzun vadelerde kisa vadelere kiyasla yuksek seyrettigine isaret etmektedir. Ancak, soz konusu durum finansal piyasalarda yuksek oynakligin gozlendigi 2018 Agustos ayinda oldugu gibi bazi donemlerde gelismelere bagli olarak degisebilmektedir. Bu donemde, kredi temerrut egrisi ters egime sahip bir seyir izlerken, temerrut gerceklesme ihtimali kisa vadelerde uzun vadelere kiyasla daha yuksek olarak degerlendirilmektedir. Ote yandan, ima edilen kosullu temerrut olasiliklarindaki terse donme hareketinin kisa sureli oldugu ve izleyen donemde piyasa kosullarindaki normallesmeyle beraber risklerin kisa vadelerde daha belirgin olmak uzere tum vadelerde geriledigi gozlenmistir. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2009&r=all |
| By: | Abdullah Kazdal; Halil Ibrahim Korkmaz; Doruk Kucuksarac; Yigit Onay |
| Abstract: | The existence of the credit derivatives written on the eurobonds such as credit default swaps or asset swaps allows policymakers and investors to monitor the credit risk of the reference entities over time. However, credit derivatives are mainly available for the reference entities in advanced economies with high liquidity and a wide maturity spectrum whereas the market for credit derivatives in emerging market countries, Turkey in particular, is limited in terms of entities and maturities. In this regard, this study aims to obtain a proxy for the credit risk of Turkish Treasury and banking sectors in international markets by calculating asset swap spread for US dollar denominated fixed coupon Eurobonds, which requires a robust estimation of the respective yield curves that has not been presented before. The study firstly presents the estimation of sovereign and banking sector yield curves and then constructs a synthetic asset swap structure to obtain embedded credit risk premia in these eurobond curves. The proposed credit risk indicator is robust in terms of its high correlation with credit default swap premium. Besides, estimated eurobond curves are also useful for monitoring borrowing cost dynamics of Turkish Treasury and banking sector in international markets instantaneously from a comparative perspective. |
| Keywords: | Credit risk, Asset swap spread, Yield curve |
| JEL: | G12 G15 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2007&r=all |
| By: | Atamanov,Aziz; Tandon,Sharad Alan; Lopez-Acevedo,Gladys C.; Vergara Bahena,Mexico Alberto |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies gaps in availability, access, and quality of household budget surveys in the Middle East and North Africa region used to measure monetary poverty and evaluates ways to fill these information gaps. Despite improving public access to household budget surveys, the availability and timeliness of welfare data in the Middle East and North Africa region is poor compared to the rest of the world. Closing the data gap requires collection of more HBS data in more countries and improving access to data where it exists. However, when collection of consumption data is not possible, a variety of other second-best strategies can be employed. Using imputation methods can help to measure monetary poverty. Constructing non-monetary poverty and asset indexes from less robust surveys, using non-traditional surveys such as phone surveys, and"big data"-- administrative records, social networks and communications data, and geospatial data -- can help substitute for, or complement data from existing traditional survey data. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Labor&Employment Law,Health Care Services Industry,Poverty Lines,Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping,Poverty Assessment,Poverty Monitoring&Analysis,Poverty Diagnostics,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Educational Sciences |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9259&r=all |
| By: | M. Faruk Aydin; Selcuk Gul |
| Abstract: | [EN] This study investigates the determinants of Turkey's export prices measured in foreign currency for the 1994Q1:2019Q3 period. Estimates from separate models using nominal and real exchange rates indicate that movements of the exchange rate have a long-run impact on export prices measured in foreign currency. However, the exchange rate pass-through to export prices in foreign currency is relatively low. This finding indicates that the exchange rate pass-through into export prices measured in local currency is almost complete. Results suggest that low exchange rate pass-through to export prices measured in foreign currency limits the expansionary impact of local currency depreciation, but increases the firms' profitability when the local currency depreciates. Besides, the most significant determinant of export prices measured in foreign currency in the short and long term is the world export prices. [TR] Bu calismada, 1994C1:2019C3 donemi icin Turkiye'nin yabanci para cinsinden ihracat fiyatlarinin belirleyicileri incelenmektedir. Nominal ve reel doviz kurlarinin kullanildigi ayri modellerden elde edilen tahminler, uzun donemde doviz kurundaki hareketlerin yabanci para cinsinden ihracat fiyatlarini etkiledigini gostermektedir. Bununla birlikte, doviz kurunun yabanci para birimi cinsinden ihracat fiyatlarina geciskenligi gorece dusuktur. Soz konusu bulgu, doviz kuru degisimlerinin Turk lirasi cinsinden ihracat fiyatlarina guclu bir sekilde tasindigina isaret etmektedir. Sonuclar yabanci para cinsinden ihracat fiyatlarina zayif doviz kuru geciskenliginin, yerel para birimindeki deger kaybinin yarattigi genisleyici etkiyi sinirladigini, ancak yerel paranin deger kaybi durumunda firma karliligini arttirdigini ima etmektedir. Ayrica, yabanci para cinsinden ihracat fiyatlarinin kisa ve uzun donemde en onemli belirleyicisinin dunya ihracat fiyatlari oldugu gozlenmektedir. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2006&r=all |
| By: | Bakari, Sayef; Tiba, Sofien; Mabrouki, Mohamed |
| Abstract: | In line with the exogenous and endogenous theory coupled with the seminal Schumpeterian contribution, we attempt to investigate the impact of the use of internet and innovation on economic growth in the case of the Tunisian economy. For this purpose, we employ the ARDL bounds testing methodology over the period 1985-2018. In the short-run, our empirical facts outline the absence of a significant effect of innovation on economic growth. Also, our empirical findings reported that the internet stimulates economic growth. However, in the long-run, our empirical findings pointed out the presence of the negative impact of the innovation and the use of internet on economic growth. Moreover, our results show a significant positive impact of the internet and economic growth on innovation in the long-run. Finally, our results show a negative impact of economic growth on the use of the internet. However, the results display a significant positive impact of innovation on the use of the internet. From these perspectives, the Tunisian authorities should take seriously the innovation and the potential of the use of the internet which can help the economy to be modernized, diversified, and robust to create new jobs and to find new markets and new strategic partners, and new opportunities. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Use of the Internet; Economic Growth; ARDL Bounds testing. |
| JEL: | O2 O31 O32 O33 O34 O38 O47 O55 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100610&r=all |
| By: | Bakari, Sayef; Khalfallah, Sirine; Zidi, Ahmed |
| Abstract: | In this investigation, we attempt to identify and to examined the determinants of agricultural exports in Tunisia. To achieve this aim, we used annual data for the period 1972 – 2017 and seven ad hoc specifications. Empirical results of each specification show us that gross domestic product in the agricultural sector, agricultural imports, bank loans to the agricultural sector and imports of agricultural machinery have a positive effect on agricultural exports in the long run. Conversely, domestic investment in the agricultural sector and the exploitation of agricultural land have a negative effect on agricultural exports in the long term. In the short term, only domestic investments in the agricultural sector cause agricultural exports. Findings and interpretations provide evidence that is very substantial to inspire validity planning and reforms to ameliorate agricultural investment and agricultural trade, so it can uphold economic development in Tunisia. |
| Keywords: | Determinants, Agricultural, Exports, Tunisia. |
| JEL: | F11 F12 F13 F14 F17 F18 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2020–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100611&r=all |
| By: | Badar Mohammad Almeajel Alanazi (Shaqra University) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to develop a practical framework for effective corporate governance in emerging economies. Using qualitative data, we explain the need for the effective implementation of corporate governance through a comparative legal analysis of two countries: Australia and Saudi Arabia. Our analysis indicates that emerging countries in Asia and the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, lack proper accountability, management, and understanding of the contractual legal agreement that defines business relationships in corporate organizations. These observations are consistent with the agency theory of corporate governance, which theorizes that effective implementation of corporate governance requires effective management of organizational resources and avoidance of conflict of interest between and among managers and shareholders. Our study enhances our understanding of the ways countries could achieve the proper implementation of corporate governance in practical terms. |
| Keywords: | Corporate Governance, Effective Implementation, Law, Legal Analysis, Australia, Saudi Arabia |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:10112634&r=all |
| By: | Mahmut Gunay |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes four dimensions of forecasting GDP growth using monthly data. Firstly, we use AR, VAR, BVAR, mean-growth and zero month-on-month change for forecasting the missing monthly data at the end of forecasting sample due to asynchronous nature of the release of the indicators. Second dimension is using a relatively large data set and testing some indicators that are not frequently used for forecasting GDP growth but due to timeliness have the potential to contribute to the forecasting performance. We analyze data from a career website, freight information from maritime transportation, capacity utilization of available plane seats, tax revenues of the central government and credit and debit card transaction volumes. Third dimension is comparing the performance of model averaging and factor models that are used to incorporate information content of large data sets to the forecasting process. Finally, we look at the forecasting performance of a core data set that is selected by a shrinkage method, namely LASSO. Our findings show that using VAR models with financial and survey indicators for forecasting missing monthly data improves short term GDP forecasting performance relative to other alternatives. We find that forecasting using targeted predictors rather than using an unscreened large data set helps to reduce forecasting errors considerably. Factor model approach performs better than forecast combination. So, using a targeted data set for factor extraction and forecasting missing monthly data with VAR performs relatively better than other specifications for producing timely and accurate nowcasts. |
| Keywords: | GDP forecasting, Bridge models, Factor models, LASSO, Targeted predictors |
| JEL: | C52 C53 E20 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2006&r=all |
| By: | Oguzhan Erdogan |
| Abstract: | To detect the position of countries in global value chains in a consistent manner, we propose that export and import upstreamness measures of a country should be varying across its trade partners over time. To formalize our argument, we define the notion of bilateral upstreamness between any pair of countries and show how its measure is affected from country-specific factors. Moreover, we incorporate the variables in gravity literature into our estimation equations to account for how geographical factors can have an impact on their bilateral production line position. Following Antrás et al. (2012), we also consider the hypotheses tested in their paper with our more aggregated and recent data set. Similar to their results, we find that better rule of law, higher level of financial development and investment in human capital lead the export composition of countries to be more final good-oriented in international markets. Finally, we portray Turkey’s production line position in comparison with different country blocks and income groups to illustrate our bilateral analysis. |
| Keywords: | Bilateral upstreamness, International trade, Global value chains, Production line position |
| JEL: | F14 L14 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2008&r=all |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UCL IRES - Institut de recherches économiques et sociales - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain); Rodolphe Desbordes (SKEMA Business School - Université Côte d'Azur); Paolo Melindi-Ghidi (EconomiX - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre, AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IRES - Institut de recherches économiques et sociales) |
| Abstract: | The occurrence of some revolutionary episodes seems initially puzzling. For example, before the 'Arab Spring', macroeconomic conditions were improving, the political leaders had been in power for a long time, and the autocrats had shown an apparent interest in the welfare of their population by investing in human capital. We argue that such a paradox can be solved by considering that high education levels are incompatible with the features characterising strong neopatrimonial states. We develop this intuition in a simple theoretical model and we test our prediction in a sequential empirical study of regime changes and regime breakdowns in a large panel of countries. We indeed find that a regime change is more likely in countries combining high neopatrimonialism and high education levels. Moreover, when a regime change happens under these circumstances, a revolution is the most likely type of regime breakdown. These results help to understand the 'Arab Spring' but are not specific to the Arab world. |
| Keywords: | education,neopatrimonialism,regime breakdown,regime change,revolution |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02613158&r=all |
| By: | Kai Barron (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin); Heike Harmgart (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, London, UK, and Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin); Steffen Huck (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin); Sebastian Schneider (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn); Matthias Sutter (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn) |
| Abstract: | We measure the prevalence of discrimination between Jordanian host and Syrian refugee children attending school in Jordan. Using a simple sharing experiment, we find only little discrimination. Among the Jordanian children, however, we see that those who descended from Palestinian refugees do not discriminate at all, suggesting that a family history of refugee status can generate solidarity with new refugees. We also find that parents’ narratives about the refugee crisis are correlated with the degree of discrimination, suggesting that discriminatory preferences are being transmitted through parental attitudes |
| Keywords: | Discrimination, refugees, children, experiment, integration |
| JEL: | C91 D90 J15 C93 J13 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2020_13&r=all |
| By: | Vera Danilina (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Federico Trionfetti (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Environmental policies are among the priorities of the UN agenda and figure highly in national and international policy agendas. This brief focuses on environmental taxes and green public procurement (GPP). These two environmental policy instruments differ in political viability and in the impact they have on consumers and producers. The brief provides a comparative analysis of their efficiency in closed and open economy and reveals the opportunities and threats of (un)harmo-nised environmental policy across countries. The results allow to consider particular implications for the collaboration of EU-MENA countries. |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02564113&r=all |
| By: | Kabbashi M. Suliman (Department of Economics Faculty of Economic and Social Studies University of Khartoum Sudan) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:243&r=all |
| By: | Muttaqin, Rahmat; Akın, Emre |
| Abstract: | As part of the G20 countries, Indonesia and Turkey have shown their commitments to the OECD/G20 BEPS Project since the very beginning, including the MLI Project. Along with the other 66 jurisdictions, Indonesia and Turkey signed the MLI on 7 June 2017. Indonesia and Turkey already have a tax treaty in force. In its MLI’s position as of 7 June 2017, Indonesia included its tax treaty with Turkey as one of CTAs and vice versa. Therefore, once both countries have completed all the procedural requirements of the MLI, the MLI provisions will have effect on the existing tax treaty. This article is intended to give a picture for the readers on how the MLI impacts the existing tax treaty between Indonesia and Turkey. This article may also serve as a projection on what a synthesised text might look like even though it has not been published yet by the competent authority of either country. For the MLI changes to apply effectively to the Indonesia-Turkey tax treaty, both countries must adopt the same provisions (unless an asymmetrical adoption is allowed in particular cases). The Authors concluded that considering both countries’ positions at this moment, some of the MLI provisions will affect the existing Indonesia-Turkey tax treaty, i.e. Article 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, and 16 of the MLI. New provisions to be adapted will contribute to preventing BEPS concerns, e.g. through treaty shopping. The authors then recommend that both countries should also need to revise their domestic laws in order to accommodate new features in treaty post-MLI, for instance, the introduction of PPT rule as GAAR in tax treaty should also be accompanied by a comprehensive set of guidelines for tax authorities and must be administered transparently. Following the intention of both countries to increase the trading volume, the Indonesia-Turkey tax treaty post-MLI will play an important role in the future. |
| Keywords: | MLI, OECD, G20, BEPS, Tax Treaty, Tax Law, Indonesia, Turkey, International Tax, PPT, GAAR |
| JEL: | H26 K33 K34 |
| Date: | 2020–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:100675&r=all |
| By: | Yusuf Emre Akgunduz; Seyit Mumin Cilasun; Elif Ozcan Tok |
| Abstract: | [TR] Tarim ve gida sektoru Turkiye ekonomisinde onemli yer tutmakta, ozellikle enflasyon uzerinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadir. Ancak, tedarik zincirinin uzunlugu, karmasikligi ve rekabet eksiklikleri gibi yapisal konular uretici ile tuketici fiyatlari arasinda buyuk farka neden olmaktadir. Bu notta, dana eti ve sut sektorlerinde tedarik zincirinin yapisi ortaya konulmus ve ureticilerin karliliklari analiz edilmistir. Dogrudan nihai tuketiciye urun ulastirabilen uretici oraninin az oldugu gorulmustur. Dana eti ve sut sektorunde, sadece perakende isletmeler ile konaklama ve yiyecek faaliyetlerinde bulunan isletmelere satis yapan ureticilerin, perakende firmalara hic satis yapmayan ureticilere kiyasla sirasiyla yuzde 30 ve yuzde 27 daha yuksek karliliga sahip oldugu bulgusuna ulasilmistir. [EN] Agriculture is a key component of the Turkish economy and food prices play a significant role in inflation. Inefficiencies, complexities and the lack of competition in the agriculture sector and its supply chains lead to large differences between producer and consumer prices. This note studies the supply chains of veal and milk sectors in Turkey and analyses the profitability of producers. We find that only a minority of producers sell their products directly to end-consumers sectors. We further document that in veal and milk sectors producers that sell to retailers and accommodation and food services sectors rather than wholesale traders have 30% and 27% higher profitability, respectively. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:econot:2007&r=all |