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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | Anatoliy Kostruba (Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University) |
| Abstract: | The sports order is formed, including a huge network of various institutions, organizations and regulators, cooperation and participation of public and private actors at various levels, and has its own judicial system, based on the International Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne. At the same time, despite the integrity of the system of sports law and order in relation to public law and order, the internal organizational unity, in particular, the process of resolving disputes in sports relations is quite unbalanced. Issues of legal regulation of relations in the field of professional sports, their protection remain undisclosed, or disclosed in fragments. The existing normative legal basis is based on the provisions of three legislative acts, which do not provide the appropriate level of regulation. The above actualizes the issue of codification of sports legislation of Ukraine. This method of systematization of the legal framework ensures the elimination of gaps in the legal regulation of professional sports. In this aspect, the issue of borrowing the legislative traditions of related legal systems, among which the attention of France is paid, is relevant. The publication provides an overview of the French Sports Code in terms of research. The sphere of relations regulated by a codified act is determined. The substantiation of necessity of codification of the sports legislation of Ukraine is resulted |
| Abstract: | Спортивний порядок утворюється в тому числі величезною мережею різних інститутів, організацій і регуляторів, співпрацею та участю публічних і приватних суб'єктів різних рівнів, а також має свою власну судову систему, в основі якої знаходиться Міжнародний спортивний арбітражний суд в м Лозанні. При цьому, не дивлячись на цілісність системи спортивного правопорядку щодо правопорядку публічного, внутрішнє організаційне єдність, зокрема, процесу вирішення спорів у відносинах спорту досить розбалансовано. Питання правової регламентації відносин у сфері професійного спорту, їх захисту залишаються не розкритими, або розкриті фрагментарно. Існуюча нормативна правова основа ґрунтується на положенні трьох законодавчих актів, якими не забезпечується відповідний рівень регламентації. Наведене актуалізує питання кодифікації спортивного законодавства України. В наведений спосіб систематизації нормативно-правового масиву забезпечується усунення прогалин в правовому регулюванні відносин професійного спорту. В наведеному аспекті актуальним є питання запозичення законодавчих традицій споріднених правових систем, серед яких приділено увагу Франції. В публікації наводиться огляд Спортивного кодексу Франції в аспекті досліджуваного питання. Визначається сфера відносин яки регламентуються кодифікованим актом. Наводиться обґрунтування необхідності кодифікації спортивного законодавства України. |
| Keywords: | Kostruba,Civil law,lex sportiva,sports law,sports dispute,professional sports,self-regulatory organizations,sports federations,sports arbitration,sports legal relations sport code,codofocation,law |
| Date: | 2022–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03599265&r= |
| By: | Laura Espinasse (CEREGE - Centre de Recherche en Gestion - IAE Poitiers - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - Excelia Group | La Rochelle Business School); Bastien Viollet Viollet (CEREGE - Centre de Recherche en Gestion - IAE Poitiers - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - ULR - Université de La Rochelle - Excelia Group | La Rochelle Business School) |
| Abstract: | As the second largest sport in France in terms of economic weight, rugby has not escaped the phenomenon of professionalization. From its national authorities to its clubs, this evolution has resulted in forms of management instrumentation, aiming to better steer the activity, better structure the relations with their stakeholders, support strategic initiatives, or, more simply, have more efficient practices. This article explores two situations of instrumentation, each of which was carried out in the context of an intervention research. The first is the formalization of the FFR's sports policy. The second is a 'thermometer' of satisfaction of a professional team of a Pro D2 club. The objective, given a similar research protocol and theoretical framework, is to highlight similarities or differences in the two cases, to explain them and to draw implications. The problematic is the following: how do the actors of sports organizations seize management instrumentation projects in French rugby, in particular within the FFR and a professional club? This article responds to this question through the original approach of the management tool. In both cases, a series of interviews and participant observations were conducted. A qualitative analysis was carried out on the basis of the three pillars characterizing a management tool: its content, its managerial aim and the organization of the actors involved. This cross-analysis reveals some disparities and similarities between the two cases. The main difference is the difficulty of collective appropriation, which was one of the key issues of these instruments. This difficulty is mainly explained by the inability of the actors to collectively advance the projects via its three pillars. The fact that a few actors have taken control has upset the content and managerial philosophy of the instruments as envisaged at the origin of the research-intervention. This contribution therefore aims to draw attention to the need for a three-level view (content, objectives, and actors) when considering an instrumental approach, especially in the singular world of sports organizations. |
| Abstract: | Deuxième sport français en poids économique, le rugby n'a pas échappé au phénomène de professionnalisation. De ses instances nationales à ses clubs, cette évolution s'est traduite par des formes d'instrumentation de gestion, visant à mieux piloter l'activité, mieux structurer les relations avec leurs parties prenantes, soutenir les initiatives stratégiques, ou, plus simplement, avoir des pratiques plus efficientes. Cet article explore deux situations d'instrumentation qui ont chacune été menées dans le cadre d'une recherche-intervention. La première consiste en la formalisation de la politique sportive de la FFR. La seconde a pour nature un « thermomètre » de satisfaction d'une équipe professionnelle d'un club de Pro D2. L'objectif, compte tenu d'un protocole de recherche et d'un canevas théorique semblables, est de mettre en avant des similarités ou des différences dans les deux cas, de les expliquer et d'en tirer des implications. La problématique est la suivante : comment les acteurs des organisations sportives se saisissent de projets d'instrumentation de gestion dans le rugby français, notamment au sein de la FFR et d'un club professionnel ? Cet article y répond par l'approche originale de l'outil de gestion. Dans les deux cas, des séries d'entretiens et des observations participantes ont été menées. Un traitement qualitatif a été effectué sur la base des trois piliers caractérisant un outil de gestion : son contenu, sa visée managériale et l'organisation des acteurs gravitant autour. Cette analyse croisée fait émerger quelques disparités et similitudes entre les deux cas. Principalement, il en ressort une difficulté d'appropriation collective, ce qui était pourtant un enjeu clé de ces instrumentations. Cette difficulté s'explique principalement par l'incapacité des acteurs à faire avancer collectivement les projets via ses trois piliers. La prise en main par quelques acteurs a bouleversé le contenu et la philosophie managériale des instrumentations comme envisagé à l'origine de la recherche-intervention. Cette contribution vise donc à alerter sur la nécessite d'un regard à trois niveaux (contenu, objectifs et acteurs) dès lors qu'une démarche instrumentale est envisagée, d'autant plus dans l'univers singulier des organisations sportives. |
| Keywords: | instrumentation de gestion,fédération sportive nationale,club sportif professionnel,outil de gestion,rôle des acteurs,recherche-intervention |
| Date: | 2022–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03584048&r= |
| By: | Uwe Sunde; Dainis Zegners; Anthony Strittmatter |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an empirical investigation of the relation between decision speed and decision quality for a real-world setting of cognitively-demanding decisions in which the timing of decisions is endogenous: professional chess. Move-by-move data provide exceptionally detailed and precise information about decision times and decision quality, based on a comparison of actual decisions to a computational benchmark of best moves constructed using the artificial intelligence of a chess engine. The results reveal that faster decisions are associated with better performance. The findings are consistent with the predictions of procedural decision models like drift-diffusion-models in which decision makers sequentially acquire information about decision alternatives with uncertain valuations. |
| Keywords: | response times, speed-performance profile, drift-diffusion model, uncertain evaluations |
| JEL: | D01 D90 C70 C80 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9546&r= |
| By: | Arne Lauber; Christoph March; Marco Sahm |
| Abstract: | We report results from the first experimental study of round-robin tournaments. In our experiment, we investigate how the prize structure affects the intensity, fair-ness, and dynamic behavior in sequential round-robin tournaments with three players. We compare tournaments with a second prize equal to either 0%, 50%, or 100% of the first prize. While theory predicts the 50%-treatment to be most intense, we find that aggregate effort is highest in the 0%-treatment. In contrast, our evidence supports the predictions that the 50%-treatment is fairest (though not perfectly fair), whereas the late mover is advantaged in the 100%-treatment and disadvantaged in the 0%-treatment. Also in line with the theory, we identify a strategic (reverse) momentum: after winning the first match, a player increases (decreases) effort in the second match of the 0%-treatment (100%-treatment). Additional findings suggest that dynamic behavior is also subject to a psychological momentum. |
| Keywords: | sequential round-robin tournament, all-pay auction, fairness, intensity, strategic momentum, experiment |
| JEL: | C72 C91 D72 Z20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9651&r= |
| By: | José de Sousa (Université Paris-Saclay, LIEPP - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d'évaluation des politiques publiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Guillaume Hollard (IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris) |
| Abstract: | Women are under-represented in top positions, such as Business, Politics and Science. The same under-representation occurs in chess, providing us with a unique opportunity to analyze this phenomenon. We find a macro gender gap in every country: there are fewer female than male players, especially at the top, and women have lower average rankings. One contribution of this paper is to link the macro gender gap to micro gender differences. Comparing millions of individual games, we find that women's scores are about 2% lower than expected when playing a man rather than a woman with identical rating, age and country. Using a simple theoretical model, we explain how a small micro gap may affect women's long-run capital formation. A small difference in outcomes generates a small difference in effort, and thus a lower future ranking. By reducing effort and increasing the probability of quitting, both effects accumulate to discourage women from competing for top positions. |
| Keywords: | macro gender gap,micro gender differences,under-representation |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03389151&r= |
| By: | Mocan, Naci (Louisiana State University); Osborne-Christenson, Eric (Pace University) |
| Abstract: | We provide the first analysis of racial in-group bias in Type-I and Type-II errors. Using player-referee matched data from NBA games we show that there is no overall racial bias or in-group bias in foul calls made by referees. Similarly, there is no racial bias or in-group bias in Type-I errors (incorrect foul calls). On the other hand, there is significant in-group favoritism in Type-II errors. These are wrongful acquittals where the referee did not blow the whistle although a foul was committed. We also analyze peer effects and find that black referees' proclivity to make Type-II errors in favor of black players exists as long black referees have at least one black peer referee on the court, and that the bias disappears only if black referees have two white peers. In case of white referees, in-group favoritism in Type-II errors emerges if white referees have two black peers with them on the court. We provide evidence showing that the results are not attributable to skill differences between referees. We also show that a higher Type-I error rate during the season lowers referees' probability to be selected to officiate a game in the playoffs, whereas variations in the rate of Type-II errors have no impact on the likelihood of a playoff assignment. These results indicate that in-group favoritism takes place in a domain which is not costly (making Type-II errors), and that bias is eliminated when it is costly to the decisionmaker. |
| Keywords: | racial bias, judicial decisions, in-group bias, Type-I error, Type-II error, peers, incentives |
| JEL: | K J71 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15195&r= |
| By: | Michalis Drouvelis; Mary L. Rigdon |
| Abstract: | The provision of social incentives in the workplace, where performance benefits a charitable cause, has been frequently used in modern organizations. In this paper, we quantify the impact of social incentives on performance under two incentive schemes: piece rate and a winner-take-all tournament. We introduce social incentives by informing individuals that 50% of their performance earnings will be donated to a charity of their own choice. Our findings indicate that, in the presence of social incentives, women increase their performance by approximately 23% and 27% in the piece rate and tournament payment schemes, respectively. These effects are sizable and significant. Despite the fact that women also become more confident when social incentives are used, their willingness to compete is not affected due to their general lack of willingness to take financial risks. |
| Keywords: | social incentives, task performance, piece rate, tournament, competitiveness, gender differences |
| JEL: | C92 D64 J16 J20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9518&r= |