|
on Agricultural Economics |
| By: | Marie Lassalas (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hervé Guyomard (SDAR Bretagne Normandie - Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Cécile Détang-Dessendre (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the environmental ambition of 2023-2027 Common Agricultural Policy in France. Since conditionality and agri-environment-climate measures are only marginally improved relative to the previous period, attention is focused on the new environmental instrument of the eco-scheme that in France targets the whole farm. Results suggest low environmental progress since almost all French farms would reach the standard level of the eco-scheme by one of the three access paths with unchanged farming practices, and 85% of them would reach the superior level. The percentage of farms at the superior level would be lower for farms specialized in annual crops than for cattle farms. We then show that the payment difference of e20 per hectare between the standard and superior level is probably insufficient for farms specialized in cereals, oilseeds and protein crops to offset the additional cost of the change in farm practices required to move from the standard to the superior level. |
| Keywords: | CAP, France, Eco-scheme, Environment, FADN 1 |
| Date: | 2024–08–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04681561 |
| By: | Salomé Kahindo (IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221 – LEM, F-59000 Lille, France.) |
| Abstract: | Balancing agricultural production with environmental preservation is a major challenge in the agricultural sector. We address this issue by evaluating two land management strategies: land sharing and land sparing. Using an efficiency analysis based on an activity model, we assess the potential for implementing these strategies across different farm categories, defined by land quality (yield index) and subsidy levels. Applied to farm data from the Meuse department (2006–2016), our results show that agricultural production can align with environmental preservation by either sparing 16% of farmland for the environment or reducing the use intensity of operational inputs by 13% across all farmlands. For farms with low land quality, land sparing would be more appropriate, whereas high land quality farms would benefit more from land sharing. Both land sharing and land sparing would better suit large farms with fewer subsidies; meaning that as farm size and subsidy levels increase, their contribution to these strategies diminishes. Our findings emphasize the need to consider farm characteristics in implementing agricultural land management strategies for environmental preservation. |
| Keywords: | agricultural production, environmental preservation, land sharing, land sparing, activity model, Meuse department. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e202416 |
| By: | Chen Chen; Koralai Kirabaeva; Danchen Zhao |
| Abstract: | Financially constrained governments, particularly in emerging and developing economies, tend to face a fiscal trade-off between adapting to climate change impacts and pursuing broader development goals. This trade-off is especially relevant in the agriculture sector, where investing in adaptation is critical to ensure food security amidst climate change. International trade can help alleviate this challenge and reduce adaptation investment needs by offsetting agricultural production shortages. However, in the presence of trade fragmentation, the adaptive role of trade diminishes, exacerbating food insecurity and increasing investment needs for adaptation. In this paper, we present a model to guide policymakers in deciding on the cost-efficient balance between investing in adaptation in the agricultural sector versus in broader development under financing and trade constraints. We apply the model to Ghana, Egypt, and Brazil, to examine the adaptation-development trade-off and highlight factors that would potentially lower adaptation investment needs. These factors include trade openness, higher agricultural productivity and efficiency of adaptation spending, and reduced labor market distortions. The key takeaways from the model applications suggest that (i) promoting trade openness and accessing concessional finance for adaptation help tackle climate challenges and ensure food security in lower-income countries; and (ii) domestic structural reforms are necessary to facilitate adaptation investments and reduce investment needs, by improving labor market flexibility, adaptation efficiency, and agriculture productivity. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; investment; adaptation; trade; climate change |
| Date: | 2024–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/184 |
| By: | Akhilesh Chandra Prabhakar (University of Technology india); Gagan Preet Brar (Lovely Professional University, India) |
| Abstract: | The contemporary surge in economic growth often comes at the expense of future generations. This study delves into the multifaceted issues, problems, and challenges associated with environmental sustainability and the pursuit of sustainable economic development. It scrutinizes how a profit-driven capitalist production model frequently exploits natural resources for short-term gains, often at their full capacity.Achieving sustainable economic development necessitates the formulation and implementation of appropriate policies aligned with the United Nations' Millennium Goals. The study's objective was to re-examine the root causes of pollution while identifying the challenges and opportunities for… Analyzing the situation relied on secondary data from a variety of sources, including social media, academic journals, doctoral theses, print media, and webinars, utilizing a qualitative approach.Ultimately, the study proposes a recommendation: for economic development to be sustainable, it must safeguard existing natural resources, striking a balance between the needs of present and future generations. |
| Keywords: | Green Revolution agricultural performance biodiversity environmental conservation food security modern farming techniques ecological balance ecological resilience sustainable agriculture. JEL Classification Codes: E62 Q18 Q56 O13 H23 agriculture environmental science economics Review agricultural policies and governance frameworks at national state and local levels to assess their alignment with sustainability Facilitate workshops focus group discussions and consultations, Green Revolution, agricultural performance, biodiversity, environmental conservation, food security, modern farming techniques, ecological balance, ecological resilience, sustainable agriculture. JEL Classification Codes: E62, Q18, Q56, O13, H23 agriculture, environmental science, economics Review agricultural policies and governance frameworks at national, state, and local levels to assess their alignment with sustainability Facilitate workshops, focus group discussions, and consultations |
| Date: | 2024–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04678722 |
| By: | Ibirénoyé Honoré Romaric Sodjahin (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Fabienne Femenia (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Obafémi, Philippe Koutchadé (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Alain Carpentier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Despite many benefits provided by diversified cropping systems, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the economic relevance of their effects, mainly due to lack of information on the dynamics of farmers' crop acreages. Our article contributes to fill this gap and, thereby, to shed light on a pair of apparently contradictory facts. European farmers tend to stick to specialized crop acreages despite agronomic experiments tending to show that crop diversification could reduce chemical input uses while maintaining or even enhancing arable crop yield levels We provide estimates of the effects of previous crops and crop acreage diversity on yield and chemical input use levels based on a sample of 769 arable crop producers covering the Marne département in France from 2008 to 2014. Our farm level dataset combines cost accounting data, information on crop sequences as well as detailed soil and weather data. Our estimation approach relies on yield functions and input use models defined as systems of simultaneous equations. These models feature farm specific random parameters for accounting for unobserved heterogeneity across farms and farmers as well as for accommodating input use endogeneity in the considered empirical crop yield functions. We estimate pre crop and crop acreage diversity effects for four major crops in the area. Pre crops effects on yields are estimated relatively accurately and are generally consistent with the rankings provided by crop production experts. Estimated pre crop effects on input uses are small and insignificant from a statistical viewpoint despite our large sample, suggesting that pre crops don't impact much chemical input requirements or/and that farmers tend to downplay these effects when deciding their chemical input use levels. Our results also show that crop acreage diversity positively impacts yield levels and tend to induce reductions in pesticide uses, herbicide uses in particular. Overall, our results demonstrate statistically significant though economically limited effects of pre crops and crop acreage diversity on crop gross margins. They also suggest that policy measures aimed to foster crop diversification are unlikely to significantly reduce chemical input uses on major crops if they are not supplemented by measures specifically aimed to reduce the uses of these inputs. |
| Keywords: | crop rotation effects, crop diversification, endogeneity, random parameter, SAEM algorithm |
| Date: | 2023–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04667088 |
| By: | M Yamin (Universitas Sriwijaya); Eka Mulyana (Universitas Sriwijaya); Dini Damayanthy (Universitas Sriwijaya); Amin Rejo (Universitas Sriwijaya); Shendy Y. Heartiana (Universitas Sriwijaya) |
| Abstract: | Improved agricultural technology adoption has the potential to increase the productivity of rice and maximize profit farming. However, the farmers who cultivate swamp land have many limitations to adopting all of the rice technology. The aims of this study were (1) to analyze, and its impact on productivity and (2) to analyze the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the level of technology adoption of rice farming in swampy land. The sampling method used was the simple random sampling method, and data was collected through direct interviews with 90 rice farmers. The collection of data used includes primary and secondary data. Processing data using simple linear regression and multiple regression. The results showed that farmers had adopted technology in the form of tractors, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, combined harvesters, superior varieties of seeds, and rice threshing machines. The level of technology adoption is in the high category. There is Pattern A (tractor, organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, insecticide, HYV, combine harvester) which has a proportion of farmers of 62.2% and a productivity of 3, 187 kg/ha. The variables age, education level, land area, experience, income, interaction with extension workers, availability of facilities and infrastructure, and institutional roles all affect the adoption rate. Farmers should own or raise livestock such as goats or cows. To be able to adopt organic fertilizer technology that can increase productivity by Pattern C (tractor, organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, insecticide) with low variable costs. |
| Keywords: | rice farming, productivity, swamp land, technology, adoption. |
| JEL: | A10 A14 A19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14416219 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The OECD database on export restrictions on staple crops is an integral part of the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) initiative. Data collected between January 2007 to April 2024 show an increased use of export restrictions during the global food price crisis of 2007-08, the COVID-19 pandemic, and following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, with the first period witnessing a significantly higher use of export restrictions than the two subsequent crises. During the first two periods, export taxes prevailed, while prohibitions have been more prominent during the war in Ukraine. The analysis shows that the type of export restriction most commonly used varied by commodity. Maize experienced predominantly export taxes and prohibitions, while minimum export prices and quotas were frequently used for rice. Soybeans were primarily targeted by export taxes, whereas a mix of export quotas and taxes were used for wheat. Only a small proportion of export restrictions lasted less than a month. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural policy, Agricultural trade, Export bans, Food trade, Grains |
| JEL: | F13 Q17 Q2 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–09–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:210-en |
| By: | Kofivi Dzegle (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Aude Ridier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to assess the impact of dairy farms' environmental performance on milk production costs. Five classes of environmental performance of dairy farms, based on greenhouse gas emissions, and three classes of performance based on the Shannon diversity index, are defined. The analysis is based on accounting data from a panel of conventional dairy farms in Bretagne region between 2020 and 2022. Two methods are compared to evaluate the intrinsic cost of environmental services: the linear mixed-effects model and the treatment effects method. Our findings reveal that the marginal production costs induced by improved environmental performance based on emissions increase with the performance classes, whereas increased biodiversity reduces production costs. The results of the two tested methods are consistent, with the mixed-effects model better accounting for unobservable heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental performance, Production cost, Dairy farms, Mixed effects model, Generalised propensity score |
| Date: | 2023–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04679354 |
| By: | Neviana Krasteva (Sofia University ?St.Kl.Ohridski?); Aleksey Potebnia (Sofia University ?St.Kl.Ohridski?) |
| Abstract: | In our increasingly visually-oriented society, appearance often dictates consumer preferences, particularly when it comes to food products. Annually, over 50 million tons of fruits and vegetables are discarded in Europe simply because they do not meet the stringent aesthetic standards for shape, size, and color. This leads not only to vast amounts of food waste but also to significant environmental consequences, comparable to the carbon emissions of hundreds of thousands of cars. Research indicates that the main culprits for this waste are not only government regulations and high supermarket standards but also consumer expectations for the perfect appearance of fruits and vegetables. Nevertheless, the growing movement towards sustainable consumption and increased consumer awareness of these issues open new opportunities for marketing strategies that can significantly alter attitudes. This article examines how marketing strategies can overcome the perceived shortcomings of 'ugly' branded fruits and vegetables, encouraging consumers to make more ethical and sustainable choices. Through the analysis of successful campaigns and initiatives, the different approaches that can be applied to overcome beauty stereotypes in food products and to promote greater consumer acceptance of these products are explored. |
| Keywords: | marketing, ugly fruits, beauty stereotypes |
| JEL: | M31 M37 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14416249 |
| By: | Rosenberg, Andrew B.; Pratt, Bryan; Arnold, David; Williams, Ryan |
| Abstract: | The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)—the agency’s largest land retirement program—pays landowners a yearly rental fee to plant and maintain environmentally beneficial land covers on eligible portions of their land instead of crops. In this report, the authors examine land-use outcomes of parcels that were both offered and rejected from General Signup 49, the auction component of CRP that was administered in 2016. Because Signup 49 featured an unusually high rejection rate (81.6 percent), many offers rejected from the auction in this CRP Signup would likely have been accepted in more typical Signups. Examining land-use choices of these rejected offers helps identify what land uses would have been replaced by CRP land covers if the Signup had featured a higher acceptance rate. The study finds that rejected CRP land goes into a variety of land covers, including cropland, grassland, and Continuous Signup CRP (allowing environmentally sensitive land to be enrolled at any time). The study also finds that new program applicants who are rejected are more likely to be in cropland after the Signup, if not in the CRP, compared to returning participants. Finally, the study finds large geographic differences in land-use decisions of rejected CRP applicants and discusses how the current design of the CRP influences its impacts. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:344828 |
| By: | Henning Schaak (BOKU - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences [Vienne, Autriche]); Jens Rommel (SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences = Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet); Julian Sagebiel (iDiv - German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research); Jesus Barreiro-Hurlé (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Luigi Cembalo (University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II); Marija Cerjak (UNIZG - Faculty of Agriculture [Zagreb] - University of Zagreb); Tajana Čop (University of Zagreb); Mikołaj Czajkowski (UW - University of Warsaw); María Espinosa-Goded (Universidad de Sevilla = University of Seville); Julia Höhler (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Carl-Johan Lagerkvist (SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences = Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet); Macario Rodriguez-Entrena (Universidad de Córdoba = University of Córdoba [Córdoba]); Annika Tensi (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marina Tomić Maksan (University of Zagreb); Riccardo Vecchio (University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II); Katarzyna Zagórska (UW - University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | Risk is a pervasive factor in agriculture and a subject of great interest to agricultural economists. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the knowledge held by farm advisors, students, and economists with regards to farmers' risk preferences. Misconceptions about farmers' willingness to take risks could lead to misguided advice. This study builds upon a recent multinational endeavor that employed a multiple price list to assess risk preferences among European farmers. We expand this research by gathering predictions for farmers' risk preferences from 561 farm advisors, students, and economists. Our objectives are threefold: firstly, we explore variations as to how accurately participants can predict risk preferences in different specializations; secondly, we compare the predictive accuracy of different groups of forecasters; and thirdly, we assess whether modifying incentive mechanisms can improve the accuracy of predictions. Whereas our findings reveal substantial variation in individual predictions, the averages closely align with the observed responses of farmers. Notably, the most accurate predictions were provided by a sample of experimental economics researchers. Furthermore, predictions for different production systems exhibit minimal disparities. Introducing incentive schemes, such as a tournament structure, where the best prediction receives a reward, or a high-accuracy system, where randomly selected participants are compensated for the accuracy of their predictions, does not significantly impact accuracy. Further research and exploration are needed to identify the most reliable sources of advice for farmers. |
| Keywords: | Risk attitudes, Expert predictions, Expert forecasts, Multiple prices lists, Meta-science |
| Date: | 2024–08–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04677299 |
| By: | Kofivi Dzegle (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Aude Ridier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of environmental performance of dairy farms on milk production cost. Five classes of dairy farms' environmental performance are set based on the aggregation of two indicators linked to environmental services: climate regulation (GHG emissions) and water quality regulation (pollutant pressure in phytosanitary products). The analysis is based on accounting data from a panel of conventional dairy farms in Bretagne region between 2018 and 2021. Two methods are compared to asses the own cost of environmental services: the linear mixed effects model and the treatment effect method. Our results show that the marginal production costs induced by a higher environmental performance are marginaly increasing as a function of the performance classes. The results of both methods tested are consistent, mixed effects model better accounts for unobservable heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental performance, Production cost, Dairy farms, Mixed effects model, Generalised propensity score |
| Date: | 2023–06–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04679325 |
| By: | Kornher, Lukas; Balezentis, Tomas; Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano |
| Abstract: | Since the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine War, global food markets have been in turmoil. Agricultural input and energy prices doubled between 2020 and 2022, with immediate consequences on food accessibility. We examine the drivers of the EU food inflation patterns, and how trade integration shapes these dynamics. We find that food price inflation has been mainly driven by surges in agricultural production costs and, to a lesser extent, by global food price increases. Trade openness has not exacerbated the inflating dynamics during this period. |
| Keywords: | Europe, food price inflation, Russia–Ukraine War, trade policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk |
| JEL: | E31 Q11 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121673 |
| By: | Gallagher, Nicholas James |
| Abstract: | The agriculture industry is unique in the high level of influence from randomness in the environment due to the many ways in which an agricultural production system interacts with the environment. Static models fail to accurately characterize the sequential decision process of the farmer. Capturing the temporal dynamics of farm management decisions necessitates a sequential decision model. The demands of conceptualizing and computing sequential decisionmaking models are especially salient in agriculture, where substantial influence from countless exogenous random variables has made useful formulations of many farm-level decisions intractable. I begin with an assessment of decision making in agriculture, focusing on the potential of sequential decision models, and provide a brief history of their applications in farmlevel decision making. I then present a generalized model of in-season crop production that ties all field level decisions to the temporal constraint inherent to a single production season. I discuss the considerations necessary to effectively model farm-level decision making with a dynamic model, and additional considerations for possible extensions of the model. I then present three applications of the model. The first application is to a simplified crop decision problem where a farmer is deciding the allocation of acres between corn and soybeans. The second application is to the prevented planting policy of Revenue Protection crop insurance. The third application is to a short-horizon alfalfa harvest optimization problem. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–05–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uekndt:344827 |
| By: | El Weriemmi, Malek; Bakari, Sayef |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of agricultural exports and CO2 emissions on economic growth in 78 high-income countries from 2004 to 2023. Using a robust econometric framework that includes fixed-effects and random-effects models, the research finds that agricultural exports positively influence economic growth by generating revenue and enhancing competitiveness, while CO2 emissions negatively affect growth due to the associated environmental costs. The analysis, supported by the Hausman test and panel data techniques, highlights the need for balanced policy interventions that promote agricultural export growth while mitigating CO2 emissions. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to achieve sustainable economic development by integrating environmental considerations into economic strategies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Exports, CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Static Gravity Model, High-Income-Countries. |
| JEL: | F11 F14 O47 Q17 Q18 R11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121697 |
| By: | Chetouane Hania (Pan-African Institute for Development, African Academy of Sciences and University of Dschang, University of Ebolowa, Cameroon); Boniface Ngah (University of Yaoundé [Cameroun]); Sonia Chetouane (UMSBJ - Université Mohammed Seddik Benyahia [Jijel] | University of Jijel) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the link between financial inclusion and food security in Algeria from 2003 to 2022. Using a composite financial inclusion index and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), we analyse the data, subjecting it to various diagnostic tests. Surprisingly, our results reveal that financial inclusion (FI) has a significant and positive impact on undernourishment prevalence, indicating a negative effect on food security in both the short and long term. Likewise, food imports (FIM) contribute to higher undernourishment prevalence, implying a weakening of food security in the long-run. Conversely, unemployment rate (UEM) and food production (FOP) show no substantial long-term impact on food security, although UEM has an opposing effect in the short run, meaning it improves food security at the short term; which can be attributed to the informal economy and other State's policies. Notably, income per capita (INCAPITA) negatively affects undernourishment prevalence, improving food security. These findings offer a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between financial inclusion and food security in Algeria, emphasizing the need for multifaceted, contextspecific policies to address the country's unique challenges. |
| Keywords: | financial inclusion food security prevalence of undernourishment Vector Error correction model (VECM) Algeria JEL Classification Codes: B26 C58 D53 E44 L66, financial inclusion, food security, prevalence of undernourishment, Vector Error correction model (VECM), Algeria JEL Classification Codes: B26, C58, D53, E44, L66 |
| Date: | 2024–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04678454 |
| By: | Hongjuan Zhang (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics) |
| Abstract: | With the growth of worldwide population and depletion of natural resources, the sustainable development of food system can?t be ignored. The demand for agri-food waste valorization practices like high-value compounds production has received widespread attention; however, numerous challenges still exist. The present study aims to identify those challenges of agri-food waste valorization and propose effective solutions based on smart technologies. Based on a systematic literature review, the study combs existing challenges of agri-food waste valorization and constructs a six-dimension conceptual model of agri-food waste valorization challenges. Moreover, the study integrates Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS) with multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods including Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA), Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-Interpretative Structural Modeling Method (DEMATEL-ISM), and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to evaluate the weights of each dimension, find causal interrelationships among the challenges and fundamental ones, and rank the potential smart solutions. Finally, the results indicate the "Government" dimension is the severest challenge and point out five primary challenges in agri-food waste valorization. Besides, the most potential smart solution is the ?Facilitating connectivity and information sharing between supply chain members(S8)?, which may help government and related practitioners manage agri-food waste efficiently and also facilitate circular economy. |
| Keywords: | agri-food waste valorization; smart technology; Fermatean fuzzy set; SWRAR; DEMATEL-ISM; QFD |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14416198 |
| By: | Strauch, Rebecca; Jansesberger, Viktoria; Koos, Sebastian; Spilker, Gabriele |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation, ranging from air and water pollution to land degradation and climate change, often generates discontent and grievances among affected populations. Such dissatisfaction with living conditions can foster political unrest, as individuals may protest publicly to voice their concerns and demand action from authorities. In light of increasing climate change and its widespread impacts, scholars have questioned whether environmental changes could become a destabilizing factor, promoting overall levels of unrest. To address this issue, several related questions concerning the nature of environmental mobilization must be explored: Have environmental issues become more prominent in protests? If so, which specific issues are mentioned and in which regions are they most vocalized? Additionally, are environmental protests systematically different from other forms of political protest, perhaps by attracting more participants or more frequently involving violent tactics? To better understand the origins and dynamics of environmental mobilization, we present a new dataset covering environmental protests in the Global South. This region, despite its low historical emissions, is particularly affected by environmental issues linked to climate change. Our dataset geo-codes environmental dissent at both national and local levels, identifies actors and political demands, and collects information on violence and repression. This new data enhances the scope of existing research and provides a robust foundation to address the research questions introduced. |
| Keywords: | Environmental degradation, climate change, protest, mobilization |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cexwps:301855 |
| By: | El Weriemmi, Malek; Bakari, Sayef |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impact of agricultural exports on economic growth in 30 upper-middle-income countries from 2004 to 2023 using World Bank data and static gravity model. The results indicate that agricultural exports positively influence economic growth, with a 1% increase in exports associated with a 0.13% rise in growth. Capital investment and labor also significantly contribute to economic progress. The findings suggest that enhancing agricultural export policies and infrastructure can effectively boost economic growth. Balancing trade policies to mitigate the negative effects of imports is also recommended. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Exports, Economic Growth, Static Gravity Model, Upper Middle-Income Countries. |
| JEL: | F11 F14 O47 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121660 |
| By: | Kossi Messanh Agbekponou (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Ilaria Fusacchia (ROMA TRE - Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University) |
| Abstract: | Value creation forms the basis for the construction of global value chains (GVCs) and has received significant scholarly attention, yet the issue of value capture or power distribution along supply chains, "within" industries, is still unresolved. A recent property rights framework (Antr`as and Chor, 2013; Alfaro et al., 2019) highlights how final goods producers exert power over their suppliers to optimally organize their sequential production process. In such an environment, how can suppliers (exporters) act strategically to increase their bargaining power with respect to buyers (importers)? We contribute, theoretically and empirically, to a better understanding of the extent to which the division of surplus in the agri-food sector is affected by manufacturing exporters' position in GVCs. We argue that: (1) further upstream specialization along agri-food GVCs increases bargaining power (the "specialization effect"); (2) expansion along GVCs by importing more upstream inputs and exporting more processed goods also increase bargaining (the "expansion effect"); and (3) the "specialization effect" outweighs the "expansion effect" so that the overall effect is similar to the former. These theoretical hypotheses are tested using firm-level data on French agri-food industries (from French customs and the AMADEUS database) over 2002-2017 period. We build on the bilateral stochastic frontier model to measure the bilateral bargaining power of manufacturers. Following recent approaches in the literature, we identify manufacturers that participate in GVCs with those that jointly import and export, and measure their position in value chains through the level of transformation (upstreamness) of goods they use and produce. Hypotheses (1) and (3) are strongly supported and are mainly driven by product mix upgrade and the reduction of the hol-up problem, while hypothesis (2) is weakly supported and is only due to the high-quality production. |
| Keywords: | Bargaining power, Division of surplus, Global value chains, Upstreamness, Agri-food industry |
| Date: | 2024–03–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04666053 |
| By: | Alejandro Hirmas (University of Amsterdam); Jan B. Engelmann (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Sustainability ratings help consumers understand the environmental impact of their purchases. Such ratings have increased the consumers’ sustainable choices in the electrodomestics and housing markets. In the particular case of energy labels, sustainable products are also associated with private benefits due to future cost reductions in energy expenditure. These results question the potential effectiveness of sustainability ratings for other products, such as food, where the link between environmental and private benefits is less clear. In two incentivized experiments (N=749), we study how consumers use sustainability ratings when these ratings are dissociated from private benefit, i.e. product quality. Participants chose between two products based on their quality and sustainability, which were presented in separate rating scales, alongside the products’ prices. Furthermore, we study how consumers integrate the usage of ratings with other information provided from other sources. Halfway through the experiment, we provide information regarding the underlying value behind the ratings. Using a between-subject design, we modify the information provided and analyze the impact of such information on the participants’ subsequent choices. Our findings indicate that even when sustainability ratings are not connected to the products’ quality, participants make use of them to decide which products to buy. We also find that participants underreact to new information, and make inefficient choices based on their decisions from before. Moreover, to track the participants’ attention and analyze potential heterogeneous usage of the information we use process-tracing methods. We find that participants show highly heterogeneous attention patterns, which are linked to differential weighting of the product’s attributes (price, quality, and sustainability) during the decision. While our information treatment has little effect on attention allocation to individual attributes, participants correctly recall the information at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that participants partially neglect new information, and anchor to their initial decision rules formed before the information treatments. |
| Keywords: | Attention, Sustainability ratings, conjoint analysis, information treatments, Mouselab |
| JEL: | D81 D83 D87 D91 |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20240024 |
| By: | Mathilde Salin; Katie Kedward; Nepomuk Dunz |
| Abstract: | This chapter reviews the empirical evidence on price stickiness in the euro area. We provide an overview of the different sources of granular consumer and producer price data now available in the euro area. We document new stylized facts on price adjustment in the euro area over the last 20 years. We first present results on the frequency and size of price adjustment in the cross-section dimension. Then we describe some results on the evolution of price stickiness over time. We also derive some implications for the micro-foundations of macro models, discussing the consistency of available evidence with predictions of state- and time-dependent modelPolicymakers are increasingly calling for the development of scenarios to explore the economic consequences of nature loss and transition policies, particularly at a global scale and macroeconomic level. In this paper, we review global integrated-assessment models (IAMs) linking nature and the macroeconomy and assess their suitability to help build such scenarios. We perform an in-depth analysis of both ‘stylised’ and ‘applied’ IAMs, and critically assess how they represent dependencies of the macroeconomy on nature, as well as policies to reverse nature loss. We find that applied IAMs are generally skewed to capturing the dependency of the economy to selected provisioning ecosystem services, with regulating and maintenance services less represented. As these models tend to focus on the land-use and climate drivers of biodiversity loss, the transition policies they capture only aim to mitigate those drivers and overlook other drivers of nature loss such as pollution or invasive alien species. We also find that some theoretical assumptions in the core macroeconomic part of applied models may tend to mitigate the potential macroeconomic consequences of nature loss and nature transition policies. This contrasts with the results of the ‘stylised’ models we review, which tend to represent the loss of natural capital and biodiversity as having significant impacts on the macroeconomy. However, stylised models make it hard to represent the impact of the loss of specific ecosystem services or specific policies to protect nature. Building on this analysis, we explore the challenges and identify future avenues for the use of IAMs in scenarios that account for the importance of nature and biodiversity for economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Integrated Assessment Modelling; Biodiversity; Natural Capital; Nature Scenarios; Macroeconomic Impacts; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | C6 Q56 Q57 Q01 O11 O44 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:959 |
| By: | Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | Global warming and climate change represent more than just an environmental crisis; they are urgent issues exacerbated by the era of neoliberal globalization. This has become a global problem and is increasingly posing a significant threat to human security. Addressing this crisis necessitates the unity of developed and emerging countries to fortify international regimes aimed at controlling this environmental threat. A robust awareness among global communities is essential to exert pressure on both developed industrial and emerging countries. This pressure is necessary to reduce the consumption of fossil-based energies. At the same time, it is crucial to enhance the capacity of international regimes, making their roles more effective in managing the environmental crisis. Without collective action from the leaders of developed and emerging countries, along with heightened global awareness, the ongoing environmental crisis will inevitably lead to the destruction of our planet. The environmental crisis, driven by climate change, is a complex issue that demands comprehensive and coordinated international efforts. Developed countries, with their significant historical contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, have a responsibility to lead by example in reducing fossil fuel consumption and transitioning to sustainable energy sources. Emerging countries, which are rapidly industrializing and increasing their carbon footprints, must also commit to sustainable development practices. Global cooperation is vital in creating and enforcing international policies that address climate change. This includes agreements such as the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature increases and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Strengthening these international regimes requires not only political commitment but also financial and technological support to help countries implement sustainable practices. Furthermore, raising awareness among global populations is critical. Public understanding and engagement can drive grassroots movements and put pressure on governments and corporations to adopt environmentally friendly policies. Education and advocacy play key roles in building this awareness and fostering a culture of sustainability. The environmental crisis posed by global warming and climate change is a pressing global threat that requires united action from both developed and emerging countries. Strong international regimes and heightened global awareness are crucial in mitigating this crisis. Only through collective effort and shared responsibility can we hope to protect our planet and ensure a sustainable future for all. |
| Keywords: | Global Warming, Climate Change, International Cooperation |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121586 |
| By: | Liu, Qi (School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China); Liu, Shilei (School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China); Liu, Zhaoyang (Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge); Xu, Jintao (National School of Development, Peking University); Kontoleon, Andreas (Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of China’s Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) on forest cover in four Chinese provinces. The NFPP represents one of the world’s largest-scale forest conservation/restoration programs in terms of its sheer budget size and geographical coverage. Understanding the heterogeneous impact of the policy on different landowners is important to evaluating its viability and success. This paper presents the first rigorous assessment of the program’s performance by comparing its impacts on forestland held by state-owned forest enterprises (SOFEs) and village collectives. We use the spatial regression discontinuity approach to better identify the impact caused by the program per se, rather than by other possible correlated confounding factors. Our results find that the NFPP has a moderately positive effect on forest cover on average over both types of forestland holders. Moreover, we find that the program has a greater positive effect on collective forests than on state forests, even though the program’s financial support for the former is not as strong as that for the latter. Our empirical findings provide unique insights that contribute to the highly controversial and ongoing debate on property right reform of China’s state-owned forests. |
| Keywords: | Forest conservation and restoration; China’s Natural Forest Protection Program; policy impact evaluation; forestland property right regimes; spatial regression discontinuity. |
| JEL: | P31 P32 Q15 Q23 Q28 |
| Date: | 2024–08–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2024_010 |
| By: | Yasmine van der Straten (University of Amsterdam); Enrico Perotti (University of Amsterdam); Frederick van der Ploeg (University of Oxford and University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of voter support for public adaptation when political preferences are shaped by rising climate risk and economic inequality. Political support for tax-funded intervention to preserve habitable land evolves over time when households differ in age, income and beliefs. Support for public adaptation is initially low, rising as climate risk increases. We show that the political equilibrium experiences a tipping point in response to habitat loss if beliefs are not too dispersed, leading to a shift towards a more active adaptation policy. A steady rise in inequality may induce a second tipping point, but the policy impact depends on the balance between the gap in income and beliefs. Overall, public intervention is undermined by a †tragedy of the horizon†effect as cohorts internalize only partially its long-term benefits for future generations. This prevents public adaptation from converging to the social optimum even when political support is highest. |
| Keywords: | Climate change adaptation, economic inequality, tragedy of the horizon, political tipping points |
| JEL: | D63 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20240013 |