|
on Confederation of Independent States |
|
Issue of 2019‒03‒04
37 papers chosen by |
| By: | Levashenko, Antonina (Левашенко, Антонина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Ermokhin, Ivan (Ермохин, Иван) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zubarev, Andrey (Зубарев, Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sinelnikova-Muryleva, Elena (Синельникова-Мурылева Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Trunin, Pavel (Трунин, Павел) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | Cryptoeconomics is a large new market. Today, the global turnover of cryptocurrency is at around $ 200 billion. In 2017–2018 in the framework of the ICO campaigns, people from Russia attracted a total of $ 2.3 billion, having conducted 311 ICO campaigns. There are new participants in this market: cryptobirds and cryptoexchangers, crypto funds, decentralized organizations conducting ICO-campaigns from different sectors of the economy. The Russian Federation should create favorable conditions for the development of a new sector of the economy. The report examines the main approaches to the definition and essence of cryptocurrencies, analyzes the functions performed by them, as well as the challenges that the emergence of cryptocurrencies forms for the traditional financial system and monetary policy. In addition, a comparative analysis of the regulation of this new sector of the economy in the OECD countries and the Russian Federation is presented, and recommendations are given to bring Russian legislation in line with international best practice. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021913&r=all |
| By: | Shagaida, Natalia (Шагайда, Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Uzun, Vasiliy (Узун, Василий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The report examines structural changes in agriculture in the post-reform period, assesses these changes; It is shown that privatization, de-collectivization, holding, agro-industrial integration, concentration of land and capital had a positive impact on industry growth rates and labor productivity. However, there are negative phenomena. The increase in the share of agricultural holdings leads to a decrease in the rural population and agricultural employment in the region, and the share of people employed in low-productivity farms is growing in the structure of agricultural holdings. Unequal access to state subsidies creates advantages for a separate circle of companies, and the growth of profitability in them does not correlate with the growth of employees' income: their share decreases with an increase in the share of owners and the state. The paper formulates proposals for improving the structural policy in the agricultural sector of Russia and the subjects of the Russian Federation. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021905&r=all |
| By: | Mkrtchan, Nikita (Мкртчян, Никита) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Florinskaya, Yulia (Флоринская, Юлия) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Based on the conducted INSAP RANEPA in 2017 - 2018. studies of international migration and internal migration of the population of the Russian Federation analyzed the prevalence and structural characteristics of skilled migration in the two largest Russian centers of attraction of migrants. The results of the survey showed that skilled migration in the previous 5 years filled up the corresponding labor market by 9-12%, while the majority of Russians (but only half of foreign workers) found work corresponding to their qualifications. The survey also showed that migration after receiving education in other regions, and not academic migration, as is commonly believed, are the main channel for the inflow of qualified specialists to the studied regions. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:021926&r=all |
| By: | Kazakova, Maria (Казакова, Мария) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Pospelova, Ekaterina (Поспелова, Екатерина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The diversity of Russia's geography and its complex economic history are important factors explaining the differences in regional economic development. In recent decades, many studies have emerged devoted to the study of spatial inequality of economic development. Now there is a large amount of evidence to identify common characteristics in achieving a high level of economic efficiency. These characteristics include a high level of urbanization and economic density, proximity and connectivity with large markets and highly skilled people. However, to understand the factors shaping the economic potential of the regions, it is necessary to take into account the specific aspects of the country's context. This paper reviews the factors causing inequality in the Russian regions, taking into account the specificity of the country. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:021927&r=all |
| By: | Balandina, Galina (Баландина, Галина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Ponomarev, Yuriy (Пономарев, Юрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Sinelnikov-Murylev, Sergey (Синельников-Мурылев, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | The presented report analyzed the most important areas of the Russian customs service, the organization of state control over compliance with trade policy measures (movement of goods across the customs border), prospects for the development of customs activities in accordance with the updated customs legislation, government and departmental plans for the development of the customs service. The findings presented in the report are based on the need to achieve ambitious indicators of national goals and strategic development objectives of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024, as defined by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2018, studying the best international practice of customs organization, and also based on government plans for the development of digital technologies in public administration. The main necessary changes in customs activity are setting up a risk management system, changing business processes, optimizing the distribution and redistribution of functions between federal executive bodies exercising control and supervisory functions. The report also presents specific proposals for individual instruments of customs regulation aimed at stimulating the development of exports and international transit. The conclusions and proposals presented in the report are recommended to be used when drawing up action plans of the Government of the Russian Federation, developing regulatory legal acts in the field of customs, and making management decisions in this area. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021911&r=all |
| By: | Idrisov, Georgiy (Идрисов, Георгий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Mikhailov, Tatiana (Михайлова, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The report discusses the spatial distribution of economic activity in the Russian Federation in the context of global trends, Russian history and modern research in the field of economic geography. The report analyzes the evolution processes of the spatial organization of the Russian economy in the past and the present based on the results of research conducted by the staff of IORI RANEPA and other authors in the field of geography of firm productivity, production location, firm demography and migration in Russia. The main trends in the spatial evolution of the Russian economy are highlighted and its forecast for the period up to 2050 is proposed. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021924&r=all |
| By: | Trunin, Pavel (Трунин, Павел) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Bozhechkova, Alexandra (Божечкова, Александра) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Goryunov, Eugene (Горюнов, Евгений) (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Kiyutsevskaya, Anna (Киюцевская, Анна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sinelnikova-Muryleva, Elena (Синельникова-Мурылева, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The scientific report presents an assessment of the benefits and costs of the Russian economy as a result of the transition to the inflation targeting regime, analyzes its theoretical aspects, identifies the main characteristics, considers the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in the conditions of the inflation targeting regime. The authors analyzed the international experience of the functioning of economies under conditions of inflation targeting, on the basis of which the key prerequisites, conditions and consequences of the transition to this monetary policy regime were identified. The report presents the results of an analysis of the benefits and costs of the Bank of Russia transition to inflation targeting, as well as its correlation with the floating exchange rate regime. The success of the Russian experience of the transition to the inflation targeting regime lies in achieving inflation target, close to 4%. Nevertheless, the positive effects of lowering inflation will fully manifest themselves as inflationary expectations decrease and stabilize around the target level. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021914&r=all |
| By: | Alexeev, Michael (Алексеев, Майкл) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Indiana University); Belev, Sergey (Белев, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Gromov, Valdimir (Громов, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Deryugin, Alexander (Дерюгин, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Drobyshevsky, Sergey (Дробышевский, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Kaukin, Andrey (Каукин, Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Knobel, Alexander (Кнобель, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Korytin, Andrey (Корытин, Андрей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Leonov, Elisey (Леонов, Елисей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Malinina, Tatiana (Малинина, Татьяна) (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Milogolov, Nikolai (Милоголов, Николай) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sinelnikov-Murylev, Sergey (Синельников-Мурылев, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | Tax policy directly affects the state of the business climate in the country and the competitiveness of national business. Over the past six years, the main principle of tax policy in the Russian Federation has been to preserve unchanged tax conditions (basic tax rates), improve the structure and administration of individual taxes, and automate tax administration as a whole. In the Doing Business World Bank ranking, for 10 years from 2009 to 2018, according to the “Taxes” component, Russia has risen from 134 to 53rd place. The Russian tax system largely meets the criteria of an “optimal tax system”, but there is a stable set of myths about it that provoke heated discussions both in the business community and in the development and discussion of budget laws. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021907&r=all |
| By: | Nazarov, Vladimir (Назаров, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Avksentiev, Nikolay (Авксентьев, Николай) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sisigina, Natalia (Сисигина, Наталья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The report examines the most acute and actual problems of the Russian health care system, among which are the challenges characteristic of most developed countries in the period of the emergence of public health, structural problems inherent in national health care for many years, as well as new challenges related to the need to introduce innovative medical technologies. On the basis of international experience in solving comparable problems, an analysis of the goals and objectives of the state policy in the field of health care, set by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2018 No. 204, is carried out. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021916&r=all |
| By: | Khasanova, Ramiliya (Хасанова, Рамиля) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Seredkina, Ekaterina (Середкина, Екатерина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Currently, Russia is on its way to a difficult stage, which is characterized by a natural decline in the country's population. Against the background of declining fertility potential due to the small generation of women, reducing mortality is an important way to reduce the natural population decline. Analysis of statistical data for 2007-2017 showed that against the background of the increase in life expectancy of the population of Russia, and the successful reduction of mortality from circulatory system diseases and external causes of death, there is an increase in mortality from certain socially significant diseases. The paper analyzes the mortality rate of the Russian population from socially significant diseases. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:021925&r=all |
| By: | Klimanov, Vladimir (Климанов, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Deryugin, Alexander (Дерюгин, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Mikhailova, Anna (Михайлова, Анна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Yagovkina, Vita (Яговкина, Вита) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of the study is to develop recommendations for improving intergovernmental relations in order to ensure a balance between regional and local budgets, reduce regional differentiation in terms of budgetary support and improve the quality of public finance management in regions and municipalities. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the main trends in the development of intergovernmental relations in the Russian Federation; identification of key challenges that hinder the improvement of the efficiency of the system of interbudget relations; making recommendations to federal authorities to improve the efficiency of the system of intergovernmental transfers, increase the revenue base and increase the tax autonomy of the regions, improve the separation of spending powers, and a differentiated approach to granting budgetary rights to regions. The results of this research work can be used by federal executive authorities for the scientific and methodological support of their activities, as well as in the interests of the subjects of the Russian Federation. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021918&r=all |
| By: | KHOLODILIN Konstantin A.; LIMONOV Leonid E.; WALTL Sofie R. |
| Abstract: | This article studies the evolution of housing rents in St. Petersburg between 1880 and 1917, covering an eventful period of Russian and world history. We collect and digitize over 5,000 rental advertisements from a local newspaper, which we use together with geo-coded addresses and detailed structural characteristics to construct a quality-adjusted rent price index in continuous time. We provide the first pre-war and pre-Soviet index based on market data for any Russian housing market. In 1915, one of the world's earliest rent control and tenant protection policies was introduced in response to soaring prices following the outbreak of World War I. We analyze the impact of this policy: while before the regulation rents were increasing at a similar rapid pace as other consumer prices, the policy reversed this trend. We find evidence for official compliance with the policy, document a rise in tenure duration and strongly increased rent affordability among workers after the introduction of the policy. We conclude that the immediate prelude to the October Revolution was indeed characterized by economic turmoil, but rent affordability and rising rents were no longer the dominating problems. |
| Keywords: | Rental Market; Rent Regulation; Intra-Urban Rent Dynamics; Hedonic Rent Price Index; Economic History; Pre-Soviet Russia; October Revolution |
| JEL: | C14 C43 N93 O18 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2019-03&r=all |
| By: | Irina S. Prusova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Olga A. Gulevich (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Psychological studies show the effect of mortality salience (MS) on attitudes and behavioral patterns in different spheres of social life, particularly, in intergroup relationships. This study examines the influence of MS on attitudes toward national outgroups. In line with terror management theory (TMT), previous studies indicate a contradictory impact of death-related thoughts. Reminders of death enhance unfavorable attitudes toward all national outgroups, however, MS reinforces the negative attitudes only toward unfriendly countries or toward those perceived as threatening. To shed light on the influence of MS, we conducted two experimental studies that were differentiated by MS manipulation and the specifics of the outgroups. In Study 1 we actualized the reminders of death through military news, whereas in Study 2 by the presentation of terrorism news (close and distant). In Study 1 (N = 180) we analyzed the impact of MS on attitudes toward Ukraine, Belarus, and Estonia. The results showed that MS mostly reinforced the unfavorable attitudes toward ‘unfriendly’ and ‘neutral’ countries. Study 2 (N = 242) focused on MS and attitudes toward Ukraine, Belarus, the USA, and China. The results indicated that MS enhanced negative attitudes toward Ukraine as an ‘unfriendly’ country. However, the close or distant terrorism-related content did not illustrate the specific influence on attitudes toward national outgroups |
| Keywords: | Terror Management Theory, mortality salience, attitudes |
| JEL: | Z |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:105psy2018&r=all |
| By: | Bozhechkova, Alexandra (Божечкова, Александра) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Klyachko, Tatiana (Клячко, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Knobel, Alexander (Кнобель, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Loshchenkova, Anna (Лощенкова, Анна) (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Lubimov, Ivan (Любимов Иван) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sinelnikov-Murylev, Sergey (Синельников-Мурылев, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | The scientific report examines the relationship of investment in education, increasing human capital and accelerating economic growth. At the center of the analysis are the situation in the Russian education and those changes in this area that affect the accumulation of human capital. The institutional problems that have accumulated in the education system, which reduce its effectiveness, and the forks of educational policy related to solving these problems are considered in detail. It justifies the need for a much larger budget maneuver than provided for in the national project “Education”. On the basis of theoretical and empirical models, as well as world experience, a system of measures has been considered, which, by increasing human capital, can have a positive effect on Russia's economic growth rates. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021915&r=all |
| By: | Khasanova, Ramilya (Хасанова Рамиля) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Maleva, Tatiana (Малева Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Mkrtchyan, Nikita (Мкртчян Никита) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Florinskaya, Yulia (Флоринская Юлия) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Ten years after the beginning of an active demographic policy, Russia is again on the threshold of complex demographic challenges. Currently, the country is on its way to a difficult stage, which is characterized by a natural decline in the country's population. What is the difference between the current stage of Russia's demographic development and the previous one? Will the mechanisms and tools of the demographic policy of 2007-2017 work today? The paper analyzes the past ten-year stage of demographic policy in Russia and discusses possible responses to new demographic challenges. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021902&r=all |
| By: | Radygin, Alexander (Радыгин, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Entov, Revold (Энтов, Револьд) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Chernova, Maria (Чернова, Мария) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Abramov, Alexander (Абрамов, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Malginov, Georgiy (Мальгинов, Георгий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The authors, on the basis of a brief historical excursion, analyze the current priorities of Russian privatization. The report assesses the size of the public sector and the feasibility of privatizing certain large Russian companies with state participation in the context of sanctions. It is shown that the consolidated financial characteristics of companies with state participation, as a rule, are worse than those of private companies and foreign competitors, and the total return on the shares of the former is less than the minimum market return on shares. The empirical part of the report is based on a sample of 265 largest private and state-owned Russian companies for which public financial reporting is available. |
| Keywords: | privatization, state property, companies with state participation, privatization program, sanctions |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021904&r=all |
| By: | Abroskin, Alexander (Аброскин, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zaitsev, Yury (Зайцев, Юрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Idrisov, Georgiy (Идрисов, Георгий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Knobel, Alexander (Кнобель, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy); Ponomareva, Ekaterina (Пономарева, Екатерина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The key element of technological progress at the end of the 20th century was the computerization of industrial production and other sectors of the economy, which was replaced by digitalization at the beginning of the 21st century. The basis of digitalization is based on more complex technologies, not always related to the telecommunications sector, capable of significantly changing the processes of interaction between economic agents and the methods of organizing production. According to the authors, due to the lack of a single internationally recognized definition and methodology for assessing the digital economy, inter-country and intertemporal comparisons of the contribution of the digital sector to GDP are difficult. The paper presents estimates according to which the size of the digital economy in Russia ranges from 1 to 3.7% of GDP, and analyzes the complexity of correctly estimating the growth rate of well-being as a result of digitalization. The report also analyzes the impact of digitalization on various macroparameters of the economy, taking into account the interests of all economic agents. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021922&r=all |
| By: | Knobel, Alexander (Кнобель, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy); Spartak, Andrey (Спартак, Андрей) (Russian Foreign Trade Academy); Baeva, Marina (Баева, Марина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Zaitsev, Yury (Зайцев, Юрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Levashenko, Antonina (Левашенко, Антонина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Loshchenkova, Anna (Лощенкова, Анна) (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Ponomareva, Olga (Пономарева, Ольга) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Proka, Ksenia (Прока, Ксения) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The Russian authorities are set an ambitious task of increasing exports and building competitive non-primary sectors. At the same time, it should not be forgotten that foreign economic activity in general and the development of exports in particular cannot by themselves be self-sufficient directions of economic policy, but should work for the main goal - ensuring long-term, sustainable economic growth. At present, the potential contribution of foreign economic activity in the growth of the Russian economy is not fully disclosed. This potential can be achieved by intensifying work in the main areas: export support; deepening cooperation within the EAEU; integration with foreign countries; use of the WTO site in multilateral and plurilateral formats; Introduction of the best world practices and standards. The report shows what additional macroeconomic benefits can be obtained in the coming years, if we consistently carry out work in these areas. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021920&r=all |
| By: | Drobyshevsky, Sergey (Дробышевский, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Koval, Alexandra (Коваль, Александра) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Levashenko, Antonina (Левашенко, Антонина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Trunin, Pavel (Трунин, Павел) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Sinelnikov-Murylev, Sergey (Синельников-Мурылев, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | In Russia today, currency restrictions remain that do not correspond to the realities of a market economy and create obstacles for Russian business and citizens: the requirement of repatriation and restrictions on the use of foreign accounts. The main argument in favor of maintaining currency control is its need for macroeconomic stability, tax administration and anti-money laundering. But currency control is not the determining factor for capital outflow, and in a crisis situation restrictions on cross-border financial transactions can be introduced in the absence of currency control. This report contains a set of measures to abolish currency restrictions and improve the system of tax administration and control over money laundering. For tax control purposes, it is advisable to use tax legislation and tools for the international exchange of information. In order to combat money laundering, it is necessary to improve the risk management system and develop international cooperation among regulatory bodies. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021910&r=all |
| By: | Martine Audibert (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marlène Guillon (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jacky Mathonnat (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | Mongolia is facing strong constraints on the public financing of health expenditures since the economic crisis that started in 2012. In this context, achieving universal health care requires an improvement of health facilities' efficiency. No published study has quantitatively investigated the efficiency of primary care facilities in former soviet health systems that are still over-reliant on inpatient and specialized care. We study the efficiency level and determinants of Soum Health Centers (SHCs) that provide primary care in rural areas of Mongolia. Data on activity and resources were collected in all SHCs of five rural regions between 2013 and 2015, for which it was possible to get complete and reliable data. We use a double bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) procedure to estimate SHCs' efficiency and its determinants. SHCs of our sample exhibit a rather low (and declining) level of efficiency since they could, in average, increase activity by 47% without an increase in inputs. Results point to the role of demand-side factors in explaining SHCs' efficiency. We find that the size of the population in the catchment area, the share of the nomadic population and the dependency ratio are positively correlated with SHCs' efficiency. On the contrary, the poverty level of the catchment population is negatively correlated with SHCs' efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Mongolia,Primary care,Double bootstrapping,Efficiency,Data Envelopment Analysis |
| Date: | 2018–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01795645&r=all |
| By: | Koen Schoors; Laurent Weill (-) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether lending by the dominant Russian state bank, Sberbank, contributed to Vladimir Putin’s ascent to power during the presidential elections of March 2000. Our hypothesis is that Sberbank corporate loans were used as incentives for managers at private firms to mobilize employees to vote for Putin. In line with our proposed voter mobilization mechanism, we find that the growth of regional corporate Sberbank loans in the months before the presidential election is related to the regional increase in votes for Putin and to the regional increase in voter turnout between the Duma election of December 1999 and the presidential election of March 2000. The effect of Sberbank firm lending on Putin votes is most pronounced in regions where the governor is affiliated with the regime and in regions with extensive private employment. The effect is less apparent in regions with a large part of their population living in single-company towns, where voter intimidation is sufficient to get the required result. Additional robustness checks and placebo regressions confirm the main findings. Our results support the view that additional Sberbank corporate loans granted prior to the March 2000 presidential election facilitated Putin’s early electoral success. |
| Keywords: | bank, credit policy, politics, Russia. |
| JEL: | G21 P34 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:19/951&r=all |
| By: | Avraamova, Elena (Авраамова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Klyachko, Tatiana (Клячко, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Loginov, Dmitriy (Логинов, Дмитрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Semionova, Elena (Семионова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Tokareva, Galina (Токарева, Галина) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The scientific report presents the results of a monitoring study of the effectiveness of general education conducted by the Center for Continuing Education Economics of the RANEPA in 2013–2018. The participants of a sociological survey of the sixth monitoring wave of 2018 were 40 school principals, 2195 representatives of households, 2077 teachers of educational institutions located in urban settlements and rural areas of the Chelyabinsk region, Altai and Stavropol areas, as well as in St. Petersburg. The positions of teachers on a wide range of issues related to general education are considered: the staffing situation in schools, the quality of teaching, the requirements of families for the organization of the educational process, the satisfaction of teachers with their professional activities. Monitoring research is based on assessments of participants in educational relations and is one of the key resources for managing change in education and improving the performance of schools. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021906&r=all |
| By: | Kurdin, Alexander (Курдин, Александр) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The paper reflects the systematization and historical analysis of approaches to the regulation of natural monopolies that have been used in the United States and Europe over the past century. The focus is on the oil and gas sector, electric power industry and rail transportation as the largest areas of activity of natural monopolies. The study of international experience allows us to identify trends in the development of regulation of natural monopolies and assess the prospects for applying this experience to Russian enterprises. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:021928&r=all |
| By: | Belev, Sergey (Белев, Сергей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Vekerle, Konstantin (Векерле, Константин) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Gurvich, Evsey (Гурвич, Евсей) (Economic Expert Group); Zolotareva, Anna (Золотарева, Анна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Moguchev, Nikita (Могучев, Никита) (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Sokolov, Ilya (Соколов, Илья) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, Russian Foreign Trade Academy); Tischenko, Tatiana (Тищенко, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Filippova, Irina (Филиппова, Ирина) (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy) |
| Abstract: | In the last decade, Russia has seen a reduction in total budget expenditures - from 41% of GDP in 2009 to 34.5% in 2018. However, this decrease in expenses may be masked in the expanding system of quasi-public finances that are in the control of the growing public sector. Along with the total budget expenditures, their structure is also important for economic growth. The planned change in the structure of public expenditures within the framework of implementation of the May Presidential Decree is estimated to have a slight positive effect on economic growth in the short term, while in the long run, GDP growth may add up to 0.4 pp on average annually. The rule that has been in effect since 2017 imposes excessively rigid restrictions on the amount of federal budget expenditures, and also still differs in the lack of flexibility of its design and the lack of a countercyclical nature of the action. Therefore, the search for alternative versions of the rule is not completed. Also for the success of the implementation of the priority of the socio-economic development of the country should be continued to increase the efficiency of management of available budgetary resources on the program and project principles. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021919&r=all |
| By: | Stukach, Victor; Starovoytova, Natali; Astashova, Ecaterina; Evdohina, Olga |
| Abstract: | the article discusses and substantiates the need to create a system of domestic food aid, based on the products of agro-industrial complex of Omsk region. The directions of food aid to low-income segments of the population: targeted food aid to low-income segments of the population, social nutrition in the budget institutions of the Omsk region. The characteristic of the agro-food market from the position of transformation of institutions of regional infrastructure and the need to create an optimal institutional environment. The analysis of the existing system of internal food aid to the population of the region, the number of vulnerable categories of the population and their needs for food aid, the analysis of the system of food distribution, the importance and share of domestic and local food production in the supply of institutions for the organization of social nutrition in the Omsk region. The article reveals the problems in the provision of food organizations of the social food system by local producers, as well as the impact on them of the competitive system of food supply, organized in the region in accordance with the Federal law. Possibilities of creation and the scheme of the production and logistic center intended for creation of the closed chain of agro - industrial production, including food are investigated. |
| Keywords: | Key words: domestic food aid to vulnerable categories of population, production and logistics center of social nutrition, targeted food aid food chain, regional infrastructure, nutrition, poor population. |
| JEL: | I1 I3 I31 I32 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:92365&r=all |
| By: | Maleva, Tatiana (Малева, Татьяна) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Grishina, Elena (Гришина, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Tsatsura, Elena (Цацура, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The report presents an analysis of the development of the social support system in Russia, the results of a study of the dynamics of poverty in terms of various approaches to its measurement. It is noted that in the modern world for a comprehensive and objective assessment of various manifestations of poverty, it is necessary to combine different approaches. Both statistical observation and social protection systems are moving towards convergence and a combination of approaches to broaden the understanding of the nature of poverty and make political decisions, including increasing the coverage of those in need. he experience of other countries shows that taking into account multidimensional poverty first of all requires the creation of an information and analytical base. In Russia, the social register of recipients of social assistance with information about the applicant and all members of the applicant's household, various sources of their income and property, their social status on the basis of existing information resources association should become the informational, analytical and regulatory basis for analyzing poverty and enhancing targeted social support. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021903&r=all |
| By: | Dobrolyubova, Elena (Добролюбова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Yuzhakov, Vladimir (Южаков, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Efremov, Aleksey (Ефремов, Алексей) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Klochkova, Elena (Клочкова, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Talapina, Elvira (Талапина, Эльвира) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Startsev, Yaroslav (Старцев, Ярослав) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The report discusses theoretical and practical approaches to the digital transformation of public administration in the interests of ensuring and increasing its effectiveness. The authors assess the impact of digitalization on the quality of public administration and show a strong relationship between the indicators of e-government development, on the one hand, and the effectiveness of public administration, on the other. Based on the analysis of foreign experience in the use of digital technologies in planning, monitoring and evaluating results in public administration, an assessment was made of the potential for using such technologies in Russian practice. The report shows that digital technologies can overcome the problems in the development of public authorities by results that have arisen and identified earlier, and digital transformation can be a driver for the introduction of a new model of public administration - public management by results. Whether this happens or not depends on the extent to which in practice it will be possible to lift the restrictions on the introduction of digital technologies in general and in public administration in particular. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021909&r=all |
| By: | D'Erasmo, Pablo (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia); Livshits, Igor (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia); Schoors, Koen (Ghent, HSE) |
| Abstract: | Banking regulation routinely designates some assets as safe and thus does not require banks to hold any additional capital to protect against losses from these assets. A typical such safe asset is domestic government debt. There are numerous examples of banking regulation treating domestic government bonds as “safe,” even when there is clear risk of default on these bonds. We show, in a parsimonious model, that this failure to recognize the riskiness of government debt allows (and induces) domestic banks to “gamble” with depositors’ funds by purchasing risky government bonds (and assets closely correlated with them). A sovereign default in this environment then results in a banking crisis. Critically, we show that permitting banks to gamble this way lowers the cost of borrowing for the government. Thus, if the borrower and the regulator are the same entity (the government), that entity has an incentive to ignore the riskiness of the sovereign bonds. We present empirical evidence in support of the key mechanism we are highlighting, drawing on the experience of Russia in the run-up to its 1998 default and on the recent Eurozone debt crisis. |
| Keywords: | Banking; Sovereign default; Prudential regulation; Financial crisis |
| JEL: | F34 G01 G28 |
| Date: | 2019–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:19-15&r=all |
| By: | Krivonos, Ekaterina; Kuhn, Lena |
| Abstract: | In public and academic debates, the linkages between agricultural markets and nutrition across the world are vividly discussed. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate by analyzing the relationship between greater openness to trade and dietary diversity. It focuses on the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia where trade reforms as part of the economic and political transition provide a natural experiment for studying the effects of trade openness on agricultural markets and consumer behaviour. Reduction in trade barriers, for instance in the context of the accession to the WTO and the EU, and the gradual integration with world markets after 1991 had implications for diets through changes in production, prices and incomes. We utilize country-level panel data for 26 post-communist countries in the period 1996-2013 to assess the effects of trade costs, openness to trade and incomes on dietary diversity measured by the Shannon entropy index. The results arising from fixed effects and instrumental variables estimation are consistent with previous findings that income growth affects dietary diversity positively and provide novel evidence that trade barriers reduce variety of products available in domestic markets, in particular fruits and vegetables. |
| Keywords: | trade,nutrition transition,dietary diversity,post-communist countries,Eastern Europe |
| JEL: | D12 F13 Q11 Q18 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iamodp:182&r=all |
| By: | Alexei Karas; William Pyle; Koen Schoors (-) |
| Abstract: | Using evidence from Russia, we explore the e ect of the introduction of deposit insurance on bank risk. Drawing on within-bank variation in the ratio of firm deposits to total household and firm deposits, so as to capture the magnitude of the decrease in market discipline after the introduction of deposit insurance, we demonstrate for private, domestic banks that larger declines in market discipline generate larger increases in traditional measures of risk. These results hold in a di erence-in-di erence setting in which state and foreign-owned banks, whose deposit insurance regime does not change, serve as a control.. |
| Keywords: | deposit insurance, market discipline, moral hazard, risk taking, banks, Russia |
| JEL: | E65 G21 G28 P34 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:19/953&r=all |
| By: | Sümeyra Atmaca; Koen Schoors (-) |
| Abstract: | We develop a new methodology to identify corruption in public procure- ment auctions with reserve prices and apply it to Russian public procure- ment auctions of gasoline in 2011-2013. We identify corrupt procurer-seller pairs by exploiting the variation in reserve prices. Since auction reserve prices are set by the procurer before the auction, they should be indepen- dent from the identity of the winning seller. We estimate reserve prices as a function of the local market price, contract, procurer and time controls, and procurer-seller fixed effects. A procurer-seller pair is labeled as poten- tially corrupt if its pair fixed effect is significantly larger than the average procurer fixed effect. Despite their reserve price overpricing, corrupt sell- ers face less competition in auctions organized by procurers with whom they form a corrupt pair and have a higher probability of wining these auc- tions. Auctions won by corrupt pairs exhibit higher final contract prices, leading to considerable welfare losses. The detrimental effect of reserve price manipulation on final prices is mitigated by higher competition and fully offset by electronic auctions with sufficient competition. |
| Keywords: | public procurement, corruption, regulation |
| JEL: | H57 H83 K42 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:19/961&r=all |
| By: | Marnix Van Soom; Milan Van Den Heuvel; Jan Ryckebusch; Koen Schoors (-) |
| Abstract: | Since the 2007-2009 financial crisis, substantial academic effort was dedicated to improving our understanding of interbank lending networks (ILNs). Because of data limitations, the literature largely lacks loan maturity information. We employ a complete interbank loan contract dataset to investigate whether maturity details are informative of the network structure. Applying the layered stochastic block model of Peixoto (2015)1 and other tools from network science on a time series of bilateral loans with multiple maturity layers in the Russian ILN, we find that collapsing all such layers consistently obscures mesoscale structure. The optimal maturity granularity lies between completely collapsing and completely separating the maturity layers and depends on the development phase of the interbank market, with a more developed market requiring more layers for optimal description. Closer inspection of the inferred maturity bins associated with the optimal maturity granularity reveals specific economic functions, from liquidity intermediation to financing. Collapsing a network with multiple underlying maturity layers, common in interbank research, is therefore not only an incomplete representation of the ILN’s mesoscale structure, but also conceals existing economic functions. This holds important insights and opportunities for theoretical and empirical studies on interbank market contagion, stability, and on the desirable level of regulatory data disclosure. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:19/952&r=all |
| By: | Koen Schoors; Maria Semenova; Andrey Zubanov (-) |
| Abstract: | We analyze whether bank familiarity affects depositor behavior during financial crisis. Familiarity is measured by regional or local cues in the bank’s name. Depositor behavior is measured by the depositor’s sensitivity to observable bank risk (market discipline). Using 2001-2010 bank-level and region-level data for Russia, we find that depositors of familiar banks become less sensitive to bank risk after a financial crisis relative to depositors of unfamiliar banks. To validate that our results stem from a flight to familiarity during crisis and not from implicit guarantees from regional governments, we interact the variables of interest with measures of regional affinity and trust in local governments. The flight to familiarity effect is strongly confirmed in regions with strong regional affinity, while the effect is absent in regions with more trust in regional and local governments, lending support to the thesis that our results are driven a flight to familiarity rather than implicit guarantees. |
| Keywords: | Market discipline, Bank, Personal deposit, Region, Russia, Flight to familiarity, Trust, Implicit guaranty, Regional authorities. |
| JEL: | G21 G01 P2 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:19/959&r=all |
| By: | Georgiev, Yordan (Bank of England); Nagy-Mohacsi, Piroska (Institute of Global Affairs, London School of Economics); Plekhanov, Alexander (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development) |
| Abstract: | Since 1990, countries in emerging Europe and Central Asia have undergone comprehensive economic transformation. These reforms helped achieve an impressive degree of income convergence toward the levels of the advanced economies, although at the cost of rising inequality and lower life satisfaction. Over the last decade, both the speed of reforms and economic growth have slowed down markedly. To sustain convergence, greater emphasis needs to be put on structural reforms, facilitating innovation and boosting firm productivity while, at the same time, taking into account the distributional impact of reforms. |
| Keywords: | economic growth; structural reform; transition |
| JEL: | O57 P24 |
| Date: | 2017–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0523&r=all |
| By: | Hui, Cho-Hoi (Hong Kong Monetary Authority); Lo, Chi-Fai (Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong); Chau, Po-Hon (Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | The study conducts an empirical test on dollar-denominated sovereign credit spreads in emerging markets, including Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the Philippines, the Russian Federation, and Turkey to examine their relationship with each country’s exchange rate and the United States (US) Treasury yields. The relationship between each country’s exchange rate and the pricing of each country’s US-dollar denominated sovereign bonds was particularly strong after the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. A two-factor pricing model is developed with closed-form solutions for the sovereign bonds. The correlated factors in the model are foreign exchange rates and US risk-free interest rates that follow a double square-root process relevant in a low interest rate environment. The numerical results and associated error analysis show that the model credit spreads can broadly track market credit spreads. |
| Keywords: | bond pricing model; emerging markets; exchange rates; sovereign risk |
| JEL: | G13 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2017–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0530&r=all |
| By: | Joshi, Kaushal (Asian Development Bank); Swaminathan, Hema (Indian Institute of Management Bangalore); Martinez, Jr., Arturo (Asian Development Bank); Addawe, Mildred (Asian Development Bank); Soco , Christian Flora Mae (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Since the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, significant global progress has been achieved in promoting gender equality in education and health. However, progress has not been as remarkable in advancing women’s rights on asset ownership and control, which is critical for securing gender equity in economic participation and opportunity, and delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals. Part of the problem comes from the lack of standards on collecting sexdisaggregated data on the topic. The Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) initiative aims to develop standardized methods and guidelines for collecting sex-disaggregated data on asset ownership. This paper provides rich inputs to the methodological guidelines being developed by the United Nations and development partners by drawing on the key findings from the pilot surveys conducted in Georgia; Mongolia; and Cavite, Philippines. Furthermore, survey results suggest substantive gender gaps in ownership across different types of assets and countries. These variations confirm the importance of understanding the social norms governing gender roles in society and legislation that can facilitate or impede women’s asset ownership. |
| Keywords: | asset ownership; gender equality; gender gaps |
| JEL: | C80 J16 Q15 |
| Date: | 2019–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0571&r=all |
| By: | Gorlin, Yury (Горлин, Юрий) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Lyashok, Viktor (Ляшок, Виктор) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The changes in the pension legislation adopted in November 2018, related to raising the retirement age, determine one of the most significant and responsible decisions in the socio-economic sphere that have been taken in recent decades. This decision will affect to a greater or lesser extent the majority of Russians, will affect the country's economy and will be a challenge for almost all social institutions. This report presents an analysis of the consequences of the implementation of legislation adopted in connection with raising the retirement age for the mandatory pension insurance system, the labor market, and the level of poverty. The report formulates proposals for making adjustments to the pension system in connection with raising the retirement age and possible measures to prevent the associated risks. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:ppaper:021921&r=all |