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on Agricultural Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒10‒17
28 papers chosen by |
| By: | Koen Deconinck; Lucinda Toyama |
| Abstract: | Food systems exert major pressures on the environment. This paper reviews what is known and not known about environmental impacts along food supply chains, looking at the contribution of different stages of the supply chain, the impact of different products, heterogeneity among producers, and the role of international trade. This review shows that most environmental impacts in food supply chains occur through land use change or at the stage of agricultural production. Livestock (especially ruminant livestock) has a higher footprint than plant-based food. However, there is also important heterogeneity among producers, even within the same region. A significant share of total environmental impacts is "embodied" in international trade, although considerably less than half. In terms of evidence gaps, some impacts (e.g. biodiversity, soil carbon) have been less studied, and there are geographic and product blind spots. Moreover, existing evidence is not sufficiently granular. While important evidence gaps thus exist, the overall picture that emerges is one of a rapidly growing evidence base, which can inform innovative supply chain initiatives to reduce impacts. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural trade, Global value chains, Input-output analysis, Life Cycle Assessment, Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q17 Q27 Q51 Q56 Q37 |
| Date: | 2022–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:185-en&r= |
| By: | Palmer, Charles; Groom, Ben; Langton, Steve |
| Abstract: | The post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework proposes to address biodiversity decline by expanding areas under conservation. Biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, the world’s predominant land use, could involve sparing, or setting aside, agricultural land from production, implying biodiversity-food trade-offs. Employing bird species and agricultural data, we undertake a novel empirical analysis of such trade-offs on a set-aside scheme implemented in England between 1992-2007. Expanding set-aside increases bird species abundance and richness by, respectively, 1.2-2.1% and 0.7-0.9%, but has no impact on diversity (ShannonWiener index). These effects are discontinuous, subject to thresholds in set-aside areas. A minimum 3% of agricultural land set aside is required for a positive effect on biodiversity while 13% of agricultural land generates a 15-25% and 30-35% increase in abundance and richness, respectively. Estimates of short- and long-run effects show that impacts are larger in the long-run. Expanding set-aside is also associated with a 10-17% decline in cereal output, with weak evidence of an attenuating land-sparing effect on yields. Our results suggest that although biodiversity-food trade-offs are likely in high-yield agricultural landscapes, such as those in England, the risk of a reduction in food supply could be minimised in settings where there is still scope for intensification. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; biodiversity; food production; land sparing; set-aside |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116614&r= |
| By: | Stefano Falcone; Michele Rosenberg |
| Abstract: | Modernization of production in the agricultural sector is a critical driver of economic development. However, it can generate conflictual claims on previously uncontested land. This paper shows that the expansion of commercial farming induced by a market-oriented reform and technological innovation increased land conflict since the mid-1990s in Brazil. We find mechanisms involving the decline of economic opportunities for the rural poor: the reduction of informally accessible land for traditional farmers, the loss of employment for rural workers and the rise in land inequality. Moreover, suggestive evidence indicates that agricultural modernization strengthened the landless movement's political incentive to engage in land disputes. |
| Keywords: | land conflict, agricultural investments, tenure rights |
| JEL: | D74 J43 O13 P14 P16 Q15 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1314&r= |
| By: | Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Narayanappa Devaraju (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie de Noblet (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane de Cara (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Mineral nitrogen (N) application in agriculture has significantly increased food production over the past century. However, the intensive use of N-fertilizers also impacts negatively the environment, notably through greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss and remains a major challenge for policymakers. In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy aiming at halving agricultural mineral nitrogen use across the European Union (EU). We investigate the impacts on food security, climate mitigation, and biodiversity conservation and we analyse the potential trade-offs and synergies between them. Despite the uncertainties associated with monetary valuation and the choice of modeling approach, our results show that climate-and-biodiversity-related benefits of halving N use in EU agriculture more than offset the decrease in agricultural benefits. |
| Abstract: | L'application d'azote minéral (N) dans l'agriculture a considérablement augmenté la production alimentaire au cours du siècle dernier et a joué un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Cependant, l'utilisation intensive des engrais azotés a également un impact négatif sur l'environnement, notamment à travers les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la perte de biodiversité, et reste un défi majeur pour les décideurs. Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'utilisation d'azote minéral agricole dans l'Union européenne (UE). Nous étudions les impacts sur la sécurité alimentaire, l'atténuation du changement climatique et la conservation de la biodiversité et nous analysons les compromis potentiels et les synergies entre eux. Malgré les incertitudes associées à l'évaluation monétaire et au choix de l'approche de modélisation, nos résultats montrent que les avantages de la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation de N dans l'agriculture de l'UE, liés l'atténuation du changement climatique et à la conservation de la biodiversité, compensent largement la baisse des bénéfices agricoles. |
| Keywords: | mineral nitrogen pollution |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03755481&r= |
| By: | Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane de Cara (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy that reduces by 50% the use of mineral nitrogen in European agriculture. We use two techno-economic models to investigate the impacts on agricultural production, prices, and land use changes at the EU and global levels. Results show that halving synthetic fertilizer use leads to a decrease in agricultural production, a substantial increase in nitrogen use efficiency, and lower use of organic fertilizer. More importantly, we show that the results will critically depend on the potential for supply side adjustment, particularly, regarding the expansion of cropland area. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique qui réduit de 50% l'utilisation de l'azote minéral dans l'agriculture européenne. Nous utilisons deux modèles technico-économiques pour étudier les impacts sur la production agricole, les prix et les changements d'utilisation des terres aux niveaux européen et mondial. Les résultats montrent que la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation des engrais synthétiques entraîne une diminution de la production agricole, une augmentation substantielle de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote et une utilisation moindre des engrais organiques. Plus important encore, nous montrons que les résultats dépendront de manière critique du potentiel d'ajustement de l'offre, notamment en ce qui concerne l'expansion des terres cultivées. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,land use,nitrogen pollution,trade,environment.,Environment |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03761774&r= |
| By: | Chimere O. Iheonu (Research Analyst, Kwakol, Abuja, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Ekene T. Emeka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Ebuka C. Orjiakor (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture remains one of the major sources of livelihood in West Africa. The sector accounts for a significant share of output and employment in the sub-region. However, extreme weather events have been signaled to affect the sector’s productivity in recent times. In this study, we investigate the heterogeneous long-run relationship between climate change and agricultural productivity in West Africa from 1990 to 2020. Using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) estimators, we show that rising temperatures significantly reduce agricultural productivity in Gambia, Mali, Niger, and Togo. However, after accounting for endogeneity, we find that the negative relationship between temperature and agricultural productivity becomes insignificant for Niger while the positive relationship between rising temperature and agricultural productivity becomes significant for Ghana. Also, the results show that temperature Granger cause agricultural productivity in West Africa. We discussed some policy implications based on these findings. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Temperature, Agricultural Productivity, West Africa, Augmented Mean Group, Common Correlated Effect Mean Group |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/065&r= |
| By: | Patrice Dumas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stefan Wirsenius (Agriculture Flagship - CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]); Tim Searchinger (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Nadine Andrieu; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (The World Bank - The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Eleven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have pledged to reach net-zero emissions by around 2050. Changes in the food system are key to reach these carbon neutrality goals, as agriculture and resulting land-use changes are responsible for almost half of greenhouse gas emissions in the region. We quantify the effect of supply-side (e.g., yield improvements, silvopasture, agroforestry) and demand-side (e.g., reduction of waste and losses, changing diets) options to reduce emissions and transform the land use system in a net carbon sink by 2050 while improving nutrition for the growing population. We consider both direct agriculture emissions and the pressure that food production puts on land use changes, and track separately emissions that happen in the region and emissions linked to trade. Our findings confirm that cattle plays a preponderant role, emitting nearly 60% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land-use change. Reaching a net-negative emissions food system able to balance emissions from the rest of the economy will require ambitious and sustained improvements in yields and changes in diets to moderate the increasing demand for beef, continuously decrease the share of land dedicated to agriculture, and increase instead land dedicated to carbon sequestration and biodiversity preservation. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture,Forestry and Other Land Use,AFOLU,food,yields,diets,decarbonization,carbon neutrality |
| Date: | 2022–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03760573&r= |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol; Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change do agree on the sign but differ an order of magnitude in effect size. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the effect is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impact of climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. The social cost of carbon shows a similar pattern to the total impact estimates, but with more emphasis on the impacts of moderate warming in the near and medium term. |
| Keywords: | climate change, weather shocks, economic growth, social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9919&r= |
| By: | Philippe Jeanneaux (Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Yann Desjeux (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Laure Latruffe (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Farm transfer is increasingly seen as fundamental to the development of agriculture. One of the major challenges is to assess farm value in the context of an opaque market for farms. We contribute to the scarce literature on farm valuation by empirically applying three valuation methods to the Farm Accountancy Data Network database for France in 2017 and 2018 and for five types of farming. The three methods—the fundamental method, the patrimonial method, and the financial method—are well known for the valuation of companies, but have yet to be implemented widely for farms in the empirical literature. The results show that wine-growing farms have the highest values on average. Pig and beef farms have high average patrimonial values, reflecting their high capital intensity, but beef farms have the lowest average values calculated with methods based on cash flows, revealing unfavorable market conditions for these farms. The results further reveal that total farm output drives the value upward, but that high farm labor, indebtedness, and age contribute to reducing value. Our findings also highlight that, in practice, the differences in values across methods may be substantial. |
| Keywords: | agricultural production,FADN,France,farm value,valuation methods |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03770125&r= |
| By: | Fatima F. El Hadad-Gauthier (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | The rise of digitalisation is fueling a dynamics of reconfiguration of food value chains. This article explores two rising challenges: Logistics and traceability. These issues are crucial for food value chains because of the very specific characteristics of food products, such as perishability, shelf life constraints, quality variability, sanitary risks, market uncertainty, and the increasing distance between producer and consumer due to the markets' globalization. |
| Keywords: | traceability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03773407&r= |
| By: | Ganesh Pangare; Bushra Nishat; Xiawei Liao; Halla Maher Qaddumi |
| Keywords: | Environment - Biodiversity Environment - Water Resources Management Water Resources - River Basin Management Water Resources - Transboundary Water Management Water Resources - Water Policy & Governance Water Resources - Watershed Management |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36258&r= |
| By: | Olivier Bargain (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IZA - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit - Institute of Labor Economics); Jean‐marie Cardebat (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raphaël Chiappini (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | A nascent literature explores the impact of taste differences on trade. In gravity model estimations, the coefficient on geographic distance is large because it tends to capture such (usually unobservable) preference-related frictions. We examine this question in the context of French wine, that is, a cultural good characterized by a great variety of types (i.e. accommodating a large heterogeneity in wine tastes) and of quality levels (from cheap table wine to the finest grands crus). A series of gravity models are estimated using the universe of French bottled wine exports by detailed appellation between 1998 and 2015. We use genetic distance as a proxy for taste differences inherited from biology and culture. We show that this interpretation is not ruled out by other possible roles of genetic distance on trade (i.e., microgeography or nongustatory cultural dimensions such as trust). We find that genetic distance has an independent effect on trade, explaining between 20% and 40% of the coefficient on geographic distance. Dynamic estimates confirm this result and establish both the persistent and contemporaneous effects of genetic differences. A heterogeneous analysis also corroborates previous findings in the literature showing that high-tier goods tend to escape gravity. In addition, we find that premium wines escape the home bias associated with taste differences, possibly illustrating that luxury wines have become global iconic products purchased for status and investment motives rather than for gustatory pleasure. |
| Keywords: | cultural/genetic distance,geographic distance,gravity model,PPML,wine trade |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03773090&r= |
| By: | Stéphane Bécuwe (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Bertrand Blancheton (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Samuel Maveyraud (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Using an original dataset and theoretical framework, this paper offers a reinterpretation of the French wine international trade after external shocks during wine globalization based on trade policy. To maintain external position, particularly after phylloxera, French authorities promoted the development of Algerian vineyards by complex discrimination in tariffs. We highlight a negative relationship between discrimination in tariff policy and market share for wine trade partners to the detriment of Spain, Italy and Portugal and in favor of Algeria. By combining a counterfactual analysis and two theoretical models, we consider Algeria as a new competitor in an imperfect competition. Moreover, using data of wine quality at a desegregated level, we reveal that the control of imports by France allowed the diversification of the range of exports and maximisation of profits. |
| Keywords: | Wine,International trade,Tariff discrimination,Quality,External shocks |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03767178&r= |
| By: | Maria-Isabel Ayuda (Universidad de Zaragoza); Ignacio Belloc (Universidad de Zaragoza); Vicente Pinilla (Universidad de Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Since the mid-1990s, Latin American countries have substantially increased their agri-food exports, recovering a considerable part of their weight of overall global exports. The objective of this article is to explain the characteristics of the exporting boom experienced between 1994 and 2019 and its determining factors. To do this, we analyse the evolution of exports, their composition by product, the principal origins and destinations, the importance of the regional trade agreements and the behaviour of their prices. Furthermore, a series of gravity models are estimated, using the agri-food exports of nineteen Latin American countries to their 186 principal trading partners between 1994 and 2019. These models are estimated for total agri-food exports and for their breakdown into three product groups. Among the main determinants identified, our results suggest that external demand and the proliferation of regional trade agreements were the principal reasons of this export boom. |
| Keywords: | latin american international trade, agri-food industry, re-primarisation, regional trade agreements, gravity model |
| JEL: | F14 N76 Q17 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahe:dtaehe:2206&r= |
| By: | Libra, Jesse Madden; Collaer, Julien Sylvain Marinus; Datshkovsky, Darcia; Pérez-Urdiales, Maria |
| Abstract: | Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the most water-rich region in the world, but millions of its inhabitants live with water risk. This contradiction, driven by mismatches in the location of supply vs demand, quality issues, and failing infrastructure, makes it crucial that policy makers use people-centric water risk metrics when assessing water risk in LAC. 35% of the population lives in water stressed basins, a number which balloons to 60% when accounting for the lack of institutional capacity for preserving water quality and providing water services. |
| Keywords: | water stress,water scarcity,water risk,climate change,population - based metrics |
| JEL: | Q25 Q54 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:265060&r= |
| By: | Stephen BAZEN; Jean-Marie CARDEBAT; Magalie DUBOIS |
| Abstract: | Wine is an experience good whose true quality can only be known by consuming it. This characteristic provides a rationale for recourse to experts who provide information on wine quality and reduce the information asymmetry for the consumer. Consumers may come to rely more on the comments and ratings of other consumers or peers, rather than those of experts (guides, specialized journals, personalities). This tendency has been observed in the hospitality (restaurants, hotels) and cultural (movies, novels) markets where popular applications exist and allow information to be collected from peers. We hypothesize that consumers’ ratings will come to dominate expert ratings in the wine expertise market. We use the ratings posted by consumers on the Vivino online marketplace for 37,960 French red wines. We employ a hedonic regression framework which includes the usual attributes of the wines as well as the ratings from both recognized experts and those of consumers on the Vivino platform. Average consumer ratings are found to have a larger effect on price than expert scores. These results are found to be robust to outliers and the general conclusion that peers matter more than experts holds when we exclude the top-end wines. |
| Keywords: | Hedonic analysis, Wine experts, Peer rating, Wine prices, Quality evaluation |
| JEL: | Q11 E71 D12 C01 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2022-17&r= |
| By: | Florent Saucède (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | To restore consumer trust and confidence in food systems, some retailers and manufacturers exploit the blockchain technology to support the total traceability of their supply chains. We analyze how Walmart and Carrefour, two pioneers of food blockchains, use this technology. We show how it contributes to the dimensions and stakes of traceability. We characterize two contrasting approaches. The first one aims to control food safety by improving the piloting and the functioning of supply chains. The second one is marketing–oriented, and aims at building consumer trust by mobilizing supply chain actors to co-construct a set of facts and evidence, put into a narrative to bring transparency on the origin of products and the virtuous practices of the actors who participate in their quality. |
| Abstract: | Pour restaurer la confiance des consommateurs dans les systèmes alimentaires, certains distributeurs ou fabricants mobilisent la technologie blockchain en support de la traçabilité totale de leurs chaînes d'approvisionnement, ou supply chains. Nous analysons comment Walmart et Carrefour, deux pionniers des blockchains alimentaires, utilisent cette technologie. Nous montrons comment elle contribue aux dimensions et enjeux de la traçabilité. Nous caractérisons deux approches contrastées. La première a pour objectif de maîtriser la sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation en s'appuyant sur l'amélioration du pilotage et du fonctionnement de la supply chain, que la technologie permet. La seconde, orientée marketing, vise à restaurer la confiance des consommateurs en mobilisant les acteurs de la supply chain pour co-construire un ensemble de faits et de preuves, mis en récit pour apporter de la transparence sur l'origine des produits et les pratiques vertueuses des acteurs qui participent à leur qualité. |
| Keywords: | blockchain,traçabilité |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03773361&r= |
| By: | Pérez, María; Libra, Jesse; Machado, Kleber; Serebrisky, Tomás; Solís, Ben |
| Abstract: | An issue that affects the effectiveness of water pricing policies is consumers misperception, which implies that households decide their water consumption based on poor/inaccurate information about the marginal price. We use household survey data on bill and quality perception in Brazil to analyze this problem and its drivers. Once we control for the selection bias caused by survey respondents voluntarily providing their bill, we find evidence of bill misperception. Apart from the informational and socioeconomic drivers usually considered in the literature, perceived water quality seems to be a relevant factor of the degree of misperception. |
| Keywords: | water pricing,water quality,price perceptions,economics of information |
| JEL: | Q21 Q25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:264986&r= |
| By: | Aglasan, Serkan; Rejesus, Roderick M. |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether cover crop adoption reduces production risk. A crop insurance loss measure is used as the main measure of downside production risk. To achieve this objective, we utilize a county-level panel data set with information on cover crop adoption rate, crop insurance production losses, and weather variables. The data covers the main corn and soybean production regions in the Midwestern United States (US) for the period 2005 to 2018. We employ linear fixed effects econometric models and a number of robustness checks in the empirical analysis (i.e., including a fractional regression approach, recently developed instrumental variable procedures, and alternative empirical specifications). The estimation methods used take advantage of the panel nature of the data to address various specification and endogeneity issues. Our estimation results suggest that counties with higher cover crop adoption tend to have lower crop insurance losses (and thus have lower downside production risk). |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:324776&r= |
| By: | Hai-Anh H. Dang (World Bank); Minh Cong Nguyen (World Bank); Trong-Anh Trinh (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Despite a vast literature documenting climate change negative effects on various socio-economic outcomes, surprisingly hardly any evidence exists on the global impacts of hotter temperature on poverty. Analyzing a new global panel dataset of subnational poverty in 139 countries, we find higher temperature to increase poverty. Our panel fixed effects model shows that a 1°C increase leads to a 9.1 percent increase in poverty, using the US$ 1.90 daily poverty threshold. The estimated poverty increase is lower at 5.2 percent for the long-differences model, which suggests potential long-run adaptation. Regional heterogeneity exists, with Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries being most vulnerable to higher temperature. We find suggestive evidence that reductions in crop yields could be a key channel that explains the effects of rising temperature. Further simulation indicates that global warming effects could be more pronounced in poorer regions and under scenarios of higher greenhouse gas emissions without mitigation policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, global warming, poverty, agriculture, subnational data |
| JEL: | Q54 I32 O1 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2022-622&r= |
| By: | Koen Deconinck; May Hobeika |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews initiatives which take a “supply chain lens” to improving environmental outcomes of food systems. Some focus on due diligence, or ask firms to disclose impacts of their supply chain. Others benchmark firms according to supply chain performance. Firms also increasingly make corporate pledges covering their supply chain. In addition to traditional voluntary sustainability standards and labels, new labels are emerging which communicate actual environmental impacts along the life cycle. Governments can also provide financial incentives linked to such impacts. This review demonstrates the strong growth and diversity of initiatives, bolstered by more clearly defined societal expectations and reporting standards, and leading to a greater availability of data and evidence and more universal reporting, reducing the scope for greenwashing. Despite their great promise, there remain coverage gaps. Evidence on effectiveness also remains relatively scarce, although there is a clear increase in the number of empirical studies. |
| Keywords: | Due diligence, Life cycle assessment, Supply chain initiatives, Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q17 Q27 Q37 Q51 Q56 M14 |
| Date: | 2022–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:186-en&r= |
| By: | Romane Guillot (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Magali Aubert (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Anne Mione (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | E-commerce is now penetrating the food sector, particularly through digital marketing platforms. Food system stakeholders are wondering: Do these organizations strengthen the link/connection between producers and consumers? Do they promote fairer remuneration for farmers? Do they introduce new risks for them? These platforms facilitate the exchange of information and limit certain costs associated with marketing. However, they can create power asymmetries and imbalances in value sharing. The instability of the sector and the addition of digital and distribution giants raise many questions about the evolution of platforms. In this context, vigilance on the part of producers is essential in order to choose the platforms best suited to their needs. |
| Abstract: | Le e-commerce pénètre aujourd'hui le secteur alimentaire, notamment via les plateformes numériques de commercialisation. Les acteurs du système alimentaire s'interrogent : ces organisations renforcent-elles le lien entre les producteurs et les consommateurs ? Favorisent-elles une rémunération plus juste des agriculteurs ? Introduisent-elles de nouveaux risques pour eux ? Ces plateformes facilitent l'échange d'informations et limitent certains coûts associés à la commercialisation. Elles peuvent néanmoins créer des asymétries de pouvoir et des déséquilibres dans le partage de la valeur. L'instabilité du secteur et l'arrivée des géants du numérique et de la distribution soulèvent de nombreuses questions quant à l'évolution des plateformes. Dans ce contexte, la vigilance des producteurs est indispensable pour choisir les plateformes les mieux adaptées à leurs besoins. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03772689&r= |
| By: | Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Mauro Florez (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Start-up companies represent a powerful innovation process to push forward digital innovation and develop disruptive products and services based on digital technologies. At the same time, they challenge well-established companies that need to involve themselves in more ambidextrous innovation processes to stay competitive, pushing them to launch initiatives focusing on both internal innovations and organizational changes and external or open innovation opportunities. |
| Keywords: | start-up |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03773431&r= |
| By: | Gilles Séré de Lanauze (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | The influence of consumption practice‐based communities on consumption patterns is a growing trend in marketing research. Vegetarianism, a diet that usually represents a break away from eating patterns strongly anchored in society, generates psychological and relational tensions for those who adopt it. As such, vegetarians develop specific links with the adoptive vegetarian community, which may strongly influence the adoption and maintenance of this practice. The purpose of this research is to better understand how vegetarians' relationships with their social environment and community impact their consumption behaviours. An exploratory study was carried out based on 23 individual interviews with young adult vegetarians in France. The results shed light on the self‐categorization process and show how relationships with the community influence the adoption and maintenance of vegetarian behaviour. In addition, depending on the perceived opposition between society and the vegetarian community and the degree of identification with this community, different patterns of relationships with and expectations of the community are identified and presented in the CBO model (Community Belonging and perceived Opposition between community and society). Understanding the social influences involved in practice‐based adoptive communities will help marketers take decisions relating to support, supply and communication with regard to these practices. Beyond describing the practices and motivations underpinning vegetarianism and veganism, previously documented in the literature, this research provides new insights into the impact of communities and social influences on the adoption and defence of a specific diet. |
| Keywords: | community,consumption patterns,qualitative study,social influences,vegetarianism |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03205177&r= |
| By: | Wolf Rogowski; Wolfram Elsner |
| Abstract: | In economic research about climate change mitigation, there is a tension between the objectives to ensure scientific rigor (focusing on orthodox theory) and to illuminate blind spots of relevance (drawing on different "heterodox" theories). Our aim is to develop an economic perspective on climate change mitigation which considers both objectives. We conduct a critical literature review, searching for coherent economic theory lattices, which meet the requirements of research programs, i.e. contain a pre-analytic vision, an analytical core including a concept of rationality, and examples of applications in empirical research. We develop a framework structuring these research programs and associated research fields and search for examples illustrating their applicability to climate change mitigation. We identify several research fields within four major research programs that perceive economic phenomena as (1) individual optimization decisions (neoclassical analysis of efficient and of inefficient equilibria and behavioral economics); (2) a set of institutions (New and Original institutional economics); (3) a complex evolutionary system (Biophysical and Evolutionary economics); and (4) an objective function (which can guide research focusing on the content or the distribution of the normatively defined units of interest). For each research program and its subdivisions, we present theoretical elements and illustrate how they can improve our understanding of how economic activity contributes to climate change and how these impacts can be alleviated. There is a need for more systematic evidence synthesis to validate the contributions of the different economic research fields and to improve their selection and application to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, neoclassical economics, behavioral economics, economic heterodoxies, evolutionary economics, institutional economics, objective functions, research programs, policy implications. |
| JEL: | A11 A12 B5 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2106&r= |
| By: | Valérie Diot (IFIP - Institut du Porc); Boris Duflot (IFIP - Institut du Porc) |
| Abstract: | As an area in which changes in food practices are observed, institutional catering concentrates some societal expectations for healthy, safe, and sustainable food that is accessible to all, as expressed in the French law EGalim. In a context of defending local integration, it represents a potential driver of growth for the pork sector. However, standard consumption-monitoring systems do not cover this composite market. An exploratory study was carried out to understand institutional catering practices and which pork products are consumed within the education, medico-social and work segments in France. It led to cross-referencing of volume data from market stakeholders or extracted from integrated management software. In 2018, consumption of pork products in institutional catering in France was estimated as 102 000 t, which was 6% of the pork available for consumption, with a breakdown between cured cold cuts (61%) and meat (39%). Cooked cured meat (38%) dominated in cold cuts. Pork meat was represented by loins (50%), followed by shoulders (30%) and bellies (15%), with an increasing percentage of fine cuts (sautés, minced) and cuts intended for low-temperature cooking. Products under and official sign of identification of quality and origin (SIQO) or products under Certificate of Conformity Product represented less than 5% of the volume of the institutional catering market. These results provide benchmarks for the pork products consumed, highlight factors that influence variability in supply and suggest strategies to use in the framework of the EGalim law. |
| Abstract: | Terrain d'observation de l'évolution des pratiques alimentaires, la restauration collective concentre une partie des attentes sociétales pour une alimentation saine, sûre, durable et accessible à tous, telles qu'exprimées dans la loi Egalim. Dans un contexte de défense de l'ancrage territorial, elle présente un relai potentiel de croissance pour la filière porcine. Or, ce marché composite n'est pas couvert par les dispositifs de suivi régulier de la consommation. Une étude exploratoire a été menée afin de comprendre les pratiques des établissements, de quantifier et caractériser les produits du porc consommés au sein des segments de l'enseignement, du médico-social et du travail en France. Elle a conduit à croiser des données en volume issus d'acteurs du marché ou extraites de logiciels de gestion intégrés. En 2018, la consommation des produits du porc en restauration collective est évaluée à 102 000 tonnes soit 6% du disponible à la consommation avec une ventilation entre charcuterie-salaison (61%) et viande de porc (39%). La salaison cuite (38%) domine en charcuterie. La viande de porc est représentée par la longe (50%) devant l'épaule (30%) et la poitrine (15%), avec une part croissante des découpes fines (sautés, émincés) mais aussi des pièces destinées à la cuisson à basse température. Les produits sous signe officiel d'identification de la qualité et de l'origine (SIQO) ou sous Certification de Conformité Produit (CCP) représentent moins de 5% des volumes de la restauration collective. Ces résultats fournissent des repères sur les produits du porc consommés tout en mettant en avant les facteurs de variabilité d'offre et donnent à entrevoir les stratégies déployées dans le cadre de la loi Egalim. Exploratory study of consumption of pork products in institutional catering in France As an area in which changes in food practices are observed, institutional catering concentrates some societal expectations for healthy, safe, and sustainable food that is accessible to all, as expressed in the French law EGalim. In a context of defending local integration, it represents a potential driver of growth for the pork sector. However, standard consumption-monitoring systems do not cover this composite market. An exploratory study was carried out to understand institutional catering practices and which pork products are consumed within the education, medico-social and work segments in France. It led to cross-referencing of volume data from market stakeholders or extracted from integrated management software. In 2018, consumption of pork products in institutional catering in France was estimated as 102 000 t, which was 6% of the pork available for consumption, with a breakdown between cured cold cuts (61%) and meat (39%). Cooked cured meat (38%) dominated in cold cuts. Pork meat was represented by loins (50%), followed by shoulders (30%) and bellies (15%), with an increasing percentage of fine cuts (sautés, minced) and cuts intended for low-temperature cooking. Products under and official sign of identification of quality and origin (SIQO) or products under Certificate of Conformity Product represented less than 5% of the volume of the institutional catering market. These results provide benchmarks for the pork products consumed, highlight factors that influence variability in supply and suggest strategies to use in the framework of the EGalim law. |
| Keywords: | consumption,pork products,institutional catering,marketing,consommation,produits de porc,restauration collective,économie,marché,distribution |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03746682&r= |
| By: | Blanchard, Olivier Jean; Gollier, Christian; Tirole, Jean |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127339&r= |
| By: | Alejandra Martínez Martínez (Departamento de Estructura Económica, Facultad de Economía. Avda, de los Naranjos s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain.); Silviano Esteve Pérez (University of Valencia and INTECO Joint Research Unit UJI-UV); Salvador Gil Pareja (University of Valencia and INTECO Joint Research Unit UJI-UV); Rafael Llorca Vivero (University of Valencia and INTECO Joint Research Unit UJI-UV) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of climate change on bilateral trade flows. To this end, we estimate a theory-grounded gravity model using bilateral trade flows on a sample of 65 countries during the period 1986-2016. We use temperatures and extreme weather events (and its consequences) as proxies for climate change. Overall, we find that international flows are less affected by the evolution of temperatures and events than domestic ones. However, there is an interesting heterogeneity across countries and across types of events. In particular, the results suggest that biological events (epidemics and insect infestation) have a negative differential impact on international flows relative to internal ones. Additionally, the differential average behaviour observed for China (the biggest exporter) is associated with the occurrence of storms (cyclones, tornados, convective hails, etc). Finally, our General Equilibrium estimations show that the aforementioned biological events have a remarkable negative impact on welfare. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Domestic flows, International flows, Temperatures, Weather events |
| JEL: | C1 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2208&r= |