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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2023‒02‒13
38 papers chosen by |
| By: | Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid |
| Abstract: | Climate change forecasts for Ethiopia predict higher temperature and rainfall and increased variability in rainfall with periodic severe droughts and floods. The increased weather variability threatens the extent of Ethiopia’s agricultural transformation unless it is supported with improved agricultural water management such as irrigation to make smallholder farming resilient to adverse weather events. This study analyzes the role of irrigation on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia by systematically comparing households with irrigated and non-irrigated plots on key agricultural transformation and welfare indictors (i.e., intensification, commercialization, and consumption expenditures). The study used a representative data from the four main agriculturally important regions of the country and employed an endogenous switching regression approach that addresses potential biases from placement of irrigation schemes and the self-selection of farmers to adopt irrigation on their plots. This approach allows for counterfactual analysis on the effect of irrigation if it is adopted on plots or in households without current irrigation as well as the counterfactual realizations of outcome variables if irrigated plots were not irrigated or irrigating households were relying only on rainfed agriculture. The main results show a positive and significant effects of irrigation on intensification, commercialization, and household welfare. Specifically, the results show that farm households with irrigated plots (i) use more fertilizer and agrochemicals, (ii) sell sizable shares of their harvest, and (iii) spend more on food and non-food expenditures. The counterfactual analysis on what would have been the effect of irrigation on currently non-irrigated plots indicate a stronger result across our outcome indicators which further suggest the importance of expanding irrigation in accelerating agricultural transformation and welfare improvement in Ethiopia. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; irrigation; agriculture; climate; climate change; weather hazards; extreme weather events; welfare; commercialization; input intensification |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2159&r=agr |
| By: | Barooah, Prapti; Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Ringler, Claudia; Pathak, Vishal |
| Abstract: | India’s agricultural systems are increasingly affected by the adverse effects of climate change. While the Government of India has put together an impressive set of programs to address climate change impacts on agriculture, substantial shortcomings of these programs have been identified, especially in reaching women farmers. Women’s increased vulnerability to climate change and reduced access to climate smart agricultural practices can be attributed to limited land ownership, poor access to credit, reduced access to information and formal extension, and time pressures from multiple domestic and productive demands on their time. We undertake an extensive policy review of India’s agriculture and climate policies and program, and supplement that with a series of focus group discussions with women and men farmers in Gujarat to discuss constraints and potential entry points for better reaching women farmers with climate smart agriculture practices. Village cooperatives and self-help groups can be key intermediary organizations that can support women’s access at the local, state and country level. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; access to information; agriculture; climate change; climate-smart agriculture; farmers; farming systems; gender; land ownership; men; policy innovation; vulnerability; women; women farmers; |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2162&r=agr |
| By: | Hazell, Peter; Timu, Anne G.; Savastano, Sara; Massotti, Piero |
| Abstract: | Agricultural projects typically aim to promote the uptake of project components amongst targeted farm populations to improve their on-farm productivity within a “theory of change†that leads to improvements in their welfare. While this approach can be an important first step towards improving smallholder livelihoods, it ignores alternative and often superior livelihood options that might arise within the rural transformation process. These options can be particularly important for agricultural value chain projects that generate new market opportunities and secondary off-farm income and employment growth within the rural nonfarm economy. We argue that the design of smallholder projects implemented within regions already undergoing a dynamic transformation and/or on projects which have significant value chain components, should be broadened to assist smallholders make successful transitions to their best livelihood options. For such projects, M&E should also track livelihood transitions as well as the usual assessments of progress made, the achievement of expected goals, and the identification of bottlenecks in implementation. To help operationalize such an approach, we propose a typology of smallholder livelihood strategies that can track transitions over time and illustrate its use with an IFAD funded agricultural value chain project in Malawi. Using econometric methods and available household panel data, we find that the project helped some smallholders transition out of subsistence farming to market farming with a corresponding increase in their per capita incomes. The project also helped some households transition to, or remain with, an off-farm income diversification strategy with favorable per capita income outcomes. This may reflect new opportunities that arose as spillover benefits from the project along local agricultural value chains and within the rural nonfarm economy more broadly. We conclude with some lessons for the design, monitoring and evaluation of future agricultural projects. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; agriculture; smallholders; livelihoods; impact assessment; small farms; agricultural projects; typologies of small farms; small farm transitions |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2157&r=agr |
| By: | Greyling, Jan; Pardey, Philip G.; Senay, Senait |
| Abstract: | During the first half of the 20th century, the policy stance towards South African agriculture swung from suppression to support. More recently, the agricultural support policies were eliminated. Using newly constructed, long-run (1918-2015) data concerning maize production, yield and average price, we show these switching agricultural policy regimes had significant production, productivity, and climate risk implications for the maize sector. At its peak, this policy-induced movement reduced maize productivity by between 7.9 and 15.3 percent. The removal of the distortions coincided with a contraction in the total area planted to maize, but some spatial productivity perturbations still persist. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2023–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:330158&r=agr |
| By: | Feng, Fan; Jia, Ningyuan; Lin, Faqin |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Considering the importance of Russia and Ukraine in agriculture, the authors quantify the potential impact of the Russia–Ukraine conflict on food output, trade, prices and food security for the world. Design/methodology/approach: The authors mainly use the quantitative and structural multi-country and multi-sector general equilibrium trade model to analyze the potential impacts of the conflict on the global food trade pattern and security. Findings: First, the authors found that the conflict would lead to soaring agricultural prices, decreasing trade volume and severe food insecurity especially for countries that rely heavily on grain imports from Ukraine and Russia, such as Egypt and Turkey. Second, major production countries such as the United States and Canada may even benefit from the conflict. Third, restrictions on upstream energy and fertilizer will amplify the negative effects of food insecurity. Originality/value: This study analyzed the effect of Russia–Ukraine conflict on global food security based on sector linkages and the quantitative general equilibrium trade framework. With a clearer demonstration of the influence about the inherent mechanism based on fewer parameters compared with traditional Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) models, the authors showed integrated impacts of the conflict on food output, trade, prices and welfare across sectors and countries. |
| Keywords: | agriculture commodity price; agriculture trade; food security; Russia–Ukraine conflict; welfare; 72261147471; 72073128 and 72061147002 |
| JEL: | J1 L81 |
| Date: | 2023–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117881&r=agr |
| By: | HarvestPlus |
| Abstract: | The USAID-funded MENU Activity implemented by HarvestPlus Uganda set out to increase the production, marketing, and consumption of biofortified crops in Uganda as part of a broader effort to improve the nutritional status of 420, 000 Ugandans, particularly women of reproductive age and of children under five. The project objectives were developed around a hypothesis that widespread production and consumption of biofortified staple food crops would result in malnutrition reversal in the target population. To generate enough output for market off-take, any agricultural value chain development starts with the acquisition and utilization of planting materials or seeds. The MENU Activity, therefore, emphasized the multiplication of high-quality planting materials for OSP and seeds for iron-rich beans and the delivery system of these to producers. |
| Keywords: | UGANDA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; biofortification; marketing; food processing; commercialization; private sector; markets; seed |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:136501&r=agr |
| By: | Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Minot, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Increased diversification of rural households into the rural non-farm economy is an important driver of economic growth and structural transformation in countries like Ethiopia where the vast majority of people live in rural areas and are largely dependent on seasonal agriculture. Some of the benefits of diversification include efficient utilization of asset endowments (e.g., labor during dry season) and reduction of risks. In this study we explore the: (i) patterns and trends of diversification, (ii) drivers of diversification including the association between rainfall risk/shocks and diversification, and (iii) welfare effects of diversification during the recent decade using three rounds of representative household data from the four main regions of Ethiopia. We used Cragg’s double-hurdle model, a method that considers the two-step decision making process in diversification (i.e., participation and extent of participation), to identify the determinants of diversification and a fixed-effect and instrumental variable (IV) approaches to understand the links between diversification and household welfare. The descriptive results show that rural households generally adopt a livelihood strategy dominated by farming and that the level of diversification has been stagnant over the period of analysis considered. More importantly, the vast majority of households continue to draw a substantial share of their income from crop production, followed by livestock. The income from non-farm activities accounts only between 17 percent and 23 percent of the total income. The econometrics results show that diversification is positively associated with credit access, membership in social insurance, ownership of mobile phone, relative measure of household wealth, and population density. Conversely, access to relatively large, fertile, and irrigable land discourages diversification into non-farm activities. The analysis on the association between rainfall risks and diversification indicates that rural households use income diversification both as risk mitigation and shock coping strategy. The results on the link between income diversification and household welfare indicate a positive association between diversification and household total consumption expenditure, dietary diversity score, and housing/roof quality. In sum, the results imply the need for a deliberate effort to expand the non-farm economy so as to tap its full potential for employment generation, income growth, and welfare improvements. A starting point could be for agricultural and rural development policies and investments to go beyond promotion of cereal crop production and facilitate participation in high value crop, livestock, aquaculture production. Incentivizing investments in value addition activities that can create and enrich upward and downward linkages in the midstream segment of agricultural value chains is another potential avenue to boost rural non-farm economy. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; income; rural areas; welfare; diversification; risk; shock; nonfarm income; income diversification |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2154&r=agr |
| By: | Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Adjognon, Guigonan Serge |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification is predicated on climate-smart agricultural input adoption. We test strategies for promoting the adoption of climate-smart agricultural inputs in Nigeria with a private sector firm. We disentangle the effects of price discount promotions (25 percent discounts) relative to the firm’s standard “business as usual†marketing package. We find that the standard marketing package increases the adoption of climate-smart urea super granule (USG) fertilizer by 24 percentage points while reducing prilled urea utilization by 17 percentage points. Discounts increase adoption of USG by an additional eight percentage points, but are not profitable for the input supply firm as a scalable marketing strategy. Although treatment reduces nitrogen runoff damages valued between USD 43 and 113 per hectare, it did not lead to increased rice yields for farmers. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; private sector; economic sectors; climate change adaptation; fertilizers; rice; climate-smart agriculture; climate-smart technologies; technology adoption; micro-dosing |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2155&r=agr |
| By: | Minot, Nicholas; Warner, James; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Zewdie, Tadiwos |
| Abstract: | Agricultural transformation refers to a series of changes in agriculture that both reflect and drive rising income and economic development more broadly. While the macroeconomic patterns of agricultural transformation are relatively well documented, less is known about how it is manifested at the household level. Ethiopia makes an excellent case study as it has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world. This paper focuses on one aspect of this process: agricultural commercialization, that is, the process through which an increasing share of agricultural output is sold on the market rather than being consumed at home. The analysis uses three nationally representative rural household surveys carried out in 2012, 2016, and 2019, including a panel of 1, 900 households. The results show that the share of marketed agricultural output has increased significantly over the seven-year period. Somewhat surprisingly, this increase is not due to a shift in crop mix toward more commercial crops but rather an increase in the degree of commercialization of each crop. Using a correlated random effects model, we find marketed share to be significantly related to age of the head of household, farm size, wealth, distance to road, rainfall, rainfall variability, and region. Although endogeneity is a challenge, descriptive statistics and regression analysis further suggest that agricultural commercialization contributes to higher income, largely because commercial crops generate higher returns per hectare than staple grains. The results indicate that there is no clear line between “subsistence†and “commercial†farms. A large majority of farms have some crop sales, while virtually none of them sell all their output. Similarly, the contrast between subsistence crops and cash crops can be misleading. For example, the value of staple cereal sales in Ethiopia is almost three times greater than that of coffee, the main cash crop. We draw lessons from the results for the design of programs to raise rural incomes by facilitating market-oriented agricultural production. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; agriculture; agricultural transformation; commercialization; cereal crops; crop yield; economic analysis; households; income; input output analysis; macroeconomic analysis; macroeconomics; precipitation regime; survey methods; rain; rainfall patterns; regression analysis; statistics; surveys; agricultural commercialization; endogeneity |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:5156&r=agr |
| By: | English, Leah; Pelkki, Matthew; Montgomery, Rebecca; Tian, Nana; Popp, Jennie |
| Abstract: | Agriculture and forest industries are major contributors to the Arkansas economy. As such, the impacts of COVID-19 on the agriculture sector, forest sector, and overall economy of Arkansas differed by county and region of the state. Using IMPLAN data for 2019, 2020-Q2, 2020-Q3, and 2020, we compared the direct effects of the pandemic on agriculture and forestry sectors for all 75 counties in Arkansas and the entire state. Differences in pandemic effects were found to vary based on the type and intensity of agriculture and/or forest activity across counties. For this study, we focus on counties that appear to exhibit disproportionate economic shifts within sectors related to the production and/or processing of agricultural and forest products throughout the first year of the pandemic. For these select counties, we evaluate and discuss key factors driving observed economic shifts. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uarksp:330155&r=agr |
| By: | Gustafson, Christopher R. |
| Abstract: | Fiscal tools—taxes and/or subsidies—are increasingly used to address diet-related health problems. However, some studies have found that these tools are markedly more effective if attention is draw to the tax or subsidy, suggesting that the price change alone may go unnoticed in the complex food environments that consumers face. Interventions that prompt individuals to consider health during choice show promise for promoting healthy food choices in both simple laboratory settings and complex, real-world markets. In this pre-registered study, I examine the impact of dietary fiber health prompts and/or dietary fiber subsidies on the per-serving fiber content of foods chosen, the documented set of products considered, and (self-reported) nutrition information use by participants in an online supermarket setting. Participants were randomized to one of four conditions: 1) control, 2) subsidy, 3) fiber prompt, and 4) fiber prompt + subsidy. Results show that both the prompt and prompt + subsidy conditions significantly increase fiber content of foods chosen (with the latter having a larger effect). While all three interventions influence the probability of using nutrition information during food choice and affect the set of products that respondents consider relative to the control condition, the effects were larger for the prompt and prompt + subsidy conditions. A multiple mediation analysis illustrates that both direct and indirect (through the set of products considered and the use of fiber information during choice) pathways lead to the significant overall increase in fiber content of selected foods. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nbaesp:330132&r=agr |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Cécile Détang-Dessendre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre P. Dupraz (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hervé Guyomard (SDAR Bretagne Normandie - Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | The future CAP displays a greater climate and environmental ambition sought notably through the new first-pillar instrument of the eco-scheme. This article analyses the access conditions of farmers to the French eco-scheme through the so-called environmental certification way. Our results highlight the low level of climate and environmental ambition of this access way since almost all farms would have access to the first level and more than a third to the upper level without any change in their current practices. |
| Abstract: | La future PAC affiche une plus grande ambition climatique et environnementale recherchée via notamment le nouvel instrument de l'éco-régime du premier pilier. Cet article analyse les conditions d'accès des agriculteurs à l'éco-régime français par la voie dite de la certification environnementale. Nos résultats mettent en lumière le faible niveau d'ambition climatique et environnementale de la voie puisque la quasi-totalité des exploitations auraient accès au premier niveau, et plus d'un tiers au niveau supérieur, sans aucune modification de leurs pratiques actuelles. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy CAP, National Strategic Plans NSP, Eco-scheme, High Environmental Value, French FADN, Politique Agricole Commune PAC, Plan Stratégique National PSN, Éco-régime, Haute Valeur Environnementale, RICA français |
| Date: | 2022–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03937993&r=agr |
| By: | Joao Seixo; Carina Vieira da Silva; Filipe S. Campos; Pedro Cabral; Luis Catela Nunes; Maria Antonieta Cunha-e-Sa |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the economic value of seven land based ecosystem services for mainland Portugal in 2018. The estimated services are Climate Regulation, Drought Regulation, Erosion Prevention, using the market price methodology, and Food Supply, Pollination, Recreation and Water Purification using a meta-analytic benefit transfer function. By estimating a unique meta-analytic benefit transfer function for each service, the commodity consistency condition is addressed. Different welfare measures were not pooled together and methodological variables are not included in the vector of explanatory variables. The results are spatially explicit at the hectare level providing the benchmark to which the consequences of land-use changes to the value of ecosystem services and, therefore, to the welfare of local populations can be adequately assessed. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, Meta-analysis, Benefit transfer, Economic valuation, Portugal |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:unlfep:wp656&r=agr |
| By: | Pal, Barun Deb; Gurung, Tayan Raj; Pathak, Himanshu |
| Abstract: | The agriculture sector in Bhutan has evolved progressively from subsistence to integrated semi-commercial sector, and encompasses forestry, agriculture, and livestock, collectively termed as Renewable Natural Resources (RNR). Systematic development since the 1960s has helped improve production of crops, livestock, and overall management of natural resources. Agriculture continues to be a major source of employment after five decades of planned development, with a staggering 51 percent of its population in farming, of which 61.7 percent are female (NSB 2019). Bhutan has also successfully maintained 71 percent of its natural forest cover (FRMD 2018), representing extensive carbon sequestration sink and making the country carbon-negative. Bhutan’s “green†approach to development, founded on the philosophy of Gross National Happiness and more particularly its local values, culture, and religious beliefs of coexistence with nature, has helped in maintaining remarkably stable forest cover and clean environment. Forest cover in Bhutan consists predominantly of broad-leaved trees accounting for 50 percent coverage (1.928 million ha), while 20 percent cover is provided by coniferous trees. The estimated forest biomass of about 973 million tonnes serves as a significant terrestrial carbon sink, amounting to 457 million tonnes of carbon (FRMD 2018). The forests of Bhutan show a wide range of ecological variation and species diversity offering wide variety of social and economic benefits, ranging from easily quantifiable economic values associated with forest products to less tangible services and contributions to society, thereby serving as the foundation of sustainable development. This initiative of collaboration resulted into formalization of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF) and IFPRI on July 19, 2019, that defines the areas of cooperation between the two institutions. Since the initiation of this MoU in late 2018, MoAF and IFPRI started working on the collaboration which focused on capacity development of MoAF in policy analysis and visioning. This report aims to provide synopsis of MoAF–IFPRI collaborations from 2018 to 2020, highlighting the main output and defining areas of future collaborations. |
| Keywords: | BHUTAN; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; agriculture; crops; livestock; natural resources; employment; climate change; gender; forestry; biomass; carbon sinks; sustainable development; Renewable Natural Resources (RNR);crop modeling tools |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:136433&r=agr |
| By: | Olivier R de Bandt (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France); Luc Jacolin (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France); Thibault Lemaire (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | Using panel data covering 126 low- and middle-income countries over 1960-2017, we find that sustained positive temperature deviations from their historical norms have a non-linear negative effect on economic growth and growth per capita. A sustained 1°C temperature increase lowers real GDP per capita annual growth by 0.74–1.52 percentage points, irrespective of levels of development. We also find that temperature rise affects the households' intertemporal trade-off between consumption and investment, since the share of private consumption in total value-added increases while the share of investment declines. A sectoral decomposition shows that the share of industrial value-added also declines. While the share of agricultural value-added increases, agricultural output and productivity declines. Taken together, our results suggest that global warming will reinforce development traps, hindering further adaptation to climate change, particularly in the countries with the lowest levels of income given their lower resilience and higher socioeconomic vulnerability. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Economic Growth, Adaptation, Developing Countries |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03948704&r=agr |
| By: | abou zaki, souhad; Dagher, Leila; Salam, Amin |
| Abstract: | Almost three years into the economic crisis, Lebanon shows no sign of recovery. The sharp decline in economic activity, coupled with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising inflation, has pushed thousands of Lebanese households into poverty and unemployment. In addition to the rising poverty, the heavily indebted country that has long been struggling with structural macroeconomic anomalies and persistent political instability is now haunted by the sinister memories of the “great famine.” Concerns about food and nutrition insecurity are intensifying at both the national and sub-national levels as the main food security indicators started to follow an alarming trajectory. Thus, there is a pressing need for government to prioritize food security and take immediate actions to prevent hunger and malnutrition. Examining the changing trends in the four main food security pillars, this brief provides several actionable policy recommendations that are urgently needed to strengthen food security in the short and medium-term, at both the national and household levels, recognizing the need for a more comprehensive food security plan that addresses food and nutrition security in its totality. |
| Keywords: | lebanon; food security; poverty; food inflation |
| JEL: | H12 H53 H55 I3 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116067&r=agr |
| By: | Yuri Barreto; Rodrigo Oliveira |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the unintended long-run effects of a permanent agricultural shock led by agro-terrorism in Brazil on the education and labour market. We explore the witches' broom outbreak in cocoa farms in the world's second most important cocoa production region until 1989, the southeast of Bahia state in the northeast of Brazil. Although the introduction of the disease had political motivations, it had unintended effects on poor people's lives. |
| Keywords: | Education, Wages, Agriculture, Terrorism, Child labour, Shocks, Brazil |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-175&r=agr |
| By: | Kossi Messanh Agbekponou; Angela Cheptea; Karine Latouche |
| Abstract: | The present paper investigates the link between the decision of French agri-food firms to supply retailers with private-label (PL) products and their integration in global value chains (GVCs). In line with the recent literature, we identify firms that participate to GVCs by the ones that engage simultaneously in import and export activities. We consider the certification with the private International Featured Standard (IFS), required by all retailers operating in France, as an indicator of firms’ choice to become private label suppliers. We combine firm-level data from the AMADEUS database and French customs over the 2006-2011 period, and estimate the linkage between firms’ decision to engage in foreign trade and to integrate a retailer-driven value chain using a multivariate binary choice model. Results confirm a strong positive correlation of these decisions, and show that retailers’ PL suppliers (i.e. IFS-certified firms) are by 5.83 percentage points more likely to integrate GVCs (i.e. to jointly import and export) than other firms in the agri-food sector. This figure corresponds to an almost twofold increase in firms’ probability to participate to GVCs observed in the sector. We also show that the integration in GVCs is primarily driven by the higher probability to export of these firms. Our findings are robust to the control for endogeneity and the use of alternative estimation techniques. |
| Keywords: | global value chains, retailers, private standards |
| JEL: | F14 F23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202209&r=agr |
| By: | Martine Audibert (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Marilys Victoire Razakamanana (UCM - Université catholique de Madagascar); Voahirana Tantely Andrianantoandro (UCM - Université catholique de Madagascar) |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03904397&r=agr |
| By: | Glauber, Joseph |
| Abstract: | Recent attention has focused on "repurposing" and redirecting agricultural support programs towards achieving environmental, climate and nutritional outcomes. Under these proposals, typically equivalent levels of subsidies and other forms of government support would be focused on the reducing GHG emissions, environmental externalities and other broader public policy objectives such as improving nutrition. But questions arise as to whether new support programs would necessarily be consistent with WTO disciplines. This paper examines various measures aimed at reducing GHG emissions including imposition of carbon standards and taxes, border measures to reduce slippage, and so-called "Climate Smart" domestic support measures and considers how such measures comport with WTO trade rules. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; climate change; climate change adaptation; greenhouse gas emissions; nutrition; subsidies; WTO; agricultural support programs; carbon border adjustment measures; product standards |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2164&r=agr |
| By: | Claire Alestra (Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, AMSE, France); Gilbert Cette (NEOMA Business School, France); Valérie Chouard (Banque de France, France); Rémy Lecat (Banque de France, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights how technology can contribute to reaching the COP21 goals of net zero CO 2 emissions and global warming below 2°C at the end of the century. It uses the ACCL model, particularly adapted to quantify the consequences of energy price shocks and technology improvements on CO 2 emissions, temperature changes, climate damage and GDP. Our simulations show that without climate policies, i.e. a 'business as usual' scenario, the warming may be +4 to +5°C in 2100, with considerable climate damage. We also find that an acceleration in 'usual technical progress'-not targeted at reducing greenhouse gas intensity-makes global warming and climate damage worse than the 'business as usual' scenario. According to our estimates, the world does not achieve climate goals in 2100 without technological changes to avoid CO 2 emissions. To hit such climatic targets, intervening only through the relative price of different energy types, e.g. via a carbon tax, requires challenging hypotheses of international coordination and price increase for polluting energies. We assess a multi-lever climate strategy, associating diverse price and technology measures. This mix combines energy efficiency gains, carbon sequestration, and a decrease of 3% per year in the relative price of non-carbon-emitting electricity with a 1 to 1.5% annual rise in the relative price of our four polluting energy sources. None of these components alone is sufficient to reach climate objectives. Our last and most important finding is that our composite scenario achieves the climate goals. |
| Keywords: | climate, global warming, Technology, Environmental policy, growth, long-term projections, Uncertainties, Renewable energy |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 E23 E37 O11 O47 O57 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2301&r=agr |
| By: | Bee Yan Aw; Yi Lee; Hylke Vandenbussche |
| Abstract: | This paper develops an empirical model of consumer taste in twenty-nine Belgium food industries for the period from 1998-2005 to generate a “taste distance” measure of over 1, 800 firm-product exports to 53 country destinations. We estimate consumer taste using a control function approach and perform a decomposition of export revenues of firm-products to establish the importance of representative consumer taste relative to quality and marginal cost in export success. We find substantial taste heterogeneity in food exports across destination countries. Overall, in the large majority of food exports, consumer taste is an important and separate demand determinant to explain export revenues. Depending on the product, taste for a product explains between 4-30% of export revenues. Thus, any taste shock due to events such as pandemics or climate change, may induce substantial changes in export profitability of firms. |
| Keywords: | Consumer taste, quality, productivity, exports, firm-product, food |
| JEL: | F12 F14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lic:licosd:43123&r=agr |
| By: | Zhuo, Shi; Ratajczak, Michael; Thornton, Katie; Jones, Phil; Jarchlo, Ayla Ibrahimi; Gold, Natalie |
| Abstract: | Food products have significant impacts on the environment over their life cycle. We investigated whether displaying products in ascending order of carbon footprint in an online supermarket environment can shift consumer choices towards more sustainable options. We examined whether the effect of the ordering intervention differs when the ordering is overt (information about the ordering is explicit), compared to when it is covert (participants not told about the ordering). We conducted a three-arm parallel-group randomised trial using 1842 online participants from England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Participants shopped for a meal, choosing one product from each of six product categories in a simulated online supermarket. Six products were listed vertically on each product-category page. Products were randomly ordered for the control arm but ordered by carbon footprint in the covert and overt ordering arms. In the overt ordering arm, a statement was displayed at the top of each product page about the ordering of products. The primary outcome was whether one of the three most sustainable products was chosen in each product category. There was no effect of the covert ordering on the probability of choosing more sustainable products compared with the control arm (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.88-1.07, p = 0.533). Furthermore, we did not find evidence that the effects of the covert ordering and overt ordering differed (p = 0.594). Within the control condition, products in different positions were chosen with similar frequencies, suggesting that product positioning does not have an impact on choices. This may explain why re-ordering products had no effect. In the overt condition, only 19.5% of people correctly answered that the products were ordered according to sustainability in a follow-up question, suggesting that they didn't notice the statement. Results suggest that choices for grocery products might be too ingrained to be changed by subtle rearrangements of choice architecture like the ordering interventions, and highlight the difficulty of conveying information effectively to consumers in the online grocery shopping environment. |
| Keywords: | disclosure; food choice; nudge; online supermarket; order effect; sustainable diet |
| JEL: | L81 |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117705&r=agr |
| By: | Claire Alestra (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gilbert Cette (NEOMA - Neoma Business School); Valérie Chouard (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France); Rémy Lecat (Centre de recherche de la Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights how technology can contribute to reaching the COP21 goals of net zero CO2 emissions and global warming below 2°C at the end of the century. It uses the ACCL model, particularly adapted to quantify the consequences of energy price shocks and technology improvements on CO2 emissions, temperature changes, climate damage and GDP. Our simulations show that without climate policies, i.e. a 'business as usual' scenario, the warming may be +4 to +5°C in 2100, with considerable climate damage. We also find that an acceleration in 'usual technical progress'-not targeted at reducing greenhouse gas intensity-makes global warming and climate damage worse than the 'business as usual' scenario. According to our estimates, the world does not achieve climate goals in 2100 without technological changes to avoid CO2 emissions. To hit such climatic targets, intervening only through the relative price of different energy types, e.g. via a carbon tax, requires challenging hypotheses of international coordination and price increase for polluting energies. We assess a multilever climate strategy, associating diverse price and technology measures. This mix combines energy efficiency gains, carbon sequestration, and a decrease of 3% per year in the relative price of noncarbon-emitting electricity with a 1 to 1.5% annual rise in the relative price of our four polluting energy sources. None of these components alone is sufficient to reach climate objectives. Our last and most important finding is that our composite scenario achieves the climate goals. |
| Keywords: | Climate, Global warming, Technology, Environmental policy, Growth, Long-term projections, Uncertainties, Renewable energy |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03924629&r=agr |
| By: | Andreas Niedermayr; Jan Landert; Fabrizio Albanito; Johannes Carolus; Yann Desjeux (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Julia Heinrichs; Andrea Hrabalova; Philippe Jeanneaux; Jochen Kantelhardt; Laure Latruffe (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jürn Sanders; Lena Schaller; Gerald Schwarz |
| Date: | 2022–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03891655&r=agr |
| By: | Noy, Ilan (School of Economics and Finance, Victoria University of Wellington); Blanc, Elodie (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, Wellington); Pundit, Madhavi (Asian Development Bank); Uher, Tomas (School of Economics and Finance, Victoria University of Wellington) |
| Abstract: | The standard approach to ‘nowcast’ disaster impacts, which relies on risk models, does not typically account for the compounding impact of various hazard phenomena (e.g., wind and rainfall associated with tropical storms). The alternative, traditionally, has been a team of experts sent to the affected areas to conduct a ground survey, but this is time-consuming, difficult, and costly. Satellite imagery may provide an easily available and accurate data source to gauge disasters’ specific impacts, which is both cheap, fast, and can account for compound and cascading effects. If accurate enough, it can potentially replace components of ground surveys altogether. An approach that has been calibrated with remote sensing imagery can also be used as a component in a nowcasting tool, to assess the impact of a cyclone, based only on its known trajectory, and even before post-event satellite imagery is available. We use one example to investigate the feasibility of this approach for nowcasting, and for post-disaster damage assessment. We focus on Fiji and on its agriculture sector, and on tropical cyclones (TCs). We link remote sensing data with available household surveys and the agricultural census data to obtain an improved assessment of TC impacts. We show that remote sensing data, when combined with pre-event socioeconomic and demographic data, can be used for both nowcasting and post-disaster damage assessments.1 |
| Keywords: | satellite; cyclone; damage; impact; disaster; nowcasting |
| JEL: | C80 Q10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0676&r=agr |
| By: | Kym Anderson |
| Abstract: | Structural transformations in growing economies focus on sectoral shares of national output (GDP) and employment but typically give little attention to exports. This paper compares and contrasts evidence of trends in sectoral shares of GDP, employment and exports in Australia over the past two centuries with those of other advanced economies. Australia’s experience is unusual in several respects, explanations for which suggest lessons for less-advanced resource rich economies. The paper concludes by questioning how societies’ evolving environmental objectives, and recent influences on globalization, might alter in coming decades the structure of Australia’s economy and its policies and institutions. |
| Keywords: | agricultural and industrial development, trade costs, manufacturing protection, mining booms |
| JEL: | F13 F63 O13 Q17 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2022-13&r=agr |
| By: | Hélène Benveniste (Harvard University [Cambridge]); Michael Oppenheimer (Princeton University); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Migration is a widely used adaptation strategy to climate change impacts. Yet resource constraints caused by such impacts may limit the ability to migrate, thereby leading to immobility. Here we provide a quantitative, global analysis of reduced international mobility due to resource deprivation caused by climate change. We incorporate both migration dynamics and within-region income distributions in an integrated assessment model. We show that climate change induces decreases in emigration of lowest-income levels by over 10% in 2100 for medium development and climate scenarios compared with no climate change and by up to 35% for more pessimistic scenarios including catastrophic damages. This effect would leave resource-constrained populations extremely vulnerable to both subsequent climate change impacts and increased poverty. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03907684&r=agr |
| By: | Gwen-Jiro Clochard (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aby Mbengue (UGB - Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis Sénégal); Clément Mettling (IGH - Institut de génétique humaine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Birane Diouf (UGB - Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis Sénégal); Charlotte Faurie (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Omar Sene (UADB - Université Alioune Diop de Bambey); Emilie Chancerel (BioGeCo - Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés - UB - Université de Bordeaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Erwan Guichoux (BioGeCo - Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés - UB - Université de Bordeaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Guillaume Hollard (X - École polytechnique); Michel Raymond (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Willinger (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | It has been shown that living in risky environments, as well as having a risky occupation, can moderate risk-tolerance. Despitethe involvement of dopamine in the expectation of reward described by neurobiologists, a GWAS study was not able todemonstrate a genetic contribution of genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway in risk attitudes and gene candidate studiesgave contrasting results. We test the possibility that a genetic effect of the DRD4-7R allele in risk-taking behavior could bemodulated by environmental factors. We show that the increase in risk-tolerance due to the 7R allele is independent of theenvironmental risk in two populations in Northern Senegal, one of which is exposed to a very high risk due to dangerous fishing. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03930527&r=agr |
| By: | Canova, Luciano; Paladino, Giovanna |
| Abstract: | Since 2018 the awareness of sustainability issues and climate change has increased significantly, especially among the younger generation. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related shutdown of many economic activities contributed to raising concerns about the conservation of biodiversity, the environment, and personal economic well-being. In this study, we examine how members of Generation Z deal with issues related to environmental sustainability and personal money management. By using the technique of the principal component analysis, two synthetic indexes were computed from a set of variables associated with the answers to a questionnaire that investigates the approach to environmental and economic sustainability by a representative sample of 400 Italian youngsters aged between 13 and 18 years. The GREEN INDEX is the result of the aggregation of environmental practices while the MONEY INDEX represents habits in personal money management. They are used as dependent variables of linear, ordered probit, and bivariate probit regressions to detect how socio-demographic factors and personality characteristics are associated with sustainability awareness. Our results show the overall importance of character traits - such as curiosity and scrupulousness - in improving the level of awareness and the strong statistical association between attention to money management and a sense of responsibility toward the environment. This finding hints that working on one dimension may produce a positive spillover effect on the other, setting in motion a virtuous circle for policy implementation. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Environment, Financial Education, Gen Z |
| JEL: | D14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115960&r=agr |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the evolution of world, European and French oilseed trade over the last twenty years (since 2000). The statistical information used comes from three complementary databases, namely BACI for international trade, Comext for European Union (EU-27) trade and French Customs for French trade. World trade in oilseeds amount to 161 billion euros in 2020 (excluding intra-EU trade), or nearly 15% of international trade in agri-food products. These are dominated by soya (51% of the total in value), in its various forms (soya beans, soya meal, soya oil), ahead of palm oil (17%), sunflower (8%) and rapeseed (8%). In 2020, the top three oilseed exporters are Brazil (19% of world exports in value), the United States (18%) and Indonesia (11%). While the first two countries export exclusively soya, the third is specialized in palm oil. China has become the world's largest importer of oilseeds (28% of the total in 2020), ahead of the EU-27 (15%), whose deficit for these products (-21.3 billion euros in 2021) is sometimes linked to its large surplus in animal production (47.5 billion euros). France has a deficit in oilseeds (-1.83 billion euros in 2021), mainly due to its purchases of soya meal from the American continent; the latter, which is the subject of controversy because of the deforestation induced in the Amazon, has however decreased by 31% in volume between 2000 and 2021. |
| Abstract: | Cette communication présente l'évolution, sur une vingtaine d'années (depuis 2000), des échanges mondiaux, européens et français d'oléagineux. Les informations statistiques utilisées sont issues de trois bases de données complémentaires, à savoir BACI pour les échanges internationaux, Comext pour ceux de l'Union européenne (UE-27) et les douanes françaises pour ceux de la France. Les échanges mondiaux d'oléagineux représentent un montant de 161 milliards d'euros en 2020 (hors commerce intra-UE), soit près de 15% du commerce international des produits agroalimentaires. Ceuxci sont dominés par le soja (51% du total en valeur), sous ses différentes formes (graines, tourteaux et huile), devant l'huile de palme (17%), le tournesol (8%) et le colza (8%). En 2020, les trois premiers exportateurs d'oléagineux sont le Brésil (19% des exportations mondiales en valeur), les Etats-Unis (18%) et l'Indonésie (11%). Si les deux premiers pays exportent exclusivement du soja, le troisième est spécialisé en huile de palme. La Chine est devenue le premier importateur mondial d'oléagineux (28% du total en 2020) devant l'UE-27 (15%), dont le déficit pour ces produits (-21, 3 milliards d'euros en 2021) est parfois mis en relation avec son fort excédent en productions animales (47, 5 milliards d'euros). La France est déficitaire en oléagineux (-1, 83 milliard d'euros en 2021), en raison surtout de ses achats de tourteaux de soja sur le continent américain ; ces derniers, qui font l'objet de controverses en raison de la déforestation induite en Amazonie, ont cependant baissé de 31% en volume entre 2000 et 2021. |
| Keywords: | Oilseeds, Soybeans, Vegetable oils, International trade, EU trade, Oléagineux, Soja, Huiles végétales, Commerce international, Echanges de l’UE |
| Date: | 2022–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03937837&r=agr |
| By: | Sonno, Tommaso; Zufacchi, Davide |
| Abstract: | Do multinationals engage in rent-seeking behaviour in developing countries during crises? With a difference in discontinuity approach, we use the Ebola epidemic in Liberia as a natural experiment on the sharp increase in deforestation, which produced a dramatic growth in newly planted palm oil trees and a 1428% increase in palm oil exports. We show that the probability of forest fire - the fastest way to clear forests and start new production - increased by 125% in the same period. Both effects are amplified in areas populated by ethnic minorities. |
| Keywords: | epidemics; multinational enterprises; land grabbing; palm oil |
| JEL: | C23 F23 O13 |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117802&r=agr |
| By: | Rene Tapsoba; Yoro Diallo |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the interlinkages between climate shocks, domestic conflicts, and policy resilience in Africa. It builds on a Correlated Random Effect model to asess these interrelationships on a broad sample of 51 African countries over the 1990-2018 period. We find suggestive evidence that climate shocks, as captured through weather shocks, increase the likelihood of domestic conflicts, by as high as up to 38 percent. However, the effect holds only for intercommunal conflicts, not for government-involved conflicts. The effect is maginified in countries with more unequal income distribution and a stronger share of young male demographics. The results are robust to a wide set of sensitivity checks, including using various indicators of weather shocks and domestic conflicts, and alternative estimation techniques. The findings shed light on key policy resilience factors, including steadily improving domestic revenue mobilization, strengthening social protection and access to basic health care services, scaling up public investment in the agriculture sector, and stepping up anti-desertification efforts. |
| Keywords: | Weather shocks; Domestic conflicts; Demographics; Resilience; weather shock indicator; database weather shock; weather shock; baseline result; policy resilience; Natural disasters; Climate change; Natural resources; Africa; Global |
| Date: | 2022–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/250&r=agr |
| By: | Gregor Schwerhoff; Ottmar Edenhofer; Marc Fleurbaey |
| Abstract: | It is a well-known result in economics that land value taxation is efficient since it does not distort the supply of the tax base. Considering only efficiency, land value should thus be fully taxed. Using optimal taxation theory with heterogeneous households, we show that it may be optimal not to tax land value fully for distributional reasons. The decisive variable is the covariance of land value held by households and their social welfare weight. Empirical data from the US and France, however, indicates that ownership of land value (in absolute terms) is negatively correlated to the social welfare weight. Middle income households would pay relatively more land value taxes than high income households, but less in absolute terms. With reasonable revenue recycling, land value taxation would thus reduce the net tax burden of low and middle income earners, because they would benefit more from the recycling than they pay in additional taxes. |
| Keywords: | land value taxation; inequality; optimal taxation; net tax burden; tax land value; income earner; land rent tax; Land tax; Income; Labor taxes; Housing; Labor supply |
| Date: | 2022–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/263&r=agr |
| By: | Rosa van den Ende; Dylan Laplace Mermoud |
| Abstract: | There is an increasing need to hold players responsible for negative or positive impact that take place elsewhere in a value chain or a network. For example, countries or companies are held more and more responsible for their indirect carbon emissions. We introduce a responsibility value that allocates the total impact of the value chain among the players, taking into account their direct impact and their indirect impact through the underlying graph. Moreover, we show that the responsibility value satisfies a set of natural yet important properties. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.02728&r=agr |
| By: | Claire Chambolle (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Clémence Christin (UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Hugo Molina (ALISS - Alimentation et sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article presents recent advances in the analysis of buyer-seller networks, with a particular focus on the role of buyer power on exclusion. We first examine simple vertical structures and highlight that either upstream or downstream firms may have incentives to engage in exclusionary practices to counteract or leverage buyer power. We then review current work attempting to revisit this issue in "interlocking relationships". Based on an ongoing research project, we show that the same exclusion mechanism arises when retail substitution is soft. |
| Keywords: | Vertical relationships, Buyer power, Distribution network, Exclusion |
| Date: | 2022–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03902118&r=agr |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to present a sustainable (or green) loan loss provisioning system that align bank loan loss provisioning with the sustainable development goals. The findings of the study are that the proposed sustainable (or green) loan loss provisioning system will align bank loan loss provisioning with the sustainable development goals by adjusting loan loss provisions estimates to reflect the environmental benefits and costs of borrowers’ business activities. Banks will incur additional provisions above normal provisions for loans issued to businesses whose activities are harmful to the environment and the climate. Banks will allocate fewer provisions whenever they issue loans to eco-friendly or green businesses. The implication of the proposed sustainable (or green) loan loss provisioning system is that bank regulators and supervisors need to consider the impact of the sustainable (or green) loan loss provisioning system on bank capital and bank stability. |
| Keywords: | Bank performance, loan loss provisions, sustainability, sustainable development, SDGs, green washing, credit risk, green loan loss provisioning, sustainable loan loss provisioning. |
| JEL: | G21 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115989&r=agr |
| By: | François-Charles Wolff (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - ECN - Nantes Université - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Frank Asche (UF|IFAS - Food Systems Institute [Gainesville] - UF|IFAS - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] - UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]) |
| Abstract: | While information technology has led to increased market integration, in many markets there are still significant heterogeneity associated with factors such as product characteristics, market location, market lots, transaction mode and buyer and seller characteristics. Using a data set of 40 million observations of up-streams fish sales in Atlantic France, we use the rich attribute information to investigate the extent to which the price differences in a highly heterogenous market can be explained, with a particular focus on the importance of transaction mode. While 78% of the quantity is sold at auctions, the remainder are over-the-counter transactions and this share is increasing. Estimation of hedonic price regressions controlling for fish attributes, local market, buyer and seller heterogeneity show that there is a price differential of 1.7% between the two transaction modes. This result remains robust when taking into account the endogeneity of the sale method through an exact matching of auction and over-the-counter transactions. |
| Keywords: | fish prices, over-the-counter sales, auction sales, hedonic equations |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03913067&r=agr |