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on MENA - Middle East and North Africa |
| By: | Shireen Al Azzawi (anta Clara University); Vladimir Hlasny |
| Abstract: | Female labor force participation rates in the Middle East and North Africa are low compared to other world regions. This study contributes to the literature explaining this phenomenon in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia by referring to women’s unearned incomes, whether in the form of household wealth, the presence of male earners in the household, or expected wages in the labor market. We estimate probability models of women’s labor force participation, accounting for wealth indices based on households’ productive and non-productive assets. Recognizing the role of wealth, estimation is repeated by household wealth quintile. We find that the higher the wealth index of a woman’s household, the less likely the woman is to participate in the labor force. This result holds even when the presence of a male wage worker in the household is accounted for, and when own expected wages are included. Regional degree of wealth inequality has bearing on women’s labor force participation, but the results differ between Egypt, on the one hand, and Jordan and Tunisia, on the other hand. Overall, the magnitudes of the substitution and income effects of wages on women’s labor force participation vary by country and survey wave, and particularly between women in different wealth quintiles. |
| Date: | 2018–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1202&r=all |
| By: | Eleftherios Giovanis (Manchester Metropolitan University, Business School); Oznur Ozdamar |
| Abstract: | Resource reallocation from low to high productivity firms can generate large aggregate productivity gains with further potential benefits to economic growth. This study examines the productivity and resource misallocation in a sample of countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and Turkey. The analysis relies on data derived from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys over the period 2008-2016 of firms in Egypt, Turkey and Yemen. Furthermore, in the analysis we include various firm characteristics, and we explore major state-business relations (SBRs) and their association to resource misallocation. The results are mixed where in Egypt and Turkey female ownership and international quality are positively associated with productivity and allocation efficiency, while in all cases obstacles in SBRs present a negative and significant correlation with the firms’ performance and productivity, reducing the allocation efficiency and increasing the dispersions on output and capital |
| Date: | 2018–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1266&r=all |
| By: | Gunes Arkadas Asik (Tobb University of Economics and Technology); Mohamed Ali Marouani; Michelle Marshalian; Ulas Karakoc |
| Abstract: | This article explores the contribution of the structural change and the skill upgrading of the labor force to productivity growth in Tunisia and Turkey in the post-WorldWar II period. Our growth decomposition shows that productivity growth is explained by intra-industry changes for both countries during the import substitution period. Structural change played an important role in Turkey for a longer period of time than in Tunisia. Based on a regression analysis, we find evidence that skill upgrading had a causal impact on productivity growth in Turkey, as productivity has mainly been driven by the increasing share of highly educated workers within sectors rather than the reallocation of skilled labor between sectors. In addition, skill upgrading has been as important as physical capital accumulation. On the other hand, OLS and IV evidence do not support similar mechanisms for Tunisia. |
| Date: | 2018–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1269&r=all |
| By: | Irène Selwaness (Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University); Caroline Krafft |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between family formation and women’s employment, a previously unexplored aspect of female labor force participation in MENA region. The paper studies Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia, leveraging unique retrospective data on work, marriage, child bearing and child rearing. The time variation allows us to estimate discrete hazard models for the duration of different labor statuses. This paper examines three sets of outcomes: (1) duration in employment, (2) duration in non-employment, and (3) duration in different labor market states and specific types of work. Findings show that anticipating marriage and child-bearing are strongly associated with women’s employment outcomes. Non-employment is an absorbing state, particularly after marriage. |
| Date: | 2018–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1192&r=all |
| By: | Deena Khalil (Takween Integrated Community Development); Amr Abdelaal; Yasmin Khalafallah; Marwa Barakat |
| Abstract: | This paper studies access to basic services and infrastructure among youth populations in Cairo’s informal areas. Inequality in access to services has been garnering increasing attention particularly in the wake of the 2011 “Arab Spring” uprising. Calls for justice and equality were at the heart of the protests and urban youth were the main protagonists. In Egypt, where the majority of the population is below the age of 30, youth also make up the bulk of the demand for services. Yet in the face of the increasing need for services, coupled with institutional fragmentation, the Egyptian government has continually struggled to keep up with demand, and inequality in access has remained persistent. This paper focuses on how location of residence, specifically, how residing in an informal area, impacts youth’s access to basic services and infrastructure. Focusing on educational, health and recreational facilities, as well as water and sanitation, electricity and solid waste management services, the study draws on research that has shown that informal areas are inadequately served in terms of the availability of basic services as well as connection to public infrastructure networks. In light of this, the paper aims to answer the following questions: What/who are the different entities providing basic services to informal areas in the Greater Cairo Region? What are the gaps in the service provision system, and the different barriers towards youth accessing these services? How do gaps in access to services and infrastructure contribute to youths’ long-term vulnerabilities and jeopardize their transition to adulthood? |
| Date: | 2018–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1204&r=all |
| By: | Binnur Balkan (Stockholm School of Economics); Seyit Mümin Cilasun |
| Abstract: | Low female labor force participation continues to be an important problem in the Turkish labor market. Labor market participation of women might be worsened by the cultural and traditional factors, such as the division of labor in the household, or economic factors, such as discrimination against females. In this paper, we try to identify hiring stage differences among men and women via a correspondence audit methodology. In doing so, we produce two new measures of employer response in addition to the standard callback measure used in the literature. We show that employers treat male and female applicants’ resumes similarly prior to the callback stage. However, there is weak but positive discrimination against female applicants in the Turkish labor market. Hence, hiring stage discrimination does not contribute to the low female labor force participation in Turkey. |
| Date: | 2018–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1205&r=all |
| By: | Asmaa Ezzat (Cairo University); Hanan Nazier |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the gender differences in time poverty in two MENA countries, particularly Egypt and Tunisia, as well as examining its determinants across gender. To this end, we make use of data provided by the LMPS in Egypt (2012) and in Tunisia (2014) to estimate probit regressions to identify various determiners that explain time poverty. The empirical findings show that the probability of time poverty, in both countries, is lower for females compared to males. In addition, the determinants of time poverty (individual, household, and community variables) and their marginal effects differ across gender. |
| Date: | 2018–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1220&r=all |
| By: | Hanan Nazier (Cairo University); Asmaa Ezzat |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at examining the gender differences in time allocation between market, house and care work in Egypt and Tunisia, as well as analyzing the determinants of time allocated to each type of work across gender. This is done through relying on the data provided by the LMPS done in Egypt (2012) and in Tunisia (2014). Then, three Tobit equations are estimated simultaneously, each equation is for one type of work, using maximum simulated likelihood (MSL). The main empirical result shows that ‘gender’ is the most important determinant of time allocation, and that females tend to spend less time on market work, while they spend more time on both house and care work, compared to males. |
| Date: | 2018–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1217&r=all |
| By: | Mehmet Serkan Tosun (University of Nevada); Jingjing Yang |
| Abstract: | In this study, we examine the relationship between fertility and population policies and other potential determinants. We use panel data from the United Nations World Population Policies database, Integrated Labor Market Panel Survey (ILMPS) database and the World Development Indicators. In the first part of our analysis, we find significant negative association between the government policy to reduce fertility, and the change in the total fertility rate. On the other hand, there is no significant and robust relationship between the government policy to raise fertility, government’s policy to support family planning, and the change in the total fertility rate. In addition we find evidence of spatial autocorrelation in the total fertility rate, and spatial spillovers from government’s policy on fertility. In the second part of our analysis, we examine the determinants of fertility using micro data on Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. We find positive and significant association between fertility and age, household size, marital status and a dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the first child is female and 0 otherwise. At the same time, we find negative and significant association between fertility and urban areas, education level, labor force participation and wealth. |
| Date: | 2018–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1219&r=all |
| By: | Wasseem Mina (United Arab Emirates University) |
| Abstract: | The six oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries adopted interventionist labor policies in the early 1990s to increase employment of nationals and control expatriate labor mobility. In the second half of the 2000s the GCC countries switched to market-oriented, flexible labor policies, intended to equate the cost of national and expatriate labor and enhance expatriate labor mobility. After the 2011 Arab Spring, the GCC labor policy responses had differed. In this paper we empirically examine the impact of market-oriented labor policies on FDI flows to the GCC countries for the period 2007-2015. Using panel data model and accounting for unobservable country effects, results show that cooperative labor employer relations, flexible hiring and firing practices, linking pay to productivity, and reliance on professional management encourage FDI flows to the GCC countries. Robustness checks show a positive influence of at least one dimension of labor market flexibility on FDI flows. This evidence lends support to the influence that flexible labor market policies have on FDI flows. The latter is perceived as key to income diversification in the GCC countries. |
| Date: | 2018–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1201&r=all |
| By: | Ahmed Rashad (Economic Studies and Policies Sector, Government of Dubai); Mesbah Sharaf |
| Abstract: | The work environment has witnessed dramatic changes over the past three decades as a result of globalization, competition, and economic uncertainty, which led to a sharp rise in precarious employment across the world. Although the number of precarious jobs has increased considerably in the Arab countries over the recent decades, little is known about such jobs’ social and health consequences. Using Egypt as a case study, this paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by adding new evidence on the social consequences of precarious employment from an understudied region. This paper particularly looks at the impact of precarious employment on mental health, self-rated health and happiness in marriage. We use longitudinal data from the Survey of Yong People in Egypt (SYPE) conducted in 2009 and 2014. To estimate the causal impact of precarious employment, we employ several identification strategies, namely fixed and random effect regressions and instrumental variable two stage least squares. Our findings suggest that precarious employment is associated with poor mental health and worse well-being among youth. Our main findings remained across different identification strategies with different assumptions. The adverse impact of precarious work is likely to be mediated, though in some models it is a partial mediation, through poor working conditions such as low salary, maltreatment at work, job insecurity, and harassment from colleagues. |
| Date: | 2018–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1200&r=all |
| By: | Caroline Krafft (St. Catherine University); Maia Sieverding; Caitlyn Keo; Colette Salemi |
| Abstract: | Since 2011, Jordan has been hosting a substantial number of refugees from Syria. This paper profiles the Syrian refugee population in Jordan in terms of demographic characteristics, participation in the labor market, education, and health outcomes. Syrian refugees are disproportionately young, with half the refugee population under age 15. Despite the availability of work permits, less than a fifth of refugees are working, and those who do work are primarily in informal employment and working without permits. Enrollment rates are well below universal, with many refugee children not returning to school after an interruption, which was often caused by the conflict. Low enrollment rates also suggest that refugees face challenges in persisting in school in Jordan through basic education. Refugees have limited access to health insurance and although most do access health services, they are more likely than Jordanians to rely on charitable organizations and pharmacies as their usual source of care. Despite food supports, refugees, particularly those residing in camps, also suffer from higher levels of food insecurity. |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1184&r=all |
| By: | Binnur Balkan (Stockholm School of Economics); Seyit Mümin Cilasun |
| Abstract: | The labor market consequences of ethnic conflict between Kurds and Turks in Turkey are not examined in detail mainly due to data restrictions. In this paper, we try to fill this gap in the literature by providing both survey and correspondence audit evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Turkish labor market against Kurdish minority. First, we show that Kurds have lower educational attainment, higher unemployment rate, and longer unemployment spells. Then, we conduct a correspondence audit and find that the Kurdish applicants receive fewer callbacks than the Turkish applicants although their resumes get similar attention at the earlier stages. When we consider the gender dimension, we see no differential treatment of Kurdish males and Turkish males, but for each callback a Kurdish woman receives, a Turkish woman receives 2.5 callbacks. Hence, we conclude that differential treatment by ethnicity might be a feature of the Turkish labor market, especially for females. |
| Date: | 2018–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1197&r=all |
| By: | Ayhab Saad (Doha Institute for Graduate Studies) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the manufacturing export market in Egypt after the Arab Spring using firm level census data from 2013. Exports are quite rare in Egypt, concentrated in a few industries and regions, and dominated by superstar exporters. The estimated conventional export premia are very high, except for firm productivity. Exporters have stark effects on labor market outcomes, including wages, employment, and demand for skilled and female workers, wage inequality, and job security. These findings have two important implications: (1) Manufacturing exports might be monopolized by large but not necessarily the most efficient firms, and (2) promoting exports could potentially improve labor market outcomes by providing good jobs, especially for college graduates and females. |
| Date: | 2018–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1208&r=all |
| By: | Omar Aouah (UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi); Iliass El Badaoui (UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi) |
| Abstract: | The public enterprises sector plays an important role in the economic and social development of our country. The direct involvement of this sector in the implementation of other sectors' public policies' justifies strengthening governance practices of public entreprises for greater efficiency and performance. After literature review on the theoretical foundations of corporate governance, this article provides good public companies governance practices. It is true that the government has undertaken reforms (69-00 Act, Good Governance Code of, Contractualisation) to improve the governance and performance of State Owned Entreprises (SOE), however, several challenges remain. |
| Abstract: | Le secteur des entreprises publiques joue un rôle important dans le cadre du développement économique et social de notre pays. Son implication directe dans la mise en oeuvre des stratégies publiques sectorielles justifie le renforcement des pratiques de gouvernance des entreprises publiques en vue de plus d'efficience et de performance. Après une revue de littérature sur les fondements théoriques de la gouvernance d'entreprise, cet article se propose d'étaler les Bonnes Pratiques de Gouvernance appliquées aux entreprises publiques. Certes, des mesures ont été prises par l'Etat (Loi 69-00, code de la Bonne gouvernance des EEP, Contractualisation) pour améliorer la gouvernance et la performance des EEP, néanmoins, plusieurs défis restent à relever. |
| Keywords: | State,Public Entreprises,Governance,Performance,Gouvernance,Entreprise Publique,Etat,Contractualisation |
| Date: | 2018–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01956777&r=all |
| By: | Nelly El-Mallakh (University of Strasbourg); Jackline Wahba |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of the Syrian refugee inflows on the migration dynamics of Jordanians. Using unique data from Jordan, we exploit the geographical distribution of Syrian refugees across Jordanian subdistricts and examine its impact on international, return and internal migration patterns of Jordanians. We rely on retrospective information to construct individual and household panel data before and after the beginning of the 2011 Syrian war. Using a Difference-in-Differences specification that takes into account unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the Syrian refugee inflows in Jordan do not have any effect on the international and return migration patterns of Jordanians. However, the Syrian presence increases the probability of Jordanian internal migration. Particularly, being a resident in camp governorates increases the probability of moving out while it decreases the probability of moving in. Our results are the first to show the impact of the massive refugee inflows on the host country’s migration dynamics. |
| Date: | 2018–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1191&r=all |
| By: | Maia Sieverding (American University of Beirut); Nasma Berri; Sawsan Abdulrahim |
| Abstract: | In this paper we use the Jordan Labor Market Panel Surveys (JLMPS) of 2010 and 2016 to examine recent change in marriage and fertility outcomes among Jordanians, as well as among the Syrian refugee population in Jordan. The new data from the JLMPS 2016 demonstrates considerable continuity in marriage practices among Jordanians. Jordanian men and women have seen very modest increases in median age at first marriage of one or two years over recent cohorts. Education is the main factor associated with later ages at marriage and, correspondingly for women, later ages at first birth. The cost of marriage in real terms has declined since 2010, so marriage costs are unlikely to be a major contributor to recent trends in the age at marriage. Despite the relatively small increase in age at first marriage, the JLMPS 2016 data suggest a resumed fertility decline in Jordan after a long period of stall, with a total fertility rate of 3.3 births per woman in 2016 compared to 3.9 in 2010. As compared to the Jordanian population, Syrian refugees generally experienced an earlier transition to marriage and a higher total fertility rate of 4.4 in 2016. This is lower than the fertility rate of the refugee population prior to the conflict and their arrival in Jordan, which was 4.9 births per woman as of 2009. The marriage and fertility patterns of Syrian refugees in Jordan are consistent with this population being highly selected on factors associated with earlier marriage ages and higher fertility rates in Syria. Syrian refugees in Jordan were more disadvantaged in their marriage outcomes, including lower expenditures on marriage and lower rates of nuclear family residence. Women who married before age 18, both Syrian and Jordanian, also experienced poorer outcomes upon marriage than those who married at older ages, including larger age and education gaps with their husbands. |
| Date: | 2018–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1187&r=all |
| By: | Ahmed Rashad (Economic Studies and Policies Sector, Government of Dubai); Mesbah Sharaf; Elhussien Ibrahim Mansour |
| Abstract: | The literature on children’s health inequalities in refugee camps in Jordan remains sparse. We noticed a marked height difference between Palestinian children living in the refugee camps and children of the remaining population in Jordan. Children living in refugee camps are significantly shorter than the rest of the children in the hosting population. This paper explores the drivers of the height gap, measured by the height for age z-score, among children residing in refugee camps and the non-camp residents. A Blinder- Oaxaca decomposition is used to quantify the sources of the inequalities between the two groups into two components; one that is explained by regional differences in the level of the determinants, and another part that is explained by differences in the effect of the determinants of the child nutritional status. Our results suggest that the endowment effect dominates the coefficients effect. More specifically, the height gap is mainly driven by wealth disparities between the two groups. Poverty alleviation programs such as conditional cash transfers and microfinance to camps’ residents are likely to reduce the child malnutrition gap. |
| Date: | 2018–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1206&r=all |
| By: | Mohamed El Hedi Arouri (Université Côte d’Azur, France & ERF); Nguyen Viet Cuong |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether the level and the inequality of household assets impact inter-governorate migration in Egypt using gravity models and data from the 1996 and 2006 Population and Housing Censuses of Egypt. We find that people tend to move to the governorates with higher asset level and higher asset inequality. This suggests that there is a positive association between inequality and economic growth. Areas with high economic level and inequality attract more migrants than areas with low economic level and inequality. Moreover, our findings suggest that unlike non-work migration, the low level of assets in original governorate is a push factor of work migration. |
| Date: | 2018–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1182&r=all |
| By: | Mohamed Amara (Higher School of Economic and Commercial Sciences of Tunis); Wajih Khallouli; Faycel Zidi |
| Abstract: | This paper combines micro-level and macro-level approaches into a unified empirical design to understand the gender gap in Tunisian labor market participation. We use a multilevel propensity score matching analysis in order to reduce selection bias by accounting for the random effects across areas in a hierarchical data structure. Our empirical evidence suggests that despite the admirable progresses in women’s rights and human capital in Tunisia, labor force participation rates are still higher for men than for women. This discrepancy between men and women in their labor market force participation generates a per capita income loss of 20 per cent. |
| Date: | 2018–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1263&r=all |
| By: | Somaya El-Saadani (Cairo University); Soha Metwally |
| Abstract: | Although youth with disabilities represent a heterogeneous group with respect to disability domain and degree of severity they are disadvantaged in almost all dimensions of the quality of life. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of disability among youth on one dimension of the quality of life which is education opportunities by using data of the nation-wide survey “Household Observatory Survey, round 13, 2016,” that was conducted by the Egyptian Cabinet Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC). Our study population consists of 12,651 individuals in the age group 15-29 years. The used data implemented the suggestion of UN-WG short list of questions to measure disability. Results showed that the prevalence rates of any, severe and complete disabilities among youth are 4.8%, 1.7% and 0.8%, respectively. The most common domain of severe disability among youth is communicating followed by remembering and concentration. The study applied random effect logit model to examine the impact of disability among youth on the likelihood of attending school, controlling for the other factors and the results suggested that disability has the strongest deterrent impact on school enrollment and interacts with the individual’s standard of living in a way that exacerbates inequity. On the other hand, the results of the sequential transition model indicated that although disability tremendously reduces the chance of school enrollment its effect on continuing education to preparatory and to secondary is weakened and turns out to be statistically insignificant, signifying that once a disabled child is enrolled in education, s(he) is capable of continuing education. Additionally, gender, region of residence, parental level of education and family wealth significantly impact the educational opportunities of Egyptian youth. |
| Date: | 2018–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1215&r=all |
| By: | Caroline Krafft (St. Catherine University); Maia Sieverding |
| Abstract: | Abstract: From the late 1990s until 2010, the fertility transition in Jordan was stalled, with the total fertility rate (TFR) well above replacement level. In this paper, we present new evidence that fertility rates in Jordan have resumed declining, and examine the possible mechanisms behind this trend. Based on data from the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey 2016, fertility has declined from a TFR of 3.8 in 2010 to 3.3 in 2016 among Jordanians. Despite challenging economic conditions, age at marriage has remained stable. Therefore nuptiality cannot be the main driver of the recent fertility decline. Although fertility rates have declined across parities and population groups, there is evidence of reduced fertility particularly among more educated women. |
| Date: | 2018–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1193&r=all |
| By: | Ragui Assaad (University of Minnesota and ERF); Thomas Ginn; Mohamed Saleh |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of Syrian refugees during the Syrian Civil War on the educational outcomes of Jordanians. Outcomes we examine include school entry, school enrollment at various levels and advancement from one level to the next. The project employs a unique data source, the 2016 Jordanian Labor Market Panel Survey that records retrospective educational outcomes for a nationally representative sample of Jordanians. We employ a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits cross-locality variation in exposure to Syrian refugees across cohorts before and during the influx of refugees. We find no evidence that greater exposure to Syrian refugee has affected the attainment of Jordanians. Evidence from the Ministry of Education’s Educational Management Information System (EMIS) suggests that Jordanian schools responded to the influx by adding a second shift in schools in high-Syrian areas, and that teacher-to-student ratio and classroom size are both unaffected by the influx. |
| Date: | 2018–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1214&r=all |
| By: | Belal Fallah (Palestine Polytechnic University); Caroline Krafft; Jackline Wahba |
| Abstract: | Starting in 2011, the Syrian conflict caused a large influx of refugees into Jordan. As of 2015, there were an estimated 1.3 million Syrians in a country with just 6.6 million Jordanians. The refugees are largely living and, in some cases, working in Jordanian host communities. This paper investigates the impact of the refugee influx on the Jordanian labor market. Panel data from 2010 and 2016 combined with information on where the refugee influx was concentrated allow us to identify the impact of refugees on Jordanians’ labor market outcomes. Overall, we find that Jordanians living in areas with additional refugees have had no worse labor market outcomes than Jordanians with less exposure to the refugee influx. |
| Date: | 2018–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1189&r=all |
| By: | Dina Najjar (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas); Aymen Frija; Aman El Garhi |
| Abstract: | The current study examines the extent of empowerment for different types of women in Egypt’s Old and New Lands (Noubariya and Kafr Shiekh). Empowerment in this study is multidimensional and is referring to access and management of capital, time and assets, with a particular focus on land. Research conducted in the past three decades in Latin America, India, and sub-Saharan Africa shows that land access empowers women in their ability to produce food, to participate in public life, as well as in household decision-making. However, relatively little is known about the relations between women, land and empowerment in the Middle East. Some 402 farmers (200 men and 202 women) were surveyed in both locations in Egypt, focusing on tasks within the farm, in addition to ownership and control over the main resources including land and livestock. A set of data including variables reflecting different empowerment dimensions of the surveyed farmers was collected in the study areas, and used for clustering homogeneous groups (men and women) with similar empowerment profiles. Characteristics of these men and women groups were then reported in order to provide better insights regarding empowerment gaps which might be used to develop targeted policy intervention strengthening certain empowerment aspects for these groups. |
| Date: | 2018–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1198&r=all |
| By: | Caroline Kraff (St. Catherine University); Ragui Assaad |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the 2016 wave of the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS). The 2016 wave is a follow up on the initial 2010 wave. There has been substantial turmoil in the region since 2010, including the onset of the Syrian conflict and influx of refugees into Jordan. The 2016 wave over-sampled areas with a high proportion of non-Jordanians to be able to represent and examine this important population. The paper describes this sampling strategy, attrition from 2010 to 2016, and weighting that corrects for attrition and accounts for the sampling strategy. We compare key demographic measures and labor market statistics with other sources of data on Jordan to demonstrate the sample’s representativeness. The data provides an important opportunity for detailed analysis of Jordan’s changing labor market and society. |
| Date: | 2018–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1186&r=all |
| By: | Bilal Malaeb (University of Oxford); Jackline Wahba |
| Abstract: | The Syrian refugee influx in Jordan came on top of an additional 1.6 million foreigners residing in Jordan. The non-national population of refugees and immigrants had increased Jordan’s population of 6.6 million by about 45%. This raises an important question on whether the inflow of refugees has displaced immigrants in the Jordanian labor market. In this paper, we use novel data from Jordan from before and after the Syrian refugee influx to test whether economic immigrants were affected by Syrian refugees. We address several threats to identifications: the selectivity of immigrants and the geographic sorting of immigrants and refugees within Jordan using instrumental variable approach. We find that, as a result of the Syrian refugee influx, immigrants were more likely to work in the informal sector, and they worked fewer hours and had lower total wages as a result. The results suggest that the main competition that occurred in the Jordanian labor market was not between refugees and natives, but rather between refugees and economic migrants. |
| Date: | 2018–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1194&r=all |
| By: | Maye Ehab (University of Bamberg) |
| Abstract: | The length of commute time to work influence the access to employment opportunities and individuals’ outcomes. Women are unable to take the same lengthy commute time to work as men resulting in a commuting gender gap. Using Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey for 2006 and 2012, this paper analyzes the determinants of the commuting time for men and women to identify the reasons behind the differences in commuting time according to gender. In addition, the effect of the worker’s commute on the labor market outcomes is analyzed by examining the impact of commute time on working hours and wages by gender. Due to the potential endogeneity of the commuting time, instrumental variable estimation is used to determine the relationship between mobility and labor market outcomes. For women, the effect on the daily working hours is positive with a negative effect on the weekly labor supply. Commuting time has a negative effect on men’s hourly wages but with a positive effect on their daily and weekly labor supply. |
| Date: | 2018–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1211&r=all |
| By: | Mona Amer |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an analysis of the school-to-work transition in Jordan from 2010 to 2016 in a context of a demographic shock due to a massive influx of Syrian refugees. It examines the trend of youth unemployment and labor force participation, first labor market status and transitions over 4 years after school. The results show sharp increases in male and female unemployment rates and in unemployment duration. In parallel, youth male labor force participation declined and women with post-secondary education are less active. The school-to-work transition has deteriorated between 2010 and 2016 as young Jordanians are less active after leaving school and when they enter the labor market they take a longer time to work after school. Furthermore, the Jordanian labor market is very segmented as transitions between different types of employment (public, formal and informal private jobs) are scarce. Public employment is also less frequent after unemployment or inactivity. |
| Date: | 2018–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1196&r=all |
| By: | Cem Baslevent (Istanbul Bilgi University) |
| Abstract: | Using micro data from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions conducted by TurkStat, we apply the capitalization method in an attempt to determine the extent of wealth inequality in Turkey. This well-established method involves the estimation of household wealth based on the amounts of income resulting from the ownership of various types of assets. In addition to the calculation of wealth inequality, capitalized incomes are entered into a decomposition analysis to find out which factors contribute to inequality more than the others. Due to data limitations, we are restricted to an analysis that makes use of financial and rental income figures and imputed rents, while wealth in the form of land, gold, or stock ownership is mainly unaccounted for. The Gini coefficient figure of 0.54 implies that wealth inequality measured at the household level for Turkey is not extremely high. However, additional computations suggest that inequality is quite higher at the individual level. |
| Date: | 2018–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1181&r=all |
| By: | Hamdi Lahcene (Tlemcen University, Algeria) |
| Abstract: | The city of Ghardaia in Algeria has experienced violent incidents,in recent years. As a result, this resulted in a deep fissure in the social fabric that had proved far from homogeneous, while the two religious communities of the local society, the Sunni Arab Maliki and the Ibadi community had coexisted for centuries in good intelligence. It can be seen from the course of events that the issue is far from being a simple conflict between the parties concerned; and we can not deny the involvement of a third party, namely political power and this through local authorities. In this tripartite equation, the precarious calm resulting from an interindividual and inter-communal compromise remains a subject of debate. From there we could apprehend the related meanings of discourses advocated by the actors of both parties, both at the individual and collective level. It is a question of exploring the places of confrontation and its observation following the verbal exchanges as well as the speeches marked, the paths taken by the two communities, in order to reach a compromise based on concessions previously considered as intangible principles. Also, the interventions of the security and political authorities to try to fill the differences and to bring closer the visions give rise to an analysis because by their responsibilities in the preservation of the security of the goods and the people, bring various justifications to guarantee an existence while maintaining the compromise in order to preserve the economic and political interests of the Mozabites. |
| Keywords: | pragmatic sociology, conflict, compromise, justification, violence |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:jpaper:023hl&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahim Al Hawarin (Al-Hussein Bin Talal University); Ragui Assaad; Ahmed Elsayed |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of migration shocks on housing conditions and rental prices for locals. The identification comes from the regional variation in the large influx of Syrian refugees to Jordan in the wake of the Syrian conflict starting in 2011. We employ a difference in difference approach to evaluate the change in housing conditions and rental prices in areas with relatively higher flows of Syrian refugees compared to areas with relatively lower flows of Syrian refugees. The paper shows that the share of Syrian refugees seems to have a negative, yet small, impact on housing conditions of locals. Heterogeneity analyses shows that while poorer household are affected more negatively, richer household experience an improvement in their housing outcomes in response to the share of refugees. The paper further shows that housing rents significantly increased in the regions closer to Syrian borders. However, housing quality was more responsive to the crisis in regions that are relatively more distant |
| Date: | 2018–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1213&r=all |
| By: | Colette Salemi (University of Minnesota); Jay Bowman; Jennifer Compton |
| Abstract: | This report provides an overview of the current services available for Syrian refugee youth and children in Jordan, with a focus on the following sectors: education, cash assistance, nutrition, health, livelihoods, water and sanitation, shelter, and protection. Using a multi-method strategy, we describe the governance structure of the current Syrian refugee assistance program in Jordan and describe the policies central to our sectors of interest. Based on key informant interviews, we identify persistent barriers to services for Syrian young people. The report concludes with a discussion of overall governance constraints. |
| Date: | 2018–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1188&r=all |
| By: | Ahmed Elsayed (IZA-Institute of Labor Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a new and original dataset, the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS) of 2010 and 2016 to study living and housing conditions in Jordan. In 2016 the JLMPS oversampled regions with high concentration of refugees which enables us to investigate the living and housing conditions of refugees who live out-of- and in-refugee camps. The paper documents changes in housing characteristics for Jordanian households over the time period 2010-2016. It then compares the living and housing conditions in 2016 for out-of- and in-camp refugees to that of locals. The paper shows an improvement in the living and housing conditions for local households (both established and newly-formed) with the share of home ownership and the share of households living in private houses, relative to flats, increased between 2010 and 2016. The paper further shows that while the majority of refugees live out-of-refugee camps, those who live in-camps are doing much worse in terms of living conditions manifested mainly in smaller living areas, worse access to public facilities, and less ownership of durable assets. |
| Date: | 2018–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1195&r=all |
| By: | Bilal Malaeb (University of Southampton); Jackline Wahba |
| Abstract: | This paper provides overall evidence of the migration dynamics in Jordan between 2010 and 2016, during which the country experienced a large influx of Syrian refugees. This paper gives a detailed description of immigration in Jordan during that period in particular the composition, characteristics and labour market activities of immigrants in Jordan. It also examines the emigration and return migration patterns of Jordanians as well as the changes in their migration dynamics before and after the inflow of Syrian refugees. We find evidence of a fall in temporary international migration of Jordanians during this period. We also find that almost half of current emigrants have left Jordan with their entire family. Furthermore, we also find a decrease in return migration across the two years. When analysing data on immigrants, we find a change in immigrants’ geographical distribution in 2016 compared to 2010, with lower shares of immigrants in areas of high refugee population. Despite similar distribution across occupations of immigrants and refugees in 2016, we find lower immigrants’ share in sectors like manufacturing, in which refugees are concentrated. Immigrants themselves have increased their engagement in informal work and differed in occupations and economic activities from 2010 to 2016 suggesting that immigrants might have been affected by the refugee influx. |
| Date: | 2018–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1190&r=all |
| By: | Seyit Mümin Cilasun; Rauf Gönenç; Mustafa Utku Özmen; Mehmed Zahid Samancıoǧlu; Fatih Yilmaz; Volker Ziemann |
| Abstract: | Starting from a low level in early 2000s, Turkey’s total capital stock has since expanded rapidly, but the composition and quality of investment raises questions. This study focuses on business investment, as the main driver of physical and knowledge-based capital formation and, hence, of potential output and the material foundations of well-being. Micro data allow to distinguish four types of firms: small businesses with a high rate of informality, medium-sized family firms, large formal corporations, and skilled start-ups. The relative importance of the challenges facing these different types of firms varies, notably with respect to skill shortcomings, regulatory burdens, labour costs, access to bank lending, over-leveraging and scarce equity capital. Improving the current business environment and overcoming the fragmentation of the business sector will be crucial to upgrade the quality of business investment and to enhance the allocative efficiency of capital formation. This calls for promoting formality, best management practices, the build-up of equity capital, access to long-term bank financing and other market-based financing that can complement traditional bank lending; and a faster and more inclusive transition to the digital economy. |
| Keywords: | business investment, FDI, firm-level data, R&D, Turkey |
| JEL: | E2 F21 O16 |
| Date: | 2019–01–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1532-en&r=all |
| By: | Caroline Krafft (St. Catherine University); Ragui Assaad; Caitlyn Keo |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the changing character of labor supply in Jordan in light of recent demographic developments as well as the rapid increases in educational attainment among Jordanians. A particular focus of the paper is on the demographic changes generated by the recent refugee influx. Labor force participation, as well as its components of unemployment and employment, are examined. We examine differential patterns of participation by age, gender, education, and place of residence. Data from the Jordan Labor Market Panel Surveys of 2010 and 2016 are supplemented with annual data from the Jordanian Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) for the intervening years. |
| Date: | 2018–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1183&r=all |
| By: | Naomi Friedman-Sokuler (Bar-Ilan University); Moshe Justman |
| Abstract: | Arab society in Israel offers a counter-example, which calls into question the hypothesis that the male advantage in STEM decreases as gender equality in society increases. Analyzing administrative longitudinal data on students in Hebrew- and Arabic-language schools in Israel, all operating within the same centralized education system, we find that the gender achievement-gap favoring girls in Arabic schools, the ethnic group characterized by less gender equality, is greater than the gender gap favoring girls in Hebrew schools. Moreover, male dominated STEM matriculation electives in Hebrew schools are female-dominated in Arabic schools, controlling for prior achievement in mathematics. We show that these patterns are not dependent on socioeconomic or school characteristics but rather reflect ethnic differences in the gendered effect of prior achievement on subject choice. While in Hebrew-language schools the gender gaps favoring men in physics, computer science and advanced mathematics electives increase in early mathematical achievement, in Arabic-language schools gender gaps favoring men are non-existent and even reversed among top achieving students. |
| Keywords: | culture, gender gap in mathematics, STEM, Arab society, educational choice |
| JEL: | I21 J15 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biu:wpaper:2019-02&r=all |
| By: | Nisreen Salti (American University in Beirut); Jad Chaaban; Alexandra Irani; Rima Al Mokdad |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a youth well-being index, which allows for the first time to expand the measurement of national well-being to cover non-nationals with a focus on young people. Using micro data from the 2015 socio-economic survey of Palestinian refugees conducted in Lebanon, the newly devised index allows to measure well-being along various dimensions including education, health, housing, employment and access to information. The index results across sub-regions and refugee groups show that a richer and more holistic measurement of youth human development can provide better tools for a more efficient and equitable targeting of scarce assistance funds. |
| Date: | 2018–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1268&r=all |
| By: | Michael Siemon (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | Business groups are an essential part of the political economy of almost all capitalist countries. Although they have been intensely studied in regions like Latin America and East Asia, the study of business groups in the Middle East and North Africa is relatively less developed. This study presents evidence for the value-relevance, which is measured in terms of over-time correlations of stock returns, of family business groups, government ownership, and other inter-firm relationships among 1185 publicly traded firms in 11 countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Due to the difficulty in obtaining direct observations of business group membership, business groups are inferred with methods from network analysis. More specifically, I use a community-detection algorithm to look for clusters of different types of relationships. Next, I apply a Bayesian multilevel model to estimate the associations between group comembership (as well as other relationships), and pairwise stock returns correlations. Seven exchanges in the sample show evidence in favor of the value-relevance of inferred family business groups while six show additional correlations due to government ownership beyond that associated with co-ownership more generally. |
| Date: | 2018–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1267&r=all |
| By: | Reham Rizk (British University in Egypt); Colette Salemi |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we compare own account workers (employers and the self-employed) to private sector wage workers in Jordan using the Jordan Labor Market Panel Surveys of 2010 and 2016. Our results demonstrate that own account workers are demographically dissimilar from wage workers in the private sector. Own account workers tend to be older, male, and have more work experience. While they have lower educational attainment than private sector wage workers, own account workers exhibit relatively higher wealth outcomes. Capital transfers from fathers who were also own account workers are an important determinant of a worker being an employer or self-employed. In terms of job characteristics, the self-employed were more likely than other private sector workers to work outside of a fixed establishment, with many engaged in transportation-related activities. Employers and self-employed workers were also concentrated in wholesale and retail trades in both 2010 and 2016. Own account workers frequently reported being overqualified for their jobs, and the self-employed exhibited the lowest levels of job satisfaction of all private sector job types. |
| Date: | 2018–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1218&r=all |
| By: | Amirah El-Haddad (German Development Institute); May Gadallah |
| Abstract: | Variations in hourly wage rates explain most of gross earnings inequality among all workers in most countries (OECD 2011). Through running re-centered influence function regressions, we use Firpo et. al’s (2007) distributional approach to identify each control variable’s contribution -on the distributional statistic of choice -to the traditional decomposition of wage changes into structure and composition effects. We address this question for waged men using the Egyptian Labor Market Surveys for 1998, 2006 and 2012. Wage changes between 1998 and 2012 mainly resulted in increased inequality. The richer percentiles have persistently enjoyed disproportionately larger positive changes in real hourly wages, especially between 2006 and 2012. Whilst increasing in all three wage gaps, inequality increased the most between the top and bottom deciles (the 90-10 gap). Informality of the private sector is the largest contributor to increased inequality. The sector does not adhere to a minimum wage. Being unregulated it has responded dramatically to the competitive pressures caused by the departing middle classes of the public sector by suppressing mid and low-end wages resulting in the sharp wage gaps at the tails. Formality has a nuanced effect depending on sector. Wage setting dynamics of the public sector and the direction of labour movements since liberalization cause the sector to contribute much more to wage inequality than does its formal private counterpart. Thus, in a setting where the majority of the labour-force is outside the formal sector, the minimum wage becomes an instrument that increases inequality not one that reduces it. Annual pay freezes are one option. Implementing self-targeted public works programs similar to those of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in India serve to increase the “effective informal minimum wage”, thus curbing wage inequality. This in turn will potentially enable wage progression thereby breaking the informality trap of low skill-low wage inertia. |
| Date: | 2018–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1210&r=all |
| By: | Rami Galal (American University in Cairo); Mona Said; Susan Joekes; Mina Sami |
| Abstract: | Women’s employment is not evenly distributed across sectors and this variance in gender diversity can impact firms’ productivity and wages. Using the newly available EC 2013 dataset, this paper explores the relationship between gender diversity, productivity, and wages. Our first finding is that gender diversity is positively associated with productivity and wages in the knowledge-intensive service sector. This result is consistent with the notion that higher gender diversity increases heterogeneity of beliefs and values, and thus may be linked to greater critical thinking required in knowledge-based industries. Our second finding is that there is a negative or no association with productivity and wages among less knowledge-intensive service and both high- and low-tech manufacturing firms. These relationships are robust across different industry classifications and measures of diversity. |
| Date: | 2018–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1207&r=all |
| By: | Rami Galal (American University in Cairo); Mona Said |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates wage formation and inequality in Jordan over the period 2010 to 2016 using the Jordan Labor Market Panel Surveys. We take stock of the main distributional features of Jordanian wage structure in 2016 compared to 2010 focusing on population subgroups including by gender, sector, occupational skill-level, industry, geographic location, and level of education as well as low-wage earners. We utilize the panel aspects of the data to shed light on mobility within the distribution. To provide some explanation for the evolution of inequality, we estimate the returns to education, as well as sector-based and gender-based wage differentials that correct for differences in worker characteristics. The results show a rise in real wages and a decline in inequality over the period from 2010 to 2016. Wages across different subgroups display compression from both ends of the distribution, with fewer Jordanians falling below the low-wage earnings line, and wages for the highest-paid groups declining. Rises in median wages hold across the population, even among more disadvantaged groups, for example the illiterate. Declining incremental returns to education and narrowing sector-based and gender-based wage differentials are consistent with the overall decline in wage inequality. |
| Date: | 2018–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1209&r=all |
| By: | Ibrahim Elbadawi; Kabbashi Suliman (Department of Economics, University of Khartoum, Sudan) |
| Abstract: | After the secession of South Sudan and the resultant drop in oil exports, Sudan has enjoyed a surge in gold exports, dominated by vast networks of artisanal and small-scale informal mining operations. A combination of fiscally dominated monetary policy and stifling foreign exchange gap prompted the government to pursue a policy of large scale gold purchases by the Central Bank, almost all financed by printing money. We argued in this paper that such policy has resulted in a ‘resource curse’, manifested by short-term macroeconomic instability and medium-term loss of competitiveness. To substantiate the argument, the paper developed a simple game-theoretic rational expectations macroeconomic model, where the payoffs associated with the strategic behavior of individual gold’s traders are used to define the Bank’s problem. The results suggested that the Bank’s monetary policy was largely influenced by the international gold price, the social tolerance for high inflation and the public sector borrowing requirements that rendered it ineffective for anchoring inflation expectations. Also, we found that higher international gold prices and the probability of successful gold’s smuggling lead to higher domestic gold pricing by the Bank. Moreover, we showed that the Bank’s gold dealership and the chosen mode of financing has caused short term inflationary spiral, excessive nominal exchange rate devaluation and medium to longer term real exchange rate appreciation. Therefore, we recommend that the gold dealership should be operated by a fiscal authority, rather than the Bank, and be part of a macroeconomic framework based on economic diversification and geared towards stabilization of the economy. |
| Date: | 2018–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1203&r=all |
| By: | Djemaci, Brahim |
| Abstract: | We used the contingent valuation method to determine and analyze the factors that influence citizens' behavior regarding environmental issues related to the service of urban waste in Algeria via the willingness to pay (WTP). Two surveys were conducted, one aimed at assessing how the decision to participate financially in a waste management program differs between respondents in relation to socio-professional characteristics. The other survey seeks to answer a problem related to the effort made by the consumer to sort his packaging waste and especially plastic bottles through a deposit system. The results reveal that the significant factors determining the decision of the WTP are in addition to the socioprofessional variables of the individuals, the type of dwelling and the distance compared to the discharge, the place of residence and the implication in associative movements. |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay, waste management, contingent valuation method, deposit-refund system. |
| JEL: | Q5 Q51 |
| Date: | 2018–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90754&r=all |
| By: | Stefano Farolfi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CEMAGREF - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier); Dimitri Dubois (LAMETA - Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - INRA Montpellier - Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Sylvie Morardet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CEMAGREF - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier); Imen Nouichi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - CIHEAM - Centre International des Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Serge Marlet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - CIRAD - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CEMAGREF - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01945841&r=all |