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on Investment |
| By: | Baum, Christopher F.; Lööf, Hans; Stephan, Andreas; Zimmermann, Klaus F. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the wage earnings of fully-employed previous refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative employer-employee data from 1990 onwards, about 100, 000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted asylum, are compared to a matched sample of native-born workers. Employing recentered influence function (RIF) quantile regressions to wage earnings for the period 2011-2015, the occupational-task-based Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach shows that refugees perform better than natives at the median wage, controlling for individual and firm characteristics. This overperformance is due to female refugee immigrants, who have-relative to their endowment-higher wages than comparable native-born female peers up to the 8th decile of the wage distribution. Given their endowments, refugee immigrant females perform better than native females across all occupational tasks studied, including non-routine cognitive tasks. A remarkable similarity exists in the relative wage distributions among various refugee groups, suggesting that cultural differences and the length of time spent in the host country do not significantly affect their labor market performance. |
| Keywords: | refugees, wage earnings gap, occupational sorting, employer-employee data, correlated random effects model, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition |
| JEL: | C23 F22 J24 J6 O15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1400&r=inv |
| By: | Seltzer, Andrew J.; Wadsworth, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | The growth of public transport networks in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries had profound effects on commuting in the industrialized world, yet the consequences for labor markets during this important period of historical development remains largely unstudied. This paper draws on a unique dataset combining individual commuting and wage information for working-class residents of London, circa 1930, to analyze, for the first time, the nature of and returns to commuting shortly after when networks were first built. A sizeable majority of working-class Londoners worked within a short walk of their residence in 1890. By 1930, over 70 percent commuted at least one kilometer. Commuting allowed workers to search for jobs over a wider geographic area and across a larger number of potential employers. This, in turn, potentially increased workers’ bargaining power and improved employer-employee matching. We show that wage returns to commuting were on the order of 1.5–3.5 percent per kilometer travelled. Access to public transport increased both the probability of commuting and distance commuted but had little or no direct effect on the probability of being employed or on earnings. We argue that these results are consistent with a search and matching framework; commuting led to workers finding jobs more suited to their skills and to better matches with employers. We also provide descriptive evidence from contemporary sources to describe the impact of commuting on improving quality of life by reducing urban crowding. |
| Keywords: | commuting; labor markets; earnings; London |
| JEL: | N94 R40 N34 J31 N73 |
| Date: | 2023–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120895&r=inv |
| By: | Mélia Arras‐Djabi; Laura Cottard; Sakura Shimada (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université) |
| Abstract: | Recent research on the generations in the workplace has acknowledged the role organizations play in creating generations and the stereotypes associated with them. However, how these stereotypes are formed has yet to be empirically explored. This paper analyzes the stereotypes associated with Millennials based on an in-depth case study of a population of drivers in a French railway company. This shows that these stereotypes mostly reflect the transformation of professional and organizational identities. The "elders" differentiate themselves from the new organizational generation to enhance the appearance of their skills, knowledge, and values, thus maintaining a balance of power that is favorable to them. Stereotypes also represent generational imprints that work as time markers in shaping the collective memory of their profession. By exploring the relationship among organizational changes, organizational generations, and generational stereotypes, this research produces a more complete understanding of the generational phenomenon in the workplace. |
| Keywords: | generation generational identity Millennials organizational generation organizational identity stereotypes, generation, generational identity, Millennials, organizational generation, organizational identity, stereotypes, génération, identité générationnelle, stéréotypes, Identité organisationnelle |
| Date: | 2023–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04454327&r=inv |
| By: | Antoine Castet (Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, UMR D&S, Paris, France); Racha Ramadan (Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic may have threatened food security, an important issue for economic development. In this paper, we use surveys on five MENA countries to assesses the food insecurity situation during the pandemic. Using descriptive statistics and the logit method, we show that characteristics such as age, income, and being employed increase/decrease the level of food insecurity of an individual. We also examine the government policies implemented during the period, such as stay-at-home requirements. To this end, we use a new instrument variable for COVID-19, the Google Trends index. We show that these policies have no significant effect on food insecurity. |
| Date: | 2023–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1701&r=inv |
| By: | Bårdsen, Gunnar (NTNU); Nymoen, Ragnar (Dept. of Economics, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | A framework for forecasting new COViD-19 cases jointly with hospital admissions and hospital beds with COVID-19 cases is presented. This project, dubbed CovidMod, produced 21-days ahead forecasts each working day from March 2021 to April 2022, and forecast errors that were used to assess forecast accuracy. A comparison with the forecasts of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), with dates of origin in the same period, favours the CovidMod forecasts in terms of lower RMSFEs (Root Mean Squared Forecast Errors), both for new cases and for hospital beds. Another comparison, with the short term forecasts (7 day horizon) produced by a forecasting project at the University of Oxford, shows only little difference in terms of the RMSFEs of new cases. Next, we present a further development of the model which allows the effects of policy responses to a central model parameter to be forecasted by an estimated smooth-transition function. The forecasting performance of the resulting non-linear model is demonstrated, and it is suggested as a possible way forward in the development of relevant forecasting tools in general and for pandemics in particular. |
| Keywords: | C32; C53; C54 |
| JEL: | C32 C53 C54 |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:osloec:2023_003&r=inv |
| By: | Junaid Ahmed (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | In recent times, Pakistan has witnessed a significant trend in emigration as millions of its citizens actively seek opportunities abroad. This trend is a direct response to the challenges the country currently grapples with, including a burgeoning population, economic instability that has resulted in limited domestic job prospects, and the impact of soaring inflation. These factors have together fueled the increasing wave of emigration from Pakistan. In 2020, nearly 6.3 million Pakistani immigrants were residing abroad, making Pakistan one of the top ten immigrant populations globally. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:112&r=inv |
| By: | Ville Korpela; Michele Lombardi; Riccardo Saulle |
| Abstract: | otation programs are widely used in our society. For instance, a job rotation program is an HR strategy where employees rotate between two or more jobs in the same business. We study rotation programs within the standard implementation framework under complete information. When the designer would like to attain a Pareto efficient goal, we provide sufficient conditions for its implementation in a rotation program. However, when, for instance, every employee transitions through all different lateral jobs before rotating back to his original one, the conditions fully characterize the class of Pareto efficient goals that are implementable in rotation programs. |
| Keywords: | Rotation Programs; Job Rotation; Assignment Problems; Implementation; Rights Structures; Stability |
| JEL: | C71 D71 D82 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:liv:livedp:202221&r=inv |
| By: | Fumarco, Luca; Longley, Neil; Palermo, Alberto; Rossi, Giambattista |
| Abstract: | We follow workers' performance along an unbalanced panel dataset over multiple years and study how performance varies at the end of fixed-term contracts, in a labour market where some people face a mobility restricting clause (i.e., a noncompete clause). Focusing on the labour market of the National Hockey League, we analyse players' performance data and contracts with a fixed effect estimator to address empirical limitations in previous studies. We find that, on average, NHL players' performance does not vary. However, our estimations detect substantially heterogeneous behaviours, depending on tenure, perceived expected performance, and mobility. Only younger players (i.e., restricted free-agents) with high expected mobility but low expected performance tend to behave strategically and perform better. Differently, older players (i.e., unrestricted free-agents) with high expected mobility tend to underperform, as the option of moving back to European tournaments is more appealing. |
| Keywords: | strategic behaviour, mobility, noncompete clauses |
| JEL: | D82 J24 J33 M52 Z22 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1401&r=inv |
| By: | Guy Aridor; Rafael Jiménez-Durán; Ro'ee Levy; Lena Song |
| Abstract: | We review the burgeoning literature on the economics of social media, which has become ubiquitous in the modern economy and fundamentally changed how people interact. We first define social media platforms and isolate the features that distinguish them from traditional media and other digital platforms. We then synthesize the main lessons from the empirical economics literature and organize them around the three stages of the life cycle of user-generated content: (1) production, (2) distribution, and (3) consumption. Under production, we discuss how incentives affect content produced on and off social media and how harmful content is moderated. Under distribution, we discuss the social network structure, algorithms, and targeted advertisements. Under consumption, we discuss how social media affects individuals who consume its content and society at large, and discuss consumer substitution patterns across platforms. Throughout the review, we delve into case studies examining the deterrence of misinformation, segregation, political advertisements, and the effects of social media on political outcomes. We conclude with a brief discussion on the future of social media. |
| Keywords: | social media, media economics, user-generated content |
| JEL: | L82 L96 P00 D60 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10934&r=inv |
| By: | Braun Alexander, Michael |
| Abstract: | Public housing policy has given housing cooperatives above-average market shares, in some cases. This was achieved despite the fact that the sponsor, believing that he was doing good, even temporarily slowed down the independent development of his target. The case study of Hochtaunusbau shows that public funding can be at the expense of the cooperatives. The public sponsor, in this case the city, also prevented market-based incentive systems, such as dividends. The cooperative saw this as a brake on its equity formation. After all, the good location, close to the Taunus and close to the financial center of Frankfurt am Main, has led to high hidden reserves. The cooperative can hardly make use of this, either to give members a greater share in the cooperative's profits or to offer more members an apartment through new construction. It essentially saw itself as a portfolio holder. Evidence from the science of cooperatives, according to which the reserves of a cooperative can certainly be divided, is not accepted in practice. And public sponsors continue to provide funds. They do not demand that cooperatives use their hidden reserves for the cooperative purpose. |
| JEL: | D22 L85 N94 P R38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ibfpps:284714&r=inv |
| By: | Yurong Chen; Zhaohua Chen; Xiaotie Deng; Zhiyi Huang |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the hidden-action model of the principal-agent problem, in which a principal incentivizes an agent to work on a project using a contract. We investigate whether contracts with bounded payments are learnable and approximately optimal. Our main results are two learning algorithms that can find a nearly optimal bounded contract using a polynomial number of queries, under two standard assumptions in the literature: a costlier action for the agent leads to a better outcome distribution for the principal, and the agent's cost/effort has diminishing returns. Our polynomial query complexity upper bound shows that standard assumptions are sufficient for achieving an exponential improvement upon the known lower bound for general instances. Unlike the existing algorithms, which relied on discretizing the contract space, our algorithms directly learn the underlying outcome distributions. As for the approximate optimality of bounded contracts, we find that they could be far from optimal in terms of multiplicative or additive approximation, but satisfy a notion of mixed approximation. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.14486&r=inv |
| By: | Özer, Mustafa; Fidrmuc, Jan; Mentzakis, Emmanouil; Özkan, Özcan |
| Abstract: | Does education make people more or less religious? The previous literature offers mixed findings on the relationship between education and religiosity. This may be due to endogeneity bias: education and religiosity can be caused by a third variable such as culture or upbringing. We instrument education by exposure to the 1997 education reform in Türkiye which increased mandatory schooling from 5 to 8 years. The schooling reform increased the probability that young girls would complete 8 years of schooling and report lower religiosity later in life. The reform apparently did not influence such outcomes for boys. These effects are observed primarily for females growing up in strongly religious or poor areas. |
| Keywords: | Education, religiosity, 2SLS, gender, social norms, Türkiye |
| JEL: | H52 I26 J10 Z12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitp:283900&r=inv |
| By: | Jeanet Sinding Bentzen (University of Copenhagen, CAGE, CEPR); Nina Boberg-Fazlić (TU Dortmund University, CEPR); Paul Sharp (University of Southern Denmark, CAGE, CEPR); Christian Volmar Skovsgaard (University of Southern Denmark); Christian Vedel (University of Southern Denmark) |
| Abstract: | The cultural assimilation of immigrants into the host society is often equated with prospects for economic success, with religion seen as a potential barrier. We investigate the role of ethnic enclaves and churches for the assimilation of Danish Americans using a difference-indifferences setting. Following the ordination of a divisive religious figure in 1883, this otherwise small and homogeneous group split into rival Lutheran revivalist camps - so-called “Happy” and “Holy” Danes. The former sought the preservation of Danish culture and tradition, while the latter encouraged assimilation. We use data from the US census and Danish American church and newspaper archives, and find that Danish Americans living in a county with a “Happy” church chose more Danish names for their children. Newspapers read by “Holy Danes” saw a more rapid Anglicization of the language used. Religious beliefs thus facilitated assimilation. Divergence in behaviour only emerged following the religious division. |
| Keywords: | Assimilation, Danish Americans, enclaves, immigration, religion |
| JEL: | F22 J61 N31 N32 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0253&r=inv |